Seventh Report
 OF   THE-
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
 OF   THE   PROVINCE   OF-
BRITISH   COLUMBIA.
1902.
THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE PROVINCE OE BRITISH COLUMBIA
FItlNTED  BY
AUTHORITY  OF  THE   LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY.
VICTORIA, B. C.
Printed by Richard Wolfenden, I.S.O., V.D., Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
1903.  To His Honour the Honourable Sir Henri Gdstave Joly de Lotbiniere, K. C. M. G.,
Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia.
May it Please Your Honour :
The Seventh Report of the Department of Agriculture is herewith respectfully submitted.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your obedient servant,
R. G. TATLOW,
Minister of Agriculture.
Department of Agriculture,
Victoria, B. C, 15th July, 190S.  3 Ed. 7 Report on Agriculture, British Columbia. A 5
SEVENTH   REPORT
 OF   THE	
DEPARTMENT  OE AGRICULTURE
 OF	
BRITISH    COLUMBIA.
1902-
The Hon. R. G. Tatlow,
Minister of Agriculture,
Victoria, B. G.
Sir,—I have the honour to present the Seventh Report of the Department of Agriculture.
Since the issue of my last report, agricultural and horticultural products and prices have
been most satisfactory, the area under cultivation being greatly extended, with a consequent
increase in production.
Cereals.
Wheat in the Okanagan gave large returns, but the production of this cereal is discouraged
in most sections, as the land is susceptible of being put to more profitable uses. Oats are
being produced in increased quantities, and are probably the most remunerative of all cereal
crops; the yield is large and the quality of the grain unsurpassed in excellence. Barley is
being produced for feeding purposes alone; the coarser, heavy-bearing varieties are mostly
cultivated. The varieties suitable for malting are not produced to any extent, as there is
no demand for barley for such a purpose. Of late some inquiries have been made as to the
production of malting barley, and if sufficient inducements are offered we may look for an
increase of this cereal in the near future. I may add that the quality of our barley for
malting purposes has been pronounced by experts to be of the very best. Rye is grown
principally to be cut green for hay in the dry regions of the Upper Mainland, where little or
no water for irrigation is available; but little is grown for the grain.
Legumes.
Peas are produced in considerable quantities on the Islands, the Upper Mainland and the
higher parts of the Lower Mainland, principally for fattening pigs. The low lands of the
Lower Fraser are unsuitable for peas. Beans are only grown in considerable quantities in the
valleys of the Fraser and Thompson, in the vicinity of Lytton, Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge and
Savona; the soil and climate in that region are particularly well adapted for the cultivation
of beans.
Roots.
Potatoes have been a profitable crop and gave good returns ; those produced in the neighbourhood of Ashcroft deservedly hold a high place in the public estimation. The quality of
the potatoes in the Upper Country and the high parts in the Islands is, beyond cavil, excellent.
They should not.be grown on any low, dyked lands; such lands can be put to better use.
Swedish turnips were again very badly infected with the turnip aphis in most parts of the
country; other turnips escaped infection.    Other root crops, including sugar beets, are grown A 6 Report on Agriculture, 1903
for feeding purposes in increased quantities, owing to the prominence that dairying has
assumed. The cultivation of sugar beets for the purpose of the manufacture of sugar has been
advocated, and in consequence of representations made a quantity of seed was some time ago
distributed. The results, although generally satisfactory as regards sugar content, were not,
to my mind, conclusive that their cultivation was more profitable than many other things.
A bulletin on the subject was issued, setting forth all available facts in connection with the
subject.
Grasses, Clovers and Fodder Plants.
Timothy takes first place as a market hay; it undoubtedly makes good horse-feed, but for
other purposes it does not approach many other grasses. This fact is getting to be pretty
generally acknowledged amongst dairymen, and more attention is given to such grasses as
cocksfoot, rye grass, and clovers of all kinds, which not only make a really good hay for
general purposes, but afford fine pasture after the crop is taken off. Austrian brome grass
does not succeed as well as was expected to the westward of the Coast Range; in the Dry
Belt, however, it has proved itself, whenever given a fair trial, to be a wonderfully good grass,
giving large crops of good hay and good pasture. Amongst our native grasses there are
several varieties of brome grasses, all of which are worthy of a place with agriculturists, being
rich and succulent and giving large returns. The bunch grass of the Upper Country is par
excellence the grass of all others for the ranges, but it should be allowed a rest at certain
periods in order to recuperate, which it very soon does when given a chance. Several other
bunch grasses occur on the Islands, which give excellent pasture and are worthy of more
attention. Vetches are coming into favour as a soiling crop, and very deservedly so ; no plant
responds more readily to cultivation and gives better feed in the dry portions of the Islands.
Wild vetches of several varieties occur naturally in great profusion and give fine spring feed
for dairy cattle, especially on Vancouver Island and on the line of the Cariboo Road. Indian
corn is not produced to the extent it should be; it is far and away the best crop for silage,
both as to quality and yield, but the tradition exists in the minds of many of the older
farmers that it does not succeed well. As a matter of fact, provided the right variety is
selected and the proper cultivation, so indispensable to success in corn-growing, is given,
Indian corn is successfully grown in most parts of the settled portion of the Province.
Variety is a prime factor, however, and information on this point can always be obtained by
application to this Department. Rape is a fodder which is coming into favour very generally.
Seed of dwarf Essex rape, which was sent by Dr. Withycombe, Director of the Oregon Experiment Station at Corvallis, some time ago, was distributed by this Department, with, I am
pleased to say, some good results. Some disappointment had previously resulted by reason of
bird rape seed having been palmed off on some farmers. Anyone buying seed should be most
particular to have it guaranteed. Dwarf Essex rape is the very best for our soils; bird rape
is worthless and makes a bad weed. Ensilage, in view of the increased interest in dairying, is
growing in favour, and silos are in use comparatively quite generally. The construction of
silos has been so simplified of late years, and the cost so reduced, that there is no reason why
every farmer who has milch cows should not have one. It is an indispensable adjunct to
successful dairying, giving summer as well as winter feed, and feeding in summer is now
acknowledged to be one of the chief factors in modern dairying.
Hops and Elax.
Hops have of late maintained their price in England, so that those of our growers who
held on have been reaping their reward. Many of the growers on the Lower Fraser gave up
hops some time ago, but they have been continued by the growers of Saanich, Agassiz, Chilliwhack, Squamish, and Coldstream. The favourite English varieties should alone be grown.
British Columbia hops of such varieties command a price in the London market equal to the
best Kent. Flax is not grown; the cost of labour, according to information I acquired and
published in a bulletin, is too high to allow of any margin of profit.
Fruit.
The consequence of the young orchards coming into bearing is an increased production of
marketable fruit. This fact, combined with improved methods in packing and shipping, has
had the effect of causing these products to take first place in popular favour in Manitoba and
the North-West Territories, and there is every reason to believe that these markets will, for 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 7
many years to come, be able to take all our surplus fruit. Much favourable comment was
made on the exhibitions of fruit at Winnipeg and in the East last winter. Nevertheless there
is room for great improvement in our methods of packing, and I was never more impressed
with this fact than when attending the meeting of the North-West Fruit Growers' Association
at Spokane last winter. There I witnessed methods of packing apples which were a revelation.
Packing is now a science, and the methods practised in California and Oregon enable them to
send their fruit to England in competition with Canadian fruit produced on the Atlantic
Coast. In comparison to those advanced methods, the best of ours are not comparable.
Apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries, quinces and small fruits are all well established, produce
largely and of fine quality. Peaches, apricots, nectarines and grapes are only produced in
limited quantities and in favourable localities ; most of the grapes produced are Eastern varieties, which do not find favour with our people, the taste being for Californian grapes.
Board  of  Horticulture.
The regulations of this Board have been most effectual in the prevention of the introduction into the Province of some of the worst enemies of the fruit-grower. I may particularly
mention the San Jose scale and codling moth and peach tree borer. Spraying lessons have
been carried on most successfully, and the value of the methods demonstrated in the destruction of insect pests and fungous diseases. Especially has this been the case in the Lower
Fraser Valley, where Mr. Thomas Cunningham, the Inspector, has done excellent work. In
this connection, on the recommendation of the Board of Horticulture, the advisability has
been represented to the Dominion Government of placing quassia chips and whale oil soap, so
necessary in the extirpation of insect pests, on the free list. In consequence of the difficulty
of securing the services of sufficiently competent men to act as quarantine officers for the
inspection of nursery stock at the various points which had been designated by the Board
where nursery stock might be admitted into the Province after having passed inspection, and
the discovery that in several instances the provisions of the Horticultural Board Act had been
transgressed—sometimes through ignorance, and in others, it is feared, through wilfulness—it
was decided that the only remedy was to fix upon one point where all nursery stock entering
the Province should be inspected. With that end in view it was decided to erect suitable
buildings, with all the necessary appliances for unpacking, examining, disinfecting if necessary,
and repacking, at Vancouver. This regulation, whilst it has been severely criticised by the
nurserymen of Ontario, has proved to be most effectual in preventing uninspected nursery
stock from being distributed throughout the Province.
Creameries.
There are nine creameries in operation, whose combined output during 1901 was 424,277
pounds, the average price obtained being between 24 and 30 cents per pound. Six of these are
co-operative creameries, viz. : Cowichan, Victoria, Comox, Delta, Armstrong and Chilliwhack,
some of them having obtained loans from the Government under the provisions of the "Dairy
Associations Act." These loans bear interest a,t 5 per cent, and are repayable in ten years.
The remainder are proprietary creameries, viz.: Eden Bank, New Westminster and Sumas.
In addition to the above, co-operative creameries are in course of construction at Nanaimo
and Salt Spring Island. Plans and information are furnished by the Department to all
applicants. Inquiries are also being made from other points, and now that the success of
co-operative creameries has been so well demonstrated, and the profits to the patrons of so
satisfactory a character, it is quite within the bounds of possibility that there will be a large
accession to the numbers of creameries during the coming season. The last statistics of
importations of butter during one year being over 2,800,000 pounds, a certain local market,
to say nothing of prospective markets, is assured for all the butter that can be reasonably
expected to be produced, with the greatest increase in the number of creameries.
Travelling Dairy Schools.
A series of courses was arranged to take place in April last year, under the auspices of the
Dominion Dairy Commissioner, Prof. J. W. Robertson ; but the arrangement was subsequently
cancelled by Prof. Robertson, for the reason embodied in the following excerpt from a letter
addressed by me to Mr. Robertson, viz. :—
''Immediately upon my return, I sent word to the various points which had been
promised the dairy course of  the change in your programme, and I have been met with A 8 Report on Agriculture, 1903
indignant protests, especially as it is. realised that the change is made in consequence of matters
in connection with the Government creameries in the North-West Territories. This nursing
of the North-West Territories has always been a sore subject with our farmers, and the feeling-
is now aggravated. I am, however, doing my best to allay the feeling of irritation by pointing-
out your intention of carrying out your promised programme later on, and that you are sending out two lecturers later on. I feel, however, that I have uphill work to satisfy our people,
as I had previously promised in most positive terms that there would be no doubt as to the
carrying out of your programme in March and April."
In September, another set of classes was arranged ; commencing in Victoria on the 23rd,
and ending at Enderby on the 2nd November. From five to ten-day classes were held at Victoria, Courtenay, New Westminster and Enderby ; and the number of students were 15, 27,
21 and 23, respectively; in all, 96. Mr. J. E. Hopkins, the superintendent in charge, in his
report remarks :—
"I also visited four creameries in British Columbia—Victoria, Courtenay, New Westminster and Ladner; also judged the dairy products at the Provincial Exhibition at Victoria and
the district show at Saanich. There seems to be a new era in dairying in B. O, as well as
agriculture generally; and, from the interest I saw manifested, I gather that the day is not
far distant when dairying will be carried on more largely than it is at present."
Horned Cattle.
Horned cattle, until the late cold snap of last winter, have fared exceedingly well. The
importance of pure bred sires is being recognised in a much greater degree than ever before ;
and, consequently, numbers of pure-bred animals have of late been imported through the
Dairyman's and Live Stock Association and the Dominion Live Stock Association. Adequate
protection by Legislative enactment of the interests of those who, recognising the importance
of it, go to the expense of importing pure-bred bulls, is urgently demanded, and I trust it will
be taken up in the near future.    I refer to this matter further on.
Horses.
Horses have been much more profitable of late ; especially good heavy horses for draught
purposes. During the Boer war, horses for military purposes were in demand, and probably
this demand will continue in a less extent. A considerable number are bred on the ranges of
the Upper Country, and horses of a lighter type, hackneys and racing stock, at points on the
Fraser and in the vicinity of Victoria.
Sheep.
Sheep are not produced in any great numbers. There are several reasons for this. The
cattle men of the Upper Country object to sheep being depastured on the ranges, and, under an
Act, they have the right of excluding them. Then the coyotes are so bad that the profit is at
the vanishing point when small flocks are kept in that part. The Lower Mainland is not
suitable for sheep-raising on a large scale; the Gulf Islands are suitable, but the area is circumscribed. Some are produced on Vancouver Island, where the conditions are favourable as
regards pasture; but here again predatory animals are bad—the panther or cougar being
specially mischievous.
Swine.
The raising of swine is nowhere entered into as the case seems to warrant. By the last
available statistics, there were imported into the Province of the pig and his products over a
million of dollars worth. With a market at our doors, therefore, and the facilities afforded by
the climate and feeding, it is inexplicable why the industry is not prosecuted to its fullest
extent. I believe that at Grand Prairie and Kelowna only can the raising of pigs be said to
be carried on to any extent and with any degree of system.
Angora Goats.
Angora goats, found so profitable in the neighbouring States for their use in clearing
bush lands, are being bred in increased numbers in the Province. For some unaccountable
reason these useful animals were not included in the free list of animals imported for breeding
purposes. I called the attention of the Ministers when in Ottawa to this singular omission,
and the promise has been made that it will be remedied at the first opportunity. Inasmuch
as none are bred in any other part of Canada all animals for breeding purposes have to be
imported from the United States.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 9
Poultry.
Poultry rearing is another branch of agriculture which is much neglected; the imports of
poultry and eggs by the last available statistics amounted to over $319,000 worth. This is an
industry which can be carried on with a comparatively small cost and easy labour; moreover,
the returns are quick. To be successful, it, of course, must be prosecuted with intelligence,
and with due regard to those well-known principles laid down in the literature which is distributed by the Department and in the lectures which are given at meetings of Farmers'
Institutes. Any good, dry, warm site in the vicinity of the large towns is, of course, preferable
for the successful prosecution of this industry, as there is a market always ready to hand.
On account of the distance from the larger towns and the prevalence of coyotes, the Upper
Country is not recommended for poultry raising. Barnyard fowls fetch from 35c. to 75c.
each, the former price being exceptional; an average price of 50 to 60c. may be quoted.
Eggs are seldom lower than 25c. per dozen, and often as high as 75c. Ducks, which can and
should be sold at nine weeks in order to be profitable, find a ready market amongst the
Chinese, who are inordinately fond of them, at profitable prices.
Bees.
The production of honey is limited. The Lower Fraser Valley is well suited for the
purpose, on account of the profusion of white clover in that section and the long period of
flowering. The Valley of the Spallumcheen is another favourable locality. The Islands,
unless near streams where the land is kept damp during the summer, are not well adapted.
Inspection of Animals.
The inspection of animals has been carried on systematically, in accordance with the
provisions of the Act, and a synopsis published, as required, in the Government Gazette.
Dairy cows, premises and methods are inspected every six months. This, since the appointment of an additional Inspector and the requirements of the Board of Health, is now
performed in a much more satisfactory and thorough manner. Inspectors have been instructed
to inform milkmen that the names of delinquents will hereafter be made public, as well as
those who conform to the provisions of the Act. This has had a most salutary effect. The
number of tuberculous animals is steadily decreasing, and the tuberculin test is, therefore, but
seldom asked for. Lump jaw is occasionally reported, but the prompt measures adopted, in
some cases where the disease has attained great headway, being the slaughter of the animals
by their owners, have been effectual in dealing with it. Anthrax has been reported from
Trout Creek and Alberni. The late Dominion Veterinarian, Mr. McEachran, promised to
have the matter looked into, intimating that the Dominion authorities assumed responsibility
in other Provinces, and the Department has since been in communication with the Dominion
authorities, but there does not appear to be any disposition to relieve the Province of any part
of the burden which it seems unwittingly to have assumed in this direction. However, on
the occasion of my visit to Ottawa last December, this was one of the matters which I took
up with Dr. J. G. Rutherford, the present Chief Dominion Veterinary Officer, who acknowledged that the relative positions of the two Governments had not been and were not clearly
defined, in regard to the responsibility of either, with reference to contagious diseases of
animals ; that the Dominion Act defining his duties and under which he works required
amending, when, so as to make it intelligible and workable, he will be able to come to a distinct understanding with the Provincial authorities as to the part the Dominion will assume
in the work. This will be a most desirable consummation, and will, I trust, relieve the
Province of the responsibility and expense which it has hitherto borne.
Hog cholera and sheep scab are in evidence occasionally, but the prompt measures
adopted have been very effective in their suppression. Of late, however, I have insisted on
the Dominion officials undertaking hog cholera cases, this being one of the diseases which
clearly comes under their supervision, and for which the Dominion allows compensation.
A curious disease amongst horses, designated by the veterinarians who were deputed by
the Department to investigate as " fistulous withers," has been reported in parts of the Upper
Country. Dr. Hamilton's report on this malignant disease will be found under the heading
of " Diseases and Pests," in this report.
Great misconception seems to exist in the minds of most people as to the duties and
functions of an Inspector of Diseases of Animals.    The Act clearly defines what is meant by A 10 Report on Agriculture, 1903
" disease," and it likewise defines the duties of an Inspector. The prevalent idea that an
Inspector is a Government veterinary surgeon, whose services may at all times be commanded
by anyone desiring them, is altogether erroneous. The provisions of the Act in nowise
contemplate an interference with the legitimate occupation of veterinary surgeons.
Co-operation.
Co-operation has, until recently, been practically unknown amongst farmers. It is now,
in consequence, in a great measure, of the influence of the Farmers' Institute system, being
more generally recognised as the one principle which governs all trades and unions. Farmers
cannot be excepted from its operation, and, if they are to hold their own, sooner or later must
they conform to its principles. Movements are on foot amongst several of the Institutes for
more general co-operation amongst the farmers of the Province.
Cold Storage.
I have in the past been a sincere advocate of cold storage plants being erected at such
points where cattle could be taken off the ranges and slaughtered at their prime and kept in
storage until required for use. The arguments in favour of the system seem to me to be
incontrovertible. A quantity of information and data have been collected, and would be
available if the scheme should recommend itself to your consideration.
Experimental Stations.
The Central Farmers' Institute, at its last meeting, passed a resolution praying the
Dominion Government to establish an experimental farm in the Upper Country, and an
experimental station on Vancouver Island. It is pointed out that Agassiz is by no means
representative of the whole Province. This can be said with equal truthfulness of any one
point in a Province with the varied conditions obtaining here. Nevertheless, I certainly am
of opinion that there should be another experimental farm in the Province for the very reason
mentioned; and the Upper Country, differing so materially from the other portions, seems to
be the natural location for such an institution. The station asked for for Vancouver Island
was intended simply to be carried on by some farmer under the direction of the Dominion
authorities. These matters have been duly represented in accordance with the resolutions
alluded to.
Agricultural Education.
The concensus of opinion regarding this matter is that it would certainly redound to the
advantage of the pupils if the subject were included in the curriculum of the rural schools,
even if some of the subjects now taught were eliminated. It is suggested that it should
assume the form of nature study, so that children would become familiar with all matters
appertaining to plant and insect life. This would not require any great amount of knowledge
on the part of the teachers to begin with, whilst they, in conjunction with their pupils, would
be learning many lessons of the greatest utility in after life.
Central Farmers' Institute.
The Central Farmers' Institute is a body composed of delegates from the local Institutes
whom the Act requires me, as Superintendent, to call together once a year, for the purpose of
discussing all questions relating to the welfare of agriculturists, and to suggest legislation in
their behalf. The proceedings of this body are published in a report and distributed generally.
The fifth report I compiled some months ago, but it has not yet been published, on account of
the time of the printing office being taken up with other matters ordered by the Legislature.
When the report is issued, the suggestions it contains can be considered for future legislation.
Farmers' Institutes.
There are at present twenty-three Institutes—there were twenty-four, but one has been
disbanded by the Superintendent for failure to live up to the requirements of the Act. There
were 183 meetings held in 1902, against 144 in 1901 ; in 1902 the attendance was 6,043,
against 4,372 in 1901 ; the membership rose to 1,591 in 1902, against 1,432 the previous year,
and the balance in the hands of the treasurers was $866.78 in 1902, against $772.62 in 1901.
In addition, there were five meetings in the unorganised district of Lillooet in 1901 and six 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 11
in 1902, in consequence of which a movement was initiated in Lower Nicola on the occasion
of my visit to that point, in company with Messrs. D. C. Anderson and G. W. Clemons, which
ultimately resulted in the organisation of an Institute in that important section, and which
was, therefore, included in the regular itinerary last autumn. In conformity with a request
of the Bella Coola settlers, a new division, known as the North Division, was created, and an
Institute organised at Bella Coola, which shares all the advantages of Farmers' Institutes
generally, except that of having speakers sent to them. This, on account of obvious difficulties, was agreed should not be required. This advance, which I think may be considered
satisfactory, is directly due to the more liberal administration in the affairs of the Institutes.
Speakers of eminence have been obtained from the East and the United States adjoining,
who have given a great impetus to the popularity of the Institutes by their practical addresses.
Some of the remarks of these speakers, in making their report to the Superintendent, are as
follows :—" We notice a marked improvement, not only in the number present at meetings,
but in the interest manifested. * * * * The discussions following the addresses were
sharp, progressive and up-to-date, and at some of the meetings extremely spirited and keen.
* * * * These meetings were up-to-date and would compare favourably with some of our
best meetings in Ontario."
Co-operation in dairying, marketing, purchasing, breeding animals, and other necessaries
of the farmer, are amongst many of the objects sought to be attained through the Farmers'
Institute system. The result has been most gratifying, which is testified by the movements
which are in progress for co-operativre work and the establishment of additional co-operative
creameries. Information relating to and plans of creameries and skimming stations are
furnished on application.
Then, many thousands of publications have been distributed, such as the reports and
bulletins of this Department, some of the reports issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture and works purchased. These have given great satisfaction, and have served to
increase the interest of the farmers in the principles of agriculture. This, in its turn, has had
the effect of stimulating to quite an unprecedented degree inquiries into modern methods of
farming, and a better tone is altogether apparent throughout the whole of the farming
community, resulting in the production of a better class of product.
It has been the earnest wish of the Department to secure local men to participate in
Institute work, who would, when their ability was fully demonstrated, be placed on the
regular list of speakers, and in the course of time, possibly, exchanges of speakers could be
effected with other Provinces. The qualifications necessary are a successful and practical
farmer, who can express his views in a lucid manner before an audience. This is more difficult
than appears on the surface, inasmuch as successful practical men do not care to leave their
avocations. Plenty of good speakers, who can make addresses from a theoretical standpoint,
are to be had, and have been occasionally empkryed, but this is not the material from which
regular delegates are recruited.
The Act requires that each Institute shall have at least two regular meetings during the
year, which have to be arranged and speakers provided by the Superintendent. In addition,
the arrangements for supplying speakers for supplementary meetings are generally placed in
the hands of the Superintendent.
These duties, and the arrangement of the itineraries, naturally require much thought and
careful consideration, on account of the indifferent travelling facilities in many parts of the
Province, and the miscarriage of a single meeting disarranges the whole system. As may be
easily imagined, all this entails a very large correspondence. My fourth report as Superintendent of Institutes is in the hands of the printers, but it is not yet published, for the same reason
as is given regarding the fifth report of the Central Farmers' Institute.
Agricultural Shows and Competent Judges.
The question of proper arrangement of dates of shows so as to give the best results, educationally, by providing competent people to judge the various exhibits, is dealt with in Bulletin
No. 10, issued by this Department. By that it will be seen, it is held that the programme of
dates of the exhibitions should be somewhat under the control of this Department, inasmuch
as the agricultural associations are assisted by the Government by appropriations of money.
Furthermore, the Dominion Department of Agriculture has given, and is giving, assistance
in the form of competent live stock judges, but only on condition that all arrangements are to
be made through this Department.    These arrangements, which have been carried out during A 12 Report on Agriculture, 1903
the last two years with very satisfactory results, were proposed wholly by the Dominion
authorities, and although the work is onerous and not very pleasant, I could not, in view of
the exigencies of the case and the attitude of the Department in relation to it, refuse to accede
to the proposed arrangements. It is not proposed to interfere with the two large shows as
regards the arrangements of dates, or, indeed, with any of the shows if objection is offered ;
but, of course, in the case of the smaller shows, it cannot be reasonably expected that those
which do not accept the itinerary, which of necessity has to be arranged in order that the services of the judges can be properly utilised, can have the same consideration given to their
claims as those associations which fall into line.
I took up the question of short course in judging with the Dominion agricultural authorities when in Ottawa, with the result that I was advised to hold educational courses of several
days' duration at different points during the fall meetings of Farmers' Institutes, and that
competent instructors should be provided. I hope to carry those arrangements into effect
during the fall meetings, which, I trust, many of our rising young farmers will take advantage
of and so qualify themselves for undertaking duties of that nature. At present we have but
few really competent judges, and since it is not the best policy for judges to act in their own
immediate localities, it is obvious that a good reserve is most desirable.
Agricultural and Horticultural Societies Act.
I am of opinion that it would be in the best interests of all concerned to pass an Act to
amend the Act so as to prevent the formation of any more agricultural associations under this
Act. This is proposed on account of the undue increase of associations under the Act, without
any corresponding benefits, and with the consequent reduction to each association in the proportion of the appropriation made each year. The proposition is to allow all associations now
in existence to remain in existence, under certain conditions. How would it do to require the
associations to subscribe a sum equivalent to the Government grant, in order to show that they
are not in a moribund condition 1
Analyses of Soils.
This is a vexed question which has long been in abeyance, and which is still unsettled.
The Department is constantly being asked for analyses of soils, but at present there is no provision for such a purpose, and except it is by the courtesy of the Dominion chemist, Professor
Shutt, I am unable to accede to the requests in this quarter. Formerly the analyses were done
by Mr. Shutt without delay, but of late, in consequence of his increased duties, it is months
before I can hope for any answer, and often they are shelved altogether. I have suggested that
arrangements might be made with Mr. Carmichael, the Provincial Assayer, for the performance of this duty.
Clearing Land.
The work of carrying out the arrangements by your predecessors in office, by the distribution of stumping powder for clearing land, was entrusted to this Department. This entailed
a very large accession to the work, as circulars had to be got out in great numbers and distributed throughout the country, besides entailing a large correspondence. It is to be regretted that, in spite of the fact that by a subsequent arrangement the first arrangements were so
far relaxed that those requiring stumping powder were not required to pay for it until it was
delivered, requisitions for only an insignificant amount were received, and the scheme practically fell through. The work entailed was, nevertheless, onerous. As there seems to be a
universal demand that the Government should take up this matter and put it on a workable
basis, I presume it will have to be carefully considered. A system of magazines throughout
the country has been advocated, whence the farmer could draw his supply and pay for it, and
it seems to be a reasonable solution; but against this I would remind you that stumping
powder deteriorates, and it is quite possible that the Government might be left with a quantity
of useless explosives on its hands, if not promptly taken away and used, to say nothing of the
enormous cost which would be entailed in the building of suitable magazines. In carload lots,
stumping powder is offered by the manufacturers at 10 cents per pound, and this was the
price, plus the freight and expenses, the Government intended to supply the powder at, and if
requisitions for a sufficient quantity had been received, the arrangement would have been
carried into effect. In less quantities, the price is 12 cents per pound, at which price anyone
can buy it. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 13
Assistance for clearing land, draining, dyking and irrigation is continually urged upon
the attention of the Department by those who are mostly affected by one or the other of the
conditions named. I have reminded such applicants that if assistance is given it must be of a
general character ; it would be quite unfair to assist in one case and not in another. There is
no doubt that Government assistance in this direction, under proper restrictions, would be of
the greatest benefit to the country generally, and in the end result in an accession of revenue
to the Government.    This is a matter which I may suggest should engage your attention.
Water for Irrigation.
This question, as you may easily conceive, is an all-important one for the farmers of the
dry belt. Large tracts of most fertile land are now lying idle for want of water ; in some
instances it is averred that, although there is plenty if properly used, the first recorders, having
prior rights, cannot use all the water and allow much of it to go to waste, but at the same
time refuse to allow its use by others. Quantities of water annually run to waste, which, by
proper conservation, might serve to irrigate large tracts. This and similar questions should be
dealt with by a commission of competent persons, who could advise the Government as to
required legislation. At Kamloops, a company is now engaged in the construction of works by
which water is to be brought down from Jameson Creek to irrigate all the land on the west side
of the North Thompson River to its mouth, and down the north side of the South Thompson.
This will open an extensive area of fine agricultural land, which the company will dispose of in
blocks to suit, I am informed.
Specimens of Products
Consisting of fruits preserved in jars, grain in bottles and in sheaf, are being collected
and added to the permanent exhibition in the Department. The plan pursued in the matter
of preserved fruits is for the Department to supply the jars and copies of formulas to those
desiring them, with the provision that at the close of the season both jars and contents revert
to the Government.    Full sets are supplied to the Agent-General in London from time to time.
Botanical.
In the botanical department some thousands of different specimens have been collected,
mounted, classified and catalogued. These comprise specimens of our native woods, grasses,
flowers, weeds, poisonous plants, etc., so that identification of most of the economic and noxious
plants of the Province is now practicable.
A check list of plants in the herbarium department is published in the present Report.
This list, although it contains the names of all species so far collected, it must be borne in
mind, by no means comprises all the plants of the Province. It is being added to as opportunity presents for the acquirement of fresh specimens.
Plants Poisonous to Stock.
Investigations in this direction have been carried on in conjunction with Prof. Chesnut,
of the United States Government Department of Agriculture, and Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa.
The conclusions arrived at are published in the reports of this Department. This is an
important question to stockmen, and more time, if possible, should be devoted to its investigation. Many animals are lost annually from reported cases of poisoning, but the data obtainable is generally of so vague a character as to be of but little use. It is a matter of congratulation that but few cases of losses through this medium have been reported since my last
report.
Noxious Weeds.
The "Thistle Act," in conformity with its provisions, is carried out, as far as possible, by
this Department. I am of opinion, however, that so long as the enforcement of the provisions
is left in the hands of unpaid agents of the Department, it cannot be depended upon to be as
effective as could be wished. This Act deals only with the Canada thistle, and since there is
no other Act dealing with other noxious weeds, there are no means by which people can be
compelled to destroy them.    An Act is much needed in this connection.
Forestry.
Much time has been devoted to this subject, which is one of paramount importance, not
only being a source of immense wealth to the Province, but as affecting its agricultural interests A 14 Report on Agriculture, 1903
most intimately. Two papers have been prepared for the annual meetings of the Canadian
Forestry Association, dealing with the subjects of the forests and their preservation, which
have been received with marks of unqualified approbation. Forest fires, although not so
destructive as in some seasons, have, nevertheless, caused much loss in some sections. What
the remedy is it is difficult to say. Inquiries are being instituted as to the principal causes
of fires and the possible remedy.
It is a matter of regret that no representative from this Province has attended the meetings of this Association, which seems to be taking such a lively and practical interest in this
all-important subject. Suggestions have been made by the Society for certain amendments to
our "Bush Fire Act," so as to make it more efficient, which were carried into effect, and
which, it is hoped, will prove to be somewhat more effective in preventing fires which have
been so productive of the enormous losses which the Province has suffered in the past. The
appropriation of $200 made by the Legislature towards the support of the Canadian Forestry
Association is most judicious, and will, I feel assured, prove to be money well spent. Specimens
of our woods were, and are being, under the authority granted, prepared, a full set being kept
in the Department; another set for the Agent-General; others for exchanges with the Government of New South Wales, the Canadian Forestry Association, and to supply the requirements
of Mr. Herbert Stone, England, made through the High Commissioner, the object being the
proper identification of commercial timbers for purposes of trade. Mr. Stone says : "It is my
desire, whenever the size of the specimens received will permit, to prepare a set of described
and authenticated specimens for the Museum of the Birmingham University, the Warrington
Museum and the Museum of the Surveyors' Institution. In no case do I desire or expect to
receive any remuneration for my services, or for specimens devoted to public purposes. Any
information I may derive from the specimens received will at all times be at your service."
Botanic Garden.
Botanic gardens and experiment grounds for experimental purposes is a matter of the
utmost importance, not only from an economic standpoint, but for the purpose of preserving
specimens of our native plants and trees. I do not suggest that a large and expensive garden
be started, but if funds for the nucleus of such an institution were provided, part of the
grounds in the rear of the Government Buildings could be devoted to the purpose, so that
plants which are sent or obtained could be taken care of and room provided for experiments,
which are necessary in a Department of this kind.
Wood Pulp.
Many inquiries have been received and information furnished regarding this industry,
which, it is evident, must in the near future assume great proportions in this Province, being,
as it is, the greatest timber-producing Province in the Dominion, and possibly in America.
Entomological.
Investigations in this line have been systematically carried on. Great assistance has
been given by Dr. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist; Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Wellington; Mr.
Hanham, of the Bank of British North America here; Mr. William A. Dash wood-Jones, of
New Westminster; Mr. J. William Cockle, of Kaslo; Mr. E. Baynes Reed and others.
Advice has been given, whenever occasion arose, for the management of insect pests, and
recommendations for the best remedies prescribed; in some instances by leaflets and bulletins.
Noxious Animals and Bird Pests.
The coyote is, without doubt, the worst predatory wild animal we have. Its habitat is
confined to the region eastward of the Coast Range, where sheep and poultry raising are
rendered unremunerative by reason of the depredations of this animal. The panther, so called,
or cougar, is a bad pest on Vancouver Island, where sheep and pigs suffer from its depredations ; of late years it has increased in some parts of the Upper Country. Wolves, bears,
skunk, racoons and mink are all pests in a minor degree. The bounties on coyote, wolves and
panthers are considered sufficient, and, in consequence, the numbers are being slowly diminished, according to reports. The restriction, however, of the bounty being only paid on such
as are killed in settled districts, should be removed, for obvious reasons.
The destruction of the pasture lands by the bands of wild horses which infest the ranges
)f the Upper Country, and evil effect of scrub bulls which are allowed to roam at will, have X
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been represented, and inquiries are now being instituted, with a view of obtaining the opinion
of those most concerned as to practical means to be adopted for the mitigation of these evils.
Legislation on these points will be asked for, if definite results are obtained.
I have frequently been asked to recommend bounties to be placed on hawks, owls, crows
and blue-jays, but without more definite data as to the destructiveness of these birds, it has
not been considered expedient to make such recommendations. As regards hawks and owls,
it has been so clearly demonstrated by patient research, extending over a long period in the
United States, that but six out of the hundred odd species are in any way harmful, of which
three are so scarce as to be scarcely merit attention, and that the rest are really some of the
best friends of the farmer, and that it would be folly to place a bounty for their extermination.
Crows, whilst undoubtedly harmful to fruit-growers, are certainly of great benefit where there
is no fruit, in the extermination of cut-worms, and the larva of the June bug. As for the
blue-jay, the evidence is quite insufficient to condemn it utterly. It would be undertaking a
great responsibility to disturb the balance of nature, in my opinion, without more conclusive
evidence than I am now possessed of. This was found to be the case in some of the States of
the American Union, when attempts were made in that direction. In this connection an Act
for the preservation of insectiverous and beneficial birds was asked for by the Central Farmers'
Institute at its last meeting, which is intended to protect all birds known to be beneficial, but
is not intended to mean that all other birds whose habits are not well known are necessarily
injurious.
Meteorological.
Weather statistics are furnished by this Department for the weather map issued by the
Dominion Meteorological Department every month at Toronto. The Dominion authorities
also act in concert with this Department in the establishment of stations in the Province, and
ask and accept advice as to the most desirable points for the purpose.
Lands.
The question is constantly asked as to what lands the Government has for pre-emption.
This is a most difficult matter on which to give information, as there are no maps showing
Government lands.    If practicable, such a map would be most useful.
Labour.
This is a serious question for the agriculturist. White labourers are not always available
in sufficient numbers at the time of the year they are most required. Indians will not work
at ordinary farm labour, and, therefore, Chinese and Japanese have to be called into requisition.
I do not pretend to know how this question can be adjusted, so I only state facts as they come
to my knowledge. For hop-picking, Indians—men, women, and children—are principally
employed ; also for potato digging, this class of work being seemingly suitable for them.
Statistical Information.
Attempts were made when this Department was first inaugurated to collect statistics
embracing character of land, acreage under cultivation, acreage under various crops, number
of fruit trees, head of stock, value of improvements, value of implements, production of crops,
fruits and various other matters, which not only are of the greatest importance in dealing
with the agricultural interests and for making comparisons of the progress of agriculture, but
it is information that is constantly being asked for by public men and bodies, bankers, foreign
consuls and others. These attempts, although only partially successful and the information
obtained incomplete in its character, published in the Fourth Report of this Department, was,
nevertheless, of great utility, and had the attempts been persistently followed up there is no
doubt but by this time some definite knowledge of the matters alluded to would have been
available. Unfortunately, owing to political changes, want of a definite policy in regard to
farming interests, and the neglect to make even the smallest appropriation for the purpose, so
tied my hands that I have been unable to prosecute my inquiries. The Department of Agriculture Act gives me, as statistician of the Department, authority to collect statistics relating
to agriculture and horticulture, and requires that the officers of all agricultural, horticultural,
dairying, and kindred societies and associations receiving Government aid, and all Government
Agents or other public officers of this Province, shall promptly answer all official communications of the Department.    And any officer of any society and association as aforesaid making A 16 Report on Agriculture, 1903
a false return of information, or refusing or wilfully neglecting to answer any question, or to
fill up, tabulate and return official schedules according to instructions and within the prescribed
times when required to do so by the Department, shall, for every offence, incur a penalty not
exceeding twenty dollars, to be recoverable with costs, upon summary conviction by one Justice
of the Peace.
All occupiers or owners of land, or owners of live stock, and all persons engaged in
agricultural, horticultural, and pastoral pursuits, and allied subjects, or their agents, shall
promptly answer, to the best of their knowledge and ability, all official inquiries relating to
such pursuits emanating from the Department, whether such inquiries are made by circular
or by personal application of any public officer of the Province, or by any agent or correspondent, or person duly authorised by the Department to make such inquiries. This is very well as
far as it goes, but it can hardly be expected of officers of societies or associations that they
should pay the expenses that are inevitably connected with the collection of statistical information. It is my intention to make further attempts to obtain the desired statistics, and I
earnestly hope, in consideration of the importance of the matter, that a small grant will be
made to cover necessary expenses.
Attending Meetings and Travelling through the Country.
Manv meetings have, of course, to be attended and addresses made by me. On such
occasions I carry my note-book and botanising outfit, to which it is proposed in future to add
a camera, which was procured for the purpose of obtaining views of suitable subjects for illustrating the reports of the Department. Notes are taken for use in the same direction;
specimens of the plants occurring are preserved. Nevertheless, I find that, for accurate
information, so that one can write intelligently, I should travel over those portions of the
Province of which information is at present obtained second-hand, and not always of the most
reliable character. Queen Charlotte Islands, northern part of the Province, Nechaco, Similkameen, North Thompson and other sections are particularly in my mind in this connection.
On the invitation of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, and at its expense, I attended
last December the winter fat stock shows at Guelph and Amherst. These proved to be most
instructive and quite a revelation. On account of the climatic conditions of those places, it
has been necessary to erect buildings of a suitable character. These buildings are of necessity
of a much more expensive character than would be required in this Province; nevertheless,
even here, suitable buildings would cost a good deal, and such a show could, therefore, only
be held in one of the cities where a sufficient sum could be raised for the purpose. Vancouver
being a point where no other Provincial show is held, seems to be the place which naturally
suggests itself as being the most likely point for a winter stock show, and I trust that ere long
we may have such a show in this Province. I may add that the buildings at Guelph and
Amherst were erected altogether by public subscription and without Government assistance.
Whilst in Ottawa I took the opportunity of settling several matters which were in
abeyance between this Department and the Dominion authorities, and found the Ministers
and Deputies most willing to accede to all reasonable requests.
Work of the Department.
During 1902 there were some 2,200 letters received and some 2,500 sent away. Many
of these are of a scientific or specific character, requiring much thought and investigation and
technical knowledge, besides a very large number of circular letters. There were distributed
many thousands of publications, some issued by the Department and others acquired from
other sources, to intending settlers from England, the United States and Canada. Since the
issue of the last Report of this Department—and which, by the way, if I may be pardoned
for alluding to it with pardonable pride, was spoken of in most flattering terms by the press
of Canada and the United States, and which was said by some of the highest Dominion
agricultural authorities to be one of the best reports ever published in this or any other
country—the following publications have been written and issued by me, viz.:—Six bulletins—
the seventh on Flax; the eighth on Feeding Animals; the ninth on Cut-Worms; the tenth
on Agricultural Shows; the eleventh on Wild Mustard, and the twelfth on Orchard Work; a
pamphlet on the Agricultural Resources of the Province; the Third and Fourth Reports of
the Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes; the Fourth and Fifth Reports of the Central
Farmers' Institutes; also articles on forestry for the Canadian Forestry Association on the
woods of British Columbia. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 17
I wish, in conclusion, to particularly impress upon you the fact that all this work has
been done by myself, with only the assistance of the girl stenographer and typewriter attached
to this Department—and to whom my thanks are due for her share of the work, her hours
being long and much of her work being performed after office hours, for which she has received
no remuneration—and the occasional assistance that I was authorised to employ. It may,
therefore, readily be understood that this entails a great deal of work on myself outside of
office hours, and the working of my limited staff to the utmost limits of office hours, longer
hours being kept than in any other Department of the public service.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your obedient servant,
J. R. ANDERSON,
Deputy Minister of Agriculture.
Department of Agriculture,
Victoria, B. C, July 18th, 190S. A 18 Report on Agriculture, 1903
UPPER    MAINLAND.
Boundary.
In which is included Grand Forks, Midway, Rock Creek, Sidley, Osoyoos, Greenwood and
Phoenix.
Rainfall at Midway, 1902        6.73 inches.
Snowfall ii ii           30 n
Lowest temperature,     h       -21°
Highest ii         96°
Average, n      ,      41.2°
Altitude of Midway, 1,850 feet.    Latitude, 49 N.; longitude, 118.46 W.
Anarchist Mountain, altitude, 3,500 feet; Grand Forks, 1,750 feet; Greenwood, 2,400
feet; Phcenix, 3,900 feet.
Public schools are situated at Anarchist Mountain, Black Mountain, Camp McKinney,
Rock Creek and Rock Mountain.
Report or Mr. E. Spraggett.
The Boundary District forms the extreme southern part of the District of Yale. In it
are four distinct mineral basins : that around Christina Lake on the east, that adjacent to the
north fork of Kettle River, of Boundary Creek, and that of the main Kettle River, with Rock
Creek and other tributaries. The whole area covers a distance of about 40 miles east and
west, and extends about 50 miles northwards. The southern boundary is the international
frontier.
The topography of the district, while it offers a considerable diversity, is not very different
from that of all the great interior plateau of British Columbia. Whilst mountainous, its
highest points seldom exceed 5,000 feet, Kettle River being about 1,700 feet above sea level.
Most of the hills are forested to their very summits with a variety of coniferous trees. The
eastern, southern and western slopes are open and afford a prolific growth of bunch-grass, and
along the valleys are many ranches which are especially adapted to diversified farming, with
the aid of irrigation. There have been numerous finds of ore in all these basins, but a great
deal of unexplored land is still open to the prospector. The ore bodies, famous for their enormous width, carry values in gold and copper, and gold, copper and silver. To a large extent
—in some properties perhaps entirely so—the gold will pay the mining and smelting charges,
leaving the copper partly or wholly net profit. There is, of course, some silver produced, but
its position is secondary.
The climate is an ideal one, with no extremes of heat or cold. The snowfall in the valley
is light. Spring opens early. The summers are pleasant and not excessively hot, the temperature always declining at sundown. The Boundary is famous for its bracing atmosphere, and
has been described by Dr. Bryce in his " Climates of Canada" as the ideal national sanitarium.
Grand Forks is situated in the centre of an extensive valley, the extreme length of
which is not less than 20 miles, and the average width 3J miles. This represents an
area of 45,000 acres of splendid loamy soil, admirably adapted for general farming and fruit
raising. Apples, peaches, pears, plums and prunes here attain perfection. The small fruits
also thrive, strawberries bearing the first season. The apples grown in the valley captured the
highest awards at the Spokane Fruit Fair. An exhibit was sent to the recent World's Fair at
Paris, France. Vegetables also yield prolific crops. Small fruit and vegetable farms derive
large profits, as proximity to an increasing market gives the producer an advantage over outside competitors who have to pay railway freights.     The only greenhouse in existence reports  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 19
handsome returns. Of late there has been a tendency to cut up farms into tracts of 20 or 30
acres each, to be devoted to fruit and vegetable raising. The prices for cleared lands, near
Grand Forks, average about $50 per acre. A good crop can be raised the first season. One
general farmer had a crop this past season that yielded a total income of about $10,000. The
major portion of the revenue was derived from the sale of fruits. There is an unlimited
demand for these products in the Boundary country and this is especially so of the various
mining camps.
Throughout the district there is a good supply of timber, such as pine, fir, cedar and tam
arack, and this stretches all the way up to the headwaters of the north fork, assuring an
unlimited supply for years to come. In this neighbourhood are superior clay beds for the
making of brick and tiles, besides lime and building stone quarries.
Grains.—Only oats are produced to any extent; ruling price $30 per ton.
Roots.—Potatoes are raised in considerable quantities ; ruling price $20 per ton. Other
root crops and vegetables in limited quantities.
Grasses.—Timothy is grown for hay; fetches $25 per ton. Wild grasses grow luxuriantly
on the hills and give excellent pasture for animals.
Fruits.—Fruits of all kinds produce fine crops of excellent quality, apples and prunes
particularly.
Labourers.—Whites, $2.50 per day.
Report of Mr. Martin Burrell, Grand Forks.
The valley, in the midst of which is situated the City of Grand Forks, and through which
the Kettle River races in a hundred curves and twists, is destined in the near future to be of
considerable horticultural importance. Hitherto comparatively little has been done in this
direction, the ranchers having found a profitable market for other products ; but the increasing
acreage under potatoes and other vegetables has brought the price of these things down to such
a figure that the question may well be asked, " Is not fruit-growing the most profitable industry
to turn our attention to 1" In certain well-defined limits I believe it is, but I know of no other
business which can yield more disappointments if entered into rashly and without a careful
weighing of the conditions which make for permanent success. Climate, ever a most important
factor in successful horticulture, soil conditions, and the necessary markets—all these must be
duly considered before planting to any extent; otherwise, the unwary orchardist will undoubtedly get "left."
The valley itself, or rather that part of it which is practically suitable for horticulture, is
about ten miles long, with an average width of some two miles and a half. While a considerable
portion of this is comparatively a light soil with the gravel somewhat close to the surface,
there is a large area of excellent soil which is entirely suitable to many of the better class of
fruits. In some seasons irrigation plays an important part in crop production. Nevertheless,
excellent fruit can be grown if proper cultivation is practised. It is my conviction that if the
theory of cultivation is clearly understood, and a systematic practice followed, the larger fruits,
especially apples, could be successfully produced without irrigation three seasons out of four.
Such fruit as has already been produced in the valley has been of excellent colour and quality,
and the freedom from fungous diseases is particularly noticeable, and is doubtless due to a large
extent to the altitude, Grand Forks being about 1,700 feet above sea level.
Climate.—From the personal standpoint, it would be hard to find a more delightful
climate than obtains in this district; and with due qualifications it is equally desirable from
the horticultural point of view. The rainfall, which usually takes place during the latter part
of May and June, ordinarily gives sufficient moisture for the production of the strawberry and
cheny. July and August are usually " scorchers," but with the nights always cool. From the
latter part of September to November more or less rainy weather may be expected, though
customarily the conditions are fine for the harvesting of the fruit crop. The winter conditions
are undoubtedly too severe in some years for the successful culture of some of the more tender
fruits, such as peaches and apricots and sweet cherries. These fruits have all been grown here
and of an excellent quality, but it is useless to disguise the fact that an occasional winter will
see the thermometer registering from 25° to 35° below zero, and such being the case, I would
not advise the commercial orchardist to go very heavily into this class of fruit. Further
remarks will be made in this connection under the paragraphs dealing with the various fruits. A 20 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Markets.—Up to the present time, the local market has not only consumed what fruit
has been grown, but has necessitated the importation of considerable quantities from Washington State and from the Vernon District. While there are good grounds for believing that
this local market will steadily develop, owing to the rapid development of the smelting and
railway interests of the place, yet, when orcharding becomes extensively practised, the grower
must face the question of the outside market, and, if he is wise, he will grow most largely of
those staple fruits, such as winter apples, which will ship in fine condition to the North-West,
where a constantly growing demand is likely to be found for good fruit.
Insect and Fungous Pests.—As I previously remarked, there is practically no trouble
with fungus of any kind in this valley. Strawberry "rust," apple "scab," plum and cherry
" rot," so common in the East, and, apparently, somewhat injurious in the Coast country, are
almost unknown here. As to insects, by far our worst pest is the apple aphis. Indeed the
aphides of all kinds are destructive and common to a degree quite unexpected to the eastern
horticulturist. On the other hand, the absence of the plum curculio, the codlin moth, the San
Jose scale and other first-class pests of the East, makes fruitgrowing easy by comparison. We
have usually found the standard preparation of whale oil soap and quassia chips effective in
dealing with the apple aphis, though it cannot be too clearly emphasised that early and
thorough work should be done if success is desired. Some trouble has been experienced with
" sun scald," and it is likely that a cheap protective wrapping, such as burlap or old sacking,
would pay well for the trouble and expense involved.
Apples.—Practically, all the leading varieties will prove successful in the valley. The
trees come into bearing about the fourth year, the danger being that unless " thinning " is
practised, the trees will overbear and their constitution become impaired. The district should
eventually be a first-class apple-growing centre.
Pears.—The Flemish Beauty has been tested successfully for ten years, and much the
same with Clapp's Favourite. Excellent Bartletts were produced last year, and one may hope
that this choice variety will prove a thorough commercial success. The experience has not
been enough to pronounce as to the winter pears.
Cherries.—The sour cherries of the Kentish and Morello type do well here, the Early
Richmond being the one mostly grown. Some of the heart varieties, such as Royal Ann,
Black Republican, etc., are grown, but owing to late spring frosts and severe winters, it is as
yet doubtful to me whether the commercial grower would be justified in heavy plantings.
Plums and Prunes.—Prince's Yellow Gage, Imperial Gage, Bradshaw, Lombard, Peach,
Yellow Egg and Pond's Seedling have all. done well, and there is little doubt of success in
plums and prunes, though I would advise the intending grower to avoid the planting of late
ripening varieties. The Italian prune succeeds admirably, Mr. W. H. Covert of this place
having an excellent orchard of some 1,200 trees, which have borne heavily for the past three
seasons.
Peaches.—Though fine fruit has been grown, I do not consider this a peach country, and I
am inmyown case replanting gradually with winter apples. We planted out some 150 peach trees
three years ago, chiefly Triumph, Early Richmond, Early Rivers, Early Crawford, and Yellow
St. John. The growth in many cases has been strong, but the wood failed to mature or
winter well, and a good many of the trees have been removed. Further experimentation is
necessary before encouraging anyone to grow peaches here on an extensive scale.
Grapes.—At Riverside Nurseries we have a vineyard of some 300 vines, the only commercial
attempt at grape culture in the valley. No late varieties were planted, the ones chiefly
selected being Champion, Roger No. 9, Worden, Moore's Diamond and Campbell's Early. This
will be the third year from planting, and more definite results can be given in the fall. We
succeeded in ripening a few Campbell's Early and Moore's Diamond, but the greater proportion
of the fruit which set last year failed to ripen, owing to the coldness of the nights during the
latter part of August and September. The wood, owing to the late growth, characteristic of
the West, has also winter-killed somewhat, and it will probably be necessary to protect by
mulching heavily. So far, I cannot advocate, therefore, the planting of grapes on a commercial
scale in this section.
Berries do extremely well, the strawberry most largely in cultivation being Clark's
Seedling. Altogether, the valley gives promise of being a fine horticultural centre for those
fruits most generally in demand. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 21
Report of R. G. Sidley, Correspondent, Sidley.
This is a mountain plateau which rises from Osoyoos Lake for 2,300 feet; is level on top
and then descends to Rock Creek. There is a good deal of vacant land, covered with timber
and fairly level, which belongs to the C. P. R. The soil is very rich and well watered. It is
an ideal dairy country, owing to the variety of the grasses and cool nights. Hardy grains
and vegetables do excellently and prices are high, owing to the proximity of the mining camps.
Both the C. P. R. and V. V. & E. are surveyed through the settlement. The settlers are all
doing well and none of them want to sell out. Population about 300. Game is all killed off.
Roads are bad. There are two schools, post office, and customs house. The number of settlers
is about 300, and the area of cultivated land about 2,500 acres.
Wheat.—Very little wheat grown, as there is no way of grinding it, and it has been
found more profitable to buy flour from the hard-up, highly-protected farmers in the United
States and feed our own wheat to hogs and chickens. Selling price, 1 \ to 2 cents per pound,
but not much of a market.
Oats.—Most of the oats grown were of no particular variety. The average yield was 50
bushels; in some instances it went as high as 80 bushels. The crop was not affected by the
weather. Prices are $21 to $25 per ton, and a strong rise looked for. About 1800 acres
grown.
Barley.—Beardless, mostly. This grain does extra well. There are about 500 acres
grown. There are no diseases or pests. Average yield, 45 bushels. None used for malting.
Price, $25 per ton.
Rye.—Winter variety, but not much grown, as there is no demand. No diseases or pests.
Price is 2 cents a pound. I consider this the most profitable grain to grow, if one has hogs to
feed it to, as one seeding gives two years' crops, owing to its habit of volunteering. Average
yield, 30 bushels.
Peas do not do very well, owing to the dry season. In damp, favourable ground, or if
manured, they do well, but, generally speaking, a frost in the blossoming time hurts the yield.
Price, $20 per ton, but little demand.
Beans.-—Nights are too cold.
Potatoes.—All varieties. The size is large and yield good, but the quality is very
inferior, being watery.    One cent per pound.
Mangolds.—Do not yield well; no market.
Carrots.—Chautenay and white. These do fairly well, especially the Chautenay, as it
is an earlier variety. About 10 acres grown ; average yield, 12 tons to the acre. No diseases;
no market.
Turnips.—All kinds do fairly well; early kinds do best. Not much grown, say 10
acres ; no diseases ; no market.
Other Roots and Vegetables, such as onions, beets, parsnips, cabbages. All varieties
grown, but only in a small way.    Prices are good, but the demand is limited.
Native Grasses.—There is a great variety of native grasses, which cannot be beaten for
cattle food and for giving an exquisite flavour to the milk and butter.
Indian Corn cannot be grown, owing to the cold nights.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy, principally; Red Top, very little. Bunch-grass is
the best hay of all, but is too dusty for horses. It is, however, a thing of the past, as it will
not stand much cutting or close pasturing. A good deal of barley and oats are cut for hay.
Timothy sells best, and, if fed with grain, is the best hay grown. If fed alone, I consider it
an indifferent food, as it is constipating in its effects.
Rape.—If sown early does fairly well; late sown is no good, owing to the dry weather.
At first hogs do not care for it.    Grain must be fed in conjunction with it.
Apples.—Only a few young trees planted; have not yielded yet, but the growth is
thrifty.    The aphis bothers the leaves.
Other varieties of tree fruit not grown.
Small Fruits do well, but there is no market worth talking about; no diseases or pests.
The Board of Horticulture is all right. Producers are well satisfied, but dealers in fruit are
not, as it prevents them importing from the United States inferior fruit. The most of the
farmers south of the line are in a state of semi-pauperism, and can undersell the fruit-growers
on this side. A 22 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Dairying.—This is the principal industry and pays well. Butter is 25 to 30 cents the
year round and in unlimited demand. It is hard to get at the exact quantity sold. As every
settler has 320 acres of land, they live too far apart for a co-operative creamery.
Feeding.—As a rule, stock get little else than straw in the winter; in consequence, they
are very poor in the spring. There is no question but, up to a reasonable limit, the better the
food the more butter and milk. With steers and young stock that does not apply, as if kept
alive at all during the winter, they will quickly get fat on the bunch-grass during the summer.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—There is plenty of green grass all summer until
October.    There has been no necessity, so far, to supplement.
Horned Cattle.—Is a very successful branch of farming. Beef cattle are 3|- to 4 cents,
live weight. Milch cows, $50 to $75 each. A milking strain of Shorthorns is best for the
general farmer.
Horses.—There has been no over-production of good horses. There is an over-production
of cayuses. A good, common mare, crossed by a thoroughbred, makes a serviceable general
purpose horse, and is just what a settler needs. Work horses, $100 to $150 each ; saddle
horses, $40 each.
Sheep would have to be gone into on a large enough scale to pay to have a man continually herding them, owing to coyotes.    District well adapted, but none raised.
Swine.—The raising of pigs is prosecuted with some degree of system. Hogs on foot, 7
cents a pound; dressed pork, by the carcase, 10 to 12-|- cents; bacon, 18 to 22 cents. Any
breed is good if taken care of. All breeds are now bred to one type. Personally, I have
found the Berkshire the most prolific. I have had a good deal of experience on a large scale
with swine; I raise from 200 to 400 every year. If fenced off in small lots, swine do well
feeding down grain ; otherwise it is very wasteful. I have had the best success by feeding
carrots whole, all they will eat up clean, and then ground barley and oats mixed. For young
pigs, oats are best; also for sows giving milk.
Poultry.—No system ; but with care it yields 100%. Plymouth Rock is best. Leghorns
lay the most eggs, but they are wild and mean and wander off until a coyote nabs them. The
price of eggs averages 30 cents the year round. It is not an easy occupation, as if done on a
large scale it takes unremitting attention, early and late. There is no hard labour about it,
and would be very profitable for the right kind of person.
Diseases op Animals.—None.
Co-operation.—The principle of co-operation has not attained a foothold, the settlement
being too young. Owing to lack of unanimity, the farmer is put to a great disadvantage as
regards transportation.
Experiment Stations.—They are of inestimable advantage, as tending to advance the
wealth of the country. Owing to the different altitudes and climates of British Columbia,
there ought to be a large number of them. If conducted on practical lines, as they are, the
expenditure would be 100 times recouped.
Agricultural Education.—It seems only reasonable that the elements of agriculture
should be taught to children who in after life have to make their living by it.
Farmers' Institutes.—Population is too much scattered for carrying on this work as yet.
Soils.—Parts of it lack lime. Limestone exists in the neighbourhood, and in process of
time will be utilised.    In places there is too much alkali.
Fertilisers.—No artificial manures used and very little natural ones. Soil is rich
enough.
Clearing Land.—I find dynamite the best and cheapest. Most of the land here does
not need clearing. The cost of clearing depends on the amount of brush and trees to the
acre; from $15 to $50 an acre.    This includes taking the stumps out.
Draining is unnecessary.
Irrigation is neither required nor practised, but would be good for roots and grass.
Pecuniary Assistance.—The trouble about this would be that in a new country there
are very few farmers who understand their business. When a man makes a failure of everything else he turns farmer. Such a man does not know how to lay out money productively,
and while his honesty would be above boiling point, his ability might be below zero. With
certain restrictions, too intricate to mention here, it would be the wisest and most beneficient
act to lend money to bond fide settlers at a reasonable rate of interest. I know of no one act
that would tend to increase the wealth of British British Columbia more than that.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 23
Timber.-—Red pine, black pine, tamarac and fir are abundant and easily procured.
[Mr. Sidley probably means Pinus ponderosa, P. Murrayana, Larix occidentalis, and
Pseudotsuga Douglasii.—J. R. A.]
Weeds.—Wild oats are getting bad.
Poisonous Plants.—None.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—Coyotes.
Forest Fires.—None during the last year.
Lands.—No Government lands for pre-emption. Lands not taken up are within the
railway belt.
Labour.—Whites, $35 per month, or $1.50 per day; Japanese and Chinese, $25 per
month, or $1 per day; Indians only hired as cowboys. The supply is adequate, but the
number of men knowing anything about farming is very small.
Similkameen,
In which I include White Lake, Keremeos, Princeton, Granite Creek and Otter Creek.
White Lake is situated on an elevated plateau on the road between Keremeos and
Penticton. The country is open, with patches of brush along the water-courses and depressions, which are easily cleared. The land is of excellent quality, and yields all the usual crops.
Mr. Hiram In glee, correspondent, has a fine ranch here.
Keremeos is a settlement in the valley of the Similkameen River, considerably below the
altitude of White Lake; probably about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, White Lake
being possibly 500 or 600 feet higher. A good waggon road, leading to Osoyoos, the mines in
the Boundary country and Penticton, is the only means of communication at the present time.
Princeton is about 40 miles higher up the Similkameen River than Keremeos. It is
reached by a trail from Hope, and by a waggon road from Nicola and Keremeos.
Rainfall at Princeton in 1902  9.25 inches.
Snowfall ii „   75.2
Highest temperature    n n   92° in August.
Lowest H ii ii   -26° in February.
Average n n n   41.2°
Altitude „  1,650 feet.
Latitude, 49.20 N.; longitude, 120.29 W.
Public schools are situated at Princeton, Fairview, Keremeos and Similkameen.
Probably no part of British Columbia is better adapted for the production of fruits of all
kinds in the greatest perfection. Peaches and grapes produced at Keremeos are as fine as any
the writer has had the fortune to taste in any part of the world, whilst the apples from Mr.
Frank Richter's and other orchards are certainly unexcelled both for quality and size. Some
apples sent in by Mr. Price Ellison, M.P.P., and of which casts were made for the Paris
Exposition, weighed as much as thirty-one ounces. This part of the country seems to be a
continuation of the desert regions which extend through the adjoining States and California
down to Mexico, the theory being borne out by the existence of some of the plants and
reptiles peculiar to those regions ; for instance, Purshia tridenta, as well as various members
of the Artemisia family, burrowing owls, horned toads, rattlesnakes, scorpions, etc. Whilst
the presence of the reptiles mentioned can hardly be considered a desirable element, it nevertheless betokens a climate eminently suited for the production of sub-tropical fruits, and with
the advent of railroads there is little doubt but that portions of the Similkameen Valley will
ultimately be devoted to the production of many fruits and vegetables not now generally
produced in the Province. The absence of summer frosts on the benches is another factor to
be considered in this connection. The principal production at the present time is cattle for
beef, of which considerable numbers are raised, the ranges on the higher elevations being well
suited for the purpose, the tops of the mountains being level and covered with bunch-grass.
Sheep are not produced for two reasons, viz. : the presence of predatory animals and the
objections of the cattle men, who, under the Cattle Ranges Act, may decide to" exclude sheep A 24 Report on Agriculture, 1903
from the ranges. Well adapted for horses, of which some are raised, but the presence of wild
horses militates greatly against the successful production of a good breed of horse, the local
markets having to be depended upon altogether. Other live stock are only produced in limited
quantities. All the ordinary grain and root crops are successfully grown. Indian corn does
well in the valleys, but does not ripen on the higher plateaux. Irrigation is necessary all
through this district for the successful production of crops, and available water for the purpose
is sufficient for present purposes. The timber is, as a rule, not valuable for lumbering purposes,
but there is abundance of good yellow and Douglas fir, poplar and birch for all purposes of the
farm. Wolves, panthers, bears and coyotes are the principal predatory wild animals, the last
named being by odds the worst pest. The usual wild grasses and plants occur all through
this section; the poisonous plants consist of water hemlock, larkspur and poison ivy, the first
named being the only one through which loss of live stock is occasioned to any extent.
Poison ivy (Rhus toxidendron) affects human beings through contact, but many are immune
from its effects. Labourers' wages are good, but the demand is limited. Miners get $3.50
per day; ordinary labourers, $2 to $2.50 per day; cooks, $30 to $60 per month and board,
latter being Chinese.    Indians will not work unless obliged.
Report of Mr. Geo. E. Winkler, Princeton.
Princeton is about 45 miles up the Similkameen River from Keremeos, and is situated at
the junction of the Tulameen and Similkameen Rivers. Agricultural lands have been preempted along the bottoms of the two streams, and in the Wolf, Five-Mile and One-Mile Creek
valleys. While irrigation has been an absolute necessity in the past, this season has proved
an exception to the rule, the rainfall having been sufficient for the growing of hay, grain and
vegetables, not alone on the bottom lands, but also on the higher benches. If the climate
continues to change in this respect, much land hitherto regarded as unsuitable for agricultura
purposes will become valuable. The yield of hay is particularly heavy this year, and also root
crops of all kinds. From results obtained by a few who have been attempting to grow fruit
here, it would appear that the hardier varieties of apples, plums, cherries and pears can be
successfully grown. Small fruits can be grown to perfection. The unusually heavy rainfall
has kept the ranges in good condition, and the year should be a profitable one for cattle raisers.
Retail prices of necessaries for settlers, furnished by Messrs. Cook & Co., Granite Creek:—
Flour, $4 to $5 per 100 lbs.; beef, from 8 to 15c. per ft).; bacon, 20c. to 23c. per ft).; bacon
breakfast, imported, 26 and 27c. per S).; hams, imported, 26 and 27c. per Bb.; lard, pure, 23c. per
ft).; butter, 30 to 40c. per ft)., according to quality ; tea, 50c. per ft), for bulk Ceylon ; sugar, $8
per 100 lbs.; retails 10 lbs. for $1; overalls, from $1.25 to $2 per pair; cotton shirts, about $1 to
$1.50 each; flannel shirts, $2 to $3 each; shoes, $2 to $3.50 for strong working; blankets, 6-
tt>., common, $3.50 ; 8-ft)., good, $6.50.    Bacon and meats are very high.
In the hardware line :—
Waggons, from $100 to $120; ploughs, from $25 to $40; harrows, $15 to $20; hay
rakes, from $30 to $35 ; mowers, $75; sleighs, from $30 to $35 ; buggies, from $90 to $150;
harness, from $28 to $50; saddles, from $25 to $45 ; nails, 8c. per Bb., wholesale; 10c. retail;
axes, from $1.50 to $2.
Rough lumber, from $12 to $14 per M. at mill; dressed lumber, $18 to $22 per M. at
mill.
Okanagan   Lake.
In which is included Okanagan Mission, Penticton, Trout Creek, Peachland, Summer-
land, and the various ranches and settlements on the shores of that fine sheet of water, some
ninety miles long.
Meteorological Reports for 1902 at Okanagan Mission.
Highest temperature August      90.6
Lowest ii incomplete	
Rainfall (incomplete), about      9.75 inches.
Snowfall n ii  16.8        n
Lat. of Okanagan Mission      49.52 N.
Long. „ „  119.29 W. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 25
Public schools are situated at Kelowna, Lambly, Okanagan Falls, Okanagan Mission,
Okanagan South, Okanagan West and Peachland.
The general altitude ranges from 1,150 at the lake to 1,400 feet, or thereabouts, at the
highest points under cultivation.
Penticton is the end of navigation for the steamers plying on the lake. Trout Creek is
six miles to the northward, on the west side of the lake, and Summerland some three miles
further. Peachland is a few miles higher up the lake, and thence northward all the way up
is admirably adapted for fruit growing. The settlers are somewhat scattered, owing to the
abrupt nature of the shores, which do not permit of ranching everywhere nor at a distance
from the lake. Communication is maintained by steamers which ply on the lake. On the
east side, about half way up the lake, is Okanagan Mission, of which Kelowna is the chief
place and shipping point. An excellent waggon road connects this place with Vernon, the
practical terminus of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railroad; this, with the steamer service on
the lake, both operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, give it access to all points.
Okanagan Mission Valley is one of the most fertile and beautiful in the Province, and is
capable of producing crops and fruit belonging to the temperate, as well as many of those to
the sub-tropical, zones. Large quantities of produce are shipped out from this section to all
parts of the Province, a large proportion going to the Kootenay mining region, also to the
North-West Territories and Manitoba. Tobacco, of an excellent quality, is grown in the
vicinity.
Mr. F. G. Anderson, correspondent, Trout Creek, reports as follows:—
Trout Creek is situated about six miles north of Penticton, on the west side of Okanagan
Lake, six miles by water, but about twelve by the waggon road.
The mountains come close to the lake in a good many places, which makes the farming
land patchy. There is a good waggon road to Penticton, and trails from there to all parts of
the lower country.
Trout Creek is famous for fruit, which is shipped by steamer to Okanagan Landing and
then transferred to the railroad. Most of it goes to Calgary and the Kootenay mining
country.
Finest climate in Canada ; good fishing all the year round in the lake. Lake salmon and
silver trout as high as 20Bbs.—10 to 15Ebs. common. Steamer runs all winter; lake only
freezes over once in forty years. There is a coal bed on Trout Creek, about three miles from
the lake, which is being opened up by the Ashnola Smelter Co. About three miles up the
lake is Summerland, another town, with a fine new hotel almost finished, to be used as a
summer resort. Plenty deer in season, and ducks in the river at Penticton all winter. Will
be the California of Canada in a few years.
Cereals.—Little or no grain is grown, excepting some oats for feed.
Potatoes.—Best potatoes in the country, about 15 tons to the acre, worth from 1 to 2
cents retail, but by the ton from $10 to $15, according to the time of the year. " Peerless "
did better than the " Early Rose " this summer.    No pests of any kind.
Turnips.—A few grown, but not good. Turnips do not seem to do at all here, not worth
growing, except a few for the house ; they seem to be bad in the middle when they get to any
size, and if sown too early will grow large and fill with water ; sown in August is early enough.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Onions do remarkably well; worth from 1 to 2 cents
per pound. Beets, parsnips, cabbage, cauliflower and, in fact, anything that is planted and
taken care of, will grow to perfection. Tomatoes are the best paying thing; as many as 12
tons to the acre can be grown easily ; good market in the North-West Territories and Kootenay ; from 1 to 3 cents per pound. Picked ripe tomatoes this year up to October 20th. No
frost.    Up to the present time, December 5th, we have only had 22° of frost.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy and clover mostly grown, and grows well; two crops,
worth about $13 per ton in the stack.
Indian Corn.—None grown here, but don't know of any reason why it should not do well.
Apples.—All kinds of apples do well; can't be beaten in British Columbia. Splendid
crop this year; worth about 3 cents per pound, average. About 400 trees in the district, but
room for thousands. No pests except aphis. Sprayed with whale oil soap and quassia chips,
and lye and bluestone, but believe coal oil would be better than either.
Pears do well; heavy crop, fine flavour, good prices.    No pests. A 26 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Plums and Prunes do well; heavy crop, fine flavour. Good prices for plums, but not
much demand for prunes.    No pests.
Cherries.—All kinds seem to do well, and bring good prices ; from 6 to 9 cents per
pound.    No pests.
Peaches, Apricots, Nectarines.—Peaches do well; splendid crop; worth about 5c.
per lb.    No pests.
Grapes.—None; no reason why they should not be grown.
Small Fruits.—All kinds do remarkably well; good market for raspberries at good prices.
Dairying.—Very little done; not enough to supply the local demand. Always good
price for butter, 25c. average. No cheese made. Butter-making is a profitable business, as
the climate is so mild and pasture generally free. But even farmers with lots of cows seldom
have enough butter for their own use.
Summer Feed For Dairy Cattle.—Clover cut green and fed to cows, I think, is about
as good a feed as you could get in this country. It is easy to grow, but the cows should be
kept in in the hot weather and when the mosquitoes are bad, and not allowed to run all over
a field of clover and tramp it down. It will save time and money to keep them in and cut
the feed.
Horned Cattle do well and would pay better if looked after, but they are allowed to
run as they like. The consequence is, there are a lot of inbred scrubs in this district. A
good three-year-old steer is worth $40; milch cows worth about $60.
Horses.—This is a splendid country for horses, but the general run of horses here are
scrubs. You seldom see a decent-looking team or saddle horse. There is good money in
raising heavy horses. They can feed out nearly all the year round, and can always command
good prices.
Sheep do well, but have to be herded on account of the coyotes. There are no sheep
nearer than Penticton.
Swine.—This industry is not prosecuted to any extent, nor with any system.
Poultry.—Everybody has a few hens, but nobody "keeps" them; they just tolerate
them as a nuisance. They stick them in a dirty, dark hole without a window in it, and
never clean it out, and then cuss the hens if they don't lay. Eggs are worth about 25c. all
the time, and in the winter about 50c. Lots of money in it, if carried on properly. Favourable climate, unlimited market, and good prices. Not enough produced to supply the local
demand.
Farmers' Institutes.—The Farmers' Institute is certainty a good thing, and should be
attended better—I mean the meetings. But it is hard work to teach the average farmer anything, as he generally thinks he knows it all, and goes on in the same old way every year,
losing money and always a few years behind the times.
Irrigation is absolutely necessary for everything. Plenty of water so far, and can be
stored in dams if it runs short.
Land is worth $100 an acre. Good Government land is getting scarce—that is, near the
lake.
Labour.—Whites, $2.50 per day; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Lots of work for
everybody.
The description given by Mr. F. G. Anderson of the conditions existing at Trout Creek
answers pretty well for all the western side of Okanagan Lake. The country is generally hilly
and cut up on that side with ravines formed by the water-courses from the mountains in the
background. These water-courses furnish sufficient water for purposes of irrigation and most
of those points where there is any extent of land fit for cultivation, and with a proper and
comprehensive scheme of conservation there is little doubt that an abundance could be secured.
This, however, is a matter which will have to be well looked into, and until a scheme is evolved
for supplying water at reasonable rates other methods have to be resorted to, where water is
not available. Mr. D'Aeth, who has a place nearly opposite Kelowna but a little lower down
the lake, is irrigating his orchard by means of a steam pump, with which he raises water from
the lake.    He describes the method he pursues as follows :—
" I have to irrigate my fruit farm on the west side of Okanagan Lake, and the only possible way of doing so is by pumping water from Okanagan Lake. To this end I have purchased
a steam boiler and pulsometer, such as is generally used in certain fruit sections of the United
States, where they are very often run by boys." 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 27
The trouble Mr. D'Aeth experiences is the necessity of complying with the provisions of
the Steam Boiler Inspection Act, which, he says, requires him to employ a competent engineer
for his purpose. The Chief Inspector, however, Mr. John Peck, says that it is only necessary
that the person in charge of a boiler shall have passed a very simple examination.    He says :
"There is no necessity to either amend the Act or to make any special arrangement in
this case. Mr. D'Aeth can apply to the Inspector of the District for a temporary certificate,
either for himself or for his employees, and if the Inspector considers that the party for whom
the application is made has enough common sense to know how much water should be carried
in the boiler, and to have the safety valve so that it will blow off at the right pressure, he will
recommend the issuance of a temporary certificate. This remains in force for 12 months, and
at the end of this time the same individual could apply for a certificate of competency, and if
he can satisfy the Inspector that he is a safe man to operate this boiler, such certificate would
be issued. All that is required of engineers is that they have sufficient knowledge to operate
the steam boilers and machinery under their charge with safety to the public."
This method, whilst it answers for small places and orchards, can only be utilised at elevations very little above the source of supply ; therefore, it is evident that many suitable spots
for the production of fruits, if above a certain level and without present means of irrigation by
natural gravitation, must needs remain idle until means are adopted for supplying water to
them. Mr. Alex. McLennan, who has a place opposite Kelowna, raises fruit and vegetables of
the most perfect description. It is not of great extent, as few places are on this side of the
lake, but they are all most productive and will eventually be the source of supply of much of
the fruit and vegetables sent from this part of the country to supply the wants of the mining
camps and the North-West Territories. The eastern side of the lake, from Penticton to Okanagan Mission, which is about half-way up the lake, is generally unfit for cultivation; but when
the Mission is reached a great extent of most fertile land is found, and the farms in the
vicinity of Kelowna, and extending for miles along the valley towards Vernon, are unexcelled for excellence, the land, where irrigation is possible, producing almost anything which
can be grown in these latitudes. Whilst water is generally in sufficient quantities for irrigation in the main valley, the valley lying between it and the lake, called Dry Valley, is most
appropriately named, as it is almost devoid of this most necessary adjunct for successful agricultural operations. Hence the production is restricted to such crops as early rye for hay and
winter grain, and the capabilities of this fine valley must remain practically dormant unless
the water question can be solved. Of the feasibility of this, nothing can at present be said, as
the question has not been investigated. The presence of alkali in superabundant quantities in
some places is about the most serious drawback in this part of the valley, and how to get rid
of it is a vexed question and one not easily solved. It occurs in patches, not only hereabouts,
but all through the section treated of in this chapter. Large numbers of beef cattle are produced at the southern end of the lake, where Mr. Thomas Ellis has extensive ranges ; but the
industry has given way, in a great measure, in the other parts, to the production of crops and
fruit. Some sheep are produced in Mission Valley, but the ubiquitous coyote is too much in
evidence to render it a very profitable industry. Swine-raising is entered into to a considerable extent, especially by Mr. George Whelan, who has a fine place some 10 miles from Kelowna. Horses are not produced to any extent, as the market for this class of animals has, so
far, been restricted. With the exception of the coyote, predatory animals are not troublesome
and reptiles are conspicuous by their absence. The weed question is becoming a serious one in
this part of the country, and one that should not be neglected by the farmers. Whilst the
lower parts are mostly open or only lightly timbered, there is an abundance of good lumbering
wood on the hills, consisting of the usual coniferous trees of this part of the Province, including the larch; poplar and birch are plentiful in the bottoms.
Retail prices of necessaries for settlers and produce, furnished by Mr. Alfred II. Wade,
Penticton :—
Flour, $1, $1.15, $1.25 and $1.35 per 50 ft>s.; beef, 10c. per Mb.; bacon, 16c, 17c. and 20c.
per ft)., Canadian, 22c. American ; hams, 22c. per lb., 20c. Canadian; lard, 16c. per ft).; butter,
30c; teas, 35 and 50c. per ft).; sugar, $6.25 per sack; overalls, $1 and $1.50 per pair; clothes,
from $6.50 to $20 the suit; boots and shoes, $1.50 to $6 per pair ; eggs, 25c. per dozen in
summer, 40c. in winter; hay, $15 per ton; oats $35 per ton, average; ploughs, $20 to $35;
harrows, $30 ; waggons, $120 to $150; hav rakes, $30; mowers, $75; sleighs, $50 to $100 ;
cutters, $30; buggies, $125 ; harness, $30" to $65 ; saddles, $10 to $40 ; nails, $6 per 100 Bbs. A 28 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Okanagan.
Under this I include the Commonage, White and Creighton Valleys, Mabel and Sugar
Lakes, Priest Valley and Spallumcheen. This section may fairly be called the garden of the
Upper Country, embracing as it does such a large and varied area of territory adapted to all
conditions of husbandry and to the production of anything that can be expected to be grown
in these latitudes. A branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through the district,
connecting with the main line at Sicamous. The principal town is Vernon, beautifully
situated at the head of Okanagan Lake, and whence good waggon roads radiate to all parts of
the District. Steamers connect it also with all points on the lake. Armstrong and Enderby
are two other towns on the line of railway north of Vernon—fourteen and twenty-three miles,
respectively. Each of these places have flour and saw mills, the flour mill at Armstrong being
a co-operative concern owned by the people of the district, and is supplied with good, up-to-date
machinery. That at Enderby has the largest capacity and is provided with all the latest
improvements, the Vernon mill being owned by the same proprietors as that at Enderby.
At Armstrong a co-operative creamery has been erected, with a capacity for 1,000 cows.
The buildings and plant are all of the most modern and approved styles, and butter of the very
best description is being manufactured. About five miles from Vernon, on the White Valley
road, is the Coldstream Ranch, owned by Lord Aberdeen. It is well situated for general
farming, with good soil and an abundant supply of water for irrigation purposes. Under the
able superintendence of Mr. Ricardo, this farm has been greatly improved and forms a good
object lesson. Unquestionably the best apples in the Province are produced in this section of
the country, including all points on the lake. Hops are also produced in large quantities by
irrigation. The road in this direction connects with Mabel and Sugar Lakes, the headwaters
of the Spallumcheen River, also with Creighton Valley, and a cattle trail with Fire
Valley and Killarney on the Lower Arrow Lake. Two good waggon roads lead from Vernon
to Armstrong and Enderby, and another from the latter place to Salmon Arm, on the main
line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Spallumcheen River flows past Enderby, into the
Shuswap Lake at Sicamous, and is navigable for stern-wheel steamers. A great portion of the
country is open, some of it lightly wooded, and some of it rather heavily wooded for this part
of the country, the principal timber trees being Douglas fir and larch on the higher parts
and yellow pine I pinus ponderosa) on the lower levels, intermixed in all cases with a good
deal of birch and poplar. The land is all highly fertile, requiring irrigation in that part in
the vicinity of Vernon. The necessity for irrigation for the successful production of crops is,
however, not as general as was formerly believed—this belief having been somewhat dispelled
by the operations of the settlers who took up land on what is known as the Commonage, an
extensive tract lying to the south of Vernon, between Okanagan and Long Lakes, and which,
in view of the absence of water for irrigation purposes, was not considered worth taking up
by the early settlers. By judicious farming and putting in early fall crops, it has been found
that a great deal of the land can be successfully utilised for the production of cereals and roots.
It is true that a very dry season, such as is sometimes experienced, may prove disastrous, and
such a contingency is freely predicted by some of the early settlers, but the fact remains that
good crops have been produced on these lands, those of 1900 being the best in the district.
In the Spallumcheen Valley and the Salmon River Valley east, that is, in the vicinity of
Armstrong and Enderby, irrigation is not necessary, the precipitation being sufficient. The
lands lying contiguous to the Spallumcheen River, all the way to Mara, a station on the line
of railway north of Enderby, are eminently well suited for dairying.
Meteorological Reports for 1900 at Enderby.
Highest temperature, July        92°
Lowest ii (incomplete), February  - 15°
Rainfall (incomplete), about        19 inches.
Snowfall n probably over        50      n
At Coldstream  (Vernon).
Highest temperature, July        93°
Lowest ii January  -13°
Average        44.7°
Rainfall (incomplete), about        11 inches.
Snowfall      ,        37      n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 29
The general altitude runs from about 1,150, the lake level, to perhaps 1,500 at the highest
points under cultivation.
Public schools are situated at Coldstream, Okanagan Landing, Vernon, Blue Springs,
Commonage, Enderby, Lansdowne, Mara, Okanagan, Spallumcheen, Glenemma, Round
Prairie and Armstrong.
Report of F. Appleton and George Heggie, Enderby.
The village of Enderby is situated at the head of navigation on the Spallumcheen or Shus
wap River, about half-way between Sicamous Junction and Vernon, on the S. & 0. Railway,
and is a rather attractive looking little place. Its population is from 200 to 300, and it
possesses three churches, a handsome and commodious public school-house, a first-class modern
roller flour-mill of 250 barrels capacity, a saw-mill, two good general stores, harness-maker,
butcher, blacksmith and carriage-building and repair shops, furniture store and hotel; in
addition to which, negotiations are now in progress for the establishment of a sash and door
factory. The railway service at present consists of one train, which runs from Sicamous Junction to Okanagan Landing and back every day during the summer months, and during the
winter makes the trip three times a week only, returning on alternate days. There is at
present no system of water-works, but its establishment at an early date is altogether probable,
vast and never-failing supplies of good water having been provided by nature so close at hand
that the enterprise can be carried out at a comparatively small expense. The village lies high
and dry on an extensive and fairly level tract of land, and is remarkably healthy; up to the
present time it has never been visited by an epidemic of any kind more serious than la grippe.
It is to the surrounding country, however, that attention is more particularly called.
Here the prospective settler will find locations to suit all tastes, purposes and means. Bush
land can be had at from $5 to $20 per acre, and improved land at from $10 to $40, according
to situation, amount of improvement, &c.
The district is well adapted for mixed farming, most of the grains, fruits and vegetables
which are grown in England and in other parts of Canada flourishing here with ordinary care
and attention ; irrigation, which is indispensable in some adjoining districts, is not necessary
here. All kinds of clover and grasses do remarkably well; corn can be grown for ensilage,
and dairying is likely to become one of the leading industries in the near future. Numbers
of excellent dairy-cattle are raised, for which there is quite a demand from other parts of the
Province, and the prices realised are exceptionally high.
The climate is well spoken of by many people, although some object to the length of the
winters and the great variations in temperature. Snow lies on the ground from three to five
months, but does not drift, and there is generally good sleighing during the greater part of the
season. The winter temperature, as a rule, is somewhere near freezing point during the day;
sometimes a few degrees above, sometimes a few degrees below ; at night there is usually a
drop of 10° or 15°. Nearly every winter, however, there are two or three " cold snaps," when
the mercury goes down to 10°, 20°, or even 30° below zero for a few days. At zero the river
freezes over to a thickness of three to six inches, affording splendid skating and a plentiful
supply of ice for storage purposes. Growth is retarded in the spring by night frosts, but when
once started is exceedingly rapid and vigorous. The temperature at the height of summer is
frequently as high as 98° in the shade, dropping at night to 50°, 40° and even lower. These
changes are severely felt by some, and necessitate care on the part of persons suffering from
any weakness of the chest or throat. The high temperature of the day time, however, owing
to the dryness of the air, is not so trying as it would be in a more humid atmosphere, and
cases of sunstroke are extremely rare. The coolness of the nights, while objectionable in some
ways, is certainly conducive to refreshing sleep.
There is comparatively little annoyance from wild animals. Occasional depredations by a
solitary bear or puma are heard of, but these animals, as a rule, keep at a respectful distance
from human habitations. Coyotes are plentiful and almost invariably carry off any poultrv
that may be left at large in the vicinity of the woods, but rarely harm anything else. Mosquitoes are a pest during the summer in many places, but become greatly reduced in numbers
wherever the land is cleared, drained and cultivated.
The class of settlers who are likely to succeed best are married men with families and a
little capital— say from $5,000 to $10,000. They should be men of steady purpose and good
judgment, with a knowledge of farming—or at least a liking for it—and a capacity for hard
work. Clerks, mechanics, labourers, shopmen and others without capital should not come here,
unless they have friends already settled in the country who can receive and give them a start, A 30 Report on Agriculture, 1903
The present season has been an excellent one ; the grain crop has been harvested and is
now being threshed, with very satisfactory results. The fruit crop is giving good returns ; the
hay was first-class, and cattle promise to go into winter quarters in very good condition.
Wheat.—About 600 acres of fall wheat were produced in this district for milling. In
my opinion, the production of wheat for milling purposes is a profitable branch of agricultural
industry in this district. I am not of the opinion that it is more profitable to buy flour where
it is more cheaply produced, and to devote the production of cereal to such purposes as the
fattening of swine, etc. The wheat was all good this season ; variety most successfully grown,
Jones' Winter Fife. No spring wheats were grown. Ruling prices during the year, 54 cents
to 60 cents per bushel.
Oats.—The varieties chiefly grown are Banner and some Peerless. Average yield per
acre in 1902, about 1 ton. A small proportion got discoloured by rain. Approximate number
of acres under oats, about 150.    Ruling prices during the year, $18 to $20 per ton.
Barley.—Varieties most successfully grown are Scotch, Golden Thorpe and Chevalier.
The average yield per acre in 1902 was about one ton, some of which was slightly discoloured
by rain. Approximate area under barley, about 40 to 50 acres; ruling price was $20 to $22
per ton ; none used for malting.
Peas.—Variety most successfully grown is the Blue Pea; average yield in 1902, one ton
per acre; approximate area, under peas, 20 acres ; ruling price, $30 per ton.
Potatoes.—Approximate area under potatoes was from 50 to 60 acres, and ruling price
$9 to $10 per ton.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy and Red Clover are principally grown for hay; yield,
about two tons.per acre; ruling price, $12 per ton. I do not think that Timothy, now so
largely produced (apart from its undoubted merits as a hay grass), is a grass that can be
recommended for general purposes. I think there are others which, in view of the increased
interest in dairying, can be substituted with'advantage for the increased food supply of stock.
Brome Grass would make a better general purpose grass; it is being tried around here and
promises well. Alfalfa and Red Clover are being extensively sown, about 200 acres having
been seeded this spring, with good results.
Austrian Brome Grass is not much grown here, but where it has been tried it promises
well. It certainly is an ideal grass for general purposes, and I think will soon come into more
favour in this district. A good feature, I have noticed, with this grass is that it comes early
and late and affords a rich pasture in the fall, when all others are run out.
Rape has been grown in this vicinity to some extent, but has been abandoned on account
of the dry springs we have had of late. The best way to grow it here would be to manure
the land and sow in drills, feeding off with sheep and pigs. This has been tried, with good
results. Where rape was sown broadcast on poor land, it was not a success, as the wild oats
got too far advanced before the rape was ready for stock.
Vetches.—Winter Tares only have been tried, and do remarkably well mixed with a
little fall wheat and rye to keep them up. They act well on the clay land, and afford an
abundance of early summer feed for horses and cows in the stable.
Ensilage is practised on a very small scale, but does well. I have heard several parties
making inquiries and talking over the various plans of silos. Information along this line is
required in this district, as the people seem to think, from what they have read of the matter,
that a silo would be the very thing for their second crop of clover and alfalfa, as very often
the weather and lateness of the season make it difficult to save this in good order.
Indian Corn.—Can be successfully grown, but is very little used. Clover does so well
around here that people do not feel the need of it.
Dairying.—About 300 lbs. of butter per week is the output of the private dairies here.
It is profitable, but compares unfavourably with co-operative creameries. Making the butter
and selling it at 20 cents per pound to the stores for trade is not so good as getting 18 cents
per pound for butter fat at the creamery. This is how the comparison goes now. It will be
a good day for the country when all those in the dairy business will turn their cream into the
factory, and I have no doubt but that it will come to this ere long.
Feeding.—The price of beef cattle here is too low to make stall feeding profitable.
Three or four-year-old steers at $30 and $35 will not allow of them being fed meal and
attended to. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 31
Summer Feed For Dairy Cattle.—I cannot see but that second crop of clover and
alfalfa would make abundance of pasture in August and September. I have seen this the
case on heavy clay, at any rate.
Horses.—The horse industry has been a profitable one during the past year. In my
opinion there has not been an over-production of horses. I consider Shire to be the most
useful general purpose horse. A good heavy draught team would find a ready market here,
from $400 upwards. This district is in much need of a couple of good Shire horses at the
present time for breeding purposes.   There is good money in raising the right kind of stock.
Sheep.—This district is not in a sense suitable for sheep-raising, inasmuch as there is a
want of good mountain pasture, which is so desirable as a run in wet weather. Directly, the
industry is not a profitable one; but for keeping a farm clear of noxious weeds, it pays to
have sheep, in proportion to the acreage under cultivation. Mutton, per ft)., 5 cents, live
weight; and wool 6 cents per ft). Coyotes are against sheep-raising, and until the bounty for
the destruction of this pest be raised to what it was some years ago, viz., $2.50 per head, there
will always be this drawback.    Shropshires suit best here.
Swine.—In some places this industry is prosecuted with some degree of system. Others
imagine pigs should look after themselves. Ruling price, 5|- cents, live weight. Bacon and
hams, from 15 to 20 cents per ft). A cross between the Berkshire and Yorkshire is hard to
beat. A good pasture of rape, clover or alfalfa, with a little feed of grain, is the most profitable way to feed pigs. I don't believe in allowing pigs to harvest mj' grain ; I have always
looked on them as scavengers.    Outside of this, the profit is a small one.
Poultry.—This line has not been taken up with any system, but it is a remunerative
branch of agriculture. I recommend the following breeds; Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes,
Langshans ; the latter have done very well, are hardy and no sickness. Ruling prices:
fowls, $5 to $6 per dozen; eggs, 30c. per dozen. People look on poultry as too small a thing
to go into; the long winters with snow on the ground are hard on them; they require a great
deal of shed room.
Co-operation.—I do not think that the principle of co-operation is attaining a foothold
amongst the farming population in this vicinity.
Agricultural Education.—I have considered this subject, and am not of the opinion
that it should form part of the public school curriculum of the Province.
Farmers' Institutes.—The farmers in this section have greatly benefited by the Institute
meetings held here, but it is the general opinion that the lecturers should make themselves
acquainted with the conditions of our soil and climate before giving their addresses. This
could be accomplished by their going around the farms and spending their time before, rather
than after, the meetings.
Soils.—The soil in this district lacks humus. This deficiency can be supplied by the
application of farmyard manure, proper cultivation of the soil, the growing of clover and
ploughing under and rotation of crops.
Fertilisers.—Artificial manures are not in general use, they are too expensive. Farmyard manure is being more thought of; it is the best fertiliser the farmer can use.
Clearing Land.—Stumping powder, properly handled, is the best and cheapest means
for the removal of large stumps.
Draining.—Draining is not carried on to any extent, on account of cost of labour and
drain pipes.    Drain pipes are $15 per 1,000, and cedar wood suitable, $15 per 1,000 feet.
Pecuniary Assistance.—The Government should do something to assist people settling
on bush farms in the way of clearing up say 5 or 10 acres, so that a man and his family can
make a start. To have to go out and work to earn money to clear means very little work
done at home.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—Coyotes are the chief animal pests of this
district, and they are increasing. I consider $1 an insufficient bounty; $2.50 would be little
enough for this pest, and if the Government would make this bounty it would make a big
difference to the number of coyotes in this district. Something of this kind should be done
at once.    (The bounty is now $2.—J. R. A.)
Labour.—Good farm labourers are scarce. White men charge $30 to $35 per month,
with board.    The supply is not equal to the demand, of any class.
Retail prices at Vernon of ordinary necessaries for farmers (supplied by Mr. W. R. Megaw)
Flour, $3.75 to $4.50 per bbl.; beef, 8c per Ex by the quarter (10c. to 12-i-c. per ft)., retail))
bacon and ham, 16c to 18c per ft).; lard, 13c. to 15c. per ft).; butter, 20c. to 25c. per Bb.; tea, A 32 Report on Agriculture, 1903
25c. to 50c per ft).; sugar, $5.75 to $6.25 per 100 Bbs.; overalls, 75c to $1.25 each; shirts, 40c
to 75c. each ; boots, $1.25 to $4 per pair ; walking ploughs, $14 to $22 ; harrows, $17 to $24 ;
two-horse farm waggons, $75 to $120 ; sleighs, $30 to $35 ; cutters, $35 to $50; buggies, $70
to $100 ; democrat waggons, $90 to $110 ; double harness, $35 to $45 ; single harness, $15 to
$24; saddles, $10 to $40; binder twine, 13|c. per Bb.; binders, $160; mowers, $65; hay rakes,
$30 to $35 ; farming tools of all descriptions, about 10% above Manitoba prices (15% above
Eastern); dry goods in general, 8% over Eastern prices; hardware, 10% over  Eastern prices.
Retail prices at Enderby of ordinary necessaries for farmers (supplied by Mr. Henry W.
Harvey):—
Bacon from 15c. to 18c. per ft)., smoked sides; bacon, English breakfast, 18c to 20c. per
ft).; hams, local, 14c to 16c per ft).; hams, imported, 16c to 20c per ft).; lard, 16c to 18c per
ft).; butter, 20c to 25c per ft).; tea. according to quality, 25c to 50c per lb.; coffee, 25c. to
50c. per ft).; flour, two-star, $3.75 per bbl.; flour, three-star, $4.50 per bbl.; Hungarian, $5 to
$5.25 ; sugar, per 100 ffi>s., granulated, $6 to $6.50 ; beef, from 12|c. to 18c perBb.; rolled oats,
from 40c. per sack to $1.75; oat meal, 50c per sack; corn meal, 40c. to 50c per sack.
Regarding dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes and hardware, it is impossible to quote, as
the price ranges according to quality. Men's boots and shoes, say from $1 a pair to $8.00 or
higher if required ; women's boots and shoes, $1 per pair up ; children's, from 75c a pair up.
Mens overalls, from 90c. up; men's underclothing, from 50c per suit up ; men's shirts, 25c
each up; men's socks, from 12^c per pair up; men's suits, from $5 per suit up; blankets,
according to weight and quality, $1.25 per pair up; men's smocks and jumpers, from 50c. up.
Lumber for building purposes, $11 per M. feet; dressed lumber, for building purposes,
$20 to $35 per M. feet; shingles, $3 to $3.50 per M.; nails, from $4.75 to $7 per lOOBbs.
Shuswap Lake,
In which is included Craigellachie, Sicamous, Salmon Arm, Notch Hill and Tappen
Siding, comprising all that portion of the country between Craigellachie and Shuswap, on the
main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. This section is peculiar, in that it is all wooded
more or less heavily, and that the precipitation is ample for agricultural purposes.
Craigellachie is in the valley of Eagle River, which flows into the Shuswap Lake at
Sicamous, and is on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is on the foot-hills of
the Gold Range, sixteen miles to the east of Sicamous. The valley is fairly wide, but heavily
timbered.
Public schools are situated at Notch Hill, Salmon Arm East, Salmon Arm West, and
Tappen Siding.
The meteorological records are available for this part of the country. That at Griffin
Lake, near Craigellachie, for 1900 was as follows :—
Rainfall      52.32 inches.
Snowfall     133.0
Highest temperature (July)    110°
Lowest ii (February) - 18°
This, however, cannot be taken as a representative record of this district, inasmuch as
Griffin Lake is at an altitude of 1,900 feet, whilst Craigellachie is 1,450 feet, and Sicamous
Junction 1,300 feet, the latter being the general altitude of the valley in the vicinity of the
lake, that fine sheet of water being only a few feet lower; Notch Hill, 1,708 feet. It will,
therefore, be readily seen that a district with such topographical differences must necessarily
have great climatic variations.
The land in the vicinity of Craigellachie, and in the valley of the Eagle River generally,
is of a good quality, and grows fine crops of clover, grass and vegetables. It is an ideal
dairying section, and being on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, milk can be
sent to all points where it is required. The area under cultivation, owing to the heavy nature
of the timber and the comparatively new settlements, is necessarily circumscribed, but when
more land is cleared there is no doubt that the exceptional advantages enjoyed in the way of
transportation facilities will bring this part to the front as a fruit-growing and dairying
section.    The timber consists principally of Douglas fir, cedar and spruce, intermixed with  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 33
birch and poplar. Trout fishing in the river is very good when the water is low, and the fish
are fine specimens of their species. Willow grouse abound in the bottoms and blue grouse on
the hills, with larger game further afield.
Sicamous is at the junction of the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway with the main line,
at the head of the Shuswap Lake, 16 miles west of Craigellachie. It is beautifully situated,
with a fine hotel overlooking the lake, and is a favourite resort of tourists and others who want
a few days' rest and fishing. There is no land under cultivation at this p>oint, but there is
some fine bottom land in the vicinity covered with a thick growth of poplar. Most of the
country hereabouts, however, is rockj^ and precipitous, but with a good growth of timber of a
merchantable quality.
Salmon Arm, 19 miles north-west of Sicamous, is the principal settlement in this division.
As its name indicates, it is situated on an arm of Shuswap Lake, in the valley of Salmon
River, which empties at this point into the lake. It is on the main line of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, and in consequence enjoys exceptionally good facilities for the shipment of
products both east and west. The soil is a gray, clayey loam, very productive and generally
covered with a small growth of deciduous trees not difficult to clear. The chief industries are
dairying and fruit-growing, the product of which is sent to various points. In consequence of
the ready market for milk afforded by railroad hotels, dining cars and points in the mountains,
there has been no pressing need for a creamery. Lately, however, with the increased number
of cows, the idea has been gaining ground that a creamery is a necessity, and information is
being sought from the Department relative to construction, cost and plans ; so.it is probable
in the near future that this branch of dairying will be added to the industries of this thriving
settlement. Small fruits, especially strawberries of good shipping quality, are largely produced.
The apples grown hereabouts are exceptionally fine, the land being evidently well suited for
this branch of horticulture. The principal conifers are Douglas fir and cedar, of which there
are large quantities of good quality. Great numbers of logs from Shuswap Lake are rafted to
the mills on the lake and at Kamloops and manufactured into lumber. Animal pests are nqt
numerous, wolves and coyotes being the principal ones. It is to be regretted that the
Canadian thistle has obtained a foothold at Salmon Arm ; otherwise, it is comparatively free
from noxious weeds.
Report of Mr. E. A. Palmer, Coldstream Ranch, Salmon Arm.
The valley lying along an arm of the Shuswap Lake extends for about fifteen miles to the
south-west from the railway, and includes Canoe Creek to the east. It has a splendid location,
being on the main line of the C. P. R. and connected by waggon road with Kamloops and
Vernon.
Progress has not been very rapid, since the land is all timbered and a large portion is very
hard to clear. However, the farmers have overcome the greatest difficulties and seem in a fair
way to enjoy success and prosperity. One very encouraging feature is the large number of
healthy young orchards already started. At a recent fruit-growers' meeting, the speakers
expressed great surprise at the flourishing condition of the orchards, and said that in all their
travels through British Columbia they had seen no better trees. Salmon Arm apples are of the
best quality, being finely flavoured and free from blemishes. The fruit is also found to colour
up very well. Apples, cherries and plums appear to thrive better on the bench land ; but small
fruits, such as raspberries and strawberries, are grown in the lower and more fertile soil.
There is an unlimited market for this kind of produce in the North-West Territories, the
only drawback being lack of proper railway accommodation. It is hoped that the C. P. R. will
put on refrigerator cars when the trade becomes greater.
Dairying and mixed farming are carried on to a large extent, but vegetables are not considered paying crops, owing to low prices.
Those wishing to locate in the valley will find all the advantages of modern civilisation.
There are schools, churches, stores, blacksmith shops, etc. in the vicinity. A telephone has
been put in lately by some of the farmers, connecting their residences with the C. P. R. depot.
Nor is the place deficient in attractions for the tourist. Fish and game are plentiful,
while nature has distributed her gifts with a lavish hand. The beauty of the surrounding hills,
covered as they are with a velvety carpet of green, combined with the delightful scenery
around the lake, produce an effect which cannot fail to arrest the attention of the beauty-loving
eye.    There are about 500 settlers hereabouts, and some 2,000 acres of land under cultivation. A 34 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Wheat is not grown in this district to any extent and is not considered a paying crop.
Ruling price, from $20 to $25 per ton.
Oats.—Winter, Grey, Siberian and Black Tartarian. Yield, about 50 bushels per acre.
Just enough oats raised for horse feed in the valley.
Potatoes.—Early Rose, White Elephant and Crown Jewel. Yield, about 8 tons per
acre.    No diseases or pests.    Prices, from $8 to $10 per ton.
Mangolds.—Very few raised.    Bran and shorts considered cheaper food for stock.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy, Common Red and Alsike principal hay. There is
nothing takes the place of Timothy hay for horse feed. Clover is better for cattle and much
easier on land. Common Red will produce a heavier crop, though it is, in my opinion, inferior
as hay to the Alsike variety.
Indian Corn.—We cannot depend on Indian corn as a crop here ; on account of cool
nights, it does not mature early enough.
Hops have not been tried to any extent. They will flourish here as well as in any place.
Cannot say as to market.
Apples.—Jonathan, Fameuse, Northern Spy, Baldwin, Red-cheeked Pippin, Wealthy
and Salome are the leading winter varieties. Yield was good in 1900, and taken off in good
condition. As fruit-growers have taken ever}' precaution in spraying, there are very few pests.
Sulphur and salt is used in early spring, and whale oil soap and quassia chips after blooming.
Pears.—Bartlett and Flemish Beauty successfully grown.
Plums and Prunes.—Pond's Seedling and Italian Prune are the leading varieties.
Cherries.—So far have not been successfully grown. Cannot say as to cause ; it may be
in the varieties tried.
Small Fruits.—Strawberries and raspberries are proving to be very paying crops here.
The Wilson, Warfield and Williams are considered the best varieties. The Magoon, or
Clarke's Seedlings, have not been tried.
Grapes.—Grapes can be grown on farms along the lake only. Niagara and Concord
leading varieties ; have not been raised to any extent.
Dairying is carried on to quite an extent in the valley. It is by far the most profitable
part of the farm. Not having a creamery in our locality, I am not in a position to judge as to
how the private dairy compares with the co-operative creamery.
Our district is suitable for sheep-raising, though it has not been carried on to any great
extent.
Swine I consider a part of agriculture that does not pay, as the cost of raising grain for
fattening purposes comes to more than the price of pork. When farmers raise a large quantity of grain, pigs fatten on what would often be otherwise lost.
Thompson River Valley.
Including Shuswap, Ducks, Grande Prairie, Kamloops, Campbell Creek, Cherry Creek,
North Thompson and Tranquille.
At Kamloops the highest temperature in 1902 was 96°    in July,
ii lowest ii n -10.7° in February,
n average n n 47.4°
ii rainfall  n 8.28 inches,
ii snowfall  ii 37.2        n
ii altitude is    1193  feet.
Public schools are situated at Campbell Creek, Campbell Creek South, Ducks, Grande
Prairie, Kamloops, North Thompson, North Thompson West and Shuswap.
The section treated of in this chapter lies to the westward of Salmon Arm, and although
the station of Shuswap is but 15 miles from Notch Hill, the climate changes very materially,
so much so, that the whole of this region is so devoid of rain that irrigation is necessary in
every part. The valley of the Thompson, on both sides of the river, is fertile in the extreme,
and there are many places where water is obtainable from the tributary streams which flow
from the adjacent hills. There are also extensive tracts which, on account of the absence of
available water, are arid wastes during the summer. An intelligent system of irrigation,
there being, it is believed, ample supplies of water in the mountains, would be the means of 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 35
adding an immense area to the agricultural capabilities of this part. Such a system has been
undertaken at one point by a syndicate, viz., at Jameson Creek, on the west side of the North
Thompson River. It is intended to bring the water along the North Thompson to the South
River and supply water to all the lands in the vicinity. This will, no doubt, have the effect
of stimulating fruit-growing to a large extent, all this part being exceptionally well adapted
for the purpose, the apples exhibited at the Kamloops shows bearing abundant evidence to
this fact. At Grande Prairie the supply of water is ample, so much so, that it is not always
used with discretion. Much of the water now running to waste at this point might be diverted
to the Valley of the Thompson, to the benefit of both sections. The growth of leguminous
crops at Grand Prairie is unexampled for luxuriance, the perfume of clover and peas, combined
with the pure air and lovely scenery, so impressed itself on the writer's senses during a tour
there in the summer that the memory lingers as a pleasant dream. The valley is probably
some four or five hundred feet above the Thompson, which being in the vicinity of 1,200 feet,
would make Grande Prairie about 1,700 feet. Salmon River takes its rise in the hills and runs
through the valley in an easterly direction, finally emptying at Salmon Arm into Shuswap
Lake. Good roads lead through the valley to Spallumcheen, Ducks and Kamloops. Ducks
is the nearest point on the railroad line, and that is 14 miles distant, making a long haul for
raw products; hence the rearing of hogs is largely and profitably carried on. This is a step
in the right direction, and the increased production of manufactured articles, in the shape of
dairy products, etc., is strongly recommended. Campbell Creek, on the way from Grande
Prairie to Kamloops, is also considerably higher than the Thompson Valley, but lower than
Grande Prairie. A fine supply of water is obtainable from Campbell Creek for the settlers
hereabouts, but a great deal of the intervening country between this point and Grande Prairie
is insufficiently supplied with water. This remark applies also to the region between Campbell
Creek and Kamloops. All through this section, whether in the Valley of the Thompson or
on the elevated plateau above, plant growth is most luxuriant where water is obtainable, and
the reverse in those parts where there is an insufficient supply, showing the necessity of conserving the water for the use of the settlers in an intelligent manner. The elevated lands
lying to the southward and westward of Kamloops are mostly used for cattle ranges, there
being no apparent easy means of irrigating them. There are numerous little ponds, generally
highly impregnated with alkali and swarming in the autumn with wild ducks. The water in
these small lakes is not generally available by natural gravitation, so that little or no cultivation
is attempted between Kamloops and Cherry Creek. On the latter creek, however, there are
some good ranches, including that of Mr. W. J. Roper. Further back, Mr. Neil Beaton has
a fine ranch, where he produces many things for the Kamloops market. Mr. Beaton goes in
for alfalfa, which thrives remarkably well, giving three crops during the year. Apples also
do well, as well as other fruits, although he is at a considerable elevation above the valley.
This part of the country is largely devoted to cattle-raising, the ranges on the hills affording
good summer pasture. The timber consists principally of yellow pine on the lower parts,
Douglas fir on the hillsides, and birch and cottonwoods along the rivers and lakes. For the
sportsman this district is unexcelled for fishing and shooting ; the rivers and lakes abound
with trout, and the hills, plains and ponds with blue grouse, willow grouse, prairie chicken,
ducks and geese. Sheep and pigs are not produced to any extent, the coyote nuisance militating against the first-named industry, as it does in most parts of the Upper Mainland.
Cattle and horses are raised in considerable numbers; poultry only on a small scale. Grain
is not largely produced ; hay, root crops and fruit quite extensively.
Retail prices at Grande Prairie of ordinary necessaries for farmers (furnished by Messrs.
Jones Bros.):—
Flour—Hungarian, per 100 ftbs., $3 ; Strong Baker's, $2.75 ; 2xx, $2.50. Beef, per ft)., 8c ;
bacon, per Bb., 19c ; ham, 20c.; lard, 5-ft>. tin, 85c ; butter, per ft)., 25c ; tea, per ft)., 30c to
50c; sugar, per 100 lbs., $6 to $6.25; overalls, $1 to $1.25; shirts, working, 85c. to $1;
shirst, fine, $1 to $1.50; shoes, $1.50 to $3 ; men's suits, working, $4.50 to $9; men's suits,
fine, $7.50 to $20; cotton socks, per pair, 15c ; wool socks, per pair, 25c.; men's hats, $1 to
$3.50; Japan rice (50 lbs.), $3 to $3.25; dried fruit—prunes, per ft)., 9c; apples, 12c;
peaches, 12c; apricots, 13c. Ploughs, hand, $15 to $20; harrows, iron, $15; disk harrows,
$37.50; waggons, $75 to $125; hay rakes, $20 to $32.50; binders, $160; mowers, $70 and
$75; binder twine, 13Jc per ft.; sleighs, $35 to $50; cutters, $40 to $75; buggies, single,
$75 to $90; buggies, double, $125; harness, $25 to $45, according to quality; saddles,
ordinary, $25; saddles, cowboy, $45 to $60; nails, $5 per 100 fts. A 36 Report on Agriculture, 1903
As regards the North Thompson, I cannot do better than to repeat the excellent report
of Mr. J. F. Smith, correspondent for North Thompson and Louis Creek : —
That which is known as the Louis Creek section comprises an extensive area of excellent
agricultural land, admirably adapted to mixed farming and stock-raising. The soil along the
river front is mostly of a rich, sandy loam ; in certain parts a heavy clay. This section begins
practically from a point known as the " Fish Trap," and includes the Adams Lake Valley,
the Louis Creek Valley, and extends and includes the North Thompson Valley. The initial
point of Louis Creek is at the confluence of that creek with the North Thompson River, a
distance of thirty-six miles from Kamloops. There is a good waggon toad from Kamloops to
and beyond that point, and the river is navigable for a considerable distance beyond. Good
fishing is had on both Louis Creek and the Barrier River, four miles beyond. The district
has a promising future, in consequence of its vast resources, as it abounds in mineral. There
are large deposits of excellent bituminous coal and a large area of excellent land, which will
furnish homes for hundreds of families, and to which the attention of incoming settlers will
surely be directed.    This section is worthy of the attention of the Government.
Wheat.—On the Josephine ranch, which is about six miles south of the point I outlined
to be included in the section, W. W. Shaw threshed about 90 tons of fall wheat. He devotes
about 100 acres of his place to fall crop. None of it is raised for milling, but is applied
chiefly to fattening hogs and for chicken feed. Where the soil is as heavy as it is at some
points in this section, I can see no good reason why wheat could not be raised for milling purposes in sufficient quantity to supply say 100 barrels per diem. This would not necessitate
the going into exclusive wheat raising. The Red Fife is considered the best. This section
produces a first-class quality of hard wheat. The crop was not affected from any cause. There
were about 200 acres under wheat. The average yield was about three-quarters of a ton to
the acre. A ready market is had in Kamloops, the ruling price being from $20 to $26 per
ton. As the wheat is used for feed, so far very little attention has been given to the selection
of seed or variety. Very heavy yields have been obtained in the wheat crops, particularly so
in the Adams Lake Valley, where as high as one and a half tons have been produced to the
acre. The same results have been obtained at particular points in the Louis Creek and Dixon
Creek valleys.
Oats.—The same can be said in regard to the selection of seed. However, the Gothland,
Banner and Flying Scotchman are varieties that have proven heavy yielders in this section.
In places such as Adams Lake, and at certain points in the Louis Creek and Dixon Creek
valleys, the growth is very rank, sometimes causing the grain to lodge. The yield at these
points is from 1,800 to 2,000 pounds to the acre. The general average yield in the district is
about 1,500 pounds to the acre.    Ruling price, $20 to $30 per ton.
Other Grains are grown, and the yields are good, but are produced principally for feed.
Beans are successfully grown as a field crop.
Potatoes yield from six to eight tons to the acre ; prices range from $10 to $15 per ton.
Timothy, Clover and Alfalfa are the principal grasses grown.
Indian Corn is successfully grown.
Fruit.—Very little attention, so far, has been given to fruit-growing. On the Louis
Creek Ranch there is a small orchard of about twenty-five trees of the hardy variety of apples,
which is doing well. The most of the trees are now in bearing. In the Adams Lake Valley
a few trees were put out on the Raven Ranch; they also have done well. I am of opinion
that fruit trees of the hardy kind would thrive in certain localities of this section. Small
fruits of every kind do well. Strawberries and raspberries are exceptionally luscious There
are no diseases.
Cattle.—Cattle-raising is practically the only paying branch connected with the agricultural industry in this section. Each settler is aiming to increase his herd; there are about
1,500 head of cattle in the district at present. The "Cattle Ranges Act," as it stands, is a
dead letter, from the fact that there is no one to put it in force. What is required to make it
effective is the appointment of mounted constables or range riders.
Sheep.—This is not a sheep country. Sheep would not pay on account of the inroad of
wild animals.
Cold Storage.—The farmers in this section have expressed themselves in no uncertain
terms in favour of cold storage; they seem to have a full appreciation of the advantages of
such provisions, and I am sure would willingly co-operate in its maintenance.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 37
Experimental Station.—I am strongly of the opinion that an Experimental Farm
established in the Dry Belt would be of incalculable benefit, and advantageous to the interior
of this Province. The Dominion Experimental Farm at Agassiz is doing excellent work, but
it must be remembered that both the soil and conditions there are entirely dissimilar to that
of the interior, that being in the wet section, where crops are grown without irrigation, while
in the interior irrigation is needed. Therefore, I think an Experimental Farm somewhere in
the Dry Belt would be of great benefit in disseminating agricultural information. I think the
results would amply justify the expenditure.
Farmers' Institutes.—The Farmers' Institute is doing good work here. We have one
in this district, and those connected with it are pleased with the work it is doing. It is a
medium through which much knowledge flows to the farmer, on matters directly affecting his
interests, which would otherwise have been overlooked.
Irrigation.—Confining myself to the Louis Creek section, irrigation is carried on to
some extent, but in many years crops are raised without irrigation. Nearly all the occupied
land has sufficient water for present use.
Timber.—The principal trees in this section are fir, bull pine, jack pine, birch, cotton-
wood, poplar, willow, spruce, cedar, hemlock and balsam. These are found on both wet, dry,
high and low land.
Forest Fires.—The best means for preventing forest fires is in the appointment of forest-
fire rangers, whose duty it would be to protect the forest from fire, by prosecuting offenders,
as forest fires are most generally caused by carelessness, sometimes by Indians, and again by
prospectors. The " Bush Fire Act," without someone to enforce its provisions, like the "Game
Protection Act," is all waste paper, so far as its effectiveness is concerned.
Land.—There is over 50,000 acres of excellent arable land that are available for pre-emption in this section. It is outside of the Railroad Belt, and is all good bottom land on both
sides of the North Thompson River, lightly timbered with some fir, poplar, cottonwood,
willows and such like, extending for eighty miles up the river.
Labour.—Labourers can be obtained : Whites, from $25 to $35 ; Chinese, $25 per month ;
and Indians $1.50 per day.
Nieola,
In which is included Upper, Central and Lower Nicola, is a fine pastoral country, with
extensive valleys of good land for general agriculture. A waggon road, some 110 miles in
length, having its termini at Spence's Bridge and Kamloops, gives access to the Canadian
Pacific Railway. The Douglas Lake Cattle Company and the British Columbia Cattle Company have extensive cattle ranges in this section, where a large number of beef cattle are
produced for the coast markets. General crops of grain, grasses and roots are successfully
produced with irrigation, the soil being very productive, and available water is to be had in
most parts. Large fruits are not generally successful, but are produced in some favoured spots,
such as Quilchena, on Nicola Lake. The altitude of the lake is variously given at from 1,920
to 2,120 feet, that of Spence's Bridge being 996 feet, and of Kamloops, 1,193 feet.
Highest temperature at Nicola Lake in 1902     87.5°   in August.
Lowest             ii                            ,i                   „      -15.5° in February.
Average           u                            n                   n      42.2°
Rainfall,              ,,                  ,,        8.73 inches.
Snowfall,               n                   ,,      46.5 inches.
Latitude, 50.9° N.; Longitude, 120.9° W.
Public schools are situated at Nicola and Lower Nicola.
The ground intended to be covered by this chapter extends from Campbell Creek to Lower
Nicola, including Douglas lake, Mammette Lake and the Triangle Ranch on Hamilton Creek.
A look at the map will give the reader an idea of the extent of this territory. The direct road
from Kamloops leads over the high lands immediately to the south, and descends into the
valley formed by Campbell and other creeks at a point some 10 miles from Kamloops, where
it joins the mail road, which follows the valley, increasing the distance by some 12 miles. On
the high lands spoken of, there are a few farms where water can be obtained ; much of the A 38 Report on Agriculture, 1903
water, however, is highly impregnated with alkali and unfit for consumption, so that comparatively only a small proportion of the land is utilised for agricultural purposes, the majority
being given over for range purposes. Along the valley followed by the mail road there are
many good farms, where all ordinary crops are successful!}' grown ; water is also in abundance
for all purposes. Douglas Lake is considerably higher than Nicola Lake, and, therefore, the
principal industry in that section is the rearing of beef cattle and horses. The same may be
said of Hamilton Creek and Mammette Lake. In the lower parts about Stump Lake and
Nicola Lake and River, grain and root crops are produced. Fruit does well in most places,
but it is not cultivated to any extent. The shooting and fishing all through this section is
excellent, the lakes and ponds abounding in wild fowl and the streams with trout. The
scenery is indescribably beautiful in the vicinity of Nicola Lake. The Messrs. Moore's farms,
at the head of that sheet of water, are situated most charmingly in a flat, which resembles a
park, being lightly wooded with the tropical-looking yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) and belts of
deciduous trees fringing the streams and lake shores. Quilchena is situated about half-way
down the lake. Here Mr. O'Rourke has quite a large flock of sheep and raises some fine fruit
and vegetables, as well as carrying on a first-class stopping house and general farming.
Report of Mr. John Clapperton, Correspondent, Nicola.
General Description.—In the Nicola Division of Yale District all Crown lands suitable
for agricultural purposes have long ago been taken up, and now there is very little mountain
pasturage that is not owned by stock-raisers.
Number of Ranchers.—The tax-roll for 1902 counts 161 settlers.
Area op Cultivated Land.—About 1,000 acres under cultivation ; some 7,000 are
irrigated ami treated as meadows bearing artificial grasses.
Wheat.—Hardly any grown ; nearly all flour used in this section is imported. Very
little more spring wheat is grown than poultry consumes. Ruling prices during the year 1902,
$1.50 per 100 Bbs.
Oats.—The harvesting weather was all that could be wished for. Few people raise more
oats than supply their own wants.    Ruling prices, $1.25 to $1.50 per 100 lbs.
Barley.—Very little barley grown.
Rye.—Only grown in late and high locations to be cut for hay.
Peas.—Acreage very limited; only grown for pig feed.
Beans.—No field beans grown that I know of.
Potatoes.—Potatoes only grown for home use. Yield large where land and cultivation
is right.    Ruling prices, |- to lc. per ft.
Mangolds.—Very few grown.
Carrots.—Cultivation very limited ; only a few people grow them for horse feed.
Turnips.—Acreage very limited; very few grow any for stock feeding.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Grown on every farm to supply house wants; all roots
such as onions, beets, parsnips and cabbages do very well.
Grasses and Clovers.—English Red Clover, Alsike, Sainfoin, Timothy, Orchard, Perennial Rye, Kentucky Blue and Red Top are principal grasses grown.
Native Grasses.—On dry soils the bunch-grass is the chief fodder plant. Have seen
Bromus inermis in swampy land. I know it is indigenous in moist places. I consider it a
coarse grass and prefer the tall alkali grass, when cut before ripening. (The correspondent is
in error regarding Bromus inermis. It is not a native grass; moreover, it does not grow in
swampy land.—J. R. A.)
Indian Corn.—Not grown in any quantity.
Ensilage.—Ensilage has, I believe, been tried by one farmer at Lower Nicola, and results
to him were satisfactory.
Apples.—Nearly everyone grows apples enough for own use. Cannot tell best varieties.
Know very little about fruit culture.
Plums, Prunes and Cherries.—These appear to do very well but I am not certain.
Small Fruits.—As far as I know, all kinds, save gooseberries of the large varieties, do
very well.
Dairying.—No dairying worth enumerating; most people buy their butter.
Feeding.—So far, but one system of winter feeding range or breeding stock has been
followed, viz. : feeding out the hay on the top of the snow in some field close to water and 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 39
shelter of sheds. Last winter the writer had some 20 pole cribs built, from which 200 or 250
head of cattle could feed. The idea was to keep hay clean and from being trampled under
foot. The cribs unquestionably keep the food clean, especially in soft weather ; but in hard,
cold weather I prefer the old way of feeding on the ground, as the stock don't crowd each
other, as they do round cribs.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—Only the second crop or aftermath of meadows sown
down with clover and grasses.
Horned Cattle.—The stock-breeding and feeding in this section is fairly remunerative
to those engaged in the business. I think sheep-raising quite as paying as cattle, if you have
a run to suit them, and can keep from 2,000 to 3,000 in a flock, as less will not pay to herd
properly. Shorthorn, Hereford and Polled Angus are the chief kinds of cattle raised in this
section.    Ruling prices, 3c for cows; 3|c. per ft., live weight, for steers.
Horses.—The horse industry has been fairly profitable during the year. Good horses, of
their respective classes, brought fair prices, and demand full}'' up to supply. The general
purpose horse is to me a nondescript. I believe in breeding draught horses from Clyde,
Percheron or Suffolk stock, and light horses for saddle, etc., from thoroughbred stallions ;
carriage horses from Cleveland or hackneys. Ruling prices for good draught horses, from
$100 to $150 and $175 each.
Sheep.—Sheep are not kept in large flocks.
Swine.—Few pigs are kept.    Keep enough for home use.
Poultry.—Cost of transportation and distance to where eggs or poultry could be sold for
cash forbids many going into the business extensively. All settlers keep enough fowls to
supply home wants.
Agricultural Education.—Agricultural instruction is all right to any pupil who
desires it, and should say that in our large schools in Coast cities a qualified agriculturist
should form one of the teaching staff.
Farmers' Institutes.—In my opinion the Institute system should be encouraged.
Soils.—Analysis of soils is all right. When extensive continuous cultivation is followed
in this division pastoral pursuits are predominant.
Irrigation.—In this section of the Dry Belt it is " no water, no ranch." The husbanding
of water in early summer will have to be resorted to. In every district requiring artificial
irrigation the Government should appoint a Water Commissioner, who would oversee all
existing water rights, settle disputes, prevent waste in ditches, etc., etc.
Weeds.—The Canadian thistle is very much in evidence, and is increasing all over.
With much cultivation, its presence would be severely felt, but as we are nearly all graziers,
its presence on some ranches is got over.
Noxious Animals and Pests.—I consider the bounty quite enough.
Forest Fires.—This last summer we, fortunately, escaped forest fires.
Lands.—All Crown lands are occupied.
Labour.—There are none too many labourers. Whites, $1.25 to $1.75 per day, and
board ; Chinese and Japanese, $1 per day; Indians, $1.25 and $1.50. In the hay and harvest
season it is very difficult to get good farm hands. Novices are really of little use in hay or
harvest fields.
The town of Nicola, where there are stores, a good hotel, Government Office, the usual
trades, and a number of private residences at the lower end of the lake, is most beautifully
situated near the river, amidst scattered yellow pines. Mr. John Clapperton, the hospitable
correspondent of this Department, has a fine ranch at this point. He goes in quite extensively for cattle and horse-raising, and, to his credit be it said, he has only thoroughbred sires,
the effect of which is very apparent in the excellence of his stock. Some sheep are reared,
but the presence of the coyote is a serious drawback to the successful prosecution of the
industry. The following report of Mr. H. S. Cleasby, correspondent, Lower Nicola, is
reproduced :—
This district forms part of the well-known Nicola Valley, being, in fact, the lower end of
that fertile trough in British Columbia's sea of mountains. The valley, as a rule, is not more
than three-quarters of a mile wide, through which the Nicola River meanders with many a
turn and twist. In what is locally known as the Forks, being the land at the junction of the
Nicola and Coldwater Rivers, is a triangle of level land, containing about 1,000 acres of very
fertile land.    The alluvial soil along the banks of the rivers, originally covered with a heavy A 40 Report on Agriculture, 1903
growth of poplars, willows and alders, is, when cleared, very productive, producing immense
crops of hay and grain. The bench lands, when sufficient water can be procured, are capable
of growing almost anvthing which can be produced in the temperate zone. The principal
industry is cattle-raising. Some cattle are winter-fed for the spring market, affording an
outlet for surplus hay. There is a local market with teamsters and the neighbouring mining
camps of Aspen Grove, Granite Creek and Similkameen for a certain amount of grain and
garden produce. The population is scattered. There is one school at Lower Nicola. Fish
abound in the rivers and streams, and there is no lack of shooting in the proper season.
Wheat is not much grown, owing to lack of milling facilities. Golden Drop is the
principal fall wheat grown; average crop, 2,000 pounds. Campbell's White Chaff and White
Australian are the principal spring wheats ; average yield, 1,500 pounds. Prices, $30 for new
and $35 for old.
Oats.—Improved Ligowo and White Maine are grown. The first-named gave a crop with
myself of 76 bushels per acre, weighing 44 pounds per bushel. Average yield, 1,500 pounds
per acre. I practise bluestoning oats, as advised by Dominion Experimental Farms Report,
about every second year.
Barley.—Only common, six-rowed variety grown here, and not much of that. Yield,
about 2,000 pounds per acre.
Rye.—Fall rye is the only kind grown; only grown by myself in this district for seed.
Many people at higher altitudes grow it to cut for hay. Yield, 1,100 pounds per acre; price,
$30 per ton.    Not a very profitable crop.
Peas.—Varieties : Alaska, Mummy, Shropshire, Hero, Victoria, Golden Vine, principally.
Yield, 2,000 pounds per acre; price $25 per ton. More might be grown to advantage, as
their effect in increasing the fertility of the land is most marked in succeeding crops.
Potatoes.—Early Rose, principally; also American Wonder, Green Mountain and Late
Puritan.    Yield, 6 to 7 tons per acre; price, $10 to $15 per ton.
Mangolds.—Golden Tankard has done best with me so far; keeps well and is easily
harvested. Long Reds give largest crop, but do not keep so well and cost more to harvest.
None other grown, to my knowledge. Yield, 14 tons per acre. Grow them only for own use;
feed them to fatten cattle.
Turnips.—Very few grown. Yield at the rate of 20 to 25 tons per acre. Purple Top
Swede seems to do best.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy, Red and Alsike Clover, Sainfoin, a little Alfalfa, and
some Cocksfoot. Timothy and a mixture of the clovers is the favourite here, and seems likely
to remain so. Timothy is not a pasture grass, but it is not pasture but hay that we are after.
Average yield, about 2,500 pounds per acre; price, from $6 to $10, loose; about $2.50 per ton
extra for baling.
Austrian Brome Grass.—It has not done well with me; has not been tried to any
extent.    I found that Volunteer Timothy among my Brome Grass was much the heavier yield.
Native Grasses.—My experience in feeding leads me to believe that some of the native
grasses of the country are most nutritious.
Indian Corn. - Sweet corn for table use does well enough some seasons; have seen
ensilage corn here 11 feet high.
Rape.—Tried it this year as a soiling crop. For pigs am well satisfied with it; shall
sow it again.
Apples.—Only the hardiest varieties of apples are a success here. Crabs of different
kinds are grown.    Crop small on account of late spring frosts.
Other Fruits.—Pears a precarious crop.    Plums, the same.    Cherries do well.
Small Fruits do splendidly. All kinds of currants, raspberries and strawberries produce
abundantly.    Gooseberries are subject, more or less, to mildew.
Dairying. — Some parties on outlying places milk several cows. In the Nicola Valley
itself, pasturage is too scarce and scant. People won't milk after they get a good band of
cattle around them. Probably about 1,000 pounds of butter produced, which does not sell
well at all, in competition with creamery butter.
Feeding.—Have fed cattle for beef for some winters past; until last winter have fed hay
alone. Last winter fed 15 to 20 pounds per head each day of pulped mangolds, mixed with
clover chaff, with satisfactory results. Feed twice a day with hay in cribs, at the rate of from
40 to 50 pounds per day per head. About one-fourth of this is left, and periodically the cribs
are cleaned out and the refuse hay given to stock cattle.    Roots are given in middle of the day. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 41
Horned Cattle.—The principal industry, and at present in a thriving condition, because
of high prices. The cattle and sheep industries will not thrive alongside of each other. Cattle
will not graze after sheep. Prices—Fat steers, 3| cents per pound, live weight, $40 per
head; fat cows, 3 cents per pound, live weight, $30 per head.    Prefer Shorthorns.
Horses.—Profitable, if good ones are bred; not an over-production of good horses. A
great scarcity of suitable saddle horses, which are in constant demand. Heavy team horses
find a ready sale in the Coast towns; also light horses, suitable for express and other light
waggons.    The great bulk of the horses here are neither one nor the other.
Swine.—Some people make it the principal part of their business. Pigs on foot are worth
5| to 6^ cents per pound ; dressed pork, 8 to 9' cents; bacon and hams, 12 to 18 cents.
Diseases of Animals.—Epizootic has been noticed among horses, but we are singularly
free from disease.    Lump-jaw is considered to be on the decrease.
Experimental Stations.—Could not this be done better by co-operation between the
two Governments, and something on the lines of Prof. Robertson's scheme of " Illustration
Stations " ? Let the seed be supplied from the Dominion Experimental Farms, and the grower
be allowed so much by the Provincial Government for his trouble, etc., in keeping records and
showing people around, the grower to be allowed to keep the crop. Experimental stations
need to be plentiful in this Province, on account of the great difference in climate experienced.
As to its being the duty of the Dominion, I think not in the small way that I have outlined
it.    The County Councils are doing this work in Great Britain.
Agricultural Education.—I doubt if a mere smattering of the subject, such as would
be taught in a public school, will be of much benefit. A few scholarships to the Guelph Agricultural College, or some similar institution, offered for competition among farmers' sons—at
least one scholarship for each electoral district embracing agricultural land—would, I think,
be of more lasting benefit. Thus many who now despise "book-farming" would be able to
see from results what practical scientific farming can do.
Soils.—There is a deficiency of lime, in my opinion. Plenty of limestone in vicinity, not
worked as yet.
Irrigation is necessary in most cases; along the river bottoms, however, the high water
in summer, caused by melting snow in the mountains, moistens the low land sufficiently. In
this district there is an abundance of water.
Timber.—The timber trees are : Yellow pine, dry lands ; fir, damp and rocky lands ;
poplar, semi-damp lands; cottonwood, alder, black and silver birch, damp lands; black pine,
dry mountains ; spruce, wet mountains.
Weeds. —We have plenty of Canadian thistles, which are on the increase. What seems
likely to prove a worse weed is the perennial sow thistle, which is spreading badly in this
neighbourhood. Other bad weeds are wild oats—one farmer (?) cultivates them for hay—
false flax, wild turnip and wild buckwheat.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—Complaints have been made of coyotes killing
calves and foals on the mountains. Present bount}*- ($2) sufficient. Panthers seem to be
becoming more abundant; cause unknown.
Lands. — No Government land left worth taking up; no railway land. Improved farms,
from $10 per acre up.
Labour.—Whites, $25 to $30 per month, good men; Chinese, $15 to $25, summer
months; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Indians in the preponderance; supply about equal to
the demand ; slight scarcity sometimes for a few weeks in harvest time.
A Farmers' Institute has lately been organised in the district of Lillooet, which embraces
Nicola, of which Mr. H. S. Cleasby, Coutlee, is president, and Mr. G. B. Armstrong, Lower
Nicola, secretary-treasurer. This new departure has already shown good results, as will be
seen by the following remarks of the secretary in reference to a meeting lately held :—
" It is the wish of the people of this part of the district that the Hon. C. L. Smith should
return to our valley. His remarks on building up a herd and the vitriolic manner in which he
scored the breeders of scrub cattle, especially scrub bulls, pleased even those who are somewhat
careless, and I am satisfied his lecture has done a power of giod, for after the meeting each
and every farmer present who was not a member immediately joined the Institute, though, I
am sorry to say, the audience was largely made up of those engaged in other pursuits. I may
further say that you came in for justworthy praise for your energy in helping so ably the good
cause of agriculture." Mr. David Dodding, lately from England, has entered into dairying and the raising and
curing of swine at Lower Nicola, with every prospect of success. Thus far, all the products of
this useful animal have been imported, and since a large quantity is consumed throughout the
valley, it can easily be seen that the transportation charges alone should give a handsome
profit.
The valley of the Nicola toward Spence's Bridge is circumscribed, so that the area of
arable land is small. There are some good places, however, notably that of Mr. Alex. Gordon,
where, amongst other garden products, potatoes as good, if not the best in the world, are
raised.
Mr. T. R. Hardiman kindly furnishes the following information :—
As a matter of economic interest to the Province, I would like to inform the Department
of Agriculture of the following facts relative to certain tests made by myself within the past
three months connected with the cultivation of roots, cereals, vegetables, etc., on the above
property, situated in the valley of the Nicola, some 30 miles from Spence's Bridge and at an
altitude of something over 1,400 feet above sea level. The first week in June last, I commenced breaking up the ground for the purpose of conducting a series of small tests as a guide
to future work and to prove the quality of and adaptability to soil and climate of certain seeds,
especially tomatoes, celery, beets, etc., among the vegetables ; alfalfa as a feed for cattle, horses,
etc.; and wheat as a cereal; all put in a month to six weeks later than the}'" should have been.
The result being highly satisfactory, I herewith append time of growth from seed in all cases.
The tomatoes were sown from the seed in the natural soil, without preparation or artificial
help, in the first week of July last, and not transplanted, the test being purposely a crude one,
so that results should be gauged on the most indifferent basis. At the time of writing (Aug.
31st), the average size of tomatoes in circumference is some 7 inches, some being over 9 inches,
in clusters of 5 in most cases; and this is the outcome of a 7 weeks' growth; and I may say I
expect to ripen them, as they are already turning colour—no nursing whatever. Beets, roots
and vegetables generally were a foregone conclusion as to success, and have both surprised and
delighted me. Wheat was equally satisfactory ; alfalfa eminently so ; both of which were
planted the third week in June on the highest part of the land, without the facilities of the
usual irrigation; wheat being 5 feet 6 inches in the stalk. Indian corn, sown last week in
July, in some instances, is 10 feet in height—a really prodigious growth for British Columbia—
and the corn large in proportion. Some sunflower seed was also sown with remarkable results,
for the seed as poultry feed. The growth was really astonishing ; some reaching a height of
9 feet, with flowers 13 inches in diameter—not measuring the petals. The rapidity of growth,
under drawback of proper irrigation, is simply remarkable; and being my first cultivation
here, under difficulties and lateness of planting, speaks volumes for the fertility of the soil and
suitability of the climate. Next season I trust to make further tests for the cultivation of
tobacco plant, fruit etc., and I trust the Department will find my experience, in every instance,
of value to the Province and this locality, and will, moreover, extend any reasonable assistance
to such developments, in the interest of those who may make this section their future place of
residence, and be an additional source of wealth and revenue to our Province.
Retail prices of ordinary necessaries for farmers at Nicola Lake, furnished by Mr. A. E.
Howse:—
Flour, $1.75 to $2 per 50-ft. sack; beef, 8c to 10c a ft.; bacon, 20c. to 22c. a ft.; hams,
20c. to 22c a ft). ; butter, 30c. to 40c. a ft.; lard, 18c to 20c a ft.; tea, 40c. to 60c. a ft.;
sugar, $6.50 per 100 fts. ; overalls, $1 to $1.50; shirts, 75c to $1.50 each; boots, $3 to $6 a
pair; ploughs, $12 to $25 ; harrows, $10 to $18; waggons, $85 to $130; hay rakes, $25 to
$35 ; binders, $190 to $220 ; mowers, $50 to $65 ; binder twine, 12c to 14c per ft.; sleighs,
$30 to $40; cutters, $25 to $50; buggies, $75 to $125 ; harness, $30 to $50; saddles, $15 to
$40; nails, 6c to 8c per ft.
Lower Thompson River Valley.
Including Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge, Lytton and Savona.
I group these all together inasmuch as they are all on the main line of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, and being under the same climatic and other conditions, the excellent report
of the Hon. C. F. Cornwall, correspondent at Ashcroft, answers for the whole region. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 43
This district may truly be said to be unexcelled for the production of fruit of nearly all
kinds ; and although peaches have not, owing to the peculiarity of the climate, been a perfect
success, I have no doubt that certain kinds, and in certain locations, may yet be successfully
cultivated. With cheap freight rates, and its proximity to the coast markets, this district
would be able to supply all the tomatoes, grapes, melons, and similar products that are consumed, to the exclusion of California fruits. From recent discussions between the growers
and the authorities of the Canadian Pacific Railway, there is, I am gla.d to say, an apparent
disposition on the part of the latter to make more equitable rates, and it is hoped, with the
proposed reduction, that a great impetus will be given to fruit-growing.
Timber is not abundant on the lower lands; there is, however, a sufficiency for farming
purposes and fuel. On the hills, however, there is an ample supply. The principal timber
trees are bull or yellow pine, Douglas fir and poplar.
Altitudes.—The valleys in this district are from 700 to 2,500 feet above the sea level.
The tops of the surrounding mountains go as high as 5,000 feet above the sea. The district
may be said to consist of round or sloping mountains, intersected by numerous narrow valleys
of different altitudes, and containing more or less agricultural land. Small lakes and creeks
are numerous in some parts. The mountains and valleys, up to an elevation of almost 2,000
feet, are covered principally with sage-brush, grease-wood, worm-wood, cactus, considerable
bunch-grass in some places, and scattering yellow pine trees. Above 2,000 feet the mountain
sides and valleys are almost everywhere covered with grass and scattering timber, pine and
fir, the latter seldom very thick. Along the water-courses there is often a little brush, and
many poplar and birch trees, seldom of large size. The country is nowhere thickly timbered.
I regret that, owing to absence of meteorological statistics, I am unable to give any
definite information on this important point. Previous statistics give it as follows at Spence's
Bridge : —
Highest temperature (June)        104°
Lowest :i (November)        -13
Rainfall, one year, 2.44 inches, average       6.87 inches.
Snowfall, „     82.08
Lytton is a small town situated at the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers.
The ranches are situated in the valley of the Fraser, on both sides of the river, and are
reached, those on the eastern side, by road and bridge across the Thompson, and those on the
west by ferry. The altitude of the railway station is 687 feet, whilst the river is fully 100
feet lower.
Spence's Bridge, on the Thompson River, 22 miles above Lytton ; altitude, 996 feet at
the C.P.R. station. Like the rest of this district, it is a famous section for fruit, but there
is more land here for general crops and for pasture. The Nicola River- empties into the
Thompson at this point, and the waggon road to Nicola and Kamloops follows its valley.
Ashcroft is the point on the Canadian Pacific Railway at which the Cariboo Waggon
Road takes its departure. It is situated on the Thompson River, about 26 miles above
Spence's Bridge. The country around it, which includes Cache Creek, is generally open, with
rolling hills, fairly well supplied with water for irrigation, but the channels of the large rivers
are so deeply cut as to render the water unavailable. The altitude of Ashcroft is 966 feet
(C.P.R.), whilst that of Ashcroft Farm (Cornwall's), three miles distant, on the other or
northern side of the river, is placed at 1,508 by Captain Parsons, R. E. The latter probably
represents the altitude, approximately, of most of the ranches about here.
Savona is at the foot of Kamloops Lake, on the Thompson, 22 miles above Ashcroft.
The country is open, with some scattered pine trees. The rolling hills afford good pasturage,
for which purpose it is best adapted. Irrigation is necessary throughout all this region for
the production of crops.
Public schools are situated at Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge, Lytton, North Lytton, Savona
and Cache Creek.
Since it cannot be improved upon, and inasmuch as it describes the existing conditions
very lucidly, I reproduce the last
Report of the Hon. C. F. Cornwall.
This district, which, for the purposes of the Department, I am supposed to represent, lies
along the valley of the Thompson River from the south end of Kamloops Lake for some thirty A 44 Report on Agriculture, 1903
miles down stream. The river itself has worn its way deep down beneath the level of the
immediate banks or terraces which confine it, has a severe declining gradient, and through the
greater part of the distance rushes along at a great rate, with now and again a good deal of
broken water. In years gone by an attempt was made to navigate it with the small stern-
wheel steamers belonging to Kamloops and the upper waters of the river, but after a few trips
the idea was abandoned, and has not again been revived. Now, indeed, that the C. P. R. runs
alongside the river, the water carriage is not so necessary, although, were it feasible, it would
doubtless be of great value as a competitor to the railway in the matter of the adjustment of
transport charges.
The chief place in the district affording to the farmers any market is the town of Ashcroft, which has sprung up since the completion of the railway as the starting place for the
carriage of passengers and goods from the railway to the Cariboo and Lillooet districts, and
the northern country generally. The population of Ashcroft numbers, perhaps, 500, and the
business done there far outbalances, proportionately, such small numbers, for a considerable
area of country is dependent upon it, and a great bulk of goods moves northwards from it.
The town is well electrically lighted and supplied with excellent water by a company incorporated for such purposes, contains a branch of the Bank of British North America, some well
supplied stores of a general, as well as several of a more specific, character, three churches, with
their respective ministerial incumbents and supporters, and, generally, is as advanced as such
a place can be. The immediate locale of the town is not attractive, lying low, as it does, in
the trough of the river; but the people are prosperous and contented, the climate is charming,
although the atmosphere is particularly dry, and many very passable roads lead in different
directions to the surrounding country.
The absence of sufficient annual rainfall in this district leads to the necessity of irrigation
for the satisfactory production of the usual grains and vegetables. This, of course, means that
the amount of land which can be cultivated depends upon the amount of water which can be
economically distributed over the country. The valley is naturally splendidly watered by
streams whose source is in the enclosing mountains, but the land will absorb a great amount of
water, and such streams, though furnishing each from 200 to 500 inches of water, on a general
average, throughout the irrigating season, are not sufficient in volume to irrigate more than
from 100 to 500 acres each. All such streams have long been recorded and appropriated for
irrigation purposes, and there remain only the waters of the great Thompson River itself and
and two of its affluents, the Bonaparte River and Deadman's Creek, which are available for
further supply. Could they be economically distributed over contiguous areas of land, there
might be a largely increased agricultural population, with proportionately augmented production of all sorts ; but much as I should like to see such works of utility under way, either
in the hands of the Government or in those of private corporations (under adequate restrictions),
yet I cannot help expressing a doubt whether the time has yet come for such enterprises.
Speaking generally, one may say that there is throughout the world, under the present easy
and rapid means of communication, a sufficient production and distribution of all the necessaries
of life at very low rates, and, such being the case, it is difficult to see how (except under some
special circumstances) agricultural productions can be made to pay where initial and working
expenses are in any way above the average. On the other hand, irrigation, where the water can
cheaply be brought on the land, pays highly for the extra labour involved in its application and
distribution. That is shown by the exceptionally heavy returns of grain, hay, roots, and all
products from land sufficiently and intelligently irrigated. In this neighbourhood 40 bushels
of either wheat or barley per acre is, in my experience, but an average crop, where the land is
properly treated. Oats may run from 60 to 100 bushels. Hay, as may be supposed, with
irrigation, will yield enormously, especially so the clovers, Alfalfa or Lucerne, and Sainfoin,
while the ordinary fruits of all kinds, with but little practised attention in the way of treatment, are splendid alike in appearance and productiveness, and in quality. Vegetables of all
sorts flourish, and tomatoes, melons, grapes, cucumbers, etc., ripen readily. Thus the land of
this neighbourhood, owing to the rich quality of its disintegrated soils and climatic influences,
is richly productive, where water can be brought on to it.
As I have above said, all easily available water has been long appropriated under the
specially suitable provisions of the local Statutes, and the places and properties so secure of
water supply for irrigation purposes are exceptionally desirable possessions. Most of them are
used in connection with ranges carrying more or less horned stock. For the latter there is easy
sale in the Coast cities and at present at remunerative prices; consequently, such properties as  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 45
alluded to are held rightly at high figures. Several are in the market, but at a price. An
intending purchaser of such must be ready to part with his money, but in exchange he can
secure a property certain to yield a remunerative rate of interest, and one on which he can live
with all the ordinary comforts of life, in pursuit of an out-of-door occupation of a most attractive
kind. A trans-continental railway at his door will bring anything to him he may require, or
is ready to carry his cattle to the best markets and himself whither he will.
In all this district there are numberless prospects of mines, with ore carrying copper, gold
and silver. None of them have yet been developed, but the time will come when that will be
done, and no reason exists why some should not prove of value equal to those in other parts of
this heavily mineralised Province. The geological knowledge of the district that exists points
to the probability of such being the case.
Public schools are conducted in the district on the same lines, of course, as in other parts
of the Province. Wherever an adequate number of scholars can be gathered together, there is
a school for their benefit.
And amusement and relaxation from work is by no means wanting. There is splendid trout
fishing in the Thompson, extending over a long season; 3-pound fish are by no means uncommon, while heavier weights are continually recorded. Bright, strong fish, they afford wonderful
sport in the heavy waters of the river. Many streams and lakes in the neighbourhood are also
full of trout that rise well. There are still many big mule deer in the district and some
mountain sheep, but winged game is scarcer than it should be. An effort is to be made now to
secure the enforcement of the game laws. That is right and proper, but if private persons and
the authorities would pay attention to the destruction of the innumerable vermin, winged and
four-footed, which prey upon the game birds, still more benefit will accrue. I am inclined to
ascribe the scarcity in this neighbourhood chiefly to the number of magpies and crows. Both
species are very numerous and enormously destructive of eggs and young birds.
This is a very pleasant climate for camping out through the summer and autumn. Horse
flesh is very cheap, and the animals can be cheaply kept, so what with the open country and
numerous roads and trails, it is well suited to equestrian exercise. There is room for dozens
of camping parties, who would be sure of a certain sufficiency of sport, and who would be captivated by the scenic beauty of the localities they would reach in the hills, mountains and
higher levels of the country.
Apples.—Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Haas, Gravenstein, Golden Russett, Ben Davis
and many others are grown, of excellent quality and appearance. I heard of nothing beyond
the usual pests, such as green aphis, etc., and spraying was done in some orchards. Merely a
local sale for fruit, and, therefore, difficult to quote any fixed prices, but I should say it varied
from two to three cents per pound.
Peas are not grown in quantity, though successfully in a small way.
Cherries do well; good yield.
Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines.—On the low benches on the Thompson River,
peaches succeed very well and yield heavily, the fruit being delicious. The crop of apricots is
more uncertain.
Grapes.—As with peaches, so with grapes ; they are grown very successfully on the lower
benches on the river.    What are grown are saleable at remunerative prices.
Wheat.—Although nowhere can better wheat be grown than in this neighbourhood, yet
at the price paid by millers no one will grow it.    The land may be better utilised in other ways.
Oats.—Everybody grows some oats, and many different varieties are under cultivation.
No diseases or pests. Average yield might be 70 bushels per acre, but I have no special means
of verifying this. On one farm I know the yield, and have seen of weighed grain 100 bushels
per acre all round !    Prices, from $25 to $30 per ton.
Barley.—Only grown in small quantities, and chiefly for home use. No injury from
weather, disease or pests. Average price, $30 per ton. If there was demand for malting
barley, it might be grown to great advantage in this district.
Beans.—Certain Chinamen alone grow beans, and they produce them in considerable
quantities. Their value is generally too low to allow of their production here on white men's
farms at the ruling rates of wages. The price is altogether regulated by that of the Californian
article, and in that country they are grown in quantities to swamp the market. At present
they are worth 2|- cents per pound—higher than usual. A 46 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Potatoes.—Many different varieties grown.    Weather propitious.    Prices varied from
to $13 per ton. The potatoes grown in this neighbourhood have deservedly earned a
Provincial reputation.
Turnips.—Grown in small quantities for home use. Injured in October by innumerable
small aphis-like pests, which clustered on crown and leaves of the turnip. (Turnip aphis—
Aphis brascicce.—J. R. A.)
Other Roots and Vegetables.—All these only grown as garden stuff. All are very
successfully grown in this district.
The chief pests in my experience are the cut and wire-worms. By the cut-worm I mean
the ordinary one, not the grub or caterpillar which appeared late in the season in such extraordinary numbers. The former is only dangerous in the early spring, when it destroys rows
upon rows of the young springing vegetables, eating them off just at the surface of the ground.
The only remedy I find is hand-picking.
Grasses and Clovers.—For stock-feeding, Alfalfa and Sainfoin are chiefly grown and
are produced in great quantities. Timothy and Timothy and Clover are grown for stable use.
Red Clover and Alsike are grown. Good stable hay is worth $15 per ton. Timothy is certainly
not a grass to be grown for general purposes. Practically, except under special circumstances,
you get your crop of hay from it, and that is the end of its annual return. Austrian Brome
grass I have not been able to grow here to advantage, nor do I know of any of it in the district.
Further up the country, in the East Lillooet and Cariboo districts, I have noticed some good
fields of it.
Small Fruits.—Currants and raspberries of all sorts yield abundantly, the former with
a profusion which can be excelled nowhere. I think the atmosphere is somewhat too dry for
the perfect growth of strawberries. I am glad to draw attention to the excellent effect produced by spraying gooseberries in the early spring with liver of sulphur, to prevent mildew,
I have here large gooseberries of English sorts. Some years since they used to mildew so
badly as to destroy the crop ; of late I have sprayed them with a mixture of the strength c f
one ounce of sulphur to 4 gallons of water, about five times each spring before the leaves break
out; three or four days elapse between each spraying. This effectually prevents any but the
slightest appearance of mildew, and the crops of fruit have been splendid.
Board of Horticulture.—I think the working of the Board is generally held to be
useful and successful. With respect to fruit-growing for market, I think that the only growers
likely to be successful are those who give their almost entire attention to the work. They
should be encouraged and protected in every way as far as possible; banishment of inferior
fruits from the market, and the careful prevention of the importation of worthless or infected
fruit.
Dairying.—Nothing appreciable done in this way, except for private use.
Cattle.—The breeding of cattle is the industry of this district. The stock of cattle
thrive, and year by year bring in to their owners considerable sums of money, much to the
advantage of the whole neighbourhood. The principal owners are more careful than they were
wont to be, and in most cases have winter ranges of considerable extent reserved for the use
of their stock. I consider that the profits of cattle-raising are relatively greater than is the
case with sheep, owing to the broken nature of the country and the number of wild animals
which are a danger to sheep. The latter require too much looking after and shepherding to be
remunerative. Many people have tried them on a large scale, but have always given them up
after a few years' experience. The price of beef cattle has been high this year. There has
been a great demand for fat stock, and the average price has been 3-} to 3| cents per pound,
live weight. I consider the Shorthorn the breed par excellence. Other breeds have their
recommendations, and are alternately in favour and demand for periods of more or less
duration. The Shorthorn is always there—always in favour and demand. The operation of
the " Cattle Ranges Act " used to be of great value to this neighbourhood. Now the major
part of it is within the Railway Belt, and varied Dominion legislation on the same subject
brings about a conflict of authority and a consequent desuetude of the application of that of
either.
Horses have certainly been more or less in demand during the past year. There is a
scarcity of both good sizeable work-horses and of riding horses. Still, I feel confident that
there is but little, if anything, to be made in breeding them. Most people who have tried it
are of the same opinion. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 47
Sheep thrive well enough in this district, but are kept by but few people and only in
small numbers. The reasons which militate against successful sheep breeding are the broken
character of the country, the consequent difficulty of shepherding, and the presence of many
wild animals which prey upon the sheep.
Swine.—No quantity of pigs reared. They are worth perhaps five cents per pound on
foot. At such a price there is no money in them, unless a farm is given up to their breeding
and feeding.
Poultry.—Not taken up with much system. Average price of eggs 25 cents a dozen;
of chickens for food, $5 to $6 per dozen. No country, except one inhabited by a class of small
farmers, living near together and on small farms, and, consequently, in comparative poverty,
produces eggs in the quantity and at a price which allows of their collection for sale or
exportation.    This district has not yet reached that stage.
Bees are successfully kept in certain instances.
Diseases.—I think the district is entitled to a clean bill of health with reference to
diseases, whether contagious or otherwise, among animals. With cattle and horses reared in
considerable quantities for many years, it is somewhat curious how exempt from trouble of
that sort the district has been. The provisions of the Dominion "Animal Contagious Diseases
Act" and the Provincial " Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act," which run on much the same
lines, seem to me sufficient for the purposes intended. In such matters so much depends
upon the law-abiding integrity of the owners of stock, and the capacity of inspectors and
veterinarians, that to them we must look for the successful operation of the Acts. Experience
has shown the danger of too hastily accepting as reliable certain tests of disease, or exemption
from such, and, as in other matters, so in this much depends upon those appointed as experts
or acting officials under the Acts.
Co-operation.—Farmers are too scattered here for effectual co-operation, and but little
movement of produce, with the exception of potatoes and beans, is attempted.
Cold Storage.—The stock fit for slaughter in this district is so easily disposed of at
suitable times that there has apparently arisen no necessity for cold storage warehouses. The
C. P. R. runs right through the district, and, this being the nearest stock-breeding district to
the Coast cities, it has, as it were, the first opportunity of disposing, at any time of year, of
anything fit for slaughter, and consumers naturally prefer fresh meat to that kept for months,
however successfully.
Experimental Stations.—Living in one of the districts of the Province where irrigation
is necessary for the completely successful production of crops, it has always seemed to me that
an experimental farm in such a district would be a very desirable and useful institution to be
maintained by the Dominion Government, within whose province, I think, such work lies.
No institutions could have better demonstrated their value than have the several Experimental
Farms of the Dominion Government, but they are all situate in parts where farming is carried
on under ordinary conditions. Surely there is a wide field for the institution of one such
farm, to be cultivated under the interesting and comparatively ill-understood conditions of
artificial irrigation.
Irrigation is absolutely required for the successful production of crops in the valley of
the Thompson, and is carried on everywhere through this district where water is easily
obtainable by gravitation. To an extent limited by the number of running streams, the
facilities of irrigation are considerable. The soils and subsoils are, as a rule, well adapted for
the purpose, and in almost every case the gradual slope of the land to be irrigated, free from
depressions or folds in the ground, lends itself very satisfactorily to the necessary laying out of
such lands. Unfortunately, such is the character of the streams available for irrigation that,
in most cases, it is impossible to conserve the water. The streams all come from the high
mountains enclosing the valley on either side, and have cut so deeply the channels down which
they pass that there are no natural level spaces, to flood which the stream might be dammed
and the water held back till required for use, Many thousands of acres might be cultivated
if water could be brought on to them, but they are all in scattered blocks of small individual
extent, and I fear that the cost of providing a sufficiency of water (which is obtainable) would
be great. The carrying of water in canals or ditches along the sides of the loose, gravelly
hills which enclose the valley is a risky operation, while the expense of taking it in pipes is,
perhaps, prohibitory. In one case, however, the water of the Bonaparte is pumped, to irrigate
a tract of 200 acres or so, by electric power generated for the use of the Ashcroft Improvement Co., which supplies the town of Ashcroft with water and light.    A powerful pump was installed last spring, and for a time easily supplied the necessary volume of water. It, unfortunately, broke down, and has still to be replaced. I hope the experiment may succeed,
although, as the land is leased to Chinamen, one can hardly regard the enterprise as one of
great advantage to the neighborhood.
Weeds.—I do not know of any appearance of the Canada thistle in this neighbourhood.
Weeds, generally, are increasing in number, being evidently introduced with grain or other
seeds from other localities, but I know of none sufficiently troublesome as to need report.
Entomological.—A sort of aphis, in the latter part of the season, did much harm to
cabbages, cauliflowers, Brussels sprouts and turnips. They attacked the plant in great quantities, and remaining upon them, effectually prevented any further growth. In some parts
there were many grasshoppers.    I fear they will be numerous in the coming year.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—Curiously enough, panthers, which a few years
since were absolutely unknown here, are now comparatively common. Difficult to say whether
they have been disturbed and driven from their haunts west of the Cascades, or whether they
have been attracted here by an increase in the number of deer. Now that the bounty on
coyotes is increased to $2, I consider the amount quite sufficient.
Forest Fires.—No forest fires in this district, such as there used to be in earlier times.
Then they were, undoubtedly, purposely caused by the natives, with the object of burning off
the old grass, which otherwise was not touched from year's end to year's end. In consequence,
Cottonwood and other deciduous trees have sprung up in many places where formerly there
was nothing of the sort, so continuously was the ground burnt over.
Lands.—This district lies within the so-called Railway Belt, and the unalienated land is
within the control of the Dominion Government. That Government charges $5 per acre for it,
reserving to themselves almost everything of any value except the actual surfuce ! Such land
is chiefly of a pastoral character, almost all available localities for farms, where irrigation can
be carried on, being occupied. I can give no average price for improved farms. Almost every
farm is used as an adjunct to stock breeding, and is invariably held at a considerable figure.
Labour.—Whites, very scarce ; wages, $25 to $40 per month. Chinese, $20 to $25 per
month, or $1 per day ; Japanese, $20 to $25 per month, or $1 per day ; Indians, $20 to $25
per month, or $1 per day; $1.25 in hay or harvest time. Labour for temporary purposes is
often hard to obtain. There are more Chinese and Indians available than of any other class.
Whites have been specially scarce this past season.
Mr. J. A. Teit, Spence's Bridge, says :—
" Crops of all kinds are about an average, excepting apples and potatoes, the yield of
which is probably above the average. There are no new pests, and the old ones, such as aphis,
etc., have hardly been seen. I received your report, which is a very compact and creditable
volume.    The numerous illustrations enhance its value and appearance."
At Lytton the pioneer fruit-grower of this part of the country, Mr. Thos. G. Earl, has his
orchard. It is situated on the western side of the Fraser, just above the Town of Lytton, and
access to it has thus far only been possible by row-boat. Now, at length, a wire ferry has
been established. This will prove of inestimable benefit, not only to Mr. Earl, but to all
others on that side of the river. Mr. Earl's fruit has a justly far-famed name for excellence.
The apples produced in this part are equal in colouring and flavour to the best. Grapes of
best quality are also produced. Mr. Earl has so far gone in for Canadian and eastern varieties,
but the western taste inclines to the Californian varieties; hence Mr. Earl was unable to dispose
of his whole crop to advantage, and he is, therefore, going to take out his present vines and
substitute Californian varieties. Peaches, apricots, nectarines, melons and tomatoes are also
grown to advantage. Irrigation is, of course, necessary, and, therefore, those places without
water are usless for cultivation. Mr. Earl has a fine water supply, so that he is able to raise
crops in the driest seasons. A visit to Mr. Earl's place will prove a good object lesson, and I
would strongly advise anyone wishing to acquire a good idea of the conditions prevailing in
the valley of the Upper Fraser to visit the Grand Old Man of Lytton, where he will be sure
of a hearty welcome and the best of advice. The Church Mission Society has recently
acquired the property previously owned by Mr. Seward, on the eastern side of the Fraser,
where great improvements have been made.
Retail prices at Ashcroft, B. O, of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by Mr. H.
L. Roberts:—
Flour, Hungarian, $1.50 per sack; flour, Strong Baker's, $1.25 per sack; bacon, breakfast,
22c. per ft.; bacon, dry salt, 18c per ft.;   hams, 22c. per ft.; lard, pure, 15c. per ft.; butter, 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 49
creamery, 30c per ft. ; tea, 25c. to 50c as to quality; sugar, granulated, 6c per ft. ; coffee,
25c to 40c per ft.f rice, Chinese, $2.50 per sack of 50 fts.; rice, Japanese, $3.25 per sack of
50 lbs.; soap, washing or laundry, 25c, 3-ft. bar; oatmeal, 50c for 10-ft. sack; rolled oats,
40c. for 7-ft. sack; cornmeal, 40c for 10-ft. sack; overalls, 9-oz. denim, $1 a pair; underwear,
summer, from $1 to $5 a suit; underwear, winter, from $1.50 to $5 a suit; shirts, gingham,
50c to 75c each; shirts, flannelette, 50c to $1 each; shirts, woollen, $1 to $2.50 each;
boots, $1.25 to $5 a pair; socks, 15c to 50c a pair; ploughs, $14 to $25 ; harrows, $20 to
$50; waggons, $75 to $125; hay rakes, $30 and up; binders, about $170; mowers, $55 and
up ; sleighs, $30 and up; cutters, $30 and up ; buggies, $75 and up ; harness, $30 to $50 ;
saddles, $10 to $40; binder twine, 17c per ft.; nails, 5ijrc. to 7c per ft.
Valley of the  Upper Fraser.
From Lytton to Alkali Lake, and including, besides the two places mentioned, Lillooet,
Pavilion, Big Bar Creek, Empire Valley, Dog Creek, Gang Ranch and Chilcotin.
This part of the country, being off the main Cariboo Waggon Road, is devoted extensively to stock-raising, as the expense attached to the transportation of general crops is too
great to admit of general production. They, however, do well, and the demand is supplied
with all kinds of produce.
Alkali Lake and Dog Creek are on the east side of the Fraser River, on the road which
branches from the Cariboo road at 150-Mile House and runs along the Fraser to the vicinity
of Big Bar, where it leaves the river and joins the main road at Clinton. The Canada
Western Company's property, called the Gang Ranch, is on the opposite side of the Fraser
River, on Gaspard Creek.    Chilcotin and Empire Valley are also on the same side.
Lillooet and Pavilion are below Big Bar Creek, on the river road. Lillooet includes
Pemberton Meadows and what is known as the Douglas Portage, that part between Port
Douglas and Harrison Lake and Lillooet, on the original Cariboo Road. Lillooet, when the
trail went that way, was a place of some commercial importance, but since the present Cariboo
Road was built, much of its early prosperity has been taken away from it. It is situated on
the western side of the Fraser River, which is here crossed by a fine bridge, giving access to
the road leading to Pavilion, and thence over Pavilion Mountain to Clinton, or through the
Marble Canyon to Ashcroft, on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Another road, recently constructed, leads down the Fraser to Lytton.
Pavilion and Pavilion Mountain includes all the country on the east side of the Fraser,
Marble Canyon, as well as that on the mountain, which is at an elevation of some 3,000 to
3,500 feet, increasing until it reaches about 5,000 feet. Communication is maintained by
good waggon roads to Clinton over the mountain 21 miles, with Lillooet 17 miles and
Ashcroft, through the Marble Canyon, about 36 miles.
Public schools are situated at Pavilion, Lillooet, Cayoosh Creek and Pachelaqua.
Altitudes given by various authorities are as follows:—
Fraser River, at Lillooet  700 feet.
Seton Lake  802
Pemberton Meadows  695
Pavilion ,  1,357
Pavilion Mountain 3,500 to 5,000
Fraser River, at Big Bar  1,200
ii                 Alkali Lake and mouth of Riskie Creek  1,350
Riskie Creek, Chilcotin  2,170
Chilcotin Valley, average  2,625
Since there is no meteorological station in any part of the area described in this chapter,
I am unable to give any accurate climatological data. It may be accepted as a fact, however,
that the rainfall is insignificant, probably between five and eight inches; snowfall between 35
and 60 inches; temperature, maximum, between 85° and 95°; minimum, between -10° at the
lowest points to, possibly, -30° and even -40° at the higher levels. Irrigation is necessary for
the successful production of crops in all   parts of this district,  and available water is in A 50 Report on Agriculture, 190?
sufficient quantities for all present needs. The Pemberton Meadows may, perhaps, be alone
excepted from the previous remarks, the land lying low and requiring draining. Access
to this part is partly by road and partly by water, through Anderson and Seton Lakes.
Where sufficient arable land and water for irrigation is obtainable, all the valley of the
Fraser between Lytton and Lillooet is admirably adapted for the production of the finest
quality of fruits; indeed, it is difficult to imagine that a better quality of apple, or more
luscious pears, cherries, grapes, peaches, melons and other varieties of semi-hardy fruits,
can be grown. On the occasion of the delegation of Farmers' Institute speakers visiting this
section, last October, they were regaled with all manner of most delicious fruits from the
gardens of Mr. A. W. Smith, M. P. P., Mr. C. Phair, Government Agent, and Mr. Paul
Santini, at Lillooet. The latter has quite an extensive young orchard which is just coming
into bearing; also large quantities of melons. The market at the present time is purely local,
mostly Indian trade, and until means of transportation to the markets are established the
development of this valley must necessarily remain in abeyance. Mr. Alex. Lochore, on the
Lytton-Lillooet road, has started a dairy farm, and since the market for dairy products is
good, he will, no doubt, reap a good harvest. Many beef cattle are raised throughout the
district, in the lower part, in small bands, but in Chilcotin, Dog Creek and Alkali Lake large
numbers are produced. A crying evil in connection with the small bands of cattle is the
breeding from scrub bulls, which, of course, has the effect of lowering the standard of the
animals generally. The larger breeders are, however, keenly alive to the evils of breeding
from scrub sires, and the animals bred by them are, therefore, of a high standard of excellence.
The country between Lillooet and Pavilion affords better opportunities for the agriculturist, as
the valley widens out and some fine farms are to be seen. Pavilion Mountain itself, where
Mr. Robert Carson is located, is altogether unique as an agricultural section. The top of the
mountain is quite flat, the lowest part being some 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, gradually rising until an altitude of some 5,000 feet is reached at the northerly end, some seven or
eight miles distant, where there is a sudden descent to Kelly Lake. The farms in this section
are well watered and produce fine crops of wheat and other cereals. Live stock, especially
beef cattle, are raised in considerable numbers. Mrs. Carson is a most enterprising dairy-
woman. She has a gasoline engine to run her separators and churns, and sends the product
of her dairy mostly to the mining regions of Cariboo. The cows, however, are not ideal dairy
cattle, having been mostly taken off the ranges, and an improvement in this direction is greatly
needed and would add greatly to Mrs. Carson's profits.
Report on Lytton-Lillooet District, by Alex. Lochore.
Lytton, on the main line of the C.P.R., 150 miles from Vancouver, is situated at the
junction of the Thompson with the Fraser River. In pre-railroad days Lytton was a town of
considerable importance, being on the Cariboo road at the point where the pack-trains left the
main road and took the trail up the Fraser for Lillooet and other interior points. Until a
few years ago, there was no other means of travelling up the Fraser Valley from Lytton
except by horse-trail, but now there is a fine waggon road to Lillooet, thus connecting Lytton
with all points in the Cariboo road and adding considerable importance to the town. Four
stages weekly from Lytton to Lillooet give ample accommodation to all travellers. There are
about 200 whites and a large Indian population. The place is well supplied with churches,
schools, hotels, stores, and is the headquarters of the Episcopal Indian Mission.
The country adjacent is pretty rough and hilly, and there are no large areas of agricultural
land, although there are a good many small farms. The soil is principally a sandy loam, with,
in some places, a light mixture of clay, and is very well adapted for the growing of fruit, beans
and potatoes. Clover and alfalfa also grow most luxuriantly, and in some locations timothy
does very well, as does also wheat, oats, barley aud corn. Fruit is receiving a good deal of
attention, and there are some good orchards in the vicinity. The principal one is that of Mr.
Thos. G. Earl, about two miles above the town, on the opposite side of the river. Mr. Earl
has about fifty acres planted to fruit, containing over 3,000 trees and 1,800 grape vines.
Although a good many of the trees are not in bearing yet, Mr. Earl estimates his crop for the
current year at 3,500 40-ft. boxes of apples and pears, besides a quantity of cherries, plums,
and peaches.
The Indians own a good deal of land in the vicinity, and grow a large quantity of beans
for shipment. There are some 10 or 12 carloads shipped every year, mostly the brown bean.
There are also considerable shipments of potatoes, principally to the coast markets. 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 51
About 3 miles up the Fraser, on the same side as the town, is St. George's Industrial
School for Indian Boys, with Rev. Geo. Ditcham in charge. On the school farm there is a
fine young orchard and a large planting of small fruits. There is also a fine peach orchard,
where both early and late varieties are successfully grown. Mr. Ditcham has 2J acres in
melons and citrons, and, besides supplying the local demand, ships both east and west. Corn,
wheat, barley and oats are also grown. There is also a nucleus of a herd of pure-bred shorthorn cattle, comprising 1 bull and 4 cows, all registered. There is a pure-bred Berkshire
boar and two pure-bred Tamworth sows, and two Clydesdale mares. Mr. Loring and Mr.
Jno. Mackay have farms a few miles east of St. George's, where they are engaged in stock-
raising and general farming.
Following up the east side of the Fraser, the next settlement is Foster's Bar, commencing
about 14 miles above Lytton and extending along the river for 13 miles. While the country
here is also very hilly, there is more agricultural land, and the farms are larger than in the
vicinity of Lytton.
The soil is a fine, rich, sandy loam, well adapted to the growth of cereals, corn, beans,
potatoes, alfalfa and clover. Alfalfa is the principal crop, and yields enormous crops when it
is properly irrigated, cutting from 3 to 5 tons of cured hay per acre. A few of the farmers
here grow beans, but the expense of hauling them to the railway takes away a good deal of
the profit. The farmers have all got good orchards, but as yet there is no fruit shipped out.
While general farming is principally carried on, most of the farmers keep a good band of
cattle, for which there is excellent grazing in the various valleys that cut into the mountains,
and also on parts of the uplands. The calves are allowed to run with the cows, not much
milking being done. The writer has a herd of dairy cows and makes butter, which is shipped
to Lytton and Lillooet.    A pure-bred Ayrshire bull is kept.
Poultry does very well here, except fer the depredations of the coyotes, which sometimes
make havoc in the flock. Mrs. Ruddock, of the Grange, is a very extensive and successful
breeder of turkeys. The writer keeps a flock of Plymouth Rocks, and finds them a very profitable adjunct to the farm.
In this neighbourhood there is quite an area of vacant land, but, unfortunately, there is no
water at present available for irrigating it. There are some points where water might be
stored, but whether it would be a profitable enterprise I am not prepared to say. Between
Foster's Bar and Lillooet, a distance of about 20 miles, there is no more cultivated land on the
east side of the river. There are, however, several tracts of fine land, but lack of water
renders it valueless at present.
On the west side there is a good agricultural district. Mr. Jas. Dickie, about 12 miles
below Lillooet, and Mr. R. Hoey, 6 miles, have each got fine places. Both are extensively
engaged in cattle-raising, and grow large quantities of hay, principally Timothy and Clover.
The land on this side is better adapted to the growth of Timothy, there being more natural
moisture than on the east side. Mr. La Rochelle has a large farm, and grows wheat extensively. The land here also produces good crops of oats, peas and potatoes, and fruit trees do
well. Mr. Dickie has quite extensive orchards which yield heavily. A good waggon road
connects this district with Lillooet.
The town of Lillooet is situated on the west side of the river, about 47 miles by road from
Lytton. There is a fine bridge, about one mile above the town, by which the road crosses.
The road to Ashcroft and Clinton continues on up the east side. Lillooet has a population of
about 300, and there are good stores, hotels, churches, schools, etc. There is a Provincial
Government office here; also a telegraph office. The town presents a very pleasing appearance ; the streets are kept clean and tidy and the citizens evidently pride themselves on
keeping their lawns and gardens in good condition. Mr. McFarlane, of the telegraph office,
recently entered into an agreement with the inhabitants and installed an up-to-date water
system, thus supplying each and everyone with an ample supply of water for house and garden
and a safeguard against fire. There are some very fine orchards in and near the town, notably
those of Mr. Santini, Dr. Sanson, Wm. Manson and Mr. Brett, although at present there is
not enough fruit grown to supply the local demand. Lillooet is distributing point for the
Bridge River, Anderson Lake and Cayoosh Creek mines; also for Pemberton Meadows.
About one and a half miles below the town, on Cayoosh Creek, is the grist and sawmill owned
by Mr. Jno. Marshall, and further up the creek, on the shore of Seton Lake, is Duguid &
Sanson's mill, which now cuts the bulk of the lumber used in the vicinity. Here, also, is the
Provincial Government salmon hatchery, in charge of Commissioner Babcock.      Lillooet is A 52 Report on Agriculture, 1903
reached by stage from either Ashcroft or Lytton, there being two stages per week from the
former and four from the latter place. In summing up, I would say that the land in the
district covered by this report, although mostly of a light, sandy nature, has proved to be
remarkably fertile. It is the exception, rather than the rule, to find on any of the farms any
system of saving or applying the manure. Threshing is done in the field and no attempt is
made to save the straw. Stock tramp over it during winter, and in spring a fire is put to it
to get it out of the way. Some farms that have been under cultivation for nearly forty years
are still being worked, without any attempt being made to conserve the fertility of the soil. It
is needless to say that the crops thus grown are small, in many instances not paying for labour-
expended thereon.
We have had a branch of the Farmers' Institute recently established, and it is gratifying
to report that the majority of the farmers have become members, and we can only hope that
interest may be sustained, and that the result may be improved methods and larger returns
from our farms.
Retail prices at Lillooet of necessaries for farmers, furnished by Mr. C. Phair:—
Flour, $3 per lOOfts.; beef,  10c to 15c per ft.; bacon, 18c per ft.; hams, 22c. per ft.;
lard, 20c. per ft.; butter, 30c per ft.; tea, 40c. to 60c per ft.; coffee, 40c. per ft.; sugar, 7c
per ft.; overalls, $1 per pair ; shirts, $1 to $2 each ; boots, $2 to $4 per pair ; rice, 8c. per ft.;
potatoes, $1 per 100 fts.; beans, 4c per ft.; ploughs, $18 each; hay rakes, $50 each; saddles,
$10 to $40 each; nails, 6c per ft.
Report of Mrs. E. J. Carson, Pavilion Mountain.
General Description.—This district's chief industry is raising beef cattle, for which
there is a good market in the interior and coast cities. The climate is unexcelled anywhere
for dairying, and in parts of the district, where good food is abundant, it is successfully
carried on. There are a number of good improved farms for sale in this district. The roads
are good. A good system of irrigation and railway connections via Pemberton Meadows is
badly needed, and would help greatly in giving a good market for fruit, vegetables and grain.
Two-year-old steers sell for $35, when fat; fat cows at $35 per head ; good dairy butter, 30
cents per pound, with good demand for same.
Spring Wheat.—Spring wheat is grown successfully on all Fraser River benches where
water can be secured and ground is suitable. Ruling prices during the year 1902, 1|- cents to
2 cents per pound, according to distance it is hauled to sell. Generally speaking, other crops
fed to hogs and cattle pay better than wheat, as the raising of cattle and swine enriches a
farm. Raising wheat considerably drains a farm of all fertility, unless it is constantly well
fertilised.    Frosts did not hurt the wheat.
Oats.—Oats are successfully grown. Prices, from If cents to 2 cents per pound for good
clean oats ; demand limited. Average yield per acre, 1,500 to 2,000 pounds. Crop harvested
well and in good condition. No disease or pests in this part of British Columbia to hurt the
crops generally.
Barley.—Barley is not extensively raised. Very fine barley can, however, be raised in
this district for malting, but owing to lack of facilities for marketing it, little is grown except
for feeding swine, etc.    No pests to affect it.
Rye.—Rye can be successfully grown, but farmers do not raise it.
Peas.—Peas can be successfully grown, but, owing to lack of transportation facilities,
they have to be fed at home. Some feed peas and oats mixed to dairy cattle in stables in
winter ; it makes first-class feed for dairy cows, yields a large crop and makes fine butter.
Beans.—Beans are very successfully grown in parts of the district. There are very few
grown, however, as it is too far from a railroad to compete with other districts that have better
transportation facilities.    All varieties have been grown.
Potatoes.—Potatoes are grown principally for home use. No better potatoes can be
grown anywhere than in parts of the Lillooet District. A railroad to Vancouver would
encourage this industry, I think, and help to supply coast cities with good articles.
Mangolds, Carrots and Turnips yield well, but are grown for home use only. They do
well and keep well.
Roots and Vegetables.—Vegetables are grown for home use only; they do well. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 53
Grasses and Clovers.—The principal varieties grown are Timothy, Clover and Alfalfa.
There is but little Alfafa grown ; it is not generally liked. Timothy and Clover mixed is preferred here by stockmen; it makes a fine food for stock, young and old. I know of nothing
to take the place of Timothy and Clover except peas and oats, cut green and well cured. This
is the best winter food I can get for my dairy cows.
Austrian Brome Grass.—I have no experience with this grass.
Ensilage.—There are no silos in this district that I know of.
Fruit.—Apples do well on the river benches. Pears, plums, prunes and cherries do well
in gardens.
Small Fruits do wonderfully well, and it is a wonder that more are not grown.
Dairying.—Private dairying is carried on to a limited extent. It is profitable if good
butter is made. Demand is limited to home consumption to a certain extent. Over 5,000
lbs. were made in your correspondent's private dairy last year, and sold at 20c. per ft.
Creameries.—There are no creameries in this district.
Feeding.—All dairy stock should be stabled or kept in sheds in winter, and beef cattle
should be kept in small enclosures and well fed. Plenty of good pure water is absolutely
necessary to make a good butter or put on good beef on cattle. A good cheap feed is timothy
and clover, peas and oats, changing the feed often, and plenty of good bedding.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—Choose pasture with irrigation. Oats and peas, cut
green, keep up the flow of milk. Fields should be fenced, so as to give cows a change of
pasture.
Horned Cattle.—There are very few good dairy cows in this district; they are of all
grades. Cattle-raising is a successful industry. Sheep would pay well if it were not for the
depredations of coyotes. I would recommend Shorthorns for beef cattle and Holstein
Friesians for dairy cattle. Ruling prices during the year : Beef, two years old, $35 per head ;
milch cows, $30 to $40 per head; fat cows, $30 per head.
Horses.—Too many cayuses; no demand for good horses to speak of. It does not pay
to raise horses here at the present time; market uncertain as to demand.
Swine.—No system generally used. Ruling prices : 10c per ft., dressed ; 5c live weight;
20c for bacon; demand limited. White Chester and Tamworth, I find, do well with me.
Having a large dairy, we feed a great deal of milk with potatoes.    They do well here.
Poultry.—Poultry does well but is not raised extensively. Plymouth Rocks are hardy
and a good general purpose farm fowl, laying almost continuously when well cared for.
Grains and labour are both too high to successfully compete with other districts in raising
poultry and eggs; also export charges when carrying poultry.
Diseases of Animals.—I have never heard of tuberculosis in the Upper Country; the
climate is too cold and dry. Lump jaw is prevalent here, but the last few years there has
been less of it. I believe that every affected animal should be killed and burned; I believe it
to be contagious to a certain extent.
Experiment Stations.—The Dominion should bear all expenses connected with experiment stations; but there should be a good veterinary school in British Columbia, say at
Vernon or Kamloops, so that the young men on farms could take, say, a three or six months'
course free.
Agricultural Education.—I believe strongly in agricultural education in the schools.
Agriculture should be the principal occupation of the people of British Columbia. Too little
attention is paid in rural schools to agriculture. Its importance to the country should be
drilled into the children.
Farmers' Institutes.—Farmers' Institutes are desirable, but this district is so scattered
that it seems hard to get the farmers primarily interested in it. It is expensive going long
distances to attend meetings, etc.
Soils.—The soils are good in a great many places in this district, but as it is a mountainous district there are no large tracts of land open for occupation, except in the Pemberton
Meadows ; there they need the railroad.
Irrigation.—Irrigation is necessary always. The water supply could be largely increased
by properly conserving it, but it is too expensive for farmers to do so unaided. There is no
pumping done in this district. Irrigation is always expensive, but there is a great deal of
water needlessly wasted that could be used to advantage.
Noxious Animals and Pests.—There are no panthers or wolves to speak of. I had to
sell my band of 78 sheep on account of the coyotes ; they are increasing.    Others will sell A 54 Report on Agriculture, 1903
their sheep off also, I understand. The coyotes take off all the profits. $2.50 for coyotes is
little enough. They are increasing fast, and in some instances kill young calves; also pigs
and chickens.
Lands.—Improved farms can be bought for from $3,500 to $12,000—some less, some
more. Farmers generally make a good, comfortable living in this district, that is, where they
are working their farms to advantage.
Labour.—Labourers are procurable at the following rates : Whites, $30, $35 and $40
per month ; Chinese, $25 per month, very few here; no Japanese; Indians, $1 to $1.25 and
$1.50 per day; farmers have to hire them in addition to the above. The supply is equal to
the demand generally, but, as a rule, the labourers are not skilled in their work. It seems to
be generally considered that anybody is good enough to earn wages on a farm. This is not so;
I think farmers need a better class of help.
Horned Cattle.—My herd of dairy cows are good Shorthorns. Have some fine young
grade Holsteins that I think will turn out all right in the dairy.
Horses.—A large number of young colts are killed every year in this Upper Country for
the lack of proper care. If you examine any farmer's herd you will be struck by the number
of females, because they kill the colts for lack of knowledge and do not like to acknowledge it,
and it is generally the best colts that are lost in this way.
Big Bar Creek is the point at which the road again touches the Fraser after leaving it at
Pavilion ; ferries connect the two sides of the river at this point and at Churn Creek. Tree
fruits have been produced here, but the uncertain winters have militated against their success
as a commercial venture; nevertheless, it is quite possible that many varieties of apples may
prove successful in the lower valleys in this section. Empire Valley is described by Mr. J. N.
J. Brown in his last report as follows : —
General Description.—Empire Valley is situate on the west side of the Fraser River,
some 105 miles from Ashcroft Station, the nearest railway. Ashcroft is its nearest banking
town. The country is chiefly a grazing section, with prairie land, well watered and well
timbered.    Large numbers of cattle are annually raised.    Grain is also extensively grown.
Wheat is grown, ground for flour, and also used for feed. Smut prevalent during the
last two years, due to carelessness.    Ruling price 2c
Oats are grown in quantities.    Ruling price, 2c. per pound.
Other Grains not grown to any extent.
Root Crops.—Potatoes fetch from lc to ljc. per pound; other roots used for feed.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy I consider the best feed for work horses; I found this
out while I was driving stage. Sainfoin and Timothy, mixed together, make good horse-feed.
Other grasses, of a softer nature, are better for cattle. Bunch-grass is, in my opinion, the best
wild grass in our section ; I don't think there is any other to equal it (Agropyrum divergens—
J.R.A.)
Apples are successfully grown at McEwen's, Empire Valley, and also at Lesser Dog
Creek, Alkali Lake, Big Bar and Dog Creek.
Other Fruits.—Plums and cherries are successfully grown in places, and probably pears
would succeed well if properly tried.    Small fruits all do well.
Roots and Vegetables.—There is a great quantity of potatoes successfully grown, for
table use and hogs. Other roots and vegetables can be successfully grown, but are not produced except for home use.
Horses.—The horse industry has been quite profitable, and there has not been any overproduction.    A cross between the Clyde and Percheron I consider best.
Sheep.—It is the best sheep country in British Columbia. There are no large bands kept
in this part. I believe it is a very profitable business. I recommend Shropshires. Ruling
prices, $6 per head for sheep and $5 for lambs. Wool is not sold, as it is too far from the
market, and not enough of it to pay for the shipping.
Swine.—There is a great number of pigs raised here. They are nearly all bought up by
Chinamen miners; they pay from 5 to 6 cents per pound on foot. The balance are killed and
turned into bacon for home use.    The Berkshire is the only breed here.
Irrigation is required for the successful production of crops. It is carried on to a considerable extent; the soil is of a favourable nature for the purpose. There is plenty of water
available.    Ditching costs about 75 cents per yard. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia A 55
Lands.—There is unlimited Government land which would make good farms. It is mostly
all located in the heart of the settlement, land that would raise any kind of a crop. Improved
farms can be bought, but fetch good prices.
Labour.—Whites, $1.50 per day, or $30 per month. Chinese, $20 per month, as cooks.
Indians, $1.50 per day.    There is always a scarcity of white labour.
Butter, as a rule, commands good prices, but farmers take no interest in the matter.
Horned Cattle.—Cattle-raising is the most successful industry in this district. Thousands
of dollars are yearly derived from cattle. The " Cattle Ranges Act" is very good, but bulls
should not be allowed to run at large till the first of July. Durhams are best for beef. Price,
$45 for three-year-holds.
In Chilcotin is included all that section lying on the western side of the Fraser, between
Soda Creek and Chilcotin River, a distance of about 40 miles, and running back about the
same. It is but sparsely settled, the country being principally adapted to stock-raising; in
parts, however, good crops of grain and roots are obtained, although the general altitude is
unfavourable to mixed farming. According to Mr. Sanford Fleming, the average altitude of
Chilcotin Valley is 2,625; of the plain, 3,411; of the Chilcotin Lake, 3,150 ; of old Chilcotin
Fort, 3,800; and of the foot of Riskie Creek, 2,170 feet; the Fraser being in the neighbourhood of 1,400, giving some idea of the climb necessary to attain the level of the plain above.
The crossing at Soda Creek is effected by a good wire-rope ferry, whence there is an excellent
road through Chilcotin proper; another crosses Chimney Creek, and is effected by boat and
swimming horses; the latter route is a great saving of distance for settlers living on Chilcotin
River arid valley, in reaching the Cariboo Waggon Road. Riskie Creek, above mentioned,
empties into the Fraser a few miles above Chilcotin. Seven miles below Chimney Creek is
Sheep Creek, at which point a fine bridge is being constructed.
At Chilcotin, on the western side of the Fraser, and at Dog Creek, Alkali Lake and other
points on the eastern side, there are extensive ranges, and stock-raising is prosecuted on a large
scale, and in the valleys and river benches most of the ordinary crops are grown. Fruit succeeds" fairly well in favourable locations, as well as all garden crops. The elevated plateaux
are, however, only suited for stock-raising, and are entirely devoted to that purpose.
CARIBOO  WAGGON   ROAD.
Including all points between Ashcroft and Quesnel, the principal of which are Clinton,
Bridge Creek, Lac la Hache, Williams Lake, the 150-Mile House, Soda Creek and Alexandria.
All of these points are connected by stage—three times a week—with Ashcroft, the point of
connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Clinton is situated 32 miles from Ashcroft,
at the point at which the Lillooet and Big Bar Roads leave the main waggon road.
The following altitudes are given by various authorities :—
Cache Creek, about 1,500 feet.
Hat Creek 1,686 „
Clinton 2,973 i,
Bonaparte Valley, " The Mound " 2,144 n
Bridge Creek and Lac la Hache 1,800 n
Soda Creek Crossing 1,690 n
Fraser River, at Alexandria 1,420 n
ii Quesnel 1,490 n
Quesnel 1,700 n
Forks (Bullion) , 2,775 „
Highest temperature at Quesnelle 94°, in July.
Lowest it ii       (incomplete) -22°, in January.
Rainfall (incomplete) about 7 to 10 inches.
Snowfall ii  about 30 inches.
Public schools are situated at Clinton, Lac la Hache, Lac la Hache North and Chasm. A 56 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Clinton, which is at a considerable elevation above Ashcroft, is not suited for the production of tree fruits nor wheat. I reproduce the report of Mr. F. W. Foster, correspondent,
Clinton :—
General Description.—Seeming inaccuracies must occur in any report from this section,
caused by sudden changes in the altitude of farms. For instance, 7 miles from Clinton to
Wm. Saul's is a fall of 800 feet, and from Clinton to E. Dougherty's, 11 miles, of 700 feet.
In Clinton Valley, wheat cannot be raised as a reliable crop suitable for milling, while at the
two farms above mentioned a good marketable grain can be grown, as also a good quality of
apples. The latter have been tried in the Clinton Valley and freeze. As a general crop, only
feed for horses and cattle is raised, such as oats, barley, timothy, clover, sainfoin, red-top,
beets, potatoes, carrots, and the general run of hardy vegetables.
Oats.—The early varieties do best. The average yield is 1,500 pounds to the acre. No
pests, except a few chipmunks and squirrels.    Ruling prices $38 to $40 per ton.
Barley.—All kinds of barley grow well. There is very little grown, as there is small
demand ; used only for feeding team mules.    It is about two weeks earlier crop than oats.
Roots and Vegetables.—Potatoes are generally a good crop and average lc. per pound.
Other roots and vegetables are only grown for home use and feeding.
Austrian Brome Grass.—Personally, I may say, after a fair trial, I conclude it is the
worst grass I have had sown. In other places in the district there are reports that it gives
2J to 3 tons of hay to the acre.
Fruits.—At 3,000 feet apples freeze out. Going out of this valley to the lower ones,
such as Bonaparte and Fraser, they do well, at altitudes of say 700 to 1,000 feet lower than
Clinton.    This may also be said of other large fruits.
Small Fruits.—Gooseberries, currants and raspberries yield well. The wild raspberry
is much preferred, as being better flavoured, and can be had with little trouble, all at about
10c per pound.
Dairying.—The nearest place to Clinton Valley for dairying is Lac La Hache. They
have no creamery as yet. Private farmers produce a good article of butter, which is readily
bought up. A large creamery should do well, as at present the bulk of the butter used is
imported for the Cariboo trade.
Feeding.—Oat straw and swamp hay, both salted, is the general feed.
Horned Cattle and Sheep.—Sheep eat out the ranges and do so much harm to the
cattle-raiser that raising them in any quantity in our mountains has long ago been vetoed by
cattle men. As to price, a 2-year old steer in some localities is as heavy as one of 3 years at
unfavourable places, where the winter is longer, and vary from 15 to 25 per cent. The soil is
too light for wild grasses, and after sheep go over it a few times the ground is as bald as a
desert, and grass does not come again for several seasons.
Horses.—Few ranchers around here raise horses with any particular profit, chiefly from
want of large, safe enclosures. If any get outside the limits of the small enclosures, they join
the wild bands and cost as much as their value to catch. No one has made a specialty of it
here.
Cold Storage, no doubt, would be a good thing at Ashcroft, provided butchers in the
lower country could be persuaded to patronise it. At present the cattle buyers are few,
probably four only, who supply the Coast markets, and if they would co-operate it would be a
good thing.
Soils.—We lack vegetable mould ; our soils are moraine, the remnants of the glacial
period ; but by irrigation and average seasons, we raise fair crops.
Irrigation is necessary through the whole district. Land is more plentiful than the
water to irrigate with, unless at immense expense. There are very few blocks of land of
sufficient size to warrant any large outlay.
Poisonous Plants.—We have water hemlock, or white parsnip, as occasionally fatal to
cattle in the spring; also taxus, rhus and delphinium, but from the latter have not heard of
any trouble.
Noxious Animals.—The panther is certainly increasing and the herds of deer diminishing.
We had no panthers until about eight years ago. I suggest that the present bonus on coyote
ears of $2 should include the whole pelt, or with justice make it $2.25. The ears or pelt
should then have a small hole punched for a Government mark, and the skins sold by the
Government or some local agent appointed. As it now is, the pelt minus the ears is worth 25
cents, while the whole skin is worth in the New York market $2 to $2.25, and the adoption
of my suggestion would save the Government a large amount. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 57
Forest Fires.— Carelessness is probably the cause of most fires, but it would be hard to
prove. A man throws away a lighted match after lighting his pipe, and if he sets the forest
afire he won't confess. However, lightning does a lot of incendiary work, although it seldom
sets fire to the tree it strikes.
Labour.—Whites, from $25 to $35 on farms; Chinese, $25; Japanese, none; Indians,
$25 to $30 per month.
The farms in the valley of the Bonaparte are well adapted for all the usual crops and
fruit; but as the elevation increases along the Cariboo Waggon' Road, so the range of capabilities, from an agricultural standpoint, becomes circumscribed. At the 70-Mile House, Mr.
Wm. Boyd does a good deal of dairying, and there are places off the road well suited for this
pursuit and stock-raising. That part called the green timber, through which the road runs, is
very dreary and valueless for agricultural purposes. Much of the land is impregnated with
alkali and of a stony character. Descending to Bridge Creek, there is a decided change for
the better; the land is fertile and all the ordinary field crops are successfully grown; thence
to Lac La Hache the valley is well suited for dairying, being well supplied with wild vetches
and grass.
Altitude.—Bridge Creek is placed at 3,086 feet by Captain Parsons, R.E.; Lac La Hache
at 2,488 feet, and the same authority estimates the 70-Mile House at 3,300 feet. Sanford
Fleming gives the altitude of Lac La Hache at 2,682 feet, and which is probably nearer the
mark.
Timber is plentiful everywhere for all purposes of the ranchers, and of water there is no
lack for purposes of irrigation. Barley, oats, rye and hay give good returns, and are extensively cultivated to supply local demands. Root crops are also good, but large fruits are not
grown. Cattle are produced in large numbers for beef and dairying. The latter industry,
for which this part is well adapted, has some attention paid to it here, and a considerable
quantity of butter is produced.    A good many horses are reared, and a few sheep and pigs.
Quite an extent of good land lies in the vicinity of Williams Lake, 150-Mile House and
Chimney Creek. A road leads from 150-Mile House, on the Cariboo Waggon Road, past
Williams Lake to the mouth of Chimney Creek on the Fraser River, at which point there is a
good ferry, and by swimming horses access is had to Chilcotin. Another road, which branches
off at Williams Lake, leads down the Fraser past the Spring House Ranch to Alkali Lake.
The country along this road is very beautiful, but on account of the altitude, which is from
1,750 to 3,500 feet, practically nothing is raised with the exception of hay, stock-raising being
exclusively carried on. About Williams Lake, however, all the ordinary cereals and roots are
successfully grown, and a good market is always obtained at the Cariboo mines.
Soda Creek and Alexandria lie along the Fraser River and the Cariboo Waggon Road.
The valley of the Fraser, above Soda Creek, widens out considerably, so that the ranches are
much nearer the level of the river than they are lower down. Most of the ranches are on the
eastern side of the river, on the Cariboo Road, some of them very fine ones, notably, the
Australian and Bohannon's, beyond Alexandria, where extensive and profitable operations are
carried on. On the western side, above Alexandria, are also some large and fertile farms,
including that of Mr. Adams, upon which very heavy crops of cereals are grown. The former
is 165 miles, and the latter 185 miles, from Ashcroft.
Soda Creek is at the confluence of that creek with the Fraser, and the first point of contact the waggon road has with the Fraser. At this point Mr. Dunlevy has a farm at which
wheat, barley and oats are the principal cereals grown, the two latter principally for horse and
cattle feed, a large quantity being required, as all the Cariboo country is supplied by means
of teams by the waggon road. Some apples are produced at Soda Creek with moderate success;
possibly some of the well-known hardy Russian varieties may be successfully cultivated hereabouts. Other tree fruits are also produced with indifferent success; small fruits produce
well. Well adapted for the production of cattle, horses and sheep, bunch-grass and wild vetch
giving an abundance of most nutritious feed. Horned cattle and a few horses are, however,
only raised, the former in considerable numbers. Sheep are not produced in any quantity,
principally on account of the prevalence of predatory wild animals and the objection of the
cattle men. The swine industry is not prosecuted to the extent it should be, as it is most
profitable, most of the bacon, hams, and lard being imported at a great expense. This industry
might well be undertaken in connection with dairying, for which this part of the country is so A 58 Report on Agriculture, 1903
well adapted, and with the best of markets in the mines of Cariboo. A disease amongst the
horses has been prevalent, which has been identified by the veterinary officers sent by the
Department as fistulous withers. I allude to it more particularly under the head of diseases
and pests. Noxious animals consist principally of wolves and coyotes, the latter causing the
greatest annoyance and loss. Insect pests are mosquitos, sandflies, horseflies, etc.; these are
exceedingly bad during part of the season and cause much annoyance to stock. The labour
market is supplied by whites and Chinese, the former commanding wages at the rate of $25
to $30 per month, and the latter $15 to $25.
Mr. E. A. Carew-Gibson writes as follows regarding the fruit capabilities of this part:—
"In 1888, when I first resided in Chilcotin, there were practically no experiments tried
in the way of fruit-raising, except in the way of the smaller fruits and berry bushes. Some
occasional experiments were tried at Chimney Creek, on the Fraser River, and at Meldrum
Creek, and it was demonstrated by the results of a few, mostly crab apples, that the larger
fruits could be grown. I lately made a journey from Clinton via Dog Creek to this point, and
was delighted to see, at Canoe Creek, a very pretty little orchard with one apple tree, fully
fifteen feet high, simply covered with blossom. At Dog Creek and Alkali Lake there are now
nice little orchards, and it greatly impressed me, as it seemed to make the country so much
more livable when you were able to point out around you thriving orchards and see that one
of the signs of civilisation was with you. I think it is now proved without any doubt that
fruit of the finest quality, and in very considerable quantity, can be grown up the Fraser
River, certainly as far north as Soda Creek, and probably further up stream, without danger
of losing the orchards. The best land will probably prove to be the river benches and all the
well-situated valleys which are formed by the creeks or rivers running into the Fraser, and I
have great hopes that even so far back from the Fraser as this place that apples will be grown
with success. Of course, the local market will consume all the fruit grown on these small
orchard plots, and until fruit is raised on a commercial scale there will be no difficulty about
markets, and until railway transportation is handier there will be no inducement to grow fruit
beyond the very local requirements. However, I wish to point out the great scope of country
which is available for this industry, and which is lying practically dormant until railway
facilities give the necessary stimulus."
Mr. Sidney Williams, Quesnel, writes as follows :—
"You may be interested to know that I have raised splendid strawberries here, although
this last winter all very old stock died off; the runners, however, were all right, and I have
set out about 75 of them for a new start.
" My apple trees have not been a success so far. I got some about three years ago ; some
were affected with borers, but two were doing fairly well until this winter, when they appear
to have died ; at least, so far they are making no sign of buds ; otherwise, they look first-rate.
I have planted some more this spring of a hardier kind. I have been making inquiries on this
subject when travelling about surveying, and know now what to get. Duchess of Oldenburg,
Ben Davis and Montreal Beauty seem to be about the best, and, of course, the various crabs.
The ones I first tried were Alexander, Baldwin and Northern Spy. I have only two left now
out of about a dozen, and these do not seem to be thriving extra well. The ones that grew
best at first seemed to die out soonest; they made immense growth for a season or two, and
then an early frost or something seemed to catch them with the sap up and finished them."
Northern Portion of the Province,
In which is included all that part lying between Quesnel and Atlin, a vast extent of territory practically unsettled, except by miners and prospectors, and embracing within its limits
the district of Nechaco. A telegraph line is now in operation through this district, and as far
north as Dawson, in the Yukon. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 59
Meteorological Record for 1902.
At Barkerville (in mountains) :—
Highest temperature, July        82°
Lowest ii January ,      -28°
Average ii     34.2°
Rainfall 20 inches.
Snowfall 120      „
At Stuart Lake :—
Highest temperature, July        88°
Lowest ii March      -39°
Average n      33.2°
Rainfall 8.51 inches.
Snowfall 74.8      „
The altitude of Barkerville is 4,180 feet.
Lat. 53.2° N.; Long. 121.35° W.
Stuart Lake, altitude 1,800 feet.
Lat. 54.28° N.; Long. 124.12° W.
Public schools are situated at Quesnel, Barkerville, Williams Lake and Atlin.
Many inquiries have been made about the Nechaco District, but without personal and
definite knowledge of the conditions which exist there, it is impossible to give advice as to its
desirability as a place for settlement. That it is a good summer stock range is unquestionable,
and, from all accounts, there seems to be every reason to believe that a sufficiency of fodder
can be produced from the natural meadows to winter stock. Its northerly position (about
54° 10' N. and 124° 10' W.) and its altitude, probably between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above
the sea level, would naturally render it somewhat uncertain for the growing of grain crops.
Still, with cultivation and drainage, it may be susceptible to great improvement in the matter
of summer frosts, which has been experienced in other places with similar characteristics. In
any case, situated as it is, it is evidently not a country suitable for a man with a family and
small means, and unless a settler is willing to live in an isolated condition, without any
immediate prospects of roads, bridges, schools, postal facilities and other adjuncts of ordinary
living, he is not advised to attempt it at present. If a colony of 50 or more were to settle
there, it would be somewhat different, as conditions would be altered and the lack of facilities
referred to would naturally soon be obviated. The present isolated situation is undoubtedly
the reason that so few settlers have thus far taken up lands there. With railway communication, however, and access to the mines of Cariboo, many of the real or alleged difficulties in
existence there would no doubt soon disappear, and a very large area of pastoral and agricultural lands would be added to the wealth-producing power of the Province.
As regards railway communication, there seems every probability, from present indications, that another transcontinental road will, within the next few years, tap this part of the
Province. Such an event will, of course, have the effect of altering the complexion of affairs
altogether through the whole of this region. Nechaco is 110 miles from Quesnel; the country
is not difficult to construct a road through, if the bridging of one or two rivers is excepted.
The ultimate outlet will, however, no doubt, be via one of the inlets. Oats and barley have
been grown in favourable localities, as well as all the ordinary garden vegetables and small
fruits.    Mr. Sidney Williams, of Quesnel, says of Nechaco :—
" Regarding the Nechaco Valley, I have various reports from there. The agricultural
area seems to be very limited; there are good hay meadows in places, but as it is out of the
dry belt, the great standby for spring feed for stock is wanting, viz., bunch grass and wormwood. The dry belt straggles along the Fraser River as far as the Australian Ranch, and
there ends. Consequently, from there north there is only summer feed for stock, which is
destroyed by September frosts ; consequently, the winters are too long to make cattle pay."
The suitability for agricultural purposes of the rest of the vast territory treated of in
this chapter is practically unknown. There are many points, however, where vegetables and
fruits have been successfully produced ; for instance, Hazelton, on the Upper Skeena River,
and even in Atlin, which is in latitude 60° N. and longitude 134° W., vegetables of a very A 60 Report on Agriculture, 1903
superior quality are produced.    Therefore, there is every reason to believe that the capabilities
of the northern country may yet prove to be much greater than is now generally supposed.
Report of Mr. Sidney Williams on the Region lying North-west of Quesnel.
I found your letter of May 28th awaiting me on my return from Kluskus and Uhlcatclo.
I could not send you a very favourable report of the section of country that I have been through.
It is practically worthless from an agricultural point of view ; nothing will grow in the vegetable
line but a few undersized turnips. I found the Indian women at Uhlcatclo putting in some
small patches of these on June 17th, and when I left, on June 30th, a few were just appearing
above ground. There are a few small swamp hay meadows around Kluskus, but winters are
very long and no early or late range. When we arrived at Kluskus on May 29th, feed had
just started to grow, and even then it was hard rustling for horses.
As a fur country it is nearly played out. It has been a marvelous beaver country not
many years ago ; old cuttings almost everywhere ; but there are practically none left. Many
Indians told me they would like to see them preserved for several years. I fancy if this were
done, and the captains put in as watchmen, the beaver stock might be replenished. If such
a law was properly worked, the Indians could be made to watch each other. Of course it
would be necessary to inflict a heavy penalty for having skins in possession, in order to check
traders and storekeepers. Something should be done at once ; another year or two and it will
be too late.
As a mineral country the whole section is so bound up with trap-rock and basalt it is quite
impossible to say what it contains. It does not look very promising. The timber around
Uhlcatclo and a large portion around Kluskus is all burnt off, excepting round the margin of
lakes, etc. Where still existing, the timber consists of spruce and pine, seldom growing more
than 12 inches in diameter and unfit for lumber. Unless it could be used for paper-making,
or the pitch could be made some use of, it is good for nothing.
While at Uhlcatclo I took a trip out to Salmon River Valley, towards Bella Coola. This
valley looks more promising ; it is considerably lower (in the Coast water-shed), and there
appear to be some large hay meadows in the valley. I was told that at certain spots potatoes
would grow to a fair size.    I was sorry I could not afford more time to look around.
Thank you for referring me to Mr. Sharpe for apple trees. I find all my apple trees I
thought dead are again sprouting up at the roots. This they do periodically ; die down and
come up at roots ; live a year or two, die down again, and come up again at roots. The small
trees I obtained from Henry this spring are all doing well. They are Telofsky, Ben Davis,
Siberian Crab, Montreal Beauty, Golden Russet and Duchess of Oldenburg. The strawberries
I saved and reset this spring are not doing very well. I think I require new stocks. Gardens
are doing very well this summer. Just now we are having a very wet spell; I am afraid the
hay crop is suffering.
Valley  of  the  Upper   Columbia.
In which is included Golden, Galena, Windermere and Canal Flat. This valley lies
between the mountain ranges of the Selkirks and Rockies, whose lofty, snow-clad peaks greet
the sight at every turn when travelling up the Columbia in a south-easterly direction from
Golden. The valley varies in width from a mile or two to probably five miles. It must not
be understood, however, that the whole of it is cultivable; much of it is low-lying swamp
land formed by the Columbia, which is here a sluggish stream and navigable for stern-wheel
steamers to within a few miles of its source. This land is, no doubt, susceptible of being
dyked, and, being alluvial deposit, is naturally very fertile. At the present time the only use
it is put to is for cutting wild hay. There is also a considerable quantity of rough and wooded
land which requires clearing; this, however, is not of the formidable nature of the clearing
required on the lands of the Coast. Lastly, there is a considerable area of land which is easily
brought under cultivation, and which is very fertile, producing all the usual crops and fruits.
The foot-hills are lightly timbered and form good ranges for stock.
Golden is on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at the confluence of the
Kicking Horse River with the Columbia, and at an altitude of some 2,550 feet above sea level.
The Columbia, as was mentioned before, being very sluggish between Golden and Canal Flat,
there is little difference in the altitude at any of the points I mention. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 61
Galena is about 40 miles by road from Golden; Windermere about 41 miles further, and
Canal Flat about 28 miles from Windermere. A good waggon road connects all these places,
and during part of the season communication is also maintained by steamer. The land in the
vicinity of Galena is generally wooded. Windermere is a charming spot situated on the lake
of that name, the lake being really an enlargement of the Columbia River. Canal Flat is
situated at the head of the Columbia Lake, the source of the river. A bit of rough water
between the outlet and a point a few miles further down, however, stops steamer navigation a
few miles above Windermere.
Highest temperature at Golden for 1902 (July and August). . 88° 5'
Lowest, incomplete (December)    - 16° 5'
Rainfall,        n           probably about     13 inches.
Snowfall,       ,i                        ,i                 100
Public schools are situated at Golden, Windermere, Athalmer, Peterborough, Beaver
Mouth and Field.
Irrigation throughout this district is necessary for the production of crops, except in the
dyked lands bordering on the Columbia River. The road crosses the Columbia—which is a
stream at this point, only about 30 feet wide—just above Fairmont Springs, and thence follows
the shores of the Upper Columbia Lake to its head. The country about the lake is hilly, but
on reaching the head, at the place called Canal Flat, it is quite level for a distance of about a
mile ; in fact, it is simply a gravel bar dividing the Columbia from the Kootenay River, the
former flowing in a northerly direction and the latter southward. The name of Canal Flat was
derived from an attempt made some years ago to divert the waters of the Kootenay into the
Columbia and so drain the delta lands where the Kootenay debouches into the lake; but the
scheme proved impracticable, on account of the gravelly nature of the flat. In any case, had
the canal succeeded, it is doubtful if it would have had the desired effect, besides possibly
endangering the lands on the Columbia to floods, by reason of the additional volume of water
which it would have had to convey. Canal Flat is now over-grown with fine trees, yellow pine,
Douglas fir and some deciduous trees, and has, consequently, a beautiful park-like appearance.
The formation of the country hereabouts is certainly puzzling. The two rivers at some period
must have been joined; now, starting from about the same inital point, they flow in opposite
directions, the Columbia round the northerly end of the Selkirk range and then southerly ;
the Kootenay southerly into the United States, re-crossing the boundary and flowing into the
Kootenay Lake, and finally joining the Columbia at a point something like 600 miles from the
starting point.
The following report of Mr. John Bulman, correspondent at Windermere, is reproduced:—
General Description.—Land for agricultural purposes is very limited where irrigation
is possible. Of course the pasturage is good over the whole district, native grasses being bunch-
grass, buffalo and pine grass in abundance. The soil is of a sandy loam on benches and alluvial
in the low lands. A good Government road runs north to Golden, C. P. R., and south to Fort
Steele, Windermere being almost midway between the points, providing a good outlet for
surplus produce. During the navigation season, steamboats run a bi-weekly service to Golden,
on the Columbia River. Windermere being a mining district, ranchers find a home market
for all their produce. There is a Government school. This is a good sporting district. Deer,
goat, moose, elk and mountain sheep abound in the mountains around. Fish are plentiful in
the lake, char and ling principally. Char have been caught weighing 13 pounds, but the
average weight of each species is about 8 pounds. The town is beautifully situated on the
*Lower Columbia Lake, and has an abundant supply of good water from the creek running
into the lake.    The climate is very healthy, neither extremely hot in summer nor cold in winter.
Wheat.—Only a little spring wheat produced, principally for chicken feed, the average
being 30 bushels per acre. No complaints made about weather, disease or pests. Ruling
price, 21 cents per pound.
Oats.—White oats are generally grown, but no distinct variety. Average yield, 55
bushels per acre.    Ruling price, 2-| cents per pound.
Rye.—Grown principally for green feed. Where proper attention is given to irrigation,
a second crop can be gathered, yielding about one ton to the acre each cutting. A 62 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Potatoes yield, on an average, six tons per acre. Varieties are : Early Rose, Burpee and
Uncle Sam; quite a number of the latter variety three pounds each. Price 1J to 2 cents per
pound.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Onions are grown, on a small scale, for own use, some
from seed, but mostly from sets. I have seen onions grown from seed this year measuring 12
inches in circumference; these were Yellow Globe Danvers. Beets, parsnips and cabbages are
grown for home consumption. When any of these vegetables are sold, prices are : Onions, 5
cents per pound ; beets and cabbages, 3 cents per pound ; parsnips, 2 cents per pound.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy is mostly grown for hay, but I cannot recommend it
for general purposes. Bromus inermis is much superior in that respect, and quite a number of
farmers, in seeding down land, are resorting to the latter grass. Average yield of Timothy,
1 \ tons per acre, although I have seen as high a yield on patches as 4 tons per acre on well
cultivated land. Average price, $25 per ton. Rye is being tested for winter feed. I cannot
give you definite details as to acreage and yield of the Austrian Brome grass, but all who have
sown it speak highly of it, and predict it is the coming grass for hay. Native grasses are
bunch-grass, buffalo grass and wild meadow hay. The two first named are highly prized and
are very nutritious ; but the wild hay is not of much consequence, although quite a lot is cut
and fed to cattle and horses to tide over the winter; bnt I consider it objectionable feed for
either milch cows or horses that are working, though it does well enough for young stock.
Apples.—There are only two small orchards in this district that are worthy of report.
These are at Fairmont Springs. Mr. Brewer, Fairmont, who commands a wide experience, has
a splendid show of Transcendent Crab and other apples. The varieties of apples which are a
success are : Snow, St. Lawrence and Northern Spy.
Small Fruits.—Strawberries grow to perfection here. Gooseberries, Black and Red
Currants are also successfully grown.
Dairying.—Private dairying is carried on, but on a small scale, with satisfactory results.
Butter sells at 35 cents per pound.
Horned Cattle.—Until recently the breed of cattle has been poor, and very little effort
was made to introduce new blood and good bred stock. Now, however, ranchers recognise the
necessity of improving the breeds, in order to attain the best results. There are now pure bred
Galloway, Shorthorn or Durham, and Herefords. I consider the Durham breed the most
profitable, both for dairy purposes and for beef. Price of beef, 8 cents per pound. Milch cows
are worth $55 per head. I would recommend cattle-raising in preference to sheep, although
sheep do very well.
Horses.—Agricultural horses are mostly imported, there being none bred of necessary
size and weight. Prices range from $100 to $125. Those bred in the valley are small, but
suitable for saddle and packing. Prices from $15 to $30, according to size. I consider there
are too many of the small class of horses, which should be sold off and the capital invested in
a larger breed of animals, such as the Cleveland Bay, which, in my opinion, would be an ideal
horse for this valley.
Sheep.—I do not consider this district suitable for sheep-raising, and it is not carried on
to any great extent, partly on account of the low quality of the wool, owing to the pitch dropping from the trees. If the land were cleared, I have no doubt sheep would do well, if carried
on in a systematic way.     Prices, from $3 up to $7
Swine.—There are very few pigs raised.    Pork sells from 12 to 15 cents per pound.
Poultry.—There are quite a number of fowls raised, and it is a remunerative industry.
Brahmas and Leghorns are the principal breeds. Prices: from 50 cents to $1 each for
chickens ; eggs, 35 to 40 cents per dozen. The long winters are discouraging; only a limited
number of eggs to be got during the most of the winter.
Clearing Land.—There are no stumping machines of any consequence, and I would suggest that the farmers co-operate and secure a practical machine. At present small trees are
pulled down as they stand, with a good team and block and tackle ; the larger trees are cut
down, and the stumps taken out with an axe and spade, which is a very slow process.
Timber trees are Douglas fir, tamarack, bull pine and a little cedar.
Weeds.—I have seen the Canada thistle in this valley, south of Windermere, but not to
any great extent. Pig-weed and wild mustard are very prevalent now, and are increasing
seriously.
*Lake Windermere now.—J. R. A. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 63
Noxious Animals.—Wolves and coyotes, which are increasing considerably. Indians
seem adverse to killing them, and to encourage their destruction I would suggest that the
bounty be raised 50% for wolves and double the bounty for coyotes. (Latter suggestion has
been carried into effect.—J. R. A.)
Forest Fires are caused principally through carelessness in not extinguishing camp fires.
I have no doubt there are instances of fires ignited intentionally by prospectors, in order to
clear off the heavy brush and allow them to prospect certain districts more thoroughly.
Lands.—Government land is now very limited where irrigation is possible. There are a
few sections of good land belonging to the C. P. R. and Kootenay Valleys Company ; prices,
from $1 to $8 per acre. Improved farms are increasing in value; prices, from $10 to $20
per acre.
Labour.—Whites, $30 to $40 per month and board ; Chinese, $25 to $30 per month and
board ; Indians, $1 per day and board.    Supply quite equal to demand.
Retail prices of ordinary necessaries for farmers, at Windermere, furnished by John
Bulman :—
Flour, per 100 lbs., $3.50 to $4; beef (fresh), 10c. to 15c. per ft.; bacon (breakfast), 20c.
per ft.; bacon (dry salted), 17c per ft.; ham, 20c. per ft. ; lard, 20c. per ft. ; butter (creamery),
35c. per ft.; butter (dairy), 25c to 30c per ft.; tea, 35c. to 60c. per ft.; coffee, 25c. to 60c
per ft.; sugar, 8c. to 10c. per ft.; dried fruits, 12c to 20c per ft.; beans, 9c. per ft.; rice, 9c.
per ft.; tapioca, 8c per ft.; sago, 8c per lb.; canned—corn, peas, beans, $2 per dozen ;
tomatoes, $2.40 per dozen ; milk and cream, $2 per dozen ; overalls, from $1 to $1.50 a pair;
shirts, from 50c to $2.50 each ; underwear, from $1 to $5 a suit; boots, from $2 to $7.50 a
pair ; hay, from $15 to $25 per ton ; oats, from $30 to $40 per ton; potatoes, 2c per ft. The
range of prices here given is pretty wide, but quality always counts. Take boots, for instance,
$2 is for split leather for harvesting ; miners' boots are $4 to $5 ; and field, or surveyors', are
$7.50 a pair.
Re prices of implements. I have had some trouble ascertaining the average prices in the
valley, as the charges for transportation vary considerably. Below is the nearest approximate :—
Ploughs, $20 to $45 each; harness, $30 to $65 a set; waggon, $75 to $165 each ; hay rakes,
$30 each ; binders, $150 each ; mowers, $65 to $85 each ; binder twine, 17c per ft.; sleighs,
$25 to $50 a pair; cutters, $25 to $60; buggies, $60 to $150; harrows, $20 to $50; saddles,
$15 to $60; nails, 8c per ft.
East K.ootenay;
In which is included all the country in the valley of the Kootenay River, from Canal
Flat to the United States Boundary at Tobacco Plains, a distance of some 113 miles, Fort
Steele and Cranbrook occupying about the centre. The waggon road spoken of as running
through the Upper Columbia Valley continues through this district to Tobacco Plains; the
river is also navigable for steamboats to the boundary, and, lastly, the Crow's Nest Railway,
recently completed, gives access to Alberta, in the North-West Territories, and to West
Kootenay. Fort Steele is beautifully situated on the bank of the Kootenay River, opposite
to where the St. Mary's River empties. Cranbrook is a town on the line of the railroad. A
considerable quantity of the land all through the valley is fit for agricultural purposes, some
of it quite clear, and some partly wooded. A good local market is afforded by the mining
camps in the vicinity, and by rail with the places situated along its line.
Meteorological Record for 1902.
At Tobacco Plains :—
Highest temperature, August  91.1"
Lowest ii February  -25.4°
Average n      42.6°
Rainfall  14.54 inches.
Snowfall  41.4 ii
Altitude  2,300 feet. A 64 Report on Agriculture, 1903
At Cranbrook :—■
Highest temperature, August       89°
Lowest ii January  -22°
Average m       39.8°
Rainfall        17.38 inches.
Snowfall      60 ii
Public schools are situated at Cranbrook, Tobacco Plains, Fort Steele, Fernie, Elko,
Jaffray, Kimberly, Michel, Morrissey and Moyie.
The Crow's Nest line runs through the valley of the Elk River, a tributary of the
Kootenay, and along which are several small towns, the land gradually rising from an altitude
of 2,434 at Wardner, the point at which the railroad crosses the Kootenay, to 4,427 feet at
Crow's Nest, the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The celebrated Crow's Nest Coal Mines
are situated at Fernie, where there are large coke ovens, and whence the smelters of Kootenay
are supplied with coke. Between Wardner and Elko, a distance of 33 miles, the rise is about
600 feet. The country is fairly open near the Kootenay, with some nice farms, the produce
of which finds a good market in the mines. The Great Northern Railway has a branch line
which crosses the Boundary at Tobacco Plains, connecting it with the Crow's Nest Coal Mines.
Near Fort Steele, on St. Mary's River, is the Mission of St. Eugene, presided over by the
Rev. Father Coccola, and where crops of all kinds and fruit are produced. Near the Mission
are the St. Eugene and North Star silver and copper mines. Above Fort Steele, in the vicinity
of the valley of the Kootenay River, there is some good land, but the most of it between Fort
Steele and Canal Flat is heavily wooded with yellow pine, Douglas fir and larch.
Report of Mr. R. L. T. Galbraith, Correspondent, Fort Steele.
Fort Steele is situated on the Kootenay River, and is the centre of a fine agricultural
and mining section. It is the headquarters for the Government offices and County Court.
The country around Fort Steele is undulating hills, sloping towards the Kootenay River. The
soil, although light, raises good crops; the bottom lands are a rich, black loam. Fort Steele
is seven miles from the Crow's Nest Railway, and is reached by a daily stage from Fort Steele
Junction. There is a good waggon road running from Kalispel, Montana, to Golden, on the
Canadian Pacific Railroad, and excellent roads leading to the different mining camps. The
town has good schools, and the Episcopalians, Presbyterians and Roman Catholics have
churches, and hold regular services. It is difficult to state the number of farmers, as strangers
are coming in all the time and settling along the. river and on the bench lands.
Wheat.—Spring wheat alone is grown, and only for feeding purposes. Ruling prices,
from $1.50 to $2.50 per 100 fts.
Oats.—Surprise and several other varieties are grown. Yield from 30 to 35 bushels per
acre.    Prices, $1.50 to $2 per 100 fts.
Other Grains not much grown.    Rye is grown for hay only.
Potatoes.—Early and late Rose, Bliss King, White Elephant and other varieties are
grown.    The yield is fairly good; no pests.    Price, $1 to $1.50 per 100 fts.
Carrots and Turnips are grown, the ruling price being $1 per 100 fts.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Onions, beets, parsnips and cabbages do well and are
grown successfully. Prices : onions, 3c to 5c per ft.; beets, lc. per ft.; parsnips, lc. per ft.;
cabbages, 2c. to 3c per ft.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy is about the only grass grown, and there is a good
market for all raised.
Austrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis) has been tried in a small way, and only
partially successful so far.
Native Grasses.—Bunch-grass is the grass of all others. It occurs on bench lands all
through the district.
Small Fruits.—Currants, gooseberries, raspberries and strawberries are all grown and
yield abundantly.
Apples.—Wealthy, Duchess of Oldenburg, Yellow Transparent, Alexander, and crabs
of all kinds grown. The yield was good. Nearly every one is now putting in some trees.
This section is admirably adapted for fruit, and there is an excellent market at Fernie, Michel
and Morrissey for all fruit grown.    Price, $1.75 per box of 50 fts.    No pests so far. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 65
Pears have not been successful so far, for some reason.
Plums and Prunes yield well. The following varieties are grown : Coe's Golden Drop,
English Damson, Pond's Seedling and Silver Prune.    No pests.
Cherries.—The following are grown : English Morello, Belle Magnifique and Olivet.
No pests.
Horned Cattle.—Cattle-raising is one of the most important industries in East Kootenay. There is always a good demand for beef for the home market and at the coal mines of
Fernie and other towns.    Short-horned Durhams the best.
Horses.—More attention is being paid to improving the breed, and the Clyde and Perch-
eron seem to be the favourites. Indian ponies are steadily disappearing from the ranges ;
there is a good market for these horses in the Nor'-West.
Sheep.—This is a suitable district for sheep-raising, but it has only been tried in a small
way.
Swine.—The raising of pigs is not prosecuted with any degree of system. Ruling prices
of pigs on foot has been 7 to 10 cents per pound ; ham, 20 cents ; bacon, 15 to 18 cents.
Poultry.—Not taken up with any system. Breeds recommended are : Brown Leghorns,
Brahmas and Plymouth Rocks.
Irrigation is required on the benches ; bottom lands don't require irrigation.
Timber consists of yellow pine, black pine, bull pine, fir, tamarac, spruce and a little
white pine and cedar.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests consist of coyotes, wolves and panthers, but they
are not increasing.
Lands.—There is little or no Government land for pre-emption. Railway land is now on
the market at from $1 to $4 per acre ; payments extending over say 8 or 9 years.
Labour.—Whites, $2.50 to $3 ; Chinese and Japanese, $2 ; Indians, $1.50.
Report of Michael Phillips, Tobacco Plains.
General Description.—As fair a valley as any in British Columbia, sheltered to the
north and east by the Rocky Mountain range, and open to the south and west. The climate
is an exceptionally good one. The Tobacco Plains has long been celebrated as a winter range.
Here, in days gone by, the Hudson's Bay Company sent their horses to winter from as far
away as Fort Colville, on the Columbia River. We are 25 miles from the Crow's Nest Railway, with which we have connection by the Great Northern Railway, which passes through
Tobacco Plains.    Good waggon roads and some copper properties in the vicinity.
Wheat.—Fall wheat has been tried, and in some places does fairly well, but, as a general
thing, there is not snow enough to protect the crop in winter. There are no flour mills on the
Tobacco Plains, and wheat is grown only for chicken and hog feed. Spring wheat grows
remarkably well. Wheat grows well on much of the bench land without irrigation. The
price during the past year has been $1.50 per 100 pounds.
Oats.—All kinds of oats grow well, and I have myself grown the Lincoln during the past
two years, often, on irrigated land, getting 80 bushels to the acre. So far, we have had no
rusts or pests. Price, $1 per 100 pounds. The oat crop is usually harvested before the wet
weather in September.    Sometimes short straw on unirrigated land.
Barley, if planted early, grows well on the high grass lands without irrigation. The
yield is always good.    It is grown here for hog feed only.    Price, $1 per 100 pounds.
Potatoes.—The potato crop is, take it all round, the main crop, though the acreage is
less than the land under oats. Tobacco Plains has for years had a name for its potatoes, nor
do I remember, during a lifetime residence here, a single failure in the potato crop. Price,
75c per 100 pounds; yield, 300 to 400 bushels per acre.
Sugar Beets.—Sometimes grown for stock. They do very well, and the percentage of
sugar is said to be larger than in the East.
Other Root Crops and Vegetables.—All hardy vegetables grow well, and are shipped
to Fernie in quantities.    Price, about 2c. per pound.
Grasses and Clovers.—Clover is not as much grown as it should be; the main hay crop
is always timothy. If it is cut in time, the best, perhaps, for horses ; but unless roots are also
fed, is not so good for cattle.    At present we depend upon the range pasturage for cattle.
Austrian Brome Grass.—This grass grows luxuriantly here, but timothy hay is always
asked for, and when shipped fetches a better price.   There is one disadvantage with the Brome A 66 Report on Agriculture, 1903
grass : the sod, after a few years, is so heavy that it is hard to plough up when a change of
crop is desirable. Like the timothy, it grows wild here, and that not from accidental seed,
but from long before the advent of the white man.
[I am of opinion that probably the timothy Mr. Phillips alludes to is a native variety
which grows all over the Province. Austrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis) is not a native
of America, and has only been introduced comparatively recently. There are, however, several
indigenous brome grasses.—J. R. A.]
Bromus inermis grows well on the farm lands, but comes to nothing on the dry hills. It
can never replace the bunch-grass, which dries and ripens on the range and still is good feed
for animals.
Native Grasses.—For general range purposes, the bunch-grass still remains unapproachably the best; nor on the high, dry, rolling grass-hills has any grass been found to take its
place.
Apples.—The Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenberg, Ben Davis, Wealthy, Fameuse,
Henry Anderson ; all in fine bearing; no country could suit them better. There are also
growing on the Plains : Blenheim Orange, Golden Pippin, Martha, Transcendent Crabs, bearing. Greenings do not do so well here. Price, 3c. to 5c. per pound. The hard winter of two
or three years ago killed off about 10 per cent, of unsuitable kinds, but none of the kinds
above mentioned.
Pears.—Pears are less hardy than the apples, and. the varieties here do not appear to be
the best for these parts.
Plums and Prunes.—The few that have been tried are doing well.
Cherries do very well, though the hard winter of three years ago, with late March hard
frosts, killed quite a number of trees. The following are bearing well here : Early Richmond,
English Morello and May Duke.
Small Fruits.—Currants, gooseberries and raspberries do very well indeed. Strawberries also do well and produce very large crops; the plants, however, should be covered with
straw in the winter. The yield is large, and mildew and diseases at present unknown. All
these berries are found in a wild state here, the wild raspberries often as large as the garden
varieties.
Dairying.—A good deal of butter is made, but not enough for the home market. There
is a good opening for several dairies.
Feeding.—Up to the present time little care has been given to feeding milch cows, but
as the range becomes more fenced up feeding will be absolutely necessary. There is plenty of
green grass up to the end of June, when the grass dries up and the flow of milk falls away
very fast.
Horned Cattle do well here and pay well, but year by year the range is being more
fenced in.
Sheep.—There are no sheep here, with the exception of a small band of my own for
summer use. They do very well on the dry grass hills. Lambs, by September, weigh 70
pounds. They are of the black-faced Shropshire breed. Price, 10c. (6c. by the quarter).
More sheep would pay well, especially for summer butchering. I have only tried the Shropshire. No country could possibly be better adapted for sheep—high, dry, rolling grass hills.
I obtain $7 readily for an animal when butchered in the summer.
Horses.—During the past year the price of horses has been much higher. There are two
many Indian ponies on the range. Good team horses fetch $150 a pair; riding horses, $40 to
$70 ; ponies, $10 to $30.
Swine.—The Berkshire and Poland China do best here, and are hardy. Only a limited
number of swine are kept on each farm. It pays better to sell grain than to fatten hogs at
present.
Poultry.—A large and never-failing demand for eggs at fair prices; 20 cents per doz. in
summer; 40 cents per doz. in winter. Yet the fact remains that several who have gone into
poultry on a fair scale have, after a year or so, gone out of the business.
Diseases op Animals.—Distemper at times in horses ; black-leg in cattle during the very
hot weather.    Cattle get too fat on the range in summer.
Clearing Land.—Nothing but light clearing has so far been necessary on any of the
cultivated lands in this section of the district. Draining is never necessary; a dry climate
and a dry soil.    The rainfall and the snowfall is very light. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 67
Irrigation.—All the best farms are irrigated. A few years ago it was supposed that
nothing could be grown here without irrigation. Now, much grain and many good fields of
potatoes are grown without artificial watering. Roots, other than potatoes and cabbages, cannot be grown without irrigation ; the summers are too dry. Much land may be brought into
use by bringing water from Elk River and other large streams—a costly piece of work, however.
Timber.—Douglas fir on the foot-hills, red pine (P. ponderosa) on the plains, black pine
in the mountains, cottonwood and spruce along the rivers.
Weeds.—We have the Canada thistle, and most of the weeds common to the country.
The wild buckwheat is the most annoying.
Poisonous Plants.—The wild parsnip (Cicuta—J. R. A.) is occasionally found in places,
and the garden parsnip, if left in the ground for the second year, becomes poisonous. This
may not be generally known, but horses have certainly been poisoned by eating it.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—The only serious animal pest is the ground
squirrel (marmot); they are increasing to an astonishing extent. Now that the lynx, coyotes
and animals that feed on them are killed out, there is no way of keeping them down. These
marmots destroy acres of oats and grain.
Lands.—Most of the land left is railway land. About $4 per acre for grass land. Improved farms of value fetch a high figure.
Labour.—Whites, $2.50 per day at harvest time; $30 per month. No Chinese or
Japanese. Indians, $1.50 to $2 per day for harvest work ; $1.25 occasional. During the past
two seasons there has been a great difficulty in getting help at harvest time and for digging
potatoes.    Still, the demand for steady work is very limited, except at harvest time.
Prices of ordinary necessaries for settlers, furnished by Carlin & Durick, Fort Steele:—
Flour, Lake of the Woods, Ogilvie and Leitchs, $2.50 to $3 per 100 fts.; beef, 8c. to 15c
per ft.; bacon, breakfast, 18c; bacon, dry salt, 15c; ham, 17^c. ; lard, 15c; butter, creamery
No. 1, 30c.; butter, dairy, 20c.; tea, 25c. to 50c ; sugar, $6 per 100 fts. ; cream, St. Charles,
Family, $5.75 per case, 4 dozen ; cream, St. Charles, Hotel, $6, 2 dozen; milk, Reindeer, $6.50,
4 dozen; tomatoes, $3.50 per case; corn, $3; peas, $2.75; beans, $2.85; potatoes, $20 per
ton; beans, navy, 5c per ft.; beans, brown, 6c; evaporated apples, 14c; apricots, 12Jc ;
peaches, 15c; French prunes, 10c; hay, $20 per ton; oats, $25 per ton; ploughs, $12 to $30;
harness, $24 to $40; waggons, $90 to $125 ; hay rakes, $30 to $40 ; binders, $160; mowers,
$60 ; binder twine, 20c per ft.; sleighs, $30 to $45 a set; cutters, $25 and up; buggies, $60
and up; harrows, $16 to $30; nails, $5 per keg.
West Kootenay,
Including the valley of the Columbia from the Big Bend, above Revelstoke, south to the
International Boundary, a distance of some 200 miles, and the valley of the Kootenay River
and Lakes from the Boundary Line north, a distance of some 45 miles. This covers a vast
extent of territory, but inasmuch as it is almost altogether a mining region, it is all lumped
together. Several towns, some of considerable size, such as Nelson and Rossland, are included
in this section ; also others of lesser size, such as Revelstoke, Kaslo and others. The communication between these places is good, and consists of railroads, steamers and roads, and
access is easy by the same means of transportation to outside places. The land fit for agricultural purposes is comparatively small, generally wooded, along the valleys of the rivers, and
in places requiring dyking, and while there do not exist large bodies of land suitable, still
there are patches from 50 to 1,000 acres in extent. In the Big Bend, on Goldstream, there
exist large stretches of land that are covered with wild grass, at the same time the land is
subject to overflow during high water. Between Revelstoke and Carnes Creek there are some
splendid flats suitable for cultivation, but covered with heavy growth of cedar. Between
Carnes Creek and Downie Creek there are some nice benches, also covered with a growth of
heavy timber. The great drawback is, there is no market available for their products, everything has to be packed on mules' backs, costing on an average 7 cents per pound. In the
vicinity of Revelstoke quite a large quantity of land is under cultivation. Hall's Landing is
the best farming land in this district. Galena Bay has quite a good piece of land that requires
clearing.     In the pass between Thomson's Landing and Trout Lake quite a lot of land has A 68 Report on Agriculture, 1903
been taken up during the last few years, and no doubt, as soon as the mines are worked, the
land will be cleared and placed under cultivation. On Fish Creek there are large sections of
good land which is heavily timbered.
The town of Revelstoke is situated between the Gold and the Selkirk ranges, on the
main line of the C. P. R., at the point where it first crosses the Columbia River, going east,
at an altitude of 1,476 feet. The river is navigable for steamers to this point from the American
boundary through the Arrow Lakes. A branch line of the C. P. R. also runs down the river
as far as Arrowhead, the point where the river runs into the Upper Arrow Lake. A large
quantity of ore is transported by these means to Revelstoke and thence by the C. P. R. to
various smelters. At Revelstoke and along the railway line one is struck with the luxuriant
growth of red clover and the thriftiness of the vegetable and root crops. This being a wooded
section, no live stock, with the exception of poultry, is raised.
Further south, that is along the Arrow and Kootenay Lakes, there are small patches of
alluvial bottom land at the mouths of streams, flats of small extent on the lake shores, and
here and there strips of higher land, gravelly loam slopes forming the base of mountains which
rise abruptly along almost the whole of the shores of the lakes, comprising the only area fit for
cultivation. The rest of the district is rugged in the extreme, and were it not for the great
wealth of the mines would be worthless for all other purposes. As it is, the large and increasing mining populations of the Cities of Rossland, Nelson, Kaslo and elsewhere are creating
such a profitable market that agricultural lands of this description must soon be occupied and
cultivated. Such patches of land as have been referred to are extremely productive, especially
for fruits. On the ranch of Mr. Collins, on the lake shore opposite Nelson, are found apple,
pear, plum, cherry and peach trees, all exceedingly healthy and free from pests. At a point
on the Lower Arrow Lake, called Killarney, a trail leads into White Valley to Vernon, about
72 miles, through which cattle can be driven.
Meteorological Record for 1902.
At West Kootenay (probably reclamation works) :—
Highest temperature, August    85°
Lowest n January    -8°
Average      44.50°
Rainfall    18.73 inches.
Snowfall    91.9
At Pilot Bay :—
Highest temperature, August        90°
Lowest ii January       - 3°
Average     46 .8°
Rainfall and snowfall not given.
Public schools are situated at Creston, Granite Siding, Hume, Nelson, Salmo, Silver King,
Ymir, Albert Canyon, Arrowhead, Comaplix, Ferguson, Illecillewaet, Nakusp, Revelstoke,
Thomson's Landing, Trout Lake, Rossland, Trail, Ainsworth, Kaslo, Lardo, New Denver,
Pilot Bay, Sandon, Silverton, Slocan, Three Forks and Whitewater.
The land in the valley of the Kootenay River, from its mouth to the point where it
crosses the boundary, is exceedingly rich, and, where it is dyked, yields crops of all kinds and
fruit. Some difficulty has been, however, experienced in dyking the land, on account, it is
said, of the nature of the subsoil. West Kootenay, taken as a whole, offers exceptional
advantages for profitable agricultural operations, as a good local market is ready to hand in
the mines all through the country. A line of railroad connects it with the Boundary country.
There are also lines running into the mining regions from various points, connecting them
with the points of supply, such as Nelson and Kaslo. Rossland, which is purely a mining
town, situated in the mountains, has two lines connecting it with points on the Columbia
River.
The shores, for the most part, of the Arrow and Kootenay Lakes are mountainous, with
here and there small flats formed by the tributary streams. On the Arrow Lakes are situated
the Halcyon Hot Springs, where there is a Sanitarium. The waters of these springs are
reported to be extremely efficacious in cases of rheumatic and similar complaints. Forest fires
have in many places denuded the mountains of the original timber, leaving the blackened 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 69
stumps as silent mementos of their departed greatness. It is most regrettable that one of the
best assets of the country should, whether by design or accident, be thus ruthlessly destroyed,
and we shall certainly be derelict in our duty if the suggestions offered by Mr. Cockle further
on are not acted upon. This reckless waste of timber is not confined to West Kootenay, but
to every part of the Province. Fish and game are abundant throughout this region, and
afford unlimited opportunities to sportsmen to distinguish themselves.
Report of J. Wm. Cockle, Correspondent, Kaslo, for Kootenay Lake
(outside of Nelson District).
■ Kootenay Lake lies in a valley in the heart of the Selkirk Mountains, which rise from its
shores to an altitude of from 4,000 to 7,500 feet. This valley extends from the International
Boundary northwards for a distance of nearly 200 miles. From the International Boundary
a tract of meadows extends to the south end of Kootenay Lake, a distance of about 35 miles,
and comprises an estimated area of 40,000 acres. These lands have been partially reclaimed
by dyking, and are most productive. At the northern end of the lake the valley of the
Duncan River, with an average width of from 1 to 3 miles, extends until it is shut off by the
higher mountain ranges that rise to the south of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The estimated
number of ranchers is 150.
Wheat is not grown, nor any of the other grains.
Potatoes.—A most successful crop on all bottom lands ; no bad disease or pest. Prices
ruled about $20 per ton.
Apples.—Several hundred acres of fruit have now been planted in small patches throughout the district. All of it is doing phenomenally well; the yield is good and the quality is
unsurpassed anywhere in Canada. The general climatic conditions seem particularly adapted
to fruit culture ; the rocky hillsides are all capable of being cultivated to fruit of all kinds.
A little trouble has been experienced with oyster-shell bark louse, but energetic measures have
resulted in keeping this in check, but Government inspection should be made available to all
the Interior, so that any pests may be kept in check, as some agriculturists are apt to delay
spraying and other preventive measures until the pest has obtained a firm hold on the trees.
Pears.—The pear leaf blister mite is bad all through the district. I have been advising
the use of poisoned Bordeaux for this pest, and hope to publish a letter on its habits and
remedy this fall.
Peaches do well.
Strawberries are a splendid crop here, and large quantities have been shipped to
Winnipeg and other western towns. Prices average about 10c. a pound, wholesale.
Bees.—A few bees are kept, mostly Italian. They are reported as remunerative.
Experiment Stations —I would like to see the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, who
own a very large area of mountain land, demonstrate that all of it, up to an altitude of 5,000
feet, can be made to produce the finest crop of fruits of all kinds, and as owners of such lands
it is in their own interest to do so.
Timber consists of Douglas fir on hillsides, white pine and cedar in bottoms and gulches,
hemlock, spruce, tamarac (larch) on mountain sides, all abundant.
Dyking.—The completion of the dyking on Kootenay River, for the reclamation from the
overflow of the valley lying from Kootenay Lake southward to the Idaho boundary, is now
proceeding actively. A contract has been let to the well-known railroad contractor, Mr. P.
Welch, who has large forces of men and teams pushing the work forward with the utmost
rapidity. This project, on which work has been carried on for several years, at an expenditure
of nearly half a million dollars, is to do for the phenomenally rich lands of the Kootenay
Valley exactly what the dykes of the Mississippi have done for their district, by keeping the
river within its banks during the period of high water. The entire practicability of this work
in the case of the Kootenay Valley is established by engineers of long practice in this special
line, and after years of experience on this particular piece of work.
The obstacle which has hitherto retarded its completion was the necessity of building the
southern cross dyke across a low part of the valley, so as to keep on the Canadian side of the
International Boundary and parallel to it. This entailed building a dyke of excessive height
where suitable material was not easily available, and to make this dyke capable of resisting
high water was ultimately abandoned. The alternative was to continue the dyke south of the
International Line along the river bank, where it has the advantage of higher land through- A 70 Report on Agriculture, 1903
out, to a point where connection can be made between the dyke and the hills, without the
necessity of crossing any low land. Some delay was incurred owing to the land required for
this purpose on the United States side being occupied by parties who had not obtained legal
title to it; and until the necessary time had elapsed to enable these titles to be completed, it
was impossible to secure the right of way for the extension of the dykes. The question of
title has now, however, been settled, and immediately thereupon the work of continuing the
dykes has been put in hand, and the large force employed by the contractor assures its completion without any loss of time.
The land which will thus be reclaimed from overflow is some of the richest to be found
anywhere on this continent. It is composed entirely of the accumulated silt and vegetable
deposit of centuries, making an inexhaustible depth of the most magnificently fertile soil.
The farm which was started some years ago on these lands for experimental purposes has
demonstrated the extraordinarily prolific nature of the soil in growing all farm and garden
crops, as well as its profitable use for cattle. This farm has been carried on uninterruptedly,
in spite of being flooded once or more every year, and has been a large producer of vegetables
of all kinds, apples and other fruits, hay, beef, pork. The quick maturity of all crops in this
rich soil and favourable climate is a special feature; stones or stumps are, of course, unknown,
and the value of a tract of many miles of land entirely free from rocks or roots in a country
where it pays people to spend from $50 to $80 per acre in clearing land alone, need not be
dwelt on. Along the eastern portion of the lands run two competing lines of railroad, the
Canadian Pacific (Crow's Nest division) and the Great Northern, which connects the main
system of the Great Northern at Bonner's Ferry with Kootenay Lake. These lands have
thus the best of transportation facilities already in operation, whilst through their centre
flows the wide and almost currentless Kootenay River, navigable by the largest of the lake
steamers, which places the produce of Kootenay Valley within a rate of $1 per ton from the
mining markets of Kootenay at such distributing points as Nelson, Kaslo, Ainsworth and
Lardo. This fact is of especial interest in considering the advantages to the entire Kootenay
District of such a tract of farming land in its centre. When the hay, potatoes and grain, on
which heavy freights and, in some cases, import duties are now paid, can all be produced here
in our own district, as well as the beef and pork, milk and butter, for which there is so ready
a market here, the money earned in our mining camps can be kept at home to make Kootenay
as nearly as possible a self-supporting country.
It is probably the case that nowhere on the continent can a tract of land be found combining such advantages of soil, climate and proximity to good markets as the 40,000 acres on
the Canadian-Kootenay River, which are rapidly being reclaimed from the overflow that has
kept them idle until now.
Entomological.—There appears to be a possibility of rather a large lot of cut-worms
(Peridroma saucia) this year. Quite a number of moths have been seen during the past
month, and patches of eggs are numerous.    Too early yet to say what the result will be.
Forest Fires.—Government rangers should be appointed to examine into all causes of
fires as far as possible, and the punishment of people guilty of allowing bush fires to start.
Lands.—A little Government land. Most of the district held under railway land grants,
by the C. P. R. and Kaslo & Slocan Railway Company.
Labour.—Whites, scarce; Chinese, a few, wages $15 to $30 per month; no Japanese
nor Indians. inirnitfir • **     -■'**>f* 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 71
LOWER     MAINLAND.
South Side of Fraser River.
From the mouth of the Fraser River to Hope is one of the most fertile sections of the
Province ; the land, being mostly composed of silt, is an alluvial deposit of great depth. In
this section are included the municipalities of Delta, Surrey, Langley, Matsqui, Sumas and
Chilliwhack, and the unorganised district between the last named and Hope.
Meteorological Records in 1902.
At Ladners : —
Highest temperature (incomplete), August  82°
Lowest i, n January      2°
Rainfall  33.47 inches,
Snowfall  17.5
Chilliwhack :
Highest temperature, August    94°
Lowest 'i January         10°
Average m    49.4°
Rainfall    59.20 inches.
Snowfall    29.3
Matsqui :
Highest temperature, August    92°
Lowest ii January      8.5°
Average n ....    48.9°
Rainfall    58.25 inches.
Snowfall    20.8
Public schools are situated at Abbotsford, Aberdeen, Atchelitz, Camp Slough, Cheam
Chilliwhack, Chilliwhack East, Chilliwhack South, Cultus Lake, Dunach, Dunach South, Fairfield, Huntingdon, Jubilee, Matsqui, Mount Lehman, Rosedale, Sumas, Sumas South, Sumas
Upper, Vedder Mountain, Aldergrove, Aldergrove South, Anniedale, Beaver, Belmont, Brownsville, Clayton, Crescent Island, Delta, Douglas, Glen Valley, Glenwood, Gulfside, Hall's
Prairie, Kensington, Kensington East, Ladner, Langley, Langley East, Langley Prairie,
Lochiel, Mud Bay, Newton Road, Otter, Port Kells, Prairie, Spring Brook, Sunbury, Surrey
Centre, Trenant, Tynehead and Westham.
Delta is low-lying, with little or no timber; soil very rich in all elements of plant food.
The greater portion of Surrey lies much higher. The timber consists of deciduous trees, principally of alder, maple (three kinds), cherry and birch ; and coniferous trees of Douglas fir,
spruce, cedar and hemlock. The Great Northern Railway runs through its centre to South
Westminster, and to Ladner and Port Guichon, on the Delta, thence a steam ferry conveys
trains to Sydney, where they are landed and conveyed to Victoria by rail. This alone is a
great factor towards the prosperity of this section, but when this line is supplemented by a
line through the districts above Surrey, the southern side of the Fraser having connections
with Victoria by the ferry above mentioned, and, by the bridge now being constructed across
the Fraser at New Westminster, with Vancouver, will become one of the most prosperous sections in the Province. There are co-operative creameries at Delta and Chilliwhack, and proprietory creameries at Sumas and Chilliwhack which together manufacture a large quantity of
butter and are of great benefit to the dairymen throughout this section. Besides these creameries, there is one situated at New Westminster, on the other side of the river, and many of
the farmers of Surrey find it more advantageous to take their cream to that point. The fish
offal which, during the salmon-canning season, accumulates in great quantities at Ladner,
should be converted into a most valuable fertiliser;  but up to this time it is simply wasted. A 72 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Langley, the district next above Surrey, has some low-lying land subject to overflow, and,
therefore, requiring dyking; the major portion, however, is out of the reach of floods, and
much of it is covered with a second growth of the deciduous trees aforementioned, the original
forest of cedar and fir having been destroyed by fire at some bygone period, leaving only the
huge trunks, some still standing, but mostly fallen, to tell the tale. The cedar logs, although
dead for many years, are still sound, and are utilised by the settlers for many purposes ; not
so the fir, which is mostly decayed beyond redemption. Thus one of the best assets of the
Province is often sacrificed to carelessness or worse. Matsqui and Sumas have a large area of
low-lying land in the vicinity of the Fraser and Sumas Lake, which requires dyking. That at
Matsqui has, in point of fact, been reclaimed, and the dykes have so far stood well. The land
about Sumas Lake is not so favourably situated, as the Chilliwhack River flows through it,
and it is therefore subject to flood from that source, as well as from the Fraser. Chilliwhack
is the banner district of this part; it is well situated, and much of the land is beyond the reach
of floods; those parts which lie low are dyked and so reclaimed. The soil, as it is all through
the previously-mentioned districts, is fertile beyond description, and, therefore, crops of all
kinds are produced in the greatest perfection. Dairying is carried on extensively and is
increasing in importance daily. Grain-growing is, of course, not prosecuted to any great
extent, as the land can be put to much more profitable uses. Root crops are largely grown, as
well as fruit, for which this district is celebrated. It is also a fine district for the production
of honey, as white clover grows everywhere and remains in bloom through the summer. The
valley above the district of Chilliwhack becomes more contracted, owing to the mountains
approaching nearer the river. All the land is good, but covered with a thick undergrowth,
principally of vine maple and some large timber. Popcum is the name of a place some twelve
miles above Chilliwhack, where the Messrs. Knight had a saw-mill, but where the manufacture
of excelsior is now carried on. At the back of Popcum, rises the peak of Cheam, some 8,000
feet above the level of the sea, which Dr. Fletcher, Dominion Botanist and Entomologist at
Ottawa, in company with the writer, has ascended and secured many valuable specimens at
various times. This is a trip well worth taking by those disposed for some hard work, the
reward of which is beautiful scenery and fine mountain air. Above Popcum is St. Elmo, where
a large prune orchard is planted ; and then Hope, where the mountains finally close in on the
Fraser. Hope, it is expected, will ultimately be the point at which the proposed railway
through the Similkameen will eventually find its way to the Fraser, and thence to its mouth.
The following report of Mr. E. A. Bown, Delta, is reproduced in part : —
General Description.— The Delta of the Fraser River includes all the low land lying
south of and adjacent to the Fraser River for a distance of fifteen miles from its mouth, and
also includes Westham Island, which is separated from the rest of the district by the Canoe
Pass of the Fraser River. The district is protected from the river and from the tidal waters
of the Gulf of Georgia and Boundary Bay by a system of dykes, which cost the municipality in
the neighbourhood of $100,000. The soil is for the most part very rich, and produces abundant
crops. It has every advantage which proximity of markets affords, being in direct communication by steamboat with Victoria, Vancouver, Nanaimo, New Westminster and other
important points. Shipping facilities are of the best, for it is possible to ship at almost any
point of the 15 miles of river front, and also at Boundary and Mud Bays. The waggon roads
are good, the principal materials used in their construction being plank and gravel. The schools
are good, and so placed as to make it possible for every child in the district to attend without
any hardship. There is a school situated at each of the following points in the district: At
Gulfside, at Boundary Bay, at East Delta, at Trenant, at Sunbury, at Westham Island, and
a department school at Ladner, presided over by three teachers, making a total of seven
schools and nine teachers. The fisheries of the district are of great importance, as they
embrace a large portion of the world-famous fishing-ground of the Fraser River. There are
twelve salmon canneries located here, including some of the largest on the river; the large
number of men employed and the value of the product make this a very important industry.
The resident population of the district is about 2,000, but this is increased during the fishing
season to 5,000 or 6,000. Taken as a whole, the district is one of the richest and most prosperous in the Province ; the taxes are not high, and the financial condition is good ; the people
are contented and prosperous, and satisfactory and steady progress is being made in wealth
and population. ISP For report on Kettle River Division of Rossland Riding,
see page 139. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 73
Wheat.—Very little is grown here. That which is grown is used entirely for feeding
stock and chickens. It is not considered hard enough for milling purposes, but should make
good breakfast food.    Ruling price, $25 per ton.
Oats.—Swedish, American, Banner, Russian Banner and Golden Giant are grown;
average yield per acre, 2,500 pounds.    The ruling prices were from $20 to $25 per ton.
Barley is grown successfully, and is used almost entirely for hog feed. I do not know
of any having been marketed, and none has been used for malting purposes.
Peas.—No peas grown here. People who have experimented with them say that they
do not ripen, but keep on growing. This is probably due to the great fertility of the soil, and
the moisture which the ground always retains.
Potatoes.—All standard varieties are successfully grown.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy and Clover (principally Alsike) are grown for hay.
Yield, about 2-3? tons per acre ; average price, $10 per ton. Timothy, I think, can be strongly
recommended for hay which is to be marketed in cities, where most of our hay is shipped.
For home use, most farmers prefer a good proportion of clover, mixed with Timothy.
Rape is successfully grown, and is used for pasturing sheep.
Ensilage is not used to any extent.
Fruits.—All the standard varieties are grown with fair success. Ruling prices : Apples,
75 cents to $1 per box; plums, 2 cents per pound.
Dairying is carried on to a considerable extent, and is increasing rapidly from year to
year. Private dairying is considered profitable. Whether it is more profitable than
co-operative creameries depends principally upon how much the dairyman knows about his
business.    Grass is never scarce.
Horses.—The horse business has been profitable. There has been no over-production of
good horses. Clydesdale horses and good roadsters are the best sellers. The Percheron I
believe to be the best general-purpose horse for farmers' use.    Prices have been from $125 to
Sheep.—A good many sheep are raised.    The industry is said to be a profitable one.
Hogs.—Swine production is being prosecuted systematically. The price has been about
6c. for pigs on foot. Berkshires are recommended. Many swine are fattened in the fall by
letting them run on the grain fields. Where there has been a heavy crop there is always considerable left on the ground, and hogs do very well on it.
.Draining. There are some hundreds of miles of under-drains in this district; cedar is
used principally. The manner of under-draining in this locality is as follows :—A trench is
dug about 18 inches wide and about 1\ feet deep ; then a single spade cut is taken out of the
bottom, making a small trench about 6 inches wide and 8 inches deep. Cedar slabs are laid
across the small trench or tongue and covered in. This leaves an under-drain 6x8 inches,
which retains its shape in the stiff clay subsoil for an indefinite period. The cedar covering is
good for possibly hundreds of years. A different method would probobly have to be adopted
in a subsoil of a different nature.    The work is generally done by Chinamen,
Dyking.—It has cost $100,000 to dyke this district. The work was done by steam
dredgers. The dyke has been most successful, and has increased the value of the land at least
$20 per acre, or about a million dollars for the whole district.
Labour.—Whites, $25 to $30 per month, with board, or $2 per day; Chinese, $15 per
month, with board, or $1 per day.    The supply is generally equal to the demand.
Report of Mr. H. Bose, Surrey Centre.
The District of Surrey is situated south of the Fraser River, the Fraser River being the
north boundary, Langley the east, the International line the south, and Delta the west. The
district is intersected by three streams besides the Fraser—the Campbell River, Nieomekl,
and Serpentine. Nieomekl and Serpentine are tidal, and navigable for some distance, from
their outlet into Mud Bay. The bulk of the hay and oat crop is shipped on small steamers,
which come up these rivers. Soil is alluvial, clay loam, loam and gravel. The Great Northern
runs through the district from Blaine to South Westminster. New Westminster is our
market town, reached by a system of fairly good roads.    Approximate number of ranchers 600.
Wheat.—About 200 acres in wheat, all used for feeding hens. Very little fall wheat
grown. Yield about 30 to 40 bushels per acre; varieties : Red Fife, Early Preston. Ruling
prices during the year 1902, $25 to $30 per ton. A 74 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Oats.—The following varieties are successfully grown : Swedish, White Russian and New
Zealand. Average yield per acre, 2,250 pounds. Approximate area under oats, 3,000 acres.
We have had the best crop of oats this year ever grown in my district. No diseases or pests.
Ruling prices, $20 to $30 per ton.
Barley.—Varieties successfully grown are :—Chevalier, Mensury, Rough. Area under
barley, 300 acres; yield, 2,000 lbs. per acre. None produced for malting purposes; mostly
used on the farm for feeding hogs.
Rye.—Only about 15 acres grown in my district.
Peas.—The following varieties are successfully grown :—Egyptian Mummy, Canadian
Beauty, Crown, Blue Prussian, Gray. Approximate number of acres, 150; yield about 2,000
pounds to the acre. No diseases and pests this year. Ruling prices during 1902, $30 to $40
per ton.
Potatoes.—The following varieties are successfully grown :—Early Rose, Burpee's Extra
Early, White Elephant, Empire State, White Delaware and I.X.L. Approximate number of
acres, 2,000; yield, 10 tons per acre. A little blight, but, on the whole, a fine crop this year.
Ruling prices, $8 to $20 per ton.
Mangolds.—Varieties successfully grown, Long Red and Globe. Approximate number
of acres, 25 ; yield, 20 tons per acre.    Fed at home.
Carrots.—Varieties successfully grown: Long White and Short White for feeding, Shorthorn and Intermediate for table; 16 to 20 tons yield to the acre : $7 to $10 a ton ; not many
sold.
Turnips.—Purple Top Swede are successfully grown. Approximate number of acres, 20;
yield, 20 tons to the acre.    Fed at home.
Sugar Beet.—A few grown for cattle feed only.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Onions, about 10 acres; yield, 12 tons to the acre;
ruling price, $20 to $30 per ton. Varieties successfully grown : Yellow Danvers, Red Wethers-
field and Australian Brown. Cabbages, 5 acres; yield, 18 tons to the acre; varieties, Flat
Dutch, Early Jersey and Wakefield. Beets, 1 acre; varieties, Globe and Long Dark Red.
Parsnips, variety, Hollow Crown.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy, Red Top. Alsike, Red and White Dutch. These are
about the only ones sown. We have a number that come wild into our meadows, such as
Mesquite. Yield, 2 to 3|- tons per acre; $7 to $9 per ton, put on the steamer. It will take
quite a long time before Timothy will lose its position as being the grass sown more than any
other, as it is the only hay that is wanted by the dealers.
Austrian Brome Grass.—We have had a few acres in this district, but it is not a good
hay grass after the second year. Its life is too short, until such time that we practise a
rotation of crops.
Native Grasses.—Blue Joint is the most valuable wild grass we have, but it does not
stand cutting well for hay.
Indian Corn.—Indian Corn can be grown in my district on all the loam soils. On the
bottoms it is liable to be caught by frost before the grain is glazed. Stowell's Evergreen does
well.
Sunflowers grow well, but are not grown much for feeding purposes. The seeds are
used for hen feed.
Rape.—A little grown, but believe it will be grown more extensively when its value is
understood for fall feeding for sheep.
Millet.—A little grown.    If allowed to ripen, seed is valuable for feeding young chicks.
Ensilage.—Have six silos in my district, but their use is not spreading very fast. Clover
is the material which we could grow easiest, but has not given satisfaction altogether, on
account of coming out too soon. For corn we need a cutter and power, which means a good
outlay, and some seasons it would not be a good crop.
Hops.—We had one garden in my district, but it has been ploughed up.
Flax of a fine quality has been grown in my district in experimental plots.
Apples.—The following varieties are successfully cultivated : Yellow Transparent, Red
Astrachan, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Ribston Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Golden
Russet, Jonathan, Blue Pearmain, Salome. Good yield of apples this year. Approximate
number of trees, 8,000. Worst pest is the bark disease; remedies applied, spraying with
Bordeaux mixture.    Ruling prices, 50c. to $1 per box.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 75
Pears.—The following varieties are successfully grown: Bartlett, Beurre Clairgeau,
Vicar of Winkfield, Clapp's Favourite and Seckel. Black spot and canker on fruit. Ruling
prices, 50c. to $1.20 a box.    Approximate number of trees, 2,000.
Plums and Prunes.—The following varieties are successfully grown : Washington, Yellow
Egg, Peach, Greengage, Pond's Seedling. Prunes—Italian, French and German. Yield good
this year. Approximate number of trees, 2,000. Ruling prices, 20c to 40c per box. A
glut on our local markets this year.
Cherries.—The following varieties are successfully grown : May Duke, Gov. Wood,
Queen Anne, Black Tartarian, English Morello. Approximate number of trees, 1,000. Four
to six cents per ft.
Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines.—A few peaches and apricots grown, but not a safe
crop.
Quinces and Grapes.—A few grown, but not in saleable quantities.
Small Fruits.—All small fruits do well, except gooseberries, a good many of which
mildew; 3c. to 10c. per ft.    About 50 tons produced in my district.
Dairying.—There are at least 500 cows in my district. No cheese is manufactured.
Part of our cream is made into butter at home, and part shipped to the creamery in New
Westminster. All our cream would produce 70,000 lbs. a year. A good many of our farmers
find that it pays better to make butter at home than to sell cream to a creamery. I know this
from good reliable men, who have tried both.
Feeding.—The feeding of dairy stock has not received the attention yet that it deserves,
but it will receive more attention as the district gets more developed. Clearing and draining
land is at present our most important work.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—On the majority of farms we have lots of feed from
May to November. A few help their cows by feeding peas and oats, commencing in August.
This is the best green crop we can grow in this district.
Horned Cattle.—Cattle-raising against sheep-raising, the sheep pay best; but dairying
and raising calves against sheep, possibly the cows would come out ahead, although a small
flock of sheep could be kept on every farm that is fenced, with profit. Ruling prices: beef,
3|c to 5c. per ft., on foot; milch cows, good ones, not culls, $45 to $65. Shorthorn is the best
for the majority of farmers.
Horses.—We are raising a few more colts now than three or four years ago. The last
two years there has been a shortage of good horses. We raised a few Clydes and Percherons,
although most of the farmers are raising what we call a general-purpose horse, weight, 1,200
to 1,450 fts., as we find these horses the best for farm work.
Sheep.— Sheep-raising is increasing a little ; there is profit in it. Oxford Downs seem to
be getting the favourite. Ruling prices : sheep, $5.50 to $7.50 each ; lambs, $3 to $5 each ;
wool, 5c. to 6c. a pound. Fluke, low price of wool and dogs, militate against the success of
this industry.
Swine.—We raise quite a lot of swine in my district. Quite a number of farmers raise
them systematically. All killed and sold for the butcher's block. Prices on foot average 6c.
a pound.    Berkshire is the best hog at present, as we only raise them to supply the market.
Poultry.—Poultry-raising receives a good deal of attention in my district. For the
amount of capital invested, it is the most profitable branch of our farm work. White and
Brown Leghorns, Black Minorcas, Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes are the favourite varieties.
Average price for eggs, 25c a dozen; hens, $5 to $10 a dozen, according to breed ; broilers,
$3 to $5 a dozen.
Bees.—Only two farmers raise honey in any quantities ; 20c to 25c a pound.
Diseases op Animals.—On the whole, our domestic animals are healthy. On some of the
peat lands they have trouble in raising young cattle.
Experiment Stations.—The station at Agassiz is doing good work, but, on account of
the many different kinds of soils and climatic conditions in British Columbia, it is placed at a
disadvantage. I would not recommend any expenditure by the Province. If the farmers
really want information respecting their own conditions, let them meet together at their
Institute meetings and discuss matters amongst themselves.
Agricultural Education.—The majority are indifferent on this question. Personally,
I believe in short courses of lectures, so that the children learn the laws of nature underlying
all our farm work. A 76 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Farmers' Institutes.—The membership of the Surrey Institute is growing. The literature is well appreciated.
Soils.—A good deal of our peat lands lack potash. The application of potash has a
splendid effect on potatoes and wheat.
Fertilisers.—A number of farmers are commencing to use artificial manures in small
quantities. The Victoria Chemical Co. is our source of supply. No artificial fertilisers in my
district, to my knowledge. Most farmers make use of their barnyard manure; a few neglect
it, by allowing it to be washed out by the rain.
Clearing Land.—Powder is the best means of removing large stumps. The capstan
stumping machine is the best, as far as I know. Cost of clearing land varies from $5 per acre
for light hardhack to $300 per acre for heavy fir and cedar lands.
Draining.—All our bottom lands are under-drained that we are farming. We use cedar.
It costs about 5c for labour to split enough cedar to build one rod (16J ft.) of drain. It cost
from 10c to 25c per rod to dig drain.
Dyking.—A good deal of our bottom land is dyked, mostly by individual labour. We
have one small co-operative dyke. Most of our dykes have been built with Chinese labour;
two with a steam dredge.    Cost, $5 to $8 per acre.
Pecuniary assistance.—This is a complicated question. Personally do not believe in
Government assistance, except in large draining, dyking or irrigation works. Sorry to say
that our Government has not made a financial success of the works they have undertaken.
Timber.—The following trees grow in this district: Cedar, Douglas fir, spruce, balsam,
fir, hemlock, alder, birch, maple.
Weeds.—We have a couple of patches of Canada thistles in my district. Our Council
is keeping them in check, but do not seem to be eradicating them.
Poisonous Plants.—Wild parsnip is the only plant that kills a few cattle now and again
in my district.
Entomological.—There are no new pests.    Very few cut worms this year.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—The following animals are prevalent in this dis
trict : Bears, water rats, skunks, wild-cats and coons.    They are not increasing.
Forest Fires.—No bad fires this year.
Lands.—There is still a little Government land in this district, but it is covered by timber
lease.    Price, $10 to $75 per acre for improved farms.
Labour.—Whites, $1.50 to $2 per day or $25 to $40 per month ; Chinese, 75 cents to
$1.25 per day, mostly hired by contract ; Japanese, $1.25 to $1.50 per day. Very few
Indians as labourers in my district.     Labour- is usually scarce during the fishing season.
Report of Mr. Z. D. Page, of Port Kells.
General Description.—Port Kells is 10 miles above New Westminster, on the south
bank of the Fraser River. There is daily communication by steamboats and railway trains;
also a good waggon road. It is well adapted for fruit, chicken-raising, dairying and general
farming.     Unimproved land can be bought for about $10 per acre.
Potatoes.—Most of the leading varieties are grown; yield, about 8 tons per acre; price,
about $10 per ton.
Carrots.—Variety successfully grown, Short White. Average yield, about 20 tons to
the acre; not grown for the market, but fed to stock.
Turnips.—Variety successfully grown, Purple Top Swede; yield below the average, on
account of green lice on tops.
Indian Corn.—Corn is successfully grown. I grew Mitchell's Early in 1902. It came
to the glazed state early in September, but was rather short for ensilage.
Vetches grow a good crop of green fodder; are excellent sown with oats for soiling.
Apples were a much better quality this year; price, from 50c to $1 per box.
Pears.—Bartlett most profitable. Shipped to the North-West and Manitoba. Price,
about $1 per box of 40 fts.
Dairying is the principal industry carried on in this vicinity (N. E. corner of Surrey and
N. W. of Langley), and the product is mostly sold in the market at New Westminster.
Horses.—Heavy horses have been in good demand, at from $150 to $250 each.
Poultry.—Poultry-raising, or rather egg-raising, is profitable, and is carried on successfully
here. Eggs sell from 20c. in early spring to 50c at the end of the year. I think the Leghorns
are hard to beat. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 77
Lands.—The price of farms varies according to the improvements. Partly improved, or
places with considerable improvements on, can be bought for about $20 to $30 per acre, and
perhaps less.
Report of  Mr. Orion Bowman, Upper Sumas.
General Description.—I can add little to the former reports, except that dairying is
being carried out more systematically than formerly. The dairy product of this valley has
doubled within the past three years. The returns to the farmers for cream and butter are
now about $12,000 annually, while the production of veal, beef and pork are about half or
two-thirds as much more.
Area of Cultivated Land.—There are 10,000 acres of flooded grazing land, with
probably 500 cultivated and not usually overflowed. Wheat, oats, barley and peas succeed
well in this district.    Also potatoes, the latter selling for $15 per ton.
Grasses and Clovers.—The indigenous grasses are the only ones that succeed when the
land floods every year. Red clover does well, and is about the best auxiliary when the
land does not flood.
Wild Vetches are indigenous and of good feeding value.
Apples are very plentiful, but prices are so unsatisfactory that the summer and fall
varieties are not all marketed.
Plums and Prunes are very plentiful, but there is no market for them.
Creameries.—The Sumas Creamery, Orion Bowman, manager and proprietor, is supplied
with milk or cream from 350 cows. Most of the farmers have hand separators and send the
cream only, which is the most economical.
Poisonous Plants.—No instances of poisoning have occurred for three or more years.
North  Side of Fraser River.
From the mouth of the river to Yale, including the Municipalities of Richmond, South
Vancouver, Burnaby, Coquitlam, Maple Ridge, Mission, Dewdney, Nicomen and Kent, and
the unorganised districts adjacent to and to the eastward of the last-mentioned municipality.
In this area are situated two of the principal cities of the Province, viz., Vancouver and New
Westminster, and the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through its entire length. There is
more high land in this section than on the south side, but also an immense area of low lands,
liable, where not protected by dykes, to floods when the snows melt in the mountains, during
the months of May and June. These lands are equally fertile with those on the other side of
the river, and much the same conditions prevail.
Meteorological Records for 1902.
At New Westminster :—
Highest temperature, July  90.7°
Lowest ii January      2.0°
Average n   48.9°
Rainfall  59.73 inches.
Snowfall  35.1       n
At Agassiz :—■
Highest temperature, July  95.0°
Lowest ii January      1.0°
Average u  47.5°
Rainfall  51.88 inches.
Snowfall  28 ..
At Nicomen:—
Highest temperature, August  94.0°
Lowest ii November      9.0°
Average n   49.5°
Rainfall  70.94 inches.
Snowfall  13 n A 78 Report on Agriculture, 1903
At Vancouver:—
Highest temperature, July  86.8°
Lowest ii November        6.0°
Average n   48.9°
Rainfall  64.39 inches.
Snowfall (probably an error)      9 n
At Point Garry :—
Highest temperature, July  78.5°
Lowest ii November  7.0°
Average n  47.8°
Rainfall  37.72 inches.
Snowfall  17.0
At Coquitlam :—
Rainfall    75.55 inches.
Snowfall    19.8
Public schools are situated at Burton, Ferndale, Hammond, Haney, Haney East, Harrison
Hot Springs, Harrison River, Hatzic, Hatzic Lake, Junction, Maple Ridge, Mission, Morris
Valley, Nicomen North, Port Moody, Silverdale, Stave River, Wharnock, Webster's Corners,
Barnet, Burnaby, Burnaby West, Centre Road, English, Lulu Island, Moodyville, North Arm,
Sea Island, Steveston, Vancouver East, Vancouver West, Vancouver South, Agassiz, Hope,
Hope Station, Yale and Saint Elmo.
The Municipality of Richmond includes Lulu and Sea Islands, which are formed by the
north and south channels of the Fraser, access to which is had by steamers, waggon and railroad ; the two latter connect it with Vancouver and New Westminster and the former with
Victoria. It is, therefore, exceptionally well situated as regards the surrounding markets.
Most of the milk supply for the City of Vancouver comes from this district, which, on account
of the plentiful supply of green, succulent food, is admirably adapted for such purposes. For
the same reason, little or no butter is manufactured, it being more profitable to sell the milk.
Steveston, the chief village in the municipality, situated on the Fraser, is the point from which
a great deal of the canned salmon is shipped. There are many salmon canneries on both the
channels mentioned above. These islands, lying low, require dyking, and the soil, as it is on
the other side of the river, is of great depth and fertility, producing enormous crops of all
kinds. Part of the middle portion of Lulu Island is peaty, and lying lower, as it does, than
that nearer the river, is difficult to reclaim. This class of land is, however, of comparatively
small extent. The Municipality of South Vancouver is bounded on the south by Richmond,
on the west by a Government reserve, on the north by Vancouver City, and on the east by
Burnaby. The land in this municipality is high and out of the reach of flood, and is, as a
rule, very heavily wooded. Dairying, for supplying milk to Vancouver, is also carried on in
this section ; also fruit-growing and some market gardening. The Municipality of Burnaby
is bounded by the last-named municipality on the one side, and on the other side by Coquitlam
Municipality, the other two boundaries being Burrard Inlet and the Fraser. New Westminster is situated in this Municipality, on the Fraser. The land is high and similar in its
characteristics to South Vancouver; for the most part a rich loam, and intersected by gravelly
ridges. There are many small holdings in this section devoted to fruit and market gardening,
for which it is well adapted. One of the best district exhibits made at the New Westminster
Agricultural Show last year came from Burnaby. An electric tram line runs through this
municipality connecting the towns of Vancouver and New Westminster ; good roads also
intersect it in several directions. Coquitlam is a large, irregular municipality lying to the east
of Burnaby, and extending north to the Coquitlam and Pitt Lakes. It consequently embraces
part of the Pitt Meadows, which are low-lying and are dyked. The Coquitlam and Pitt
Rivers run through this municipality and empty into the Fraser above New Westminster;
the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway also runs through it and is the chief means of
communication. The land is partly wooded and partly low meadows ; the former is, as a rule,
high, and does not require dyking. It is all fertile, with the exception of the dry, gravelly,
fir-clad ridges. Maple Ridge Municipality follows, bounded on its southern side by the Fraser,
and running back some six miles it embraces the greater part of the Pitt Meadows, which were
partly dyked by a syndicate some years ago, and are now for sale in lots to suit purchasers, -"''"^tsSIf
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the price being about $40 per acre. The land in these meadows is exceedingly fertile and
well adapted for dairying. The principal places are Port Hammond, Port Haney and Whar-
nock, all stations on the Canadian Pacific Railway. With the exception of the Pitt Meadows,
the land in this municipality is high and out of the reach of floods. It is wooded, but not
heavily, with a second growth of fir and cedar, and the usual deciduous trees. Lillooet River,
a fine trout stream, flows through almost the entire length. This is a fine fruit section, and a
great deal of attention is being paid to the industry. It is also good for dairying, and were a
creamery established hereabouts it would prove to be one of the most successful in the Lower
Fraser districts. Some sheep are produced, the country being fairly well adapted for the
purpose; pigs are also produced in limited numbers.
Mission Municipality adjoins Maple Ridge to the eastward, and is very well described by
Mr. A. W. Peen, correspondent, whose report is to be found further on. Stave River flows
through Mission, and affords splendid trout fishing at certain seasons. A milk-condensing
factory and creamery is situated on the Fraser at a point where the Canadian Pacific Railway
crosses the Fraser. This establishment has had the effect of promoting dairying greatly, not
only in this municipality but in Matsqui, on the opposite side of the river, and the vicinity
generally. Further on the report of this factory appears. Dewdney is a small municipality
to the eastward of Mission. Except in the back part, it is subject to overflow when the
river is in flood. The higher portions are rather heavily wooded. Much the same conditions
exist here as in Mission. The municipality of Nicomen comes next, and embraces the island
of Nicomen. This is a fine, fertile island, partly open, but mostly wooded with cottonwood or
poplar, which is easily cleared; but, unfortunately, it is not dyked, and, consequently, it is
liable to be flooded at high water. The mountains at this point approach the Fraser very
close, greatly narrowing the valley and contracting the area of agricultural land. To the
eastward of Nicomen is Seabird Island, an Indian Reserve and an unorganised district, extending to the municipality of Kent. Agassiz, where the Dominion Experimental Farm is situated,
under the able superintendence of Mr. Thos. A. Sharpe, is the chief place of this district.
This experimental farm is well worth a visit, as experiments are carried on with all kinds of
grain, roots and fruits, and although the locality is not a representative one as regards the
Province as a whole—which, by the way, may truthfully be said of any one place—it nevertheless is well chosen, possessing, as it does, poor gravelly soil, rich alluvial bottom land,
mountain and meadow. Demonstrations of the capabilities of these various conditions have
been made, and the object lessons are certainly of a most valuable description. Many
hundreds of varieties of fruit and other trees are grown, and if only people would avail
themselves of the lessons thus freely given, much time and disappointment would be saved.
Harrison, at the mouth of the river of that name, is the point where a ferry for Chilliwhack
connects with the trains. At Harrison Lake, five miles from Agassiz, where the river takes
its rise, are the celebrated hot springs, so much esteemed for their medicinal properties in cases
of rheumatic and similar complaints. A good hotel is situated here, overlooking the lake,
which is some 40 miles long, from the head of which the Pemberton Meadows and Lillooet can
be reached At Agassiz there are two good hotels and many fine farms, where a good deal of
fruit is produced, as well as other crops. It is also a most favourable locality for the production of hops, of which a considerable quantity was cultivated, but, in consequence of some
adverse seasons and the low price of hops in England, most of the yards were abandoned. A
few are still in existence, however, and are successfully carried on. The land is mostly lightly
timbered, principally with birch, alder, etc. Some of the land near the Fraser requires dyking,
and all requires draining. This also is a good district for dairying, and it should be prosecuted
with more vigour. Above Kent there is not much cultivation, the mountains gradually
drawing in until Yale is reached, where they finally close in on the Fraser altogether, forming
the canyons of the Fraser so much admired by tourists travelling by the Canadian Pacific
Railway, which is the only means of transportation throughout the whole of this part of the
country.
Report op The Western Condensed Milk Canning, Coffee  and Creamery Co.,  Ltd.
We receive from the farmers, on an average, from 4^ to 5| tons of milk per day," winch
we convert into condensed milk and evaporated cream. We also receive cream from farmers
which we use for butter, turning out about 2,500 fts. per month. We manufacture about 90
to 100 cases of condensed milk or evaporated cream per day; this is for the summer months. A 80 Report on Agriculture, 1903
We pay, on an average, from $3,500 to $4,000 per month to farmers for their milk and cream,
and we bring it to the factory by boat and train, free to them, and pay in summer six months
$1.20 per cwt., and winter six months $1.30 per cwt., for milk, and from 20c. to 25c. for
cream. We employ principally white labour, having a few Chinamen for rough work. Our
pay-roll amounts to about $1,000 to $1,200 per month, for labour. We burn both coal and
wood ; and our capacity is 150 cases of milk or cream per day. This is the second year of
steady business, and milk supply is on the increase.
Our manufactures consist of " Rocky Mountain " Condensed Milk, " Standard " Evaporated
Cream, " Rocky Mountain " Condensed Coffee, and " Gilt Edge " Butter. We ship principally
to the local markets ; also to the North, White Horse and Dawson, and have shipped our trial
shipment to Yokohama, Japan.
We might add that our goods have been well received on the market, and we have
received nothing but complimentary remarks as to the quality of our goods, and the shape in
which they are put up.
We make all our own cans on the premises, and we buy our cases and boxes from firms
in the Province. Our labels we get from Toronto, but purpose having these made in the
Province.    All other material is purchased at home.
Report of Mr. W. R. Austin, op Sapperton.
General Description.—This district was heavily timbered, except Pitt River prairie.
Soil is well adapted to fruit of British Columbia growth. The high lands are pretty hard to
clear, but small farms can be had quite cheaply in the vicinity of New Westminster, and
connected by good roads with one of the best markets on the continent. For poultry and
fruit farms I would recommend persons looking for such to come and see me, or anyone well
acquainted around here. The prairie * people are anxiously awaiting the Government putting
the pumping facilities right.
Number of Ranchers.—There are about 650 people engaged in agricultural pursuits in
this district.
Area of Cultivated Land.—Approximate number of acres under cultivation, 1,950,
outside of orchards in rough land.
Wheat.—A small quantity of wheat is grown, but only for chicken feed; it is not
profitable for milling purposes. The only variety sown is spring wheat. Ruling prices, $30
per ton.
Oats mostly cut for green feed. Prices to farmers, about $20 per ton. Barley, rye and
beans are not grown.
Peas.—Peas do well, but are little grown.
Potatoes, very good.    Price to farmers, about $12 per ton.
Mangolds are not successful on high land.
Carrots are very good, but small acreage; all for home use.
Turnips are good, and will yield the highest, if well grown. They are troubled a little
with leaf louse or green aphis.    All grown for home use.
Roots and Vegetables.—Onions good on low land. Other vegetables good on up land.
British Columbia prices apply to those generally.
Grasses and Clovers, all for home competition; are only experimenting on clovers and
grasses.
Indian Corn grows well, when tried.
Apples.—Duchess of Oldenberg, Greening, Ben Davis, and Hyslop crabs; yield very
good. About 4,000 trees hereabouts. Pests, black spot, bark louse and aphis. Spraying is
good, as per Government recommendation.    Price, 75 cents to $1 per box.
Pears are not successful in this district.
Plums and Prunes.—All plums and prunes do well here; it is apparently the natural
home for them.    Approximate number of trees, 1,000; ruling prices, about 2J cents per ft.
Cherries do well here, Royal Anne succeed the best. Ruling prices, 75 cents per crate,
standard.
* Note.—In explanation of the word prairie, which is used by the correspondents, I may say that it is a
term which has been adopted in this part to denote open, low, wet lands, generally covered with swamp
grasses.    They are really low-lying meadows. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 81
Peaches, apricots, nectarines, quinces and grapes do not do very well in this district.
Small Fruits.—The following are successfully produced :—Strawberries, and the very
best raspberries and currants. A canning factory is needed for surplus of plums and
currants, &c
Dairying.—Dairying is good; about -1- goes to creamery, J to city supply, J to private
make.
Creameries.—New Westminster Creamery Co. is in this district; they collect cream only.
Patrons bring cream to creamery in waggons, and by steamers and trains, &c.
Feeding is only beginning in this district in a systematic manner. There is plenty of
grass generally.
Horned Cattle.—This is a successful industry in this district. Cattle do better than
sheep.
Sheep.—This industry is not extensively carried on ; there is good grazing on a limited
range. Ruling prices, mutton and lamb, about 10c per ft. Dogs are the chief obstacle to
the sheep industry.
Swine.—The raising of pigs is not largely prosecuted in this district. Ruling prices,
hogs on foot, 5c. to 6c. per ft. All breeds are good, but the best is the one you fancy.
Clover feed for economy, and run them on the orchard in summer.
Poultry.—The poultry interest is advancing and is quite remunerative. Plymouth
Rocks are good general-purpose fowls. Ruling prices : Eggs, in summer, 25c per dozen ; in
winter, 40c to 50c. One reason that this industry is not followed more assiduously is that
the high wages paid in the country make it easy for men to live otherwise, and there is no
capital invested.
Agricultural Education should be part of public school curriculum, so that persons of
good education would stay at farming, one of the highest professions of the Province, so as to
give the proper tone to farming.    Call it no more ranching.
Soils.—I think the land is deficient in lime and potash. Where to get the want supplied
at reasonable cost, is our question.
Clearing Land.—This I have answered before, to the best of my knowledge. We want
explosives cheap and we can then clear land. Would the Provincial Government give help to
a man who would take up the manufacture of the stumping powders for agricultural purposes,
if he agree to supply consumer at a price, or give us information how to manufacture and get
supplies 1
Pecuniary Assistance.—Money at a low rate would be much appreciated, if not abused.
Forest Fires.—The provisions of the " Bush Fire Act" are, in my opinion, good. Fire
Wardens should be appointed to carry them out.
Lands.—Many small homes to be had quite near to New Westminster, and pasturing and
stock places at Pitt Meadows.    I think good opening for right men.
Labour.—Whites, $25 to $35 per month; Chinese, $1 per day; Japanese, $1 to $2.25
per day. Whites, scarce; Japanese and Chinese not over the demand and getting more
independent.
Report of Mr. A. W. Peen, of Mission City.
General Description.—The land in this district consists mainly of bench lands, timbered,
as a rule, chiefly by second growth fir and cedar, well watered by running streams. The soil
is generally a sandy loam of good quality; very little clay or peat, except on the land front of
the Fraser River. The C. P. R. runs through the district, and there is communication by road
and steamer to all parts. This is the largest shipping station for berries and other fruits in
the Province, and for the production of these the land and climate are admirably adapted, as
is evidenced by the fact that strawberries yield about 8,000 fts. per acre; and if settlers
would turn their attention to the production of these, with other fruit and vegetables, for which
there is a good demand in the prairie country, success is assured, either more or less, according
to the ability and capital employed. Another successful occupation is the production of milk
for the local creamery. I have seen quite a number come and attempt to make a living with
poultry and then be compelled to leave, disappointed and disgusted; whereas, had the same
amount of energy and capital been expended on the above lines, the result would have been
very different. Or I am of opinion that if poultry were taken up as a main line, the most
prudent course would be either to purchase a going concern or to work into the same gradually. A 82 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Number of Ranchers.—About 200, including the townsite, where some reside who hold
land and farm it.
Area of Cultivated Land.—This is difficult to estimate accurately, but the whole of
the land, for an average of about two miles back from the Fraser, is settled.
Wheat.—There is no wheat grown, except a little for feed. Ruling prices, $30 per ton.
The same remarks apply to spring wheat.
Oats.—Only a little grown for feed.    The same applies to barley, rye, peas and beans.
Potatoes.—All varieties grown successfully. The American Wonder is the best I have
tried, both for crop and quality. The potato rot is prevalent here as everywhere else, but there
are no other pests except the blue jay, and he will dig them out like an Irish labourer.
Mangolds.—A few grown for home consumption.
Carrots.—The Half-long White do well. I have grown them up to 13 fts. in weight;
many 9 or 10 fts.
Turnips.—All varieties do well, particularly if the season is moist. I have grown Swedes
up to 43 fts., but carrots are better feed, particularly for milch cows.
Sugar Beet does well with good culture, and the land being open and pliable produces
good roots.    Danish Improved grown for stock; cows do well on it.
Chicory.—The cultivation of chicory has not been attempted in this district.
Other Roots and Vegetables. —All roots and vegetables grown in the temperate zone
succeed well.
Grasses and Clovers.—The Red Clover is grown largely on the benches, Timothy in the
lowlands. This is the veritable home for clover. With good culture, 3 full crops can be cut
in a season. Cut green for ensilage, about 30 tons per acre can be cut. Timothy, well cured,
is good hard feed for working cattle and horses, but very poor for milch cows ; for grazing,
Orchard Grass or Austrian Brome Grass is away ahead.
Austrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis).—This grass does well and all kinds of stock
eat it greedily, but after the first year or two in this district clover will get in and kill it.
Native Grasses.—The Blue Joint is the most valuable native grass.
Indian Corn.—Corn does well in this district, with good culture. I get good crops of
both yellow and white, but the infernal blue jays play havoc among it. If acclimatised seed is
used I never fail a crop, but fresh imported seed is very uncertain.
Sunflower.—I have grown the Mammoth Russian for cows and also for chicken feed.
There is a little, but not much, grown by my neighbours, some of whom have to tie up the
heads in cloths to protect them from the blue jays.
Rape.—This is an excellent feed for sheep.    Summer soiling is not practised here.
Vetches.—This crop is grown largely at home in the neighbourhood of cities, in conjunction with oats, as a soiling crop. The stem or stalk is too slender to be grown alone. It is
earlier than any other, but has to be fed with caution.
Soy Beans.—Cut when the bean is full grown, it makes rich feed for cows, and the stalk
is very leafy.     It will produce about three tons to the acre.
Millet.—All the millets succeed well, but the Japanese millet is ahead of all. This will
produce, green, about seven tons to the acre, and the seed is greatly relished by poultry.
Ensilage.—There is no way that fodder can be stored so as to maintain the flow of milk,
but by the silo. There are several silos in this district, each built on a different plan; each
one builds to suit his own requirements. For filling, clover is the mainstay ; then soy bean,
Japanese millet and sunflower heads are all good feed; oats and peas, if cut young, also do
well. Fodder corn is grown to a limited extent and does well, but it needs to be cut to cure
properly.
Hops.—Hops do well, but they are not cultivated as a crop.
Flax.—I have grown a limited amount and it did well, but it is a very hard crop on this
land.
Apples.—All varieties do well, but they have to be sprayed. The crop of 1902 was a
fair one. Put all the pests and diseases together and multiply them by ten, they are as nothing
even then to the curse of the blue jay, and out of an orchard of 200 bearing trees I could only
ship two boxes in consequence of their ravages. Even my late winter apples, such as Kings
and Baldwin, were all spoiled before August, and all fine, perfect apples without spot or
blemish.
Pears.—There are very few pears grown in this district. 0
3
0 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 83
Plums and Prunes.—Peach, Bradshaw, Pond's Seedling. Prunes and gages were a good
crop, but the plum-rot spoiled quite a few.    Spraying is the only remedy.
Cherries.—There are not many grown in this district.
Peaches, Apricots, Nectarines.—Very few grown. At the exhibition in Wew Westminster, in 1901, peaches grown in this district secured first prize.
Quinces have not been cultivated to any extent in this district.
Grapes.—Not many grown.     There is a peculiar taste which militates against the sale.
(People in this Province are accustomed to California grapes. See my remarks under
"Lower Thompson Valley."—J. R. A.)
Small Fruits.—All kinds of small fruits are produced here to perfection and are shipped
mainly to the prairie country. Strawberries are a great crop here, the soil and climate are
favourable to produce these in almost unlimited quantities, and no disease or pests affect them.
Under favourable conditions, about 8,000 fts. per acre can be shipped.
Board of Horticulture.—Too much care cannot be taken to prevent the introduction
of infected fruit; to do so is in favour of both grower and dealer. Every civilised country
recognises this fact. It would be just as sensible to allow the introduction of infectious
diseases among stock or human beings as to allow infected fruit.
Dairying.—It is estimated that in Eastern Canada fully two-thirds of the butter is made
in private dairies. About the same estimate would probably apply here. Private dairying
would be profitable but for the bounty-fed butter of the North-West. The Dominion Government has made large grants to the farmers there to cut us out of our own market, and the
struggling rancher here is thus placed at a great disadvantage.
Creameries.—The Western Creamery Company is operating here, taking milk from a
wide stretch of country, and running a small steamer on the river for the purpose of collecting
the same. Condensed milk and cream, and the usual side line of the same, with cocoa and
coffee, as well as butter, are turned out, and, of course, the product has a decided advantage
in this Province in the matter of freight.
Feeding.—All farmers who wish to handle fodder in an up-to-date fashion must have a
silo.
Summer Feed For Dairy Cattle.—Water is necessary for all vegetable growth, and if
there is not sufficient naturally it must be supplied artificially. Wherever it will grow, clover
is the best fodder for the farmer to grow. Besides being almost a perfect food, it will enrich
the soil to a depth of four feet, and at the same time produce a greater crop than any other.
Horned Cattle.—Jersey or Ayrshire for the dairy, Shorthorn for beef.
Sheep are a perfect nuisance for any one to attempt to keep here, and if he wishes good
neighbours he had better leave them alone.
Swine.—Quite a number of swine are fed on the products from the creamery, but very
few are kept by the rancher.
Poultry.—There are three potent reasons against the success attending poultry, viz. :
The price of feed, just double what it is back East; the price of chicken in the East is 40c. or
50c. a ft. for broilers in season, while here you have a job to get 25c. for the whole bird, and
there is no creature kept on a farm that demands so much care and attention to ensure success
in handling them in numbers; the slightest disturbance is held to be sufficient to affect the
egg yield.    I have about 500 laying hens.
Bees.—Apiculture is not carried on to any extent; the weather affects the bees
adversely.
Diseases of Animals.—I am not aware of any contagious disease.
Co-operation.—There is not even the beginning of a movement for co-operation here.
Experiment Stations.—The wide extent of the Province gives a great diversity of climate.
The Dominion Government should take it up in conjunction with the work already carried
out in that line.
Agricultural Education.—Agriculture should be taught to both boys and girls. Each
sex has its own special work on a farm, and unless the more advanced methods are early
inculcated, the rising generation makes no advance.
Soils.—The soil here is a sandy loam; good dressings of farm-yard manure is all that it
needs.
Fertilisers.—Artificial manures are used to a limited extent in the berry culture, but
no fertiliser equals the barnyard.
Clearing Land.—Blasting out the stumps is the best plan. A 84 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Draining.—There is little or no under-draining here.
Dyking.—There is some along the river, but the cost would be too great; the game
wouldn't be worth the candle.
Timber.—Cedar and fir are the principal trees in this district.
Poisonous Plants.—Water hemlock and bracken exist here, but well fed animals won't
touch either.
Cut-worms.—I have never been troubled with the cut-worm, and I owe my immunity to
the number of small birds which nest around me, and which the infernal blue jays do their
best to destroy, both eggs and young.
Lands.—There is plenty of good land to be taken for pre-emption, and land to be bought
for about $5 up, according to situation and improvements.
Labour is procurable at the following rates : Whites, $2 per day; Chinese and Japanese,
$1 per day.    The supply is about equal to the demand.
Retail prices at Agassiz of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by Mr. C. Inkman:
Flour, $1 to $1.35 per sack of 50 fts.; beef, 8c to 17c. per ft.; bacon, 15c. to 20c;
hams, 15c. to 23c; lard, 15c. to 16c; butter, 20c. to 30c; tea, 40c to 60c; sugar, 4c, 5c and
6c; overalls, 75c to $1 per pair; shirts, 50c to $1.50 each; boots, $1 to $3.50 per pair; nails,
4c. to 6c. per ft.; rough lumber, $10 to $15 per M.; coffee, 20c to 40c per ft.; coal oil, 40c.
to 50c per gallon ; salt, fine, l|c. per ft.; salt, rough, lc. per Bb. ; rolled oats, 4c to 5c ;
corn meal, 3c. to 4c. per ft.; coal, $6 per ton; wood, all you want to cut free; wood, cut to
stove size, $1.25 per cord; ploughs, $10 to $20; harness, $10 to $40; hay rakes, $25;
binders, $150; mowers, $40; binder twine, 17c. per ft.; sleighs and cutters, no use here;
buggies, $75; harrows, $15; saddles, $10 up.
The North-West Coast of the Mainland,
Including the various settlements at Howe Sound, Squamish, Froek, Bute Inlet, Bella
Coola, etc. Communication with these settlements is maintained altogether by steamers, there
being no roads, and the character of the country being of such a nature that their construction
is all but impossible, and must of necessity remain in abeyance until the population is sufficient
to justify it. The country is without exception thickly wooded, principally with Douglas fir,
spruce, hemlock, red cedar, balsam fir, maple, alder, birch, and other woods, and a great variety
of under-brush. The coast line is indented along its whole length with deep fiords, which run
many miles into the interior, and at the heads of which are large streams. The shores of these
fiords are, except where rivers debouch, almost invariably precipitous. At the mouth of the
streams and along their valleys are generally flats, fit for agricultural purposes after they are
cleared of timber. As may be imagined from the description given, the precipitation is
excessive, consisting almost entirely of rain, the snowfall, owing to the influence of the sea,
being comparatively small, and the temperature, from the same cause, never very low. The
markets of this part consist mostly of loggers' camps and Indians.
Meteorological Records for 1902.
At Rivers Inlet, latitude, 51.39 N.; longitude, 127.19 W. :—
Highest temperature, June  84.1°
Lowest ii January .,  16.1°
Average n  ,  46.2°
Rainfall  105.66 inches.
Snowfall  42.8°       m
At Port Simpson, latitude, 54.34 N. ; longitude, 130.26 W. :—
Highest temperature, August  74°
Lowest n January  15.6°
Average u   46°
Rainfall ,  71.26 inches.
Snowfall  34 h 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 85
At Bella Coola, North Bentinck Arm, latitude, 52.40 N.; longitude, 126.54 W. :—
Highest temperature, August  91.5°
Lowest ii January        0.0°
Average n   44.9°
Rainfall  36.20 inches.
Snowfall  46 n
At Point Atkinson, entrance of Howe Sound, latitude, 44.21 N ; longitude, 123.16 W.:—
Rainfall ,      63.23 inches.
Snowfall      20.2
At Naas Harbour, mouth of Naas River, Portland Inlet, latitude, 54.56 N.; longitude,
129.56 W. :—
Rainfall ,      58.16 inches.
Snowfall      17.9
At Port Essington, mouth of Skeena River, latitude, 54,9 N. ; longitude, 129.55 W. :—
Rainfall ,    121.10 inches.
Snowfall •„      68.5
Public schools are situated at Howe Sound, Squamish, Bella Coola, Bella Coola Lower,
Essington, Fort Simpson, and Metlakatla.
Fishing is carried on at various points along this coast, and logging for the mills at
Burrard Inlet, Chemainus, etc. The Island of Vancouver, which lies parallel with this coast
for a distance of some 300 miles, protects it for that distance from the force of the Pacific
Ocean, and the waters of the straits are therefore comparatively calm ; naturally, however, a
large body of water being forced through contracted channels by the tides creates some very
swift currents. This is especially the case at Seymour Narrows, where the Island is separated
by two very narrow channels, only a few hundred yards wide, from the Mainland, the
intervening island being called Valdez. At that point the current runs with such velocity
that steamers have to be timed so as not to attempt the passage when the tide is running
hardest. After passing the northern end of Vancouver Island, the coast is exposed to the
ocean; nevertheless, there are many islands which form channels, affording protection to
navigation. The whole of the region is naturally very sparsely populated, farmers or ranchers
being in the minority; in fact, most of the inhabitants are engaged in other pursuits, fishing,
lumbering, etc., and even those who are engaged in agriculture for part of the year take
advantage of the fishing season to supplement their incomes. This, of course, cannot be
wondered at, as the market for produce is purely local and, therefore, there can be no inducement, until other markets are available, for an increased production. Railroads now projected,
and which it is believed will in the course of a few years be constructed, will have the effect
of very materially altering the state of affairs all along this coast.
Report of Mr. B. Brynildsen, op Bella Coola.
General Description.—Bella Coola is situated at the head of North Bentinck Arm, about
425 miles north from Victoria; communication by C. P. N. Coy.'s steamers calling fortnightly
during summer and monthly in winter. A new wharf is now under construction on the north
side of the bay, in front of the Government townsite, which was laid out by the Provincial
Government directly after the settlement became permanent by the Norwegians who settled
in here during 1894 and 1895. This townsite will be thrown open as soon as wharf and roads
through it are completed, and people wishing to settle here will have a chance to buy lots at a
very reasonable price. The Bella Coola Valley begins at the head of the Inlet above mentioned,
about 65 miles from the Coast line and running eastward about 45 miles, with a gradual rise
from the sea to an altitude of about 800 feet at the head of the valley. The climate is all that
can be wished for, as it is much drier than on the Coast, being hotter in summer and a great
deal colder in winter. The settlers have made large improvements on their lands. The various
roots, vegetables and also Indian corn have been successfully raised and of best quality. Wheat,
oats and barley are also doing splendidly. Fruit is raised abundantly, and of the best quality.
No disease of any kind is experienced among the fruits or vegetables. A 86 Report on Agriculture, 1903
The timber in the valley is varied—fir, cedar, spruce, cottonwood, alder, maple, birch and
willow. As the land is heavily timbered, it is slow work to clear it, as the only means to clear
the land is to cut the trees down and burn them. It costs all the way from $50 to $250 to
clear an acre.
Winter sets in about the middle of December, although it has been very cold at the end
of November. The winters are very mild, and if cold, it only lasts for about three days at a
time. The coldest registered is about 10° below zero. Excepting the winter of 1895 and '96,
very little snow has fallen, not over 18 to 24 inches at a time, and as a rule, rain and mild
weather follow ; so that, as an average, about 10 to 15 inches of snow will stay on the ground,
providing cold weather sets in. The two last winters have been very mild, with about 15
inches as the heaviest snowfall.    Spring sets in much earlier here than on the Coast.
The only possible outlet from the great stock-raising country of Chilcotin will be through
the Bella Coola Valley, as already Indian packers come all the way from Barkerville and
Quesnel here in the summer to buy their supplies. The Provincial Government has spent
$1,500 on this Bella Coola-Chilcotin trail, and it is to be hoped that they will continue to improve it till it is eventually turned into a waggon road.
The difference in the weather as to heat and cold, also rainfall, has been very similar
during all summers since the settlers came here.
Mineral prospects are very good around Bella Coola; also fishing and hunting is excellent.
Two good schools and two churches, the English Methodists and Norwegian Lutheran,
are to be found here.
You will find that in the former report all was an experiment, now all has become real,
and this settlement is a grand success.
Number of Ranchers.—About 60 ranchers.    Population, about 250, including families.
Area op Cultivated Land.—The approximate area of cultivated land is about 300 or
400 acres.
Spring Wheats do well only for chicken feed. Supply not equal to demand. Ruling
price, about $40 per ton.
Oats.—Oats are raised only for feed; they do well.    Ruling price, 60c per bushel.
Barley does well; used for feed by the ranchers themselves.
Rye.—This is the first year experimented, and the rye does splendidly; no disease.
Peas are doing well and no disease.    Ruling price, 6c per ft.
Potatoes.—Varieties successfully grown, Early Rose and Early Ohio. Average yield, 30
bushels per acre. The weather has been rather warm, with the common amount of rain.
Ruling prices, $20 per ton.
Carrots.—Only used for home consumption, and are very successfully grown. The half-
long variety is doing best.
Turnips.—Swede turnips are used for cattle and are raised in great quantities.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Onions, beets, parsnips and cabbages are grown, but
only for home consumption.    Onions, 5c per ft.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy seems to be the standard for hay; the production is
about 2J tons to the acre. Red clover does well, but it appears that it freezes out in the
winter, when there is no snow on the ground. Red Top has been grown of late and will be
the future of grasses for this section. Production, 3| tons per acre; price, $12 per ton.
Millet has been tried with no success. Timothy and Red Top are generally cut twice during
the summer.
Austrian Brome Grass.—Does very well in some places, but in others it does not seem
to do so well.
Native Grasses.—Native grass for Bella Coola is Red Top, as it was found all over this
valley when the white settlers first came here.
Indian Corn.—I am pleased to report that Indian corn is doing much better than I first
anticipated, as my report of last year shows. This year it has done remarkably well in this
place.    I am led to believe that the soil was not properly prepared before.
Hops.—The hops are doing very well all over the valley. They are only used in the
houses and not sold.    Cannot say about the handling of them.    No disease.
Flax has been tried this year and does well. Could not say as to price, as this is the
first year it has been tried. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 87
Apples.—Varieties successfully grown are Gravenstein, Yellow Transparent, Barton and
Ben Davis. They grow very large and have a splendid flavour. Ruling price, $2.50 to $3
per box of 40 fts.
Pears do very well; only grown for home use.    No diseases.
Plums and Prunes do spendidly; only grown for home use.    No disease.
Cherries do very well. I cannot say as to the number of trees. The yield is good.
They are only grown for home use.
Peaches, apricots, nectarines, quinces and grapes have not been tried.
Small Fruits.—The climate is excellent for small fruits.
Board of Horticulture.—The best of fruit can be grown in this Province, and no
worthless or infected fruit should be allowed to come in.
Dairying.—Dairying is carried on to quite an extent by ranchers. Private dairying is
quite profitable. About 6,000 fts. of butter were made from cows in this valley this summer.
Butter sells here for 25c. per ft.    Quite a quantity of cheese is made, only for home use.
Creameries.—No creameries are established in this district. The distances are too great
and the roads too bad to bring the milk to a creamery. I do not think that the present is a
suitable time for the erection of a creamery at Bella Coola.
Horned Cattle.—The price of milch cows is from $40 to $80. I would recommend
Holstein and Shorthorn as being the best here for both milk and beef.
Horses.—Indian horses are the only ones used, and are bought at from $25 to $75 per
head.
Sheep and swine are not raised.
Poultry.—A great many eggs are exported from this district.
Bees have not been tried.
Diseases of Animals.—No disease whatever.
Farmers' Institutes.—I think it would be advisable to have one formed here. (Since
organised.—J. R. A.)
Irrigation.—I was led to think that irrigation was required, but experience goes to show
that it is not necessary, for the reason that the peculiar moisture in the ground from the
certain kind of soil of this valley is always sufficient to keep the ground in shape, even in the
driest of seasons.
Poisonous Plants.—Water hemlock is the only poisonous plant here, and that is not
found in large quantities.
Entomological.—In the early spring there was a small black fly eating off leaves of
cabbages, etc., but after a while it disappeared.
Noxious Animals and Pests.—Wolves will only be seen in the winter, but never, so far
as I have heard, have they destroyed any animals.    The bounty is quite sufficient.
Forest Fires.—The people here are very careful about forest fires, and also Indians are
held to be careful about the keeping of this Act, which tends to protect our beautiful forests.
Lands.—There is Government land for pre-emption. Improved farms can be bought for
$1,000 and upwards.
Labour.—White labour is procurable at $2 per day.
Retail prices of ordinary requisites for settlers, furnished by Mr. A. Hammer, Bella
Coola :—Ogilvie's best flour, $1.50 per 50 ft. sack ; B. & K. rolled oats, per 7 ft. sack, 35c ;
beef, per ft., 7c to 10c ; bacon, per ft., 20c.; hams, per ft., 25c; lard, per ft., 15c. ; butter,
per ft., 25c ; coffee, green, per ft., 15c ; tea, per ft., 25c ; sugar, per 100 fts., $6.50; salt, per
ft., ljc.; overalls, $1 to $1.25; black sateen shirts, $1; heavy woollen shirts, $2 to $2.50;
heavy pegged shoes, $3.50; fine woollen underwear, per suit, $2.
Mr. Fillip Jacobson writes as follows :—
" I am very anxious to get parties to come to Bella Coola and build a pulp mill, as there
is an immense quantity of cottonwood, spruce and other woods that are suited for the purpose ;
it would be hard to find a better place. I myself have land with big water-power on it, and
to anyone wishing to start an industry of that kind I would give them the land for nothing
to build on. The Bella Coola Colony is progressing very well, considering many drawbacks.
One is not to have an outlet to the sea. when this is established, Bella Coola will be one of
the best settlements on the Coast. As you know, I have been living out in Clayoquot, and
have just lately arrived here. I am surprised at all the improvements the settlers have made.
As Bella Coola also seems to be a rich mineral district, this will help it very much in time to come.    I have just made a trip up the valley to look at some of the prospects, and there is no
doubt one of the mineral belts I saw is from two to four miles wide and looks very promising."
I reproduce the following, which was published in a pamphlet entitled " British Columbia
and its Agricultural Capabilities " :—
Gardner  Inlet,
On the north-west coast of the Mainland, about 500 miles north of Victoria. A description of the country by Mr. H. H. Newill, from notes made during a survey for railway
purposes in 1901, under Mr. J. H. Gray, C. E.:—
"Kitimat to Kitsilas (across country).
" The abrupt and broken scenery of Gardner Inlet and Douglas Channel changes somewhat as the steamer enters Kitimat Arm. The parallel mountain ranges on either side have
here a more regular and gentler slope, though still rugged, with snowy peaks and icy hollows
even in July.
" The Indian village of Kitimat—a sub-mining record station—lies on the eastern shore
of Kitimat Arm, some three miles southward of the point where the Kitimat River empties
itself. From this point the Arm, narrowing considerably, runs a few miles to its extremity in
a north-east direction.
" To the west of the river mouth, and at the back of a wide, shallow bay, lies a considerable area of good timbered flat land, probably river wash. Here the soil, for a depth of
several feet, is a rich silt dumped on a gravelly subsoil. The most accessible portion of this
land has been taken up by a rancher named Anderson. He has built himself a log house for
living in, a log store and outhouses, and has proved the capability of the soil for growing
vegetables and cereals; and several home-bred horses and a small herd of cattle seem to thrive
well in his meadows. He has a machine mower at work, much to the astonishment of the
local Indians. A little judicious dyking in this neighbourhood would add a large acreage of
cultivable land.
" It was from a point some four miles south-west from Anderson's ranch (measuring round
the curve of the bay, and down the west shore of the arm) that our expedition started. Our
landing place was a rough, boulder and log-strewn, shingly beach, from which the mountain
side rose steeply, covered thickly with spruce, hemlock and cedar bush. The view from here
was picturesque. Eastward, across the inlet (here about a mile and a quarter wide), the little
village of Kitimat spread along the shore, showing whitely against a dark background of
towering mountains, capped by snowy heights ; southward, the sea entrance to the arm was
shut out by rugged and lofty bush-covered islands; and to the north, the reedy bay curved
eastward to a prominent point, which just hid the foaming debouchment of the Kitimat River.
" Skirting the bay aforesaid, we soon left the base of the mountains and passed into an
extensive flat country, full of swamps and creeks, tangled bush and devil's clubs. The waters
of one creek where we drank tasted strongly of sulphur, and the gravelly beds of nearly all
were worth a prospector's attention. A number of shallow water-courses, running nearly
parallel to one another, seemed to be but branches of a creek of considerable size flowing from
the westerly mountains, and finally reaching Kitimat Arm in numerous streams, which could
be traced at low tide spreading across the exposed mud and sandy bottom of the shallow bay
we had skirted. Beaver dams were numerous, and in this neighbourhood we found ourselves
confronted by one which must have measured the best part of a mile in length. Moss grew
everywhere and in many varieties, including the so-called staghorn.
" Hemlock, spruce, balsam and cedar shaded huckleberry bushes and other berries, some
red like large haws, others black and glossy like beads. Alders and skunk cabbage were in
their element in the swampier ground, with crab-apples here and there, and devil's clubs with
their pretty clusters of red berries, their poisonous' prickles and clinging limbs everywhere.
Enormous quantities of blue huckleberries were ripening.
" Our way was soon barred by a long, lofty hill spur, which stretched nearly at right
angles from the mountains to the river. Rounding this at the base of an immense gravel
slide, we came to a bend of the Kitimat River, some three miles north from Anderson's. We
were now fairly in the Kitimat Valley. The river, either way, on account of its tortuous
course, was soon lost to view. Its current was rapid and its stream full, washing mud banks
five to fifteen feet in height, and two to three hundred feet apart.    We soon found it difficult  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 89
at times to know whether we were standing on a bank or on an island of this river, so numerous
were its sloughs here and throughout the valley. A low-lying bench of thick bush intervened
between the river and the opposite mountain ranges, which ran in a general direction parallel
to it. This feature also appertained on our side (the right bank) of the river. Beyond the
gravel slide the high ground rapidly fell back again, so that the river bench extended in width
three and four or more miles in places before it touched the foothills. Spruce and hemlock
were the principal timber trees. The soil was generally a dark, clayey loam. This country,
owing to its uniformity of growth and natural features, was the easiest place in the world to
get ' turned round ' in.
" We saw but little game. Grouse were scarce and shy. Bear signs, however, were
numerous, and we evidently interrupted many an ursian feast of salmon. Salmon, indeed,
were a positive nuisance, spawning and dying in the shallowest creeks until the very atmosphere stank of them. They were of the ' hunch-back' species. We caught a few trout in
the Kitimat, and saw a straggler here and there in a clear creek. Hornets and yellow-
jackets, however, provided us with some excitement, and, especially in the moist weather
(which was nearly always), sand-flies and mosquitoes lived their inglorious days pretty actively.
Sand-flies swarmed in millions, and were the worst pests we had to contend with. Tne mosquitoes were large and fairly numerous, but rather slow and lazy. Big, black 'bull' flies
were extraordinarily quick to bite, and generally caused inflammation.
" With regard to weather, we were fairly lucky. Generally speaking, when the wind
blew from the coast, rain was incessant, but during intervals, when it blew from inland, the
weather was fine and sunny, and the hotter the day the colder the night. The pity of it was
that the fine weather intervals did not last long enough. If the country could only have had
time to dry up properly, camping out would have been a delight.
" Nearing the Widena Valley, we touched the foothills again, and occasional outcrops of
rock—granites and diorites—showed the changing character of the country. The soil for the
most part was a fertile mould, carpeted with moss. Cranberry and alder swamps were a
feature; also patches of bog-land covered with moss three feet in thickness, springy to walk
on and tenacious of its hold.    Deep water-holes gaped wherever this bog surface was broken.
"The Widena River, flowing in an easterly direction, empties into the Kitimat about
ten miles up-stream—an island being formed at the junction of the two rivers. Like the
Kitimat, the Widena is also a river of many islands, formed by a bewildering number of
sloughs. It is navigable for two or three miles by canoes, but log-jams are numerous. The
bush along the banks is thick and tangled, and difficult to penetrate, but the high bush behind
was fairly open, and much of it looked promising land for agriculture. Cottonwood and maple
trees now began to put in an appearance, and red—also some yellow—cedar became more
plentiful. In some of the swamps we found a sort of fly-plant with petals tipped by a sticky
substance. It was a tiny plant growing not more than a couple of inches above ground, and
we noticed that flies instinctively avoided it. Little birds like wrens hopping about in the
bush were so tame as to come within arm's length. Grouse, also jays, owls, and a few hawks
and eagles, made a scanty show of bird life. Squirrels darted up and down the trees, the
stems of many of which were bored, evidently by woodpeckers—but we rarely heard them.
We came across a good many holes where bears had been scratching out bees' nests.
"Landmarks here were the peaks of a lofty mountain range with snow-covered valleys,
and a few small glaciers to the west. Eastward, two prominent, round-topped mountains
stood out boldly on the other side of the Kitimat. One of these (the more northern one)
still bore traces of snow (in August), and both rose somewhat steeply from the river bank.
They were summits of the mountain range which bounded the Kitimat Valley, eastward. At
no point in this country, however, could we get anything- like a complete view.
" Between the Widena River and Cecil Creek—some nine miles further north—numerous
streams crossed our path, emptying themselves into one or other of these rivers. The flat
ground was mostly swampy, but the foothills intruded, closing in towards the river. The
Kitimat Valley, at one time six or seven miles in width, here narrowed considerably. The
whole country was rising perceptibly in elevation. Up in this higher country the blue huckleberries, so common hitherto, gave place mostly to the red species. Cranberries became increasingly plentiful, both the 'bush ' and the 'ground ' varieties. Balsam was abundant, growing in dense groves with sparse undergrowth. Of birds we saw only a few crows, an eagle or
two, and here and there a fool-hen or blue grouse. Salmon, of course, were all over the place;
every creek was foul with their rotting carcasses.    Bear signs continued all round.    An old A 90 Report on Agriculture, 1903
she-bear and her cub were shot near the mouth of Cecil Creek. Bright-coloured lichens, here
and throughout our journey, had assumed many curious and beautiful forms.
" In the valleys of the Widena River and Cecil Creek together there must be many
thousands of acres of valuable agricultural land, not too difficult to clear. Potatoes in especial,
but probably also oats and barley, might be prolific crops.
" And now, still travelling northward, we traversed a country entirely cut up by abrupt
and rocky foothills and deep, narrow creeks, some containing water, but more dry. The soil
here was distinctly clayey. The bush was not difficult to travel through. A feature of it
was an abundance of splendid straight-limbed cedar. The gradually rising ground was lifting
to a plateau, the south-eastern corner of which rose abruptly from near the head of navigation on the Kitimat River. The course of that river, which, from its source to this point,
had been flowing roughly east to west, here makes a great bend and takes a wider way nearly
north and south towards Kitimat Arm. As we approached the plateau water became scarce.
Just on the edge of it we came on a ' cached' wooden sleigh, and a little farther on found a
blazed tree, and a notice that seven feet of snow had lain around it in January, 1900.
" From the edge of the plateau we obtained a fair view down the valley. Hundreds of
feet below we could hear the roaring river, but could not actually see it, although we could
trace its course by the fresher foliage for many miles. Now an encroaching hill-spur would
abruptly turn its course; anon, a wide plain would open out before it and its interminable
sloughs. Wherever the eye ranged it met a dark mass of forest spreading even to the snow-
covered mountain heights, and far away in the distance the river's silvery gleam became
distinguishable, winding through the dark foliage, now in sight, now out of sight, until finally
lost to view behind the bluff gravel slide where we had first beheld it.
" The country on the plateau was comparatively open. The soil was a brown, gravelly
loam, with much moss on its surface. It supported a scanty growth of underbrush, but large
timber. There were no great outcrops of rock, but quantities of what looked like glacier-worn
pebbles were to be seen embedded in the roots of the trees wherever exposed. The elevation
here was over 600 feet, and the distance from our starting point about 25 miles.
" We did not long continue on the plateau, but took the downward slope northerly towards
the lakes. Here the bush was good land, with considerable undergrowth. The soil was a
dark, friable loam over clay. Much of this country would be fairly valuable, both in timber
or for cultivation.    There were no evidences of mineral.
" Round Lake (some four miles from the divide) lies in a cup-like hollow in the mountains
amidst thick bush. It is perhaps three-quarters of a mile across, and, as its name suggests,
nearly circular. The water was warm and pleasant to bathe in. The banks were mostly
bristling with half-sunken snags, but at the outflow of a little swampy creek in one corner
masses of reeds grew in shallow water. These reeds were fine, spear-like growths, pale green,
and they readily cut the hand if pressed or caught up.
" Passing round to the south and east of this lake, we struck an essentially granite country, and worked our way along rocky side-hills, which in places were simply dense thickets of
pine or hemlock. On the flat, however, the timber was large and the growth fairly open.
Hemlock and spruce were prominent, but cedar more so. Many towering rock bluffs gave us
fine views over the extensive Lake Lakelse, which we were now skirting on its eastern side.
Its north-east corner, where we presently struck it, was about 40 miles from our starting
point.
"Viewing the lake from this point, Williams Creek entered it to our right (its northern
extremity), with sandy bars. Snow-capped mountains towered two or three miles away on its
opposite (western) shore. At the back of these flowed the Skeena River. To our- left (southward) the lake stretched some eight miles in a long, sheeny waterway, and near its further end
the river of the same name flowed outward. This Lakelse or Trout River eventually finds its
way round the mountains towards the Skeena, into which it empties. Its valley was noticeable
as a dip in the heavy mountains to the south-west. A feature of this outlook was a markedly
precipitous valley, cleft deep in the mountains round southward. It was all a continuous mass
of forest at every height. Snow lay piled in hollows and on some few slopes. The shore of
the lake was very shallow, with patches of thin-grown reeds. Ducks and geese were very
plentiful; grouse were also to be had. Had the weather been fine this might have been a
charming spot; as it was, everything was rotting and sodden. Bear were all over this
country, and occasionally we found traces of caribou or mountain goat. Skunks were a species
of animal whose presence we did not greatly appreciate. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 91
" The country along this, the north, side of Lake Lakelse basin was exceedingly rough
and broken. The bottom lands were swampy in places, but generally contained good alluvial
soil (somewhat sandy), with a moderate growth of underbrush beneath large timber—hemlock,
spruce, cottonwood, maple, birch and cedar. The cedars, especially, in this reigon and throughout the upper part of the Kitimat Valley and its northern dividing plateau, were of exceptionally fine growth, and would be of great commercial value if in touch with a market. We
must have passed through tens of thousands of acres, in every acre of which might be counted
one to two dozen fine straight cedar stems, four to eight feet through at the butt, and with a
spring of 80 to 100 feet clean without a limb. The surface ground was mossy, with growth
of ferns and devil's clubs, also cranberry bush, and was very much encumbered with fallen
logs. The hillsides, as before in this basin, were difficult to travel, being rocky and precipitous, and more or less densely thicketed.
" The summit, or pass, from this basin to the Skeena Valley, lying at an elevation of 700
feet, crossed the lower extremity of a long, narrow plateau, where it was abruptly terminated
by contact with the precipitous mountain ranges to the east. An enormous white rock bluff
rising sheer some 2,000 feet above our heads, with yawning chasms and clefts in which a few
trees struggled for existence, was orre of many fine sights that met us. The abounding rock
was chiefly granite, with some diorite, limestone and quartz, and ' float' that we picked up in
some of the numerous creeks was mineralized. A large proportion of the ground here was
burnt and overgrown with fire bush. The little black flies that seem to breed in charred tree
stems were a positive curse. Corrsiderable areas of timber, too, were dead or dying, for no
immediately apparent cause; their barren stems bore no marks of fire. From the immense
numbers of leech-like inch worms, or measuring worms, so called, that we found upon them,
we came to the conclusion that these worms must have been instrumental in eating off the
foliage, or in some way killing the trees.
" Ten miles from the north-east corner of the lake, by the circuitous route we took (but
little more than half that distance in a direct line), we obtained our first view of the Skeena
River. We had worked round the edge of a rugged mountain spur; steep and rocky side-hills
rose above us; a swamp spread below, and beyond it the river benches, with the livid line of
green of the river banks, and beyond again an autumn-tinted range of hills—yellow, green
and brown—with the snowy heights of further mountain ranges behind. As we descended
the Skeena Valley, poplars, alder and birches made up no small percentage of the forest
growth, and the leaves of these, yellowing in their decay, made a bright and cheerful contrast
with the sombre verdue of hemlock and spruce.
" It was now the latter part of October, and with shortening days and frosty nights winter
made its approach felt. From time to time flights of little lark-like ' snow-birds' flitted on
their southward journey—heralds of the snow. The fine days at this period were beautiful,
with a brisk, sharp atmosphere, warm sunshine, and lovely, clear blue skies. On the other
hand, the wet days were correspondingly wet and miserable.
"The slope of the valley took us down in well-defined benches to the river itself, which
we struck at Dave Stewart's ferry, and still following up its left bank, and crossing in succession Copper River and Gold Creek, we arrived at our destination—Kitsilas Canyon. There,
at the telegraph station and steamer landing, we once more came into touch with civilisation,
having accomplished some 62 miles of pretty rough travelling.
" Copper River is a wide, swift-flowing stream, draining what seemed to be a considerable
valley. The bar formed at its entrance to the Skeena is a wide sand and shingle flat, very
pretty, with the variegated foliage along its banks stretching in well-defined lines edging the
partly moss-grown boulders and stones of the beach.
"Gold Creek is a clear, rocky stream rarely more than three feet deep, but with a mean
and treacherous current. Its valley comes to a narrow neck at the Skeena, but runs back
extensively, widening out in the far distance. A newly-made waggon road crosses it. This,
when completed, will lead from Singlehurst's new wharf on the Skeena up to his mines in the
mountains, some six or seven miles. In the creeks and along the river banks about here we
picked up much quartz and conglomerate 'float,' also serpentines, nearly every specimen
mineralized with iron or traces of copper, and looking a likely enough proposition for gold, but
we were unable to do much prospecting.
" Most of the better riverside lands were Indian reservations, and Indian cabins and
graves were numerous on the river banks. Many areas here could be easily cleared and might
be valuable for cultivation. Potatoes, cabbage and other vegetables simply grew to riot in
Stewart's garden, a few miles down stream. A 92 Report on Agriculture, 1903
" Besides the ubiquitous hemlock, spruce and cedar, the prevalent trees were small birches,
bull pine, alder, cottonwood, maple, willow and some hazel. Rabbits, bear and grouse were
numerous, and goats up in the mountains.
" Mounting the river benches behind us, timbered side-hills and rock bluffs climbed to
steep and rugged mountains, 1,500 to 2,000 feet high. These are now being prospected to
some extent, with very promising results. On the opposite side of the river a lofty peaked
mountain loomed up some 3,000 feet, with deep clefts and rocky ravines, and snow lying
perennially in its crevices. Here, where the mountains thus press together, is formed the
narrow canyon where the curbed waters of the river boil and eddy as they sweep imperiously
through the two or three channels they have cut, apparently, out of the solid rock. Here,
too, with just a distant glimpse of snow-covered ranges in the far interior, our journey ended."  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 93
VANCOUVER ISLAND AND ADJACENT ISLANDS.
Esquimalt, Highland, Metchosin and Sooke Districts.
These are the most southern districts in British Columbia, being at the extreme southern
end of Vancouver Island, and lying very little above sea level. Access can be had to every
part by one or the other of the following means, viz.: good waggon roads, railroads and water.
The City of Victoria affords a local market for the produce of this section.
The Districts of Esquimalt, Goldstream and Highland adjoin Victoria District to the
westward, and much the same characteristics prevail as in Metchosin, Highland being more
hilly and rocky and heavily timbered. Good waggon roads and the E. & N. Railway run
through it.
Metchosin includes Rocky Point, Pedder Bay and Happy Valley, all accessible by water
and by waggon road to Victoria, which is 15 miles from the centre of this district. A great
part is covered with timber, mostly fir; some small second growth; some heavily timbered;
some open oak land, and alder and maple bottoms.
Sooke includes Jordan Meadows, which lie some distance in the interior and are reached
by a trail via Sooke Lake. Sooke proper is on the sea coast, with a good harbour for small
vessels, but an indifferent entrance, a few miles to the northward, and westward of Race
Rocks, and 23 miles from Victoria by waggon road or by water. The country generally is
heavily wooded, rocky in parts near the coast, with open meadows up the Jordan River.
Meteorological Record at Goldstream Lake for 1902.
Rainfall      62.60 inches.
Snowfall    106.5
Altitude     1,510   feet.
The meteorological statistics of Victoria may be taken as pretty nearly representative of
the whole of this section, a little greater precipitation near the hills and slightly colder away
from the sea. In the hills, like the above data from Goldstream Lake, the precipitation is, of
course, much heavier.
Public schools are situated at Colwood, Esquimalt, Goldstream, Metchosin, Otter Point,
Rocky Point, Sooke and East Sooke.
The district treated of in this part, on account of the small rainfall during the growing
months and the porous nature of the land, is not well adapted to spring wheat, and all crops
should be put in very early, or in the preceding autumn. Fruit does well, with a little attention in the way of cultivation and mulching. Well adapted for sheep, of which there are a fair
number produced; the presence of panthers, however, in the outlying district is detrimental
to the profitable production in large numbers.
Dairying is one of the most profitable branches of agriculture hereabouts, where summer
feed is provided, as after the month of June the native grasses and fodders, of which there is
an abundance in the early part of the year, begin to disappear; hence, nowhere is soiling more
needed and nowhere are the returns more generous. A creamery is projected, which will,
when carried into effect, prove of the greatest benefit to all concerned. Many parts, on account
of the gravelly nature of the soil rendering it warm and dry in winter, and the absence of
predatory animals, are particularly well adapted to the production of poultry. In fact, were
I asked where to locate a poultry farm in the Province, I should unhesitatingly recommend
this district. The comparatively easy work in connection with this industry, the proximity to
the markets, the climate, the good prices obtainable at all seasons of the year for fowls and
eggs, all point to poultry-raising as the one branch of agricultural pursuits for which this
district is best adapted, and, provided it is prosecuted with diligence and in an enlightened
and rational manner, probably the most profitable, and will give quicker returns than any
other. In any case, it is a good adjunct to fruit-raising, which cannot be expected to give
returns of any consequence under four or five years.   Small fruits, of course, do well, especially A 94 Report on Agriculture, 1903
strawberries, and since fruit can now be sent in car-load lots to the North-West Territories
and Manitoba without breaking bulk, a great incentive is given to its production. As for
insect pests and diseases, both of plant and animal life, they are in evidence everywhere, and
unless the precautions and remedies recommended are used, profitable returns cannot be
expected here more than elsewhere. No Government land for pre-emption ; improved farms
can be purchased for from $15 to $200 per acre, according to value of improvements and
location.
Report op Mr. A. H. Peatt, Correspondent, Colwood.
Wheat.—Fall wheat is produced in this district for chicken feed. I am of opinion that
it is better to buy flour.    Ruling prices, $30 to $35 per ton.
Oats.—Varieties successfully grown are Banner and Columbus ; average yield, 27 bushels
per acre.    The crop was very much affected by drought.    Ruling prices, $25 to $30 per ton.
Barley is not grown to any extent.
Rye is only grown for very early pasture.
Peas.—Grey pea principally grown. Yield, about 31 bushels per acre. The crop was
affected by the drought.    Ruling prices, $30 per ton.
Potatoes.—Varieties successfully grown are the Beauty of Hebron and Sir Walter
Raleigh. Average yield, 200 bushels. Crop was affected by drought. Ruling prices, $15 to
$18 per ton.
Mangolds.—Varieties successfully grown are Carter's Yellow Globe and Mammoth Red.
Average yield, about 20 tons. Crop was affected a little by the drought. Ruling prices, $8
per ton.
Carrots.—Varieties successfully grown, Half-long White and Scarlet Intermediate.
Average yield, about 19 tons per acre.    Ruling prices, $8 to $10 per ton.
Turnips.—Variety successfully grown, Carter's Prize Winner. Average yield, 14 tons to
the acre.    Ruling prices, $8 to $10 per ton.
Onions, beets, parsnips and cabbages are very successfuly grown, in a small way.
Grasses and Clovers.—Clover, orchard and rye grass seem to be the general favourite.
The hay crop last year was very light indeed, on account of the dry weather. Timothy seems
to be a general favourite with consumers, but I think other grasses much superior for hay.
Indian Corn seems to be the only thing that can be grown for cows for green feed during
August.
Vetches are the very best thing that can be sown for early green feed and hay. The
yield per acre is about double that of any other crop.
Apples.—The following varieties are successfully grown :—King of Tompkins County,
Duchess of Oldenburg, Salome and Rhode Island Greening. The yield in 1902 was very
good ; the crop was not affected by the weather; affected slightly with black spot; remedies
applied, spraying with Bordeaux mixture.    Ruling prices, from 80c. to $1.50 per box.
Pears, plums, prunes and cherries are not very much grown.
Board of Horticulture.—I consider the working of the Board of Horticulture to be
generally of a satisfactory character and in favour of the growing of good fruit.
Dairying is very profitable, if properly carried on.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—Corn is the only green crop I can suggest.
Horses.—Not gone into very much.
Sheep.—This district is not suitable for sheep-raising, on account of dogs and wild
animals.
Swine.—The raising of swine is not prosecuted with any degree of system in this district.
Ruling price during the year, from 6c to 7c. per ft. I consider a cross between the Berkshire
and Yorkshire the most profitable.
Poultry.—This industry is very successful wherever tried; it is a remunerative branch
of agriculture. I recommend the Barred Plymouth Rocks for general purpose fowls. Ruling
prices, $3.50 to $7 per dozen for poultry; from 17|c. to 60c per dozen for eggs. The only
cause which militates against the successful prosecution of this industry is laziness.
Co-operation.—This is a subject which has not been considered in this district, but one
that might easily and ought to be worked up through the Farmers' Institute; also mutual
fire insurance and rural telephones.
Farmers' Institutes.—With regard to the election of officers, there should be some
qualification for voters.    As it is now, visitors and children under age are allowed to vote. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 95
Fertilisers.—Artificial manures are coming into general use. Kainit is generally used
on swamp land, with good results. Natural fertilisers, such as barnyard manure, seaweed,
wood ashes, etc., are also used.
Clearing Land.—I recommend the use of stumping powder for clearing land. The
Capstan stumping machine has been successfully used. Approximate cost of clearing land in
this district, from $40 to $200 per acre.
Draining.—Under-draining is carried on in this district. I recommend cedar slabs as a
practical and cheap way of under-draining.
Lands.—There is both Government and railway land for pre-emption in this district.
Improved farms can be bought for from $30 to $100 per acre, according to location.
Labour.—Labourers are procurable at from $20 to $30 per month. The supply is equal
to the demand; Chinese and Japanese are in the preponderance.
Victoria, Lake, North and South Saanich, and including James
Island.
These districts lie to the northward of the City of Victoria, and are connected with it by
good waggon roads, railroad and water. The principal products are hops, roots, vegetables,
hay, dairy products and fruit.
Victoria District comprises all that part between Esquimalt and Highland on one side
and Lake District on the other. Victoria City, beautifully situated on the Straits of Fuca
and extending to near Esquimalt Harbour, the chief naval depot of the Pacific station adjoining this district, is the capital of the Province. A large portion of the land is slightly wooded
and much of it partly open oak land.
Lake is a district north of Victoria and between it and South Saanich, the eastern boundary being Haro Straits. Most of the land is timbered, lightly in some parts and heavily in
others. The district is well watered by streams and lakes. Fruit-raising and market gardening are principally followed.
South Saanich, on the Saanich peninsula, is about twelve miles north of Victoria, with
which it is connected by good waggon roads and railway. Saanich Arm separates the peninsula from the main island, so that its eastern and western boundaries are the salt water, the
south being Lake District and the north North Saanich.
North Saanich adjoins South Saanich to the north, and occupies the end of the peninsula.
Sidney, the terminus of the railway from Victoria, is on the east coast. Several good waggon
roads also give access to Victoria. This is a beautiful district, well suited to the cultivation
of hops and fruits of all kinds.
James Island lies off North Saanich, and very near to it. The settlers cross in small
boats with produce for the markets. Noted for the large quantity of strawberries produced,
of good quality, and usually about the first of the Provincial product in the local markets.
Meteorological Report for 1902.
At Victoria:—
Highest temperature (July) .     86 .2°
Lowest ii (January)  12.3°
Average n  '.  50. 2°
Rainfall     ,  24.84 inches.
Snowfall  16.1 „
Average rainfall for a group of years  30. 57      n
Altitude, practically sea level.
At Royal Oak (in Lake District, and possibly 100 feet altitude) :—
Rainfall    39.5   inches.
Snowfall    11 n
Public schools are situated at Cadboro Bay, Cedar Hill, Craigflower, Elk Lake, Gordon
Head, Lake, Oak Bay, Prospect Lake, South Saanich, West Saanich, Strawberry Vale, Mount
Tolmie, Victoria City, North Saanich, Sidney. A 96 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Whilst the coast line of the district embraced in this chapter presents a rocky and barren
aspect, a view of the interior soon changes that opinion; in no part of the country is the soil,
which is generally a black loam, more fertile, or better adapted for crops of all kinds, fruits
and garden produce. Within a radius of ten miles of Victoria, from personal knowledge, I
can aver that there are more indigenous plants than in a similar area in any other part of the
Province, the wild flowers, for variety and colouring, are truly gorgeous, and it is seldom that
some are not in bloom every month of the year. Many of the plants that occur in the division
first treated of in this report, viz., the Upper Mainland, disappear altogether in the Lower
Mainland, and reappear on Vancouver Island. On the other hand, the vine maple (Acer
circinatum), which occurs in large quantities on the Lower Mainland, does not appear in either
of the two other divisions ; and again the oak (Quercus Garryana) which occurs quite extensively on the southern end of Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands and, in places, for at
least 150 miles north of Victoria, does not appear in any part of the Mainland. A
considerable quantity of grain is produced in this district, as a rule (excepting oats) for home
use and feed for domestic animals only. The growing of cereals is however discouraged, as
land can be put to more profitable uses for market gardening, fruit, hops, dairying, sheep,
swine and poultry production, for all of which it is admirably suited. By means of a ferry
transfer from Ladysmith, produce can now be sent via the Esquimalt & Nanaimo and Canadian
Pacific Railways to all parts of the North-West Territories and Manitoba without breaking
bulk, and by steamers to the mines in Atlin and the Yukon. A very superior quality of fruit
is produced in this section by those who give that attention which advanced methods demand.
Clover is one of the standard fodder crops, also peas and oats. Indian corn is not much
grown, not because it will not do well, but principally on account of other fodder crops being
grown so easily, it is not bothered with. Nevertheless, if more attention were paid to this
valuable fodder, it would prove to be more profitable than many others. Mr. C. E. King,
correspondent, says : " Sown in drills about the last week in May, and well cultivated, it is
most successful." Vetches have of late been most successfully grown for summer feed. Rape
also, for sheep and pigs, is getting into favour. A co-operative creamery is in operation in
Victoria District, which is proving to be most successful, and is growing in favour daily. As
in the last section treated of, there is no Government land for pre-emption, and prices for
improved land are about as stated for that part.
Mr. C. E. King, correspondent, says :—
"Hills and valleys" would best describe my district, the valleys having, as a rule, good,
black, loamy soil, on which large crops can be grown. The hilly ground is inclined to be
gravelly, and in many places is too rocky for cultivation. The City of Victoria, 3 to 5 miles
distant, affords a good market for all the produce grown in the district; there are good waggon
roads leading to the city; there are a sufficient number of schools and churches in the district;
there is fairly good shooting of pheasants, grouse, quail and ducks. The people, as a rule, are
industrious and in a prosperous condition.
Poultry production is being taken up with system and is remunerative. Minorcas,
Leghorns and Plymouth Rocks are recommended. Prices of eggs range from 15 to 75 cents
per dozen; spring chickens, 35 cents and upwards. The only cause militating against the
success of the industry is " want of experience."
Sheep.—This is a suitable district for sheep, and their production is carried on to a considerable extent with profit.    No pests to contend against, except a few dogs.
Swine production is not prosecuted, owing to low prices prevailing of late.
Labourers.—Whites, $25 to $30 per month, with board and lodging; Chinese, $20 per
month, without board ; Japanese, $10 per month, with board and bed.
Cowichan,
Which includes the Districts of Cowichan, Comiaken, Quamichan, Somenos, Chemainus,
Sahtlam, Seymour and Shawnigan, is one of the most flourishing settlements on the Island,
about 40 miles north of Victoria, on the line of the E. &. N. Railway, midway to Nanaimo,
being centrally situated in regard to markets. The Flockmasters' Association, organised some
time ago, has done good work in importing improved stock.   The first two mentioned districts 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 97
front on the water, Sansom Narrows; these, with the following two, have a fair quantity of
camparatively clear land on the Cowichan River and on Quamichan and Somenos Lakes, with
good bottoms and a good deal of timber lands. The others are farther back, and are, for the
most part, heavily wooded and sparsely settled.
Chemainus adjoins Cowichan to the north, Thetis and Kuper Islands, which lie off
Chemainus, being included. The latter are fairly cleared of timber, and are well suited to
sheep-raising and fruit-growing. The mainland is heavily wooded, except in the valley of the
Chemainus River.    There is a saw-mill and quite a village at the harbour.
Cowichan Lake is centrally located between the eastern and western coasts of the Island,
and about 20 miles from Duncan Station, on the E. & N. Railway, with which point it is
connected by a good waggon road. The country is all heavily timbered, principally with fir
and cedar, and some maple and alder in the bottoms.
Shawnigan is a district on the line of the E. & N. Railway, about 30 miles from Victoria,
and includes Shawnigan Lake and Koksilah River. The country is heavily wooded, but there
are some extensive, low-lying lands, which, with drainage, can easily be brought into cultivation. The drainage question, however, is a very serious one to the individual farmer, as the
expense is great; and inasmuch as the draining of one part means the reclamation to some
extent of all their properties, it would appear that co-operation should be adopted.
Meteorological Records for 1902.
At Duncan :—
Highest temperature, incomplete; June and September were 84°, July and
August would be much higher.
Lowest temperature, also incomplete    11° in February.
Rainfall, also incomplete ; about 50 inches, of which 36.55 inches fell in
the months of January, February, November and December.
Snowfall    10.6 inches.
Altitude, practically sea level.
At Kuper Island :—
Highest temperature, July ) for 1900 ; that for 19021 95 .0°
Lowest M November../ not given. j 16.0°
Rainfall, for 1902    45. 20 inches.
Snowfall,        ii  39.5 n
Average rainfall, derived from a group of years  41.95       n
ti        snowfall, ii ii   36.5        n
Public schools are situated at Chemainus, Chemainus Landing, Cowichan, Duncan,
Glenora, Malahat, Maple Bay, Mt. Sicker, Quamichan, Sahtlam, Shawnigan and Somenos.
Mr. Mellin's remarks regarding the division treated of in this chapter- are no exaggeration, it is an ideal residential district as well as a farming one, and as for the sportsman, he. can
have the best of fishing, including salmon and trout, and shooting of all descriptions. Shawnigan Lake, where there are two excellent hotels, is well supplied with fruit; the land is
generally heavily wooded and much of it is rocky, but there are also many spots of good land.
At Cobble Hill and vicinity there are some good farms, and a considerable amount of dairying
is done. Duncan and vicinity is well treated of by Mr. Mellin and Captain Wolley. Chemainus has a fine stream running through it, where good fishing is to be had. I reproduce the
following excellent article :—
By Clive Phillips-Wolley.
" To the student of human nature, British Columbia presents a curious anomaly. A very
large proportion of those who migrate to this colony come for greater freedom and an outdoor
life, at an expense less than such a life would entail at home; and yet, when they arrive here,
most of them crowd into the towns. Country houses in the vicinity of Victoria are almost
unknown. The Cowichan or Duncan District contains most of the exceptions to this rule.
It is the district par excellence of leisurely country life in British Columbia.
"A great many people will tell you that farming does not pay on Vancouver Island, and
if you have to clear the land to be farmed, I think there is some truth in it; and yet we can
show substantial farmers who started without capital. The truth is that farming at a profit
requires experience and hard work;  perhaps the two things are not always found in com- A 98 Report on Agriculture, 1903
bination. A very large number of our farmers were never brought up to farm. Even if you
can buy bush land at $1 an acre, it may cost you $100 to clear it; and at present farm labour
costs from $10 to $15 per month and board, if it is Japanese, and $20 and board if it is white.
But you can buy cleared land for less than it cost to clear it, and off such land you can make
a good living—perhaps even a small income —and, by adopting the simple habits of your
neighbours, you can get more fun, sport and good living here for $1,000 per annum than you
can get for £1,000 per annum in the Old Country. This is essentially the right country for
men with pensions, with small incomes and country tastes. An Indian can live here on
nothing but the bounty of nature; a white man on the islands of the Gulf can live here for
very little more.
" I know a family, consisting of two English ladies and a child, who built themselves a
house and cultivated a small garden upon one of the loveliest of our islands. They had their
piano and their boat, sea bathing, fishing and gardening ; and their first year's expenses for all
three, exclusive of their initial outlay, was £60, and for this they lived well.
" Let us go a step higher in the scale of expenditure. You can buy in the Duncan District
choice land, upon the sea or upon a lake, one-half cleared and one-haif bush, for $50 an acre.
You can build a good house of the bungalow type, lined with choice wood, prettily finished,
and having, say, two sitting-rooms, four bed-rooms, bath-room, kitchen, etc., for$2,000 (£400).
For £200 you can buy 20 acres of land, of which at least 10 will be cleared. You can put a
house upon it for another $2,000 (£400), and buy yourself two cows, a horse and buggy for
another $300 (£60); and for another £140 you should be able to put in a good orchard and
garden, make and stock a poultry yard, buy a boat, and perhaps a few sheep.
"For £1,000 you have your home equipped in the Duncan District, and if you want to
increase your holding by the work of your own hands or the expenditure of small sums of
money as you make or save them, there is plenty of good land in the bush to be cleared.
" As to the life. In the Duncan District there is a very large element of English settlers,
including naval and military men, pensioned Indian civil servants, and gentlemen's younger
sons. The amusements are very much those of English country life, only that they cost you
nothing.
" There are towns now in British Columbia where people try to live as they think that
people live in England—where a dinner without champagne is not what it should be, and
dresses good enough for Hurlingham are worn at little scratch cricket matches. They do not
do these things in the country districts. The dress here is simple ; no one dreams of any
better drink than beer or whiskey and soda; the entertainments, small dances, picnics, bathing
parties, etc., replace champagne with high spirits, and cost next to nothing. If you are a
decent fellow, it does not matter twopence what your financial standing may be.
" As to sport. The fishing in the district is excellent. At Cowichan Lake, in the early
part of this year, I believe that the average was about 25 trout to the boat, running from
1 to 2 pounds. This was with a fly. In the summer, with a spoon, men get some very large
baskets of two-pounders. Capt. Finnis, R. N., caught 255 pounds of trout in three days with
fly and spoon. Capt. Salmon, 89 pounds of trout in one day. The Cowichan River sometimes affords excellent sport. In the early spring a big trout, running from 5 to 10 pounds
(known as the steelhead), gives good sport to the fly-fisher, and later on there are good runs of
sea trout; whilst in the bay, men who care for it can get superb salmon trolling.
" On one of the smaller lakes (two miles from Duncan, where many of the nicest homes
are), a resident killed with the dry fly 22 trout weighing 57 pounds, in two evenings' fishing.
This is work, however, for the skilled hand.
"Grouse of two kinds used to be plentiful, and in the mountains close to hand there are
still a fair number of blue grouse for the hard-working gunner. Seven brace to the gun is the
best I have heard of this year. The willow grouse has suffered heavily, disturbed, I believe,
in the nesting season by the imported pheasant, which has now become so plentiful as to
become a nuisance to the farmers.
" Deer are plentiful, and in the winter season ducks, teal and geese afford capital sport on
the coast and in the marshes round the lakes.
" Above all, to the man who can afford it, Duncan offers a charming home within easy
reach of really fine wild sport; trolling for the giant salmon of the Campbell River; wapiti
shooting beyond Cowichan Lake, and on the West Coast of the Island; or sheep, beer, goat
and mule deer on the Mainland—all at points within a few days' easy travel, and all shooting
free. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 99
"It would be easy, without exaggeration, to make this a much more alluring picture, but
the exquisite scenery must be left to do this, and I understand that this pamphlet aims at
telling the simple truth."
Report op Mr. H. deM. Mellin, Correspondent, Somenos.
General Description.—The Cowichan District, for the purposes of this article, comprise the valley watered by the Cowichan River, and the adjacent country as far south as
Shawnigan, and to the north as far as Chemainus. This district is particularly adapted for
the pursuit of both agriculture and horticulture. It is centrally situated on the Esquimalt
and Nanaimo Railway, between two excellent markets, Victoria and Nanaimo. The soils,
chiefly alluvial, respond readrly to cultivation, and produce large crops of all grains and plants
belonging to the temperate zone. The population consists chiefly of English and Scotch
settlers, many of them of exceedingly good social position. The district is traversed by some
of the best roads in the Island, kept always in good order by a well-administered Municipal
Council. There is also good water communication along the Coast from Saanich Arm to
Chemainus. At the latter place may be found one of the largest saw-mills in Canada, and at
Cowichan Lake extensive logging operations are carried on every year. Another rapidly-
growing industry is mining. The ore-deposits on Mounts Sicker, Brenton and Richards are
of such an extent to have already justified the erection of two smelters—one at Ladysmith and
the other at Crofton. It should be mentioned that both of these towns have sprung into
existence since my last report. A vein of anthracite coal has been discovered at Koksilah
and will shortly be worked. In spite of these industries, the beauty of the country surrounding
the chief town of Duncan remains unspoiled. As a residental district, Cowichan must always
remain unexcelled, each year adding to the number of new homes on lake, river and sea. In
conclusion, it may be said that, throughout Canada, there is no part seemingly more fully
assured of ample future prosperity than this valley of Cowichan.
Wheat.—Most ranchers grow a little, to be used as poultry feed and for fattening stock,
but the total production is small.
Oats.—Ligowo, Improved Ligowo, Lincoln and Wide-Awake, all grown. Average yield,
60 bushels per acre ; price, $25 per ton. A good all-round crop was harvested under excellent
conditions.
Rye.—The practice of growing fall rye and vetch as spring feed for dairy cattle has
greately increased.    Some grain is matured and threshed for use as seed.
Peas.—Between 30 and 40 bushels per acre is the average yield—a fairly good crop.
Ruling prices, about $30 per ton.
Potatoes.—Early Rose, Late Rose, Dakota Red, Uncle Sam, Maggie Murphy, Burbank
Seedling, Clarke's No. 1, Everett, Puritan, Bovee and Carman, are grown. Yield, from 400
to 600 bushels per acre; Prices, from $10 to $20 per ton. The soil of the Cowichan Valley
produces a very superior quality of potato, rich in starch and, when cooked, presenting the
light, flaky appearance usually so much esteemed.
Roots.—The yield of Mangolds was about 30 tons per acre; Carrots, 25 to 30 tons;
Turnips, 35 to 40 tons.    All root crops somewhat under the average, owing to very wet autumn.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—In several instances onions have been most successfully
grown as a field crop; the rest merely in kitchen gardens.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy, Cocksfoot, Red Top, Meadow Fescue, Kentucky Blue
Grass, Rye Grass; Clovers : Red, Mammoth Red, Alsike, White Dutch and Alfalfa are grown.
Timothy is not considered a general purpose grass; most farmers sow a mixture. Alfalfa,
when once it has, by careful attention, obtained a footing, grows splendidly, and is deserving
of more attention in the future.
Native Grasses.—Some of the native grasses and clovers make excellent pasture. As
hay, the yield is very light, when compared with the tame varieties. Experiments with native
grasses have shown their tendency to grow isolated tufts and disinclination to form an even sod.
Indian Corn can be grown with great success in this district, and makes very good
ensilage. All farmers here would benefit immensely if they would each year use some portion
of their grass land for growing corn. The chief reason that this is not the universal practice
seems to be the expense and outlay necessary for cutting and silo filling machinery; but this
difficulty might be overcome, as it has been already in Ontario, by some system of co-operation.
Rape is occasionally grown, and with success, as pasturage for sheep. A 100 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Vetches are grown very successfully, with fall-sown grain, for soiling and early summer
feeding.
Ensilage.—There are some six or seven silos in the district, all in use. Any fodder
plants suitable to these latitudes can be grown here, and successfully preserved as ensilage.
In my opinion, the dairy farmers of Cowichan should aim at producing corn ensilage and
alfalfa hay, thus easily doubling the output of their farms.
Apples.—Duchess of Oldenberg, Red Astrachan, Alexander, Wealth}', 20-oz. Pippin,
Gloria Mundi, Gravenstein, Blenheim Orange, Ribston Pippin, Baldwin, Northern Spy,
Golden Russet, Rhode Island Greening, Ben Davis, Canada Reinette, and King of Tompkins
County, are all successfully grown. Yield in 1902, fairly good ; weather good. Approximate
number of trees, 10,000 to 12,000. Diseases, apple scab and black spot of the bark, and a
certain proportion of the usual fungoid and insect diseases wherever trees are neglected.
Remedies, spraying.    Prices, 75c. to $1 per box ; higher in the spring.
Pears.—Bartlett, Beurre d'Anjou, Flemish Beauty, Louise Bonne de Jersey, also several
late or winter varieties, successfully grown. Yield, fairly good ; weather good. Number of
trees proportionately few, as compared with apples.    Diseases, fusicladium and fungoid pest.
Plums and Prunes.—The following varieties are grown: Italian Prune, Tennant
Prunes, Peach Plum, Greengage, Pond's Seedling, Yellow Egg and Coe's Golden Drop. Yield
of prunes, very good; of plums, fair. Approximate number of trees, 3,000. Very little
disease. Prices, from 2c. to 4c per ft., for certain varieties. There is very little sale for plums
of the smaller sorts.
Cherries.—The following varieties are successfully grown : White Heart, Governor
Wood, Royal Anne, English Morello. Yield is very good. The crop was somewhat damaged
by rain towards the end of the cherry season. Number of trees, about 600. Ruling prices,
7c and 8c. per ft.    There is a good demand for Royal Annes.
Grapes can be produced with fair success. A few vines are to be found in old-established
orchards. Viniculture is, however, not on the increase, and this in spite of the fact that
grapes grown in this district have been proved capable of producing a wine of very high
quality.
Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines.—All these fruits can be successfully produced.
Of apricots and nectarines there are very few, but most orchards contain two or three peach
trees.    Crawford's Early is the favourite variety.
Small Fruits.—The following are successfully produced : Sharpless, Wilson and War-
field strawberries, and currants.    The yield was good ; the season rather wet.
Board of Horticulture.—Under this heading, I wish to point out to the members of
the Board of Horticulture the very grave damage that is being done to the fruit-growers of
this Province by the wholesale importation of mixtures that are labelled and sold as various
kinds of jam. In this district of Cowichan a would-be thriving industry is completely stifled
by the introduction of this falsely labelled product. An enormous quantity of fruit is left each
year to rot upon the trees, while large sums of money are sent out of the country to buy that
which is not honest jam. The facts are these : The actual net cost of producing a five-pound
pail of average assorted jam, here in Cowichan, is 41|c. To make a profit this must be sold
for 60c. On the other hand, the imported compound can be delivered by the car-load in
Victoria at 35c per 5-ft. pail. What this last-named stuff is made of, it would be hardly safe
to conjecture ; but it is certain that the fruit supposed to be preserved forms only a very small
percentage of the pail. I have been requested to point out the necessity for legislation which
will ensure that these imported mixtures are at least labelled according to their real contents,
both for the protection of the public and the encouragement of a very promising home industry.
Dairying.—There is very little private dairying in the district. Practically all the
farmers find it more advantageous from every point of view to send to the creamery.
Creameries.—The output of butter from the Cowichan Creamery last year, 1902, totalled
up to 90,616 fts., and the production is steadily on the increase. This creamery is co-operative,
both in principle and practice; all the patrons are shareholders. The farmers separate the
milk and deliver their own cream, three times a week in summer and twice in winter. Number
of patrons, 72 ; number of cows, 500.
Feeding.—Those farmers who feed scientifically usually balance the animals' rations
according to data furnished by various agricultural papers.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—Soiling cows with alfalfa would meet the difficulty
Alfalfa grows well in this district and should receive greater attention. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 101
Horned Cattle.—Good milch cows are from $50 to $60 each. I do not recommend any
particular breed, but a more thorough and continuous testing of the herds now milking, in
order that the indifferent animals may be weeded out and only the very best ones kept.
Horses.—At least two stallions travelled the district last year, and some good colts have
been the result. Good general-purpose horses, of the French coach horse order, or even as
heavy as a Suffolk Punch, will always fetch a good price here. Prices range anywhere from
$75 to $150.
Sheep.—The raising of good breeds of sheep, fostered and encouraged by that excellent
institution, the Vancouver Island Flock-masters' Association, is prosecuted here with much
success. There is always a good and ready market, the demand for mutton greatly exceeding
the supply. This branch of farming will probably make greater strides in the future; of late
so much more attention has been given to the dairy industry. The close-woolled sheep—South-
downs and Shropshires—are the varieties best fitted to withstand our rainy winters. Prices:
Wethers, in good condition, $5 to $6 ; good grade ewes for stock, $6 ; lambs, $4.50 to $5.
Swine.—A greater or smaller number of pork pigs are raised on every farm, but the
systematic growing of bacon for the market is nowhere practised. The bacon sold here is
imported from Chicago. The very small amount cured locally sells readily for 20 to 22 cents
per ft. These facts will suffice to show that there is something more than a good living here
awaiting the man who will devote his entire attention to hog-raising and bacon-curing.
Ruling prices : pigs on foot, 5 to 6 cents per ft.; dressed, from 8 to 9 cents. Chester Whites
and Berkshires and their crosses are greatly in favour here, and also a mixture of Berkshire
and Tamworth.
Poultry.—The raising of poultry, both for their eggs and for the table, promises to be
most remunerative. Several residents of this district have embarked in this industry on a
larger scale than has been usual here—with incubators, brooders, scratching sheds, etc., and
report good results. There will always be an excellent market for all the eggs and poultry
that can be raised for a long time to come. Breeds recommended: Buff Orpingtons, White
and spangled Wyandottes, Plymouth Rocks. Price of eggs varies all the way from 20 to 60
cents per dozen, according to the season.
Bee-Keeping is only carried on to a limited extent.
Diseases of Animals.—The educational effects of, 1st, the creamery, 2nd, the visits of
the Government Veterinary Inspector, and 3rd, the Farmer's Institute lectures and literature,
have resulted in a greater care and attention being paid to the many excellent dairy herds in
this district. Other classes of stock have also benefited by the introduction of up-to-date
information. Consequently, cases of disease among domestic animals are happily rare, and,
when occurring, are often treated on the spot wiih a fair amount of skill. We live in hopes
of some day possessing a resident veterinary surgeon, for whom there is an excellent opening.
Co-operation.—The farmers in this district have invariably been almost unanimous in
advocating co-operative principles. The creamery, the Flockmasters' Association and an
Agricultural Association founded in 1868, all testify to their willingness to co-operate for the
benefit of the community.
Experiment Stations.—The opinion has often been expressed that an experimental farm
for Vancouver Island is greatly needed. In this connection it may be pointed out that, on
account of its central position and exceptional advantages, the Cowichan Valley has much to
recommend it for the establishment of such a station.
Agricultural Education.—All classes of the population would benefit by the introduction of an elementary text book, teaching them something about the sources of our food supply.
In an agricultural district especially, this is a crying want. Those in opposition are evidently
profoundly ignorant of such matters—too ignorant, in fact, to be allowed an opinion on the
subject.
Farmers' Institutes.—I am in favour, if this is at all possible, of a better amalgamation
of the Farmers' Institutes with the older Agricultural Societies.
Soils.—There is no doubt that most of the soils here can be benefited by the judicious
application of lime. Plenty of barnyard manure will supply any other deficiencies in the best
sort of"way.
Draining.—Farm lands are fairly well drained, as a rule. Usual price for ditching:
ditch two feet deep, filled in with cedar slabs, from 40c. to 50c per rod.
Dyking.—Some dyking is done at the mouth of the Cowichan River. Otherwise, the
character of the land in the district is not such as to require dyking.
PROVINCIAL LIBRAE* A 102 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Clearing Land.—The cost of clearing land, about $100 per acre, is far higher than it
ought to be. The man who can perfect a system of improved, cheaper and quicker methods
of clearing will place himself on record as the greatest benefactor this Province has yet seen.
An immense amount of money is sent out of the country to buy feed-stuffs, most of which
could be grown here. The simple fact is, that we have not enough cleared land to grow this
food. And yet the Government do not seem to think it necessary to seriously consider the
question of increasing the area of cleared land. It has been suggested that a series of experiments in clearing land should be undertaken at the public expense. These should at once
be begun under the direction of men of ideas and experience. And what is more, this work
should be continued year after year, and all the weight of scientific and practical opinion
brought to bear upon it. Thus only shall we learn better and cheaper methods of developing
the resources of the soil, feed our population and assure the permanent prosperity of the
country. Perhaps the importance of this land-clearing question might be better understood if
all our legislators thoroughly grasped the fact that in 1900 we imported for Provincial
consumption agricultural products to the value of five and a half million dollars, all of which
products could have been raised in the Province.    And these importations are increasing.
Pecuniary Assistance.—It is doubtful if direct pecuniary assistance to the farmer is
altogether advisable. Government subsidies are probably better expended in conducting
experiments in clearing land, or in helping on enterprises of a co-operative nature, such as the
building of creameries, pork-packing and fruit-preserving factories, and the importation of
pedigree stock.
Timber.—Douglas fir, broad-leaved maple, alder, cottonwood, oak, arbutus, dogwood,
buckthorn, crab, wild cherry, willow (several varieties), yew, balsam, hemlock, white pine,
blue spruce and cedar.
Weeds.—Wherever Canada thistle appears it should be instantly eradicated by means of
the application of salt. It is only known of on two ranches in this neighbourhood, and will
probably ere long be stamped out. It is the duty of all landowners who wish to be preserved
from this pest to see that the provisions of the Thistle Act are enforced, at any rate so far as
they apply to the Canada variety.
Poisonous Plants.—Cases of poisoning from these sources are very rare. All fern in
the hay should each time be removed from the horse's manger after he has finished his feed.
If allowed to remain, the animal will invariably eat it as soon as he begins to feel hungry
again, and the opinion seems universal that this plant acts injuriously upon a horse's digestion.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—Panthers and wolves are on the decrease.
Forest Fires. — Bush Fire Act, as recently amended, covers scope very well.
Lands.—There is no Government land for pre-emption in any easily accessible part of the
district. Most of the railway land available for agricultural purposes has also been disposed
of. Such railway land as remains unsold in outlying parts of the district may be bought for
from $3 to $5 per acre. The price for improved farms varies very much, from $50 to $100
per acre.
Labour.—Whites, $1.50 to $2.50 per day (not easily obtainable); Chinese, $10 to $25
per month ; Japanese, $10 to $20 per month ; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Throughout the
summer months white labour is scarce and Chinese and Japanese expensive. The Indians go
to the canneries.
North and South Nanaimo,
In which is included Oyster, Cedar, Bright, Cranberry, Nanaimo, Douglas, Mountain,
Wellington, Nanoose, and Cameron Districts, and the Islands of Gabriola, Lasqueti and
Texada, is the chief coal-producing section of the Province.
Meteorological Records in 1902.
At French Creek :—
Highest temperature, August  88°
Lowest ii January  11
Average  47.9°
Rainfall  39.79 inches.
Snowfall ,        7.5       n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 103
At Nanaimo :—
Highest temperature in August      90.3°
Lowest n in January        7.3°
Average      48.9°
Rainfall      40.36 inches.
Snowfall      28.5        ■■
Practically sea level.
Public schools are situated at Departure Bay, Mountain, Nanoose, Northfield, Parksville,
Wellington, Alexandria, Cedar East, Cedar North, Cedar South, Chase River, Extension,
Gabriola, Harewood, Ladysmith, Nanaimo Bay, North Nanaimo, South Nanaimo, Southfield,
North Oyster and Van Anda.
The following excellent report of Mr. John Stewart, correspondent at Stark's Crossing,
Nanaimo, is reproduced in a corrected form, to suit present conditions :—
The Electoral District of North and South Nanaimo extends from Chemainus on the
south to Qualicum on the north, a distance of 60 miles. The district, except what has been
cleared, is all bush land, with mountainous, rocky ridges around Oyster Bay, Extension,
Wellington, Nanaimo, Nanoose Bay and Englishman's River. The Esquimalt and Nanaimo
Railway, which extends from the City of Victoria, at the south end of Vancouver Island, to
Wellington, a distance of 78 miles, has 28 miles of track in the district. The town of Ladysmith is situated 5 miles from the south boundary of the district, on Oyster Harbour.
Ladysmith is the shipping point for the Extension and South Wellington coal mines. The
Extension coal mines are situated 12 miles to the north-north-west of Ladysmith, and South
Wellington 9 miles to the north. The mines are owned by the Esquimalt and Nanaimo
Railway Company, of which Company Mr. James Dunsmuir is the President. The town of
Ladysmith is built on sloping ground, which rises gradually from the water-front back as far
as the city is at present built, five or six blocks. It has a beautiful situation, one terrace
rising above another. The city is well laid out and has a splendid water supply. There are
two large hotels and several smaller ones already attending to the wants of the travelling
public There is one large departmental store and several smaller ones. It is a station on
the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, and has a post office with a daily mail service. Going
north on the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway from Ladysmith, the first station is Fiddick's
Junctim, where the railway branches off to the Extension mines. The branch line is 3 miles
long. The coal of the Extension mines is taken out through a tunnel 2 miles long. This
tunnel is 8 feet by 8 feet, and accommodates two lines of rails. The coal is hauled out by
electric motors. The most approved appliances and machinery have been put in for the rapid
handling of coal, and it is expected this mine will soon have an output of 1,000 tons a day.
The first station north of Fiddick's Junction is South Wellington, at which place a coal mine
is in operation. There is a small village of recent growth, with between 200 and 300
inhabitants.
Along the water-front from the south boundary, between the railway and salt water,
there is partially cleared land as far as Haslam Creek, and the soil is good clay loam. From
Brenton Crossing, 3 miles to the north of Ladysmith, following the waggon road to Nanaimo,
there are a number of well-cleared farms. In Cedar District, which extends from near Oyster
Bay to Nanaimo River bridge, the soil is all good, and would give returns if it were further-
improved by tile draining and good cultivation. Dairying is carried on on a small scale, but
grain, potatoes and hay are the principal products of Cedar District. Nanaimo is the principal
market for this district. The roads are good. To the west and south of Nanaimo are situated
the 5-acre lots of the New Vancouver Coal Company, which have been mostly taken up by
miners. To the west of Nanimo, about 1 \ miles, the New Vancouver Coal Company's farm is
situated. This farm, of fully 500 acres, has been cleared up within the last 10 years out of
the bush, some of it costing fully $200 an acre to clear. It is all drained with tile. It grows
the supplies of hay, oats and roots for the Company's mules and horses. Nanaimo is a city of
6,500 inhabitants, and is a good market for all farm produce. The principal mine of the New
Vancouver Coal Company is situated within the limits of the city. The Company has two
other mines in operation at present—No. 5, four miles to the south, on the Victoria Road, and
Protection Island mine, which is situated at the entrance to Nanaimo harbour. Following
the Comox waggon road from Nanaimo to Nanoose Bay, the nearly deserted villages of North-
field and Wellington are situated thereon, the former 3 miles and the latter 5 miles from
Nanaimo.    To the south of Wellington, in the Millstream Valley, the large farm belonging to A 104 Report on Agriculture, 1903
R. Dunsmuir & Sons, with an area of several hundred acres of excellent land, is situated. The
Company raises hay on this farm for the use of the mules and horses in their employ. At
Northfield, the Hamilton Powder Company have their works. They manufacture gunpowder,
blasting powder, stumping powder, dynamite and gelagnite. The product of these works is
shipped to all parts of the Province.
There are many small farms, well cleared and with good soil, between Nanaimo and
Nanoose Bay. From the point where the Comox Road comes into view of Nanoose Bay and
Parksville, the soil is inclined to be sandy and gravelly. Following the Comox Road from
Parksville, by French Creek, to Qualicum, the best farming land in the whole district is found
at Qualicum. Turning off the Comox Road 3 miles to the south of Englishman's River, near
Beaver Creek wharf, the Alberni Road runs through a bush country mostly. The stage coach
to Alberni has its headquarters at Errington, 3 miles from the junction of the Comox and
Alberni roads. There is excellent shooting and fishing around Parksville, Nanoose Bay and
Qualicum, and there is excellent hotel accommodation at Parksville, Errington, Nanoose Bay
and Qualicum. There are three islands in the Gulf of Georgia which belong to the district,
viz., Gabriola, Lasqueti and Texada. Gabriola, especially the south end, has excellent land;
when cleared, it will yield large returns. Lasqueti Island is essentially adapted for sheep-
raising, but the methods followed are not productive of the best results. Texada, the farthest
north, in the Gulf of Georgia, is a great mining centre. Copper and iron are abundant, with
gold and silver in less paying quantities. These islands, with the exception of Lasqueti, have
steamboat communication three or four times a week. Texada Island has a smelter in operation for reducing the ore of the mines of the island and surrounding country. There is
excellent school accommodation in the district—in all, there are 19 schools scattered up and
down the district, exclusive of Nanaimo City. There are seven post-offices with a daily mail,
viz., Ladysmith, South Wellington, Extension, Departure Bay, Northfield, East Wellington,
and Wellington; five with twice-a-week service : French Creek, Parksville, Errington,
Gabriola and Texada; and two with once a week service : Cedar and Nanoose Bay. There
are seven telegraph offices in the district: Ladysmith, South Wellington, Extension, North-
field, Wellington, Englishman's River and Nanaimo.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy largely grown; in a few cases, English rye grass has
been grown, with good satisfaction; also White and Red clover and Alsike. Timothy hay is
selling for from $12 to $15 a ton.
Indian Corn.—It is becoming evident that corn can be grown in this Province. A Mr.
Cook, of Nanaimo City, was awarded a prize for corn at the recent Paris Exhibition. The
sample bundle of corn which he sent was 14 feet in length. R. J. Craig, of Parksville, grew
corn (Mitchell's Extra Early) this year which nearly ripened. Sam WTaddington, Nanaimo,
was successful in growing corn this year, and was awarded a prize at Nanaimo Show.
Vetches.—Wherever the right variety is sown at a suitable season vetches (winter
variety vicia sativa) have given splendid satisfaction. The retail price of the seed, which has
been 10c to 12-Jc a pound, has been a barrier to a more extended trial. The Farmers' Institute should import and distribute seed at cost price.
Soy Beans have been a complete failure; English horse beans should be tried here.
Apples.—Gravenstein, Jonathan, King of Tompkins County, Walbridge, Wealthy and
Lord Suffield are the favourites. The black spot on the bark seems to be a little troublesome,
but fruit-growers are adopting the remedies recommended by lecturers at Farmers' Institute
meetings, and these remedies are found to be very efficacious. The oyster-shell scale is found
on trees that are not periodically sprayed, and the same may be said of other pests.
Pears.—Bartlett, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Flemish Beauty, Winter Nelis and Beurre
d' Anjou. The yield was good, but pears are only grown on a very small scale, because prices
don't rule nearly so high as apples.    The prices were 75c. to $1 a box.
Plums and Prunes.—Peach, Columbia, Bradshaw, Victoria, Black Diamond, Pond's
Seedling, Yellow Egg, Italian Prune, French Prune and Pacific Prune. Winter-killing and
black spot on the bark are the worst diseases.
Cherries.—Black Tartarian, May Duke, Late Duke, English Morello, Ontario, Preserving
and Belle Magnifique.    The worst disease of the cherry is gumming.
Strawberries.—Magoon, Sharpless, Wilson, War-field, Gandy and Glen Mary. Yield, 2
to 4 tons to the acre. Diseases, rust and winter-killing. Remedy for rust, spray with
Bordeaux mixture; for winter-killing, only plant varieties that will stand the winter. Gandy
is very subject to winter-killing.    Price, 7-|- to 10 cents per pound. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia A 105
Raspberries.—Cuthbert and Marlboro ; about 2 tons to the acre ; 4| to 8| cents a pound.
The Cuthbert was affected with an unnamed disease which affected the bark, but did not affect
the yield, except in a very small area.
Currants.—Not worth planting now, the demand growing less every year.
Gooseberries.—Industry and Oregon Champion ; yield, 2 to 3 tons to the acre, on 3-year-
old bushes. Prices, 5 to 8J cents a pound. Mildew is the most persistent disease, but yields
to remedy of lime, sulphur and salt and Bordeaux mixture.
Dairying.—All through the district, but especially in the neighbourhood of Nanaimo,
dairying is carried on. Around Nanaimo dairying is fairly profitable, but not nearly so
profitable as it should be, because they fail to keep tally with their cows, or in other words,
they fail to "feed, breed and weed," especially the latter. I don't think there is one dairyman
that keeps a record of what his cows are doing, and, consequently, the profit and loss account
is a very uncertain account.
Feeding.—The great bane of feeding all sorts of cattle, yeld and milk cattle, is letting them
run at large on roadsides and in the bush. Milch cows are very easily affected in their yield
of milk by the distance they have to travel for their food. On the farm on which I was raised
in Scotland, whenever the cows were sent to pasture in the farthest fields, it was known the
same day in the less yield of milk. The only salvation for the dairying industry in this part
is to grow soiling crops and erect silos. Farmers' Institutes and Agricultural Societies ought
to encourage the growing of soiling crops and the making of ensilage, by offering good
substantial prizes for the same, in order to draw the attention of the owners of cattle to this
important subject.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—The only green crop which I think would fill the bill
is corn ; but this is one of the crying necessities for the immediate establishment of Experiment
Stations. ' I think Experiment Stations, or an Experiment Union, should be one of the very
first things in connection with agriculture to claim the attention of the Provincial Government.
Sheep.—Some of the Islands in the Gulf of Georgia are well adapted to raising sheep,
Lasqueti Island especially, and Gabriola. Sheep-raising and dairying are almost on the same
level, so far as profits are concerned. It may be said that sheep raisers need to feed, breed
and weed, the same as in dairying. This is a country where large profits could be made out of
sheep, if the same care and forethought were given to them as in Britain and Ontario.
Poultry.—In two or three places in the district poultry breeding has been carried on
with system. R. J. Craig, Parksville, has made a profit of $2 a head. Mr. Miller, assistant
nurse, Nanaimo Hospital, had lots of eggs all this winter, when others were doing nothing ;
and Mr. Smith, five-acre lots, made a daily profit of from $1.50 to $2 from 200 hens, all raised
by the incubator. We ought to hear from these men how they do it. Eggs never sold for
less than 25 cents a dozen.    During November and December, 65 cents was the ruling price.
Bees.—Bee-keeping is being carried on more largely every year, especially in the neighbourhood of the New Vancouver Coal Company's Farm. One man made $250 out of 32
colonies. Honey fetched 25 cents a pound this year. White clover and Alsike during June
and July.
Experiment Stations.—I think that the subject of Experiment Stations ought to be
taken up immediately by the Government of British Columbia. If we wait until the Dominion
Government gives this Province Experiment Stations, we will wait 20 years. The expenditure
would be justified by the results, if thoroughly practical men took hold of the proposition.
Soils.—All of our soils need lime. All bottom lands are deficient in phosphoric acid and
potash. Lime can be got at $1.50 a barrel; phosphoric acid for $25 a ton in Victoria;
potash, in the form of muriate of potash, for $55 a ton; in the form of kainit, $20. (Lime
for agricultural purposes, $5 and $6 per ton.—J. R. A.)
Fertilisers.—Artificial manures are gradually coming into use. Nitrate of soda, $40 a
ton; bone dust, $25 a ton ; sulphate of potash, $60 a ton. Seaweed and dog salmon are used
to some extent, but not nearly as much as they should. Before the use of artificial manures
can be recommended, the most of the cleared land in this country needs thorough draining to
get best results.
Clearing Land.—The best plan to remove large stumps is to blast them out with stumping powder and then set fire to them, or pull them out with a small stumping machine, or by
the use of oxen. Stumping could be done very well by co-operation, but co-operation in that
sort of work is an unknown quantity in these parts. The Sweep single-horse stumping
machines, with f-inch steel-wire rope, have operated the best of any that have come under my
observation. Draining.—Very little under-draining has been done in this district, except on the New
Vancouver Coal Company's farm. The want is money at a reasonable rate of interest, to do
the drainage thoroughly. Thorough under-draining is the first and great want; in fact, it is
an absolute necessity to get the best results from the soil. Wet, sour land is a very fickle
agent to cope with.    Drain tile costs $1 a chain, and digging and filling in $1 a chain.
Pecuniary Assistance.—As stated under the head of draining, the only borrowed money
that is safe for a farmer to handle is money borrowed for tile draining. In many cases it
would pay to borrow money at 10 per cent. If the Government would follow the plan that
was followed by the Government of Great Britain about 60 years ago, it would not go far
wrong. There are many farms in Britain to this day that bear the marks of the immense
improvement that draining brought with it when the Government loaned money for that
purpose.
Weeds.—The only place where the Canada thistle has made its appearance in this district
is at Northfield Crossing, on the E. & N. Railway.    The thistles are allowed to go to seed.
Lands.—Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway land is to be had in this district. All kinds are
to be had, good, bad and indifferent, from Chemainus to Qualicum. The price of railway land
is $5 an acre.
Labour.—Whites, very scarce, $20 to $35 a month, with board ; Chinese, $8 to $15 a
month, with board ; Japanese, $8 to $22, without board. Chinese and Japanese labourers can
usually be got, except during the fishing season.
The following description of Texada Island is reproduced from the last report :—" The
Island of Texada is situated in the Gulf of Georgia, near the 51st degree of latitude. The
island is reached by steamer, or E. & N. Railway from Victoria to Nanaimo ; thence up the
gulf by steamer 49 miles to the Puget Sound Iron Mine wharf, from which the Government
road bisects the island to the Marble Bay and Van Anda wharves, on the opposite shore.
The island contains quite a nice sprinkling of alder lands and swamps and rolling hills and
mountains, profuse with wild grass, remarkably adapted for sheep and cattle grazing. Some
of the mountains rise up to 3,000 feet in height. The total length of the island is something
over 30 miles, and the average width is estimated to be about 5 miles, making it the monarch
of the gulf islands. The formations are granites, syenites, porphyrys, diorites, limestone
and agglomerates, or amygdaloids. Copper is found in many of its varied varieties; native
sulphides and glance iron in magnetite and oxide and numerous other forms ; lead galenas,
zincs, graphite, arsenical and antimonial ores, and, of most importance, free gold."
Comox,
Extending from the northern boundary of North Nanaimo to the northern boundary of
Comox District, a distance of some 65 miles, and including the Islands of Hornby and Denman and the Districts of Castle, Nelson and Comox, is for the most part heavily wooded and
sparsely populated, especially the two first named districts. Comox itself is one of the most
beautiful and promising districts in the Province. In it are situated the Union Coal Mines,
where a fine article of coal is produced, the majority of which is exported to California. These
mines afford an excellent market for all the produce of the neighbouring agricultural sections.
In the vicinity of the bay and extending back some distance, the country is fairly open, with
a good many oaks scattered about. Further back and extending to Campbell River, a distance
of some 30 miles, there is a large extent of level country, heavily timbered for the most part
with fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce and maple, with some extensive swamps, which are capable of
being easily drained, the land throughout being of excellent quality.
This is considered one of the best dairying districts in the Province. It is well watered
throughout, and the land produces fine crops of clover, corn and other fodders suitable for
milch cattle. A considerable quantity of butter is manufactured both privately and by a
co-operative creamery. The means of communication are by waggon road and by steamer to
Nanaimo. The projected extension of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railroad would, if
constructed, pass through the entire district. X
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The timber consists principally of Douglas fir, cedar (a very fine quality), maple, alder
and oak (Quercus jacobi). This is the most northerly limit of the oak, the southern limit
being Sooke, and none being found on the Mainland.
The soil is fertile, but draining is most essential. In the swamps it is mostly black muck,
with a bluish clay subsoil, and in other parts varying from a black or sandy loam in the
bottoms to a red gravelly loam on the higher parts.
There are a number of good swamps in the district that can be cleared at little cost; they
run in size from 20 to 100 acres. The soil is good, being composed largely of decomposed
vegetation, and generally covered with a broad-leafed sedge, which keeps green all winter and
grows high. The cattle are very fond of it, and it keeps them in good condition. These
swamps are easily ditched, and the timber, which is principally crab-apple and willow, is light.
Denman and Hornby are about 42 miles from Nanaimo, and lie close to Vancouver Island
shore, the upper end of Denman being opposite the Union Mines, the latter place affording
good market for produce.
There being no meteorological records from any part of this district, I am unable to give
any definite information on that important point. Probably that for French Creek, given
under the last chapter, would come nearest to the weather conditions of the portion of
Vancouver Island treated of under this heading. The precipitation on the islands of Hornby
and Denman is probably lighter.
Public schools are situated at Comox, Courtenay, Cumberland, Denman Island, Grantham,
Hornby Island, Lund, Puntledge and Union Bay.
Report of Mr. Geo. Heatherbell, Hornby Island.
General Description.—The island has a mountain 1,070 feet high from centre,
approaching, near the side, at south and south-west to an abrupt cliff. All, or nearly all, soils
below mountain are good. Cumberland nearest market, Nanaimo next. Steamboat service
(S.S. City of Nanaimo). Roads are fairly good. School. Plenty deer, blue grouse, and
salmon in Lambert Channel. Population, about 50 souls. South-west beach is a noted place
for marine fossils. The ranchers number about a dozen, and the area of cultivated land is
about 400 acres.
Wheat.—There is not much wheat grown, but what is is good. All grown for chicken
feed ; I think it would be better to feed it to stock. No frost, no pests. Mammoth Italian
chiefly grown here; it took first diploma at Paris Exposition and at Glasgow also. Spring
wheat is mostly grown all for feed.
Oats are the main grain crop, all for feed.    Good crops; no trouble with pests.
Barley.— None grown; but has been tried and does well.
Peas do well.    I prefer Golden Vine.    All fed on farms.
Mangolds do well, when properly cared for.     Not much grown.
Turnips do well. I grow from 1^ to 2 acres and get large crops. Hall Westbury,
Sutton's Champion and New Ontario are the varieties. I get best results by planting from
1st to 15th June.
Grasses and Clovers.—Following are the principal varieties grown :—Red alsike and
white clover, timothy, orchard and red top grasses.    I don't like timothy for pasture.
Indian Corn.—My experience is that it can be successfully grown for ensilage here. I
prefer oats and peas for soiling so long as I can cut them green.
Rape is excellent, sown on rich land, well cultivated and sown in drills not too thick.
Have experimented with it three years and find it good even for cows, but a little difficult to
carry off to feed, but is all right to feed on the land, especially to sheep or pigs.
Apples.—The following are successfully grown :—Yellow Transparent, Astrachan, Duchess
of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Gravenstein, Swaar, Baldwin, Pewaukee, Spy. Not very good crops
in 1901; abundant in 1902. Cold, late spring. I should say about 2,000 trees on the Island.
I like the *No. 1 spray best, if only one spray is used. I use No. 1 once and Bordeaux twice
each season.    One dollar per box is the ruling price.
*The following is the spray alluded to by Mr. Heatherbell :—
Spray No. 1.    (Winter Spray for Woolly Aphis and Scale Insects.)
Lime, unslacked  30 lbs.
Sulphur, powdered  20  »
Salt, coarse  15   »
Water  60 gals. A 108 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Board of Horticulture.—I believe the Board is doing good work, and hope they will
receive every encouragement.
Dairying.—Private dairying is profitable if a first-class quality of butter is made. Not
much carried on here outside of myself.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—This is a problem I would like to solve. Oats and
peas mixed, as long as they can be sown and cut before they harden up, is my best feed. A
strip sown every two weeks will give feed well to the end of August. Then I plow up same
in September and sow rape and get a good bite for sheep. It is just a question of getting
enough moisture to start seed.
Sheep.—This district is suitable for sheep-raising, but it would be better if we had less
rain in winter. Everyone breeds sheep more or less, mostly Shropshire grades, which I believe
are the best. I believe sheep pay better than cattle, supposing they are confined strictly on
the farm, on the islands, at least. Ruling price, 4| to 5c per ft. live weight, and wool 6|-c.
There is something wrong with the price given for wool.
Poultry.—This line has not been taken up with any system ; each one keeps a few hens.
It is a profitable branch of the farm. " Black Minorca " is best, in my opinion. Prices from
20 to 45 cents during the year. For the year we sold $230 worth of eggs from 110 hens
(Minorcas), including four dozen chickens. They got ordinary farm care and all the feed
raised on the farm.
There are no diseases of animals in this district.
Agricultural Education.—I am decidedly of opinion that something could be done in
that respect, and good would come of it.
Farmers' Institutes.—Unfortunately, our community is too small to take advantage of
the benefits of an Institute. The two islands, Denman and Hornby, could do so, if got together
and were unanimous.
Fertilisers.—Barnyard manure is used and cared for in the old way.
Clearing Land.—I recommend the use of stumping powder every time. Then pull out
pieces with heavy blocks and heavy team. I believe nothing would give encouragement to
farmers on timber lands to go ahead clearing up more than cheap powder, and no doubt it was
a great disappointment, to say the least, to a large number when we did not get it for about
7 cents per ft., as we were led to believe we would.
Draining.—Underdraining is not carried on in this district; too costly with wood.
Drain pipes would be very much the cheapest and best in every way, if they could be procured
at a reasonable price and low freight, or, better still, manufactured on the spot.
Pecuniary Assistance.—I believe cheap powder would do more good, in a way, than
pecuniary assistance.
Lands.—No Government land. Improved farms can be bought for from $10 to $50 an
acre.
Labour.—Whites, $25 per month ; Japanese, $15 per month.    Labour scarce sometimes.
Report by J. A. Halliday,  Correspondent, Comox.
General Description.—Comox may be called a dairy, farming, lumbering and mining
district. Individual private dairies keep from 1 to 75 cows, usually from 18 to 30. Butter is
shipped to Nanaimo, Ladysmith, Texada, etc. ; price, from 22 to 35 cents. Grain and grasses
all grow well, and are sold at Union Mines at good prices. Lumbering is carried on largely
by the companies operating the mills at Nanaimo, Victoria, Chemainus and Vancouver, besides
the smaller local mills. Our coal mines are too noted to need description here. There are
many dry swamps, good land, and, of course, free of timber, held by the E. and N. Co., but
purchasable at reasonable rates. It is a hard lay-out to undertake to clear a bush farm unless
the timber is suitable for lumber and near enough the water to make it pay. A railway will
greatly remedy this. The farmers here are contented and prosperous; we have many privileges, schools, churches, post offices, etc., but are dissatisfied with our mail service. Game
and fish may be had in season in any quantity wanted ; soil is good ; climate healthy; some
winters no snow. There are about 80 persons engaged in agriculture, who cultivate about
6,000 acres of land.
Wheat.—Little wheat is raised, perhaps 50 tons in all. As there is no grist mill, it is
used for chicken feed. Many think that a mill would do much to improve matters, because
people would raise more, and as they would then have bran and shorts of their own, these last 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 109
would be fed to a greater extent and thereby improve the quality of the stock. No fall wheat
is grown regularly; some have tried it and been successful. The ruling prices during the year
were from 1-| to 2-\ cents per ft.
Oats.—Varieties most successfully grown are: Banner, Siberian and New Zealand.
Acreage under oats is 500, and the ruling price was $25 per ton. Smut was troublesome;
used formaline without success.
Rye.—Enough was grown to prove that it will do well.
Barley.—Four-row and two-row barley; very little grown, but is of a beautiful colour and
plump grain.
Peas.—Prussian blue;   small white pea ;   few grown ;   no easy way of threshing them.
Potatoes.—Varieties successfully grown are : Burbank Seedling, Early Rose, White
Elephant and Late Rose ; 3 to 4 tons per acre. Those who use the chemical (Mixture B. Fertiliser) had as high as 10 and 12 tons.    Price, about $15 a ton.
Mangolds.—Varieties successfully grown were : Long Red and Globe. As high as 30
tons are produced pere acre.    Price, $12 per ton.
Carrots.—White and Orange grow well, but owing to expense of keeping clean and
harvesting few are grown.    $12 to $15 per ton can be realised.
Turnips.—Variety grown was Swedish. Heavy crops are obtained where farmyard
manure is used; as high as 40 tons to the acre, on the flats.    Price, $10 per ton.
Sugar Beet.—A few are growing Sugar Beet instead of Mangels; they prefer them;
they do well, but no large quantities are used.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Onions are grown to some extent, and are marketed
at about 2 cents per ft.    All other vegetables are grown for home use.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy, Red Top, Orchard Grass and Common Red Clover are
about all the grasses, etc., that can be named. The flats raise as high as 4 tons per acre; the
high lands do well in damp seasons.    Price, $12 per ton, baled.
Indian Corn.—Ensilage corn grows to 12 feet, and has been estimated to yield as high
as 30 tons per acre. A few silos are now in use. Angel of Midnight and Compton's Early
do best; Mammoth Red Cob also grown.
Ensilage.—The round silo is the one in use here. Corn and second growth clover are
used to fill it.    It is cut and filled by steam power.
Apples.—Varieties grown are : Gano, 20-oz. Pippin, Gravenstein, Oldenberg, Transparent,
Harvest, Swaar Russet, Baldwin, Northern Spy, King of Tompkins, Greening, Alexander,
Maiden's Blush, Wealthy, Gloria Mundi, Ben Davis, Bellflower, Ribston Pippin, Canada
Reinette, Siberian Crab.    Spraying is generally practised.    Price, about 2 to 3 cents per ft.
Pears.—Bartlett, Beurre d' Anjou, Souvenir de Congres, Clapp's Favourite, Winter Nelis,
Flemish Beauty and Louise Bonne de Jersey do well; very few orchards.
Plums and Prunes.—Damson, Pond's Seedling, Greengage, Imperial Gage, Yellow Egg,
Red Egg, Golden Drop, Lombard and Bradshaw are grown. None exported ; most orchards
'have a few trees.    Price, 3 to 4 cents per ft).
Cherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines, quinces and grapes are grown in limited
quantities.
Small Fruits.—Gooseberries, black and red currants are successfully grown. Price, 10c
per ft.
Board of Horticulture.—At our Institute meetings, when the matter has come up,
the Horticultural Board Act has been generally approved, especially the care taken with
regard to foreign fruit and trees. As this is not a very large fruit-producing district, we do
not give it all the attention we might.
Creameries.—About 600 cows are kept within a radius, but want of unanimity keeps
the number about 300. The cost last year of butter-making and marketing, etc., gave the
patrons only 19 cents. Unless a large number go in it must fail. Those nearest the creamery
are large dairymen, with full equipments of their own, engine, separators, etc.
Feeding.—Our most successful dairymen feed large quantities of bran, with chopped
oats, green oat hay and ensilage corn.    A few have silos, but, so far, have not succeeded well.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—Corn is largely used here during the dry season.
Some like oats, cut as required.
Horned Cattle.—This being a farming community, and no ranges here, from a few head
to, say, 20 are kept by each individual. The breeds are, Shorthorn, Jersey, Holstein and
Ayrshire.    Price of beef, 7c. to 9c, per ft. A 110 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Horses.—None are raised for export. Prices of home-bred animals, 3 and 4-year-olds,
from $100 to $140. General-purpose horses suit us best. Our drives are short and we like
to go quickly.
Sheep do well, but not many kept; chiefly Southdowns ; considered profitable. Prices :
Sheep, 6 cents per ft.; lambs, 8c. Wool is sent away and realises about 15 cents. Panthers
hinder many from keeping them.
Swine.—The Chinese use all our surplus pork, and as they buy it is not necessary to feed
very carefully. A pig off the grass, if in good condition, will bring as good a price as one
fed on grain and dairy refuse.    Price, live weight, $7.50 to $8.50 per 100 Eos.
Poultry.—Several here depend entirely on their poultry for subsistence. They find,
with care, cleanliness, regularity and proper feeding, they can make it pay. Minorcas, Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes are the chief breeds. Our local demand takes more
than we can raise. Chickens weighing 4 to 6 fts. are worth now $8 to $9.50 per dozen; eggs,
40 cents fresh.
Diseases of Animals.—Considerable dissatisfaction exists that two flocks of sheep here
are allowed to go at large, so bad with scab that they are painful to look at. We hoped the
Inspector would have given orders to have the matter attended to.    (Attended to.—J.R.A.)
Co-operation.—Whilst all agree as to securing cheaper rates, etc., want of unanimity has
prevented us from accomplishing much.    The Institutes have helped to lessen it.
Farmers' Institutes.—We have found the Institute a great thing for us, and always
go away pleased at the views of strangers who lecture here.
Agricultural Education.—I think it absolutely a necessity ; all rural children need it,
and few city people but desire, at least, to own a bit of land. The enjoyment of the city
child's outing would be greatly enhanced if he had some knowledge of plant life.
Fertilisers.—Barnyard manure may be said to be the only fertiliser. Seaweed could be
collected in small quantities. As regards wood ashes, while we burn fir there is so little
ash it is scarcely worth naming.
Clearing Land.—Clearing large stumps is such an expensive thing that little of it has
been done. Ringing them and digging around the root, then hitching a chain to the tree as
high up as possible, is one way. It takes a lot of time, but has no money expense, as we have
our own help. Blasting is claimed to be the cheapest, but you must have the cash to get the
powder. In any case it will cost as high as $200 an acre to clear much of our land, by any
process we know of.
Draining.—A few of the more thoughtful farmers have done more or less draining, its
expense deterring them. I think all are alive to its advantages. Stone from the fields, timber
and some tile have been used.    The price of the tile, with its freight, is prohibitive.
Dyking.—Little land here could be helped now. The Government, a few years ago, did
all that was required.
Experimental Stations could not help but do good. You will find the reports are fairly
well read that are sent abroad. We understand the cost must be heavy, and might properly
be under the Dominion Government; more uniformity could be observed in their working.
Pecuniary Assistance.—There was great rejoicing when the Government spoke of assisting the settler (in clearing his land) with money at low interest. It would be well if such an
Act came into force to help those who have been obliged to mortgage at high interest; it
would imbue them with new life. It could be easily worked by either the Farmers' Institute
officers or the Government Agent, at almost no expense.
Timber.—White pine, hemlock, Douglas pine, balsam, cedar, cottonwood, alder, poplar
and maple, are the principal trees.
Weeds.—We find it difficult to get a Thistle Inspector, as the Government makes no
provision for paying one, and we have not the means to do it. Thistles are now " King " on
two or three farms here, and while so much land is lying slashed and unoccupied, it will be
difficult to keep them under. Still, if we had, say, a $60 grant to send a man around, with
power to punish the careless, it could be greatly checked if not controlled.
Noxious Animals.—Panthers are very destructive here. The amount of bounty ($7.50)
is not complained of.
Forest Fires.—The carelessness of campers and men with their pipes are the causes
blamed for the forest fires.    Heavy fines should be imposed on the careless camper.
Lands.—Only E. <fe N. Railway land to be had here, chiefly timbered. Many dry swamps
could be reclaimed.     The E. <fc N. Railway Co. asks from $3 up for the land.     Cleared farms A#«e       *     -    -
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may be had at all prices, from $800 to $20,000 ;   small clearings in backwoods localities, cheap
and good.    The Government gives roads to these isolated settlers.
Labour of all kinds is scarce and high. Japs prefer contract work, such as clearing land,
ditching, etc. Whites, scarce, at $30 to $35 per month and board ; Chinese, scarce, except as
cooks ; Japanese can be had at $15 to $25 per month ; Indians do not work on the ranches.
Retail prices at Comox of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by J. McPhee &
Son : —
Flour, from $5 to $5.75 per bbl.; fresh beef, from 10c. to 18c per ft.; bacon, from 16c. to
20c. per ft.; ham, about same as bacon; lard, from 15c to 17c. per ft).; butter, fresh, from 20c.
to 30c. per ft.; tea, from 25c to 50c per ft.; sugar, from $5 to $5.75 per 100 fts.; overalls,
from 90c to $1.25 per pair; shirts, from 60c to $1.50; beans, from 5c to 6c. per ft.; boots,
from $1.25 to $5 per pair; ploughs, from $14 to $20; harrows, from $16 to $20; waggons,
from $50 to $75 ; hay rakes, from $30 to $35 ; binders, Victoria prices; mowers, from $50 to
$65 ; binder twine, from 12c. to 18c per ft.; sleighs, from $30 to $50; cutters, from $25 to
$50 ; buggies, from $60 to $125 ; harness, from $13 to $25 ; nails, from 4c. to 5c. per 100 fts.;
saddles, from $6 to $12.
Northern part of Vancouver Island, and adjacent Islands,
Including Alert Bay, Fort Rupert, Cape Scott and Quatsino on the main island, being
the only spots of any consequence where there are any white settlers, and the islands of Valdez,
Thurlow, Read, Cortez, Hernando, Savory, Redonda, Hardwicke, Camp and Wyatt. There
are many more islands which it is not necessary to mention specifically. This portion of the
Province is very sparsely settled, and the means of communication being confined to steamers
which are rather uncertain in their movements, the accession to its population has not and
will not be much increased until better means of communication are established. A railway,
now projected, connecting the two extremes of Vancouver Island, would no doubt be a great
factor in settling up this portion.
Alert Bay, about 70 miles to the north-west of Valdez Island, is on the north-east coast
of Vancouver Island. Some settlers have taken up land on the islands in the vicinity and in
the valleys of streams. The country is generally wooded and well watered, and the soil is
good. On Haddington Island a very fine quality of stone is found, of which the Parliament Buildings at Victoria are constructed. Coal also exists at Port McNeil, and these,
together with the salmon canning and the fishing industry, will no doubt form important
factors in the development of this part of the country.
Quatsino and Cape Scott include all the country in the northernmost part of Vancouver
Island. A colony of Danish and Norwegian settlers have recently been established there, and
it is hoped that with the assistance of other settlers the section will become a place of importance. The soil is described as productive, well watered, timbered with fir, cedar and hemlock.
The climate is well suited to the production of all the usual cereals, vegetables and fruits.
Although the fisheries are, so far, wholly undeveloped, enough is known regarding them to
justify the belief that they are of immense value, and will form a valuable adjunct to the
resources of that section, and contribute largely to the means of livelihood.
Malcolm Island has lately been acquired by a colony of Finnish settlers, who have settled
there, and are engaged in farming, fishing and lumbering.
Meteorological Record for 1902 at Cape Scott (Lat. 50.48° N., Long. 128.27° W.)
Highest temperature, June    81.5°
Lowest ii January ,    16°
Average n  ,    46. 3°
Rainfall 135.76 inches.
Snowfall    Nil.
It will be observed that the rainfall is excessive and the snowfall nil. This is characteristic of the West and North-West Coast and is accounted for by a warm ocean current setting
in to that shore, the evaporation from which is condensed by the snowy mountains of the
coast line and falls in the shape of rain. For the same reason, the temperature of the
atmosphere is such as prevents the formation of snow.    The greater part of the above precipi- A 112 Report on Agriculture, 1903
tation, viz., 92.72, occurred during the months of January, February, March, November and
December.
Public schools are situated at Alert Bay, Read Island, Valdez Island, Cape Scott, Quatsino and Gill.
Report of Mr. Nicholas Thompson, Whaletown, Cortez Island.
We have got one more settler on the island this year and a school started. The one
drawback to us at present is we have no wharf. If anything can be done to help us along in
this line we will be pleased. These islands along the coast can safely be recommended for
fruit-growing. There is plenty of land for pre-empting round here, but it is hard clearing.
We have a boat call twice a week with mail, and there is a good market for all we can raise.
There are twelve ranchers on the island, men, women and children; 60, all told. Between
150 to 200 acres of cultivated land.
Potatoes.—The varieties successfully grown in this district are Early and Late Rose.
We were free from all pests this last season.    Ruling prices, from $18 to $20 per ton.
Mangolds do well here; enough grown to feed stock with.
Carrots.—Varieties successfully grown are Half-Long Red and White.    Good crops.
Turnips of all kinds do well here.
Onions, parsnips and all garden produce do well up in this northern country.
Grasses and Clovers.—The principal grasses and clovers grown in this district are Red
and White Clover and Timothy hay.    All hay raised here is fed to stock raised on the island.
Apples.—The following varieties do well:—Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Duchess
of Oldenburg, Baldwin and Golden Russet. The apple crop was very good. For black blight
on apple trees, I sprayed with bluestone and lime and found it did good; also raked in some
potash and bone-dust round the roots of each tree.
Pears.—The Bartlett pear does all right here.    I have four in my orchard bearing.
Plums do well.
Cherries do very well here and bear good fruit, but trees bleed, a lot of gum coming
from them all the time.
Small Fruits.—Nearly everyone here has an assortment of small fruits, which they grow
for their own use, red currants, black currants, raspberries, blackberries and gooseberries, all
yielding well.
Poultry.—On a small scale, two or three of the ranchers here go in for poultry-raising,
keeping from 150 to 200 hens.
Cut-worms.—We were not troubled with the cut-worm at all this year.
Lands.—There is some Government land for pre-emption here.
Report of Mr. N. T. Neilsen, Cape Scott.
General Description.—The settlement is located at the north-west end of Vancouver
Island, about 300 miles from Victoria, with which it is in monthly steamboat communication.
The soil is undulating with hills, some of which reach a height of from 200 to 400 feet. It is
drained by three large rivers or creeks. The higher land is of a character generally known as
fern and sallal soil; the lower land is chiefly muck soil, except al< ng the rivers and creeks,
where there is a considerable amount of bottom land. The nearest market is Shushartie, 20
miles east, where a commission man disposes of products, and lately the mining camps at
Quatsino, 40 miles south; both places are reached by the water route. There is a Government trail to San Josef's River, which will be extended to Quatsino; 5 miles of roads in the
settlement; no mines, but indications of minerals. A public school is maintained and a post
office established. Population, about 80. Game is abundant. There are salmon and halibut
enough to make fishing a paying industry.
Number of ranchers, 26, and about 130 acres of cultivated land.
Oats have only been cultivated for green fodder.
Peas have done well.    American Beauty seems preferable among the garden varieties.
Beans.—The climate is not suitable for beans.
Potatoes.—Early Sunrise and Early Rose have given a good yield. Well drained soils
have yielded from 8 to 12 tons per acre.    Ruling prices, $25 per ton.
Carrots do well; all varieties tried, do well.    Price, $25 per ton.
Turnips.—All kinds of turnips grow splendidly. They have only been grown for cattle
feed and produce up to 30 tons per acre. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 113
Sugar Beets seem to do well on old soils.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—Onions have been grown on certain soils. Cabbages
have been grown to a very large size.    Ruling prices, $20 to $25 per ton.
Grasses and Clover.—The principal grasses and clovers grown are Timothy, Orchard
Grass, Italian Rye, Red and Alsike Clover. Italian Rye preferable to Timothy. Grasses and
clover do well, but no hay has been sold.
Austrian Brome Grass (Bromus inermis) has proved a failure.
Native Grasses.—There are several native grasses here, some of which are well liked by
cattle.
Fruits.—Apple trees have been planted, but are not yet of bearing age. The same
remarks apply to pears, plums, prunes and cherries.
Small Fruits.—All kinds of small fruits are doing excellently. Gooseberries have
suffered from mildew ; no remedies applied have been successful.
Dairying is the principal industry, but has only been carried on separately by the
ranchers. As soon as the number of cattle will warrant the success of a creamery, it will
doubtless be built on the co-operative plan.
Feeding.—Cows here go on pasture in the summer and fall, and during the winter they
and fed with hay and turnips.
Summer Feed For Dairy Cattle.—Peas and oats, cut green, make fine fall feed for
cattle.
Poultry is given considerable attention here. Brown Leghorns are preferred. Eggs
have been shipped to Victoria so far, but Quatsino promises to be a better market. Prices
have only been from 20c to 30c on account of there being only monthly communication.
Experiment Stations.—According to my opinion, there ought to be an experimental
farm on the Island.    Doubtless the result would justify the expense.
Agricultural Education.—I am decidedly of the opinion that agriculture should form
part of the public school curriculum of the Province.
Farmers' Institutes.—On account of our isolated location we are not able to avail ourselves of the privileges of the Act; otherwise, it would no doubt be appreciated.
Soils.—The soil seems to be lacking in something, supposed to be lime. Tins have
frequently been supplied by the Department, and as frequently filled by the settlers. Inquiries
as to their constituents have usually been made from here, and every time been answered by
a promise of an analysis within two weeks. We are in hopes that the tins sent down five
years ago will be reached before the end of the century.
(Explanation.—The chemist of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, who was good
enough to undertake all such work, has, of late, been unable to do so, in consequence of increased duties.—J. R. A.)
Fertilisers.—Nitrate of soda has been used with good results; price here, $65 per ton.
Care is bestowed on barnyard manure. Seaweed has been applied on a potato field, with good
results.
Clearing Land.—Stumping machine, with a team, is considered preferable for the
stumps here.
Draining.—Under-draining is carried on in this district; there is plenty of cedar for the
purpose.
Dyking.—There are about 600 acres which can be reclaimed by dyking. The soil is an
alluvial deposit, with gravel as subsoil. $5,000 is the probable cost. A dyke has been built
and was completed this year. It is an earth dyke 6 feet high ; width, 19 feet at the bottom
and 3 feet on top; cost, $8 per rod.
Pecuniary Assistance.—The Department should encourage farmers to form associations
under this Act, for the purpose of clearing their lands on a co-operative plan.
Timber.—Yellow and red cedar, hemlock, spruce, yew, balsam, white fir and spruce grow
on dry lands.
Cut-worms have done no damage this year.
Lands.—All the land not occupied is open for pre-emption.
Labour.—Whites, at $2 to $2.50 per day. A 114 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Retail prices of ordinary necessaries for settlers, furnished by N. T. Neilsen, Cape Scott :
Flour, from $1.35 to $1.50 per 50-ft. sack; rye flour, $1.50 per 50-ft. sack; bacon, 20c. per
ft. ; ham, 20c. per ft. ; lard, 16c. per ft. ; butter, 20c. to 25c. per ft. ; tea, 25c. to 50c. per ft. ;
coffee, green, 16c. to 20c per ft. ; coffee, roasted, 22c to 25c per ft.; rice, 5|c per ft).; sago,
5c perft.; sugar, 6c per ft.; syrup, 5c. per ft.; overalls, 90c. to $1.25 per pair; jumpers,
90c per pair; shirts, 75c. and upwards ; lacing boots or shoes, from $2 to $5 per pair; knee
boots, grain leather, $5 per pair.
Report of Mr. Henry Varney, Quatsino Sound.
General Description.—Quatsino, although appearing to afford large scope for agricultural
interests in the near future, by reason of the important mining developments now taking place,
at present does not seem to deserve a place in the Department's report, as the agricultural
operations carried on here are so very unimportant. There are less than 20 persons actually
engaged in farming. The climate is all right for all fruits and vegetables grown in the temperate
zone, but the land being very heavily timbered, it is fearfully hard to get it under subjection,
saying nothing of its rocky character. There is great talk of a pulp-making industry starting
here during the next year or two. There are about sixty inhabitants, including men, women
and children.
Beans.—The following are successfully grown :—Broad Windsor, Kidney Beans and
Pole Beans.
Potatoes.—The following are successfully grown :—Bruce's White Beauty, Burpee's Extra
Early, Early Rose and Beauty of Hebron.     Ruling price, $1.25 per 100 fts.
Mangolds.—Gate Post and Yellow Intermediate are successfully grown.
Carrots.—The following varieties are grown in this district:—White Belgian and Half-
Long Dan vers.    Ruling price, $20 per ton.
Turnips.—The following are grown :—Rutabaga and White Globe.    Price, $20 per ton.
Chicory has been tried in this district; it makes a good coffee substitute for the poor
rancher, when properly dried and ground.    Like horse radish, it is hard to eradicate.
Other Roots and Vegetables.—A few tons of oninons and cabbages are grown. The
writer grew about five-sixths of a ton of onions last year (1901), but lost two-thirds by mildew.
White Silverskins all rotted before they could be roped. Red Wethersfield and Yellow Danvers
kept best. Red and Yellow Prizetakers nearly all scallioned, owing to terribly wet and cold
seasons ; no warm weather until August; everything growing vigourously to end of September,
when ripening process should have been almost completed. Cabbages do well where soil
sufficiently manured.    Parsnips keep well in the ground, and form good winter vegetables.
Grasses and Clovers.—The following are the principal grasses in this district: Perennial
Rye Grass, Orchard Grass, Timothy, Red Top, and Red and White Clover. Much hay made
from wild grass on tide flats. Orchard grass superior for grazing purposes to Timothy, as the
latter grows woody so soon and has no aftermath, whilst Orchard and Perennial Rye grass keep
green all winter here.
Ensilage.—I believe hay is the most profitable, but I have some tide land subject to daily
overflow, where it is impossible to make hay. I stacked about 15 tons of the grass for three
years, but it wastes too badly; so, as lumber is very dear here, I tried a plan which might
interest others similarly situated. Build a frame of logs 10 feet square and 6 feet 8
inches high (logs need not go close together), nail split cedar boards inside the frame,
then prepare an inner frame, 9x9 square, which also line inside with split cedar boards,
fitted as nearly as possible so as not to hinder silage settling. The space between
the outer and inner frame fill with earth. The result was very satisfactory from so
small a silo; the very little waste was in the corners and side. I found the foot of
earth, logs and double linings retained the heat better than the common board silo
does at the sides. I forgot to say that after stack had settled down, inside the silo we put
a layer of tar paper and then a 4 or 5-inch layer of rubbish to catch the mould, and then a
layer of wooden blocks (earth is best) to weight it down and hold the heat in. You can enlarge
your silo's capacity by digging the earth out from the bottom for a few feet. A rough covering
of loose boards on top keeps snow and rain out.
Apples.—Orchards few and very young. One man here (a store-keeper) had a tree no
larger than an ordinary walking-stick loaded with fine apples on the stem only, there being no 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 115
branches and the stem only five feet high. I regret not being able to send a photograph of
same. All my plum, pear and apple blossoms have so far fallen off, with the exception of a
few Bradshaw plums.    Very cold winds during blossoming time the cause.
Grapes.—Owing to exceptional summer this year (1902), I had some Black Muscatel
grapes outside the house ripen perfectly (six or seven year old vine).
Small Fruits.—Black and red currants do splendidly. Evergreen blackberries take the
place of grape vines with us. They yield enormously. Strawberries also do well, provided the
weather is right.    All mildewed in 1901.
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—Cow cabbage following very early potatoes, which
generally get heavy manuring, and only half exhaust the manure.
Horned Cattle.—I would recommend Jerseys or Holsteins.
Sheep.—There are too many wolves and too much winter rain in this district for the
successful prosecution of this industry.
Poultry. —The following breeds are recommended : Silver-laced Wyandottes, Houdans,
or crosses of the two. Poultry does not pay unless there is a ready market for eggs at good
prices, not less than 25 cents per dozen. It costs too much to clear land and grow feed here;
buying it is much better.
Bees.—Have kept bees two years, Italians and Hybrids. No honey yet. Bees barely
hold their own, owing to unfavourable seasons. Not enough white clover yet, and little or no
wild honey-bearing plants.
Diseases of Animals.—None that I know of, except liver disease among poultry, caused
by continued inbreeding year after year.
Agricultural Education.—The value of a teacher's power to instruct, in my humble
opinion, is according to the number of dollars and cents he made out of practical farming
himself.
Pecuniary Assistance.—The least that can be done is to remit a farmer's taxes until
he can afford to own his land.
Cut-Worms.—No cut-worms in 1901. Some years they are so numerous and ravenous
that even onion and potato tops are not exempt.
Lands.—According to latest advices, all reserved for Pulp Company to select from—for
two years.
Labour is procurable at the following rates : Whites, $2.50 per day; Indians, $1 to $2 ;
they are no good.
West Coast of Vancouver Island.
Including Alberni, Clayoquot, Ucluelet and Port Renfrew. Messrs. Duncan C. Anderson
and Andrew Elliott, of Ontario, speakers at meetings of Farmers' Institutes, who attended
and addressed the farmers at the spring meetings, were highly impressed with the possibilities
of Alberni, and expressed their belief that in the near future it would be one of the leading
agricultural districts.
Meteorological Records for 1902.
At Carmanah (incomplete, so those for 1900 are given below):—
Highest temperature (incomplete), July  70.0'
Lowest ii n February  18.0°
Rainfall  112.86 inches.
Snowfall  10. ii
At Alberni for 1902 :—
Highest temperature, August  94.2°
Lowest ii January  12.9°
Average n   49.3°
Rainfall       71.59 inches.
Snowfall  36 n A 116 Report on Agriculture, 1903
At Clayoquot:—
Highest temperature, August        87°
Lowest, ii January          18°
Average        48.9°
Rainfall  146.56 inches.
Snowfall        Nil.
Public schools are situated at Alberni and Beaver Creek.
Retail prices at Claj'oquot of ordinary necessaries for farmers, furnished by Stockham
and Dawley :—Flour, Hungarian, per sack, $1.40; flour, XXX, per sack, $1.15 ; flour, pastry,
$1.25; beef, corned, 12|c. per ft. ; bacon,  22c per ft.; hams,  20c. per ft.; lard, 15c per ft.
butter, 25c. to 30c. per ft.; tea, from 20c to 60c. per ft.; sugar, granulated, per 100 fts., $5.50
sugar, XC, $5 per 100 fts.; yellow, $4.50; overalls,  90c per pair; shirts,  from  50c. to  $3
boots, men's, $1.50 to $6 ; boots, ladies, $1.50 to $4.00; prints,  5c.  to 15c  per yard ; ginghams, 10c to 20c per yard ; blankets, wool, $3 to $10 per pair ;  canned fruit, 20c. to 25c. per
tin of 3 fts.; canned beef, 2 ft>s , 25c ; coal oil, 40c. per gallon.
The vegetation of the West Coast of Vancouver Island, owing to the excessive precipitation and mild climate is tropical in its density and size. The coast line presents an impenetrable array of what are usually bushes, but here assume almost the dignity of trees, consisting
principally of salal (Gaultheria shallon), evergreen blaberry (Vaccinium ovatum) and velvet
berry (Rubus nutkanus). These, intermixed with some deciduous trees, such as the alder and
maple, and conifers, principally spruce (Picea sitchensis), and cedar (Thuya gigantea), form such
an impenetrable growth that it is often a matter of impossibility to force a way through it.
Even in the vicinity of the sites of Indian villages, which presumably have been occupied from
time immemorial, the same state exists, and only in a few instances are there small pathways
cut through the undergrowth which enables a person to penetrate the forest. The coniferous
trees are of enormous size, and consist, on the coast, almost entirely of those mentioned above.
The Douglas fir, which disappears from the coast line on the West Coast, is found on the hillsides in the interior and the heads of the deep fiords which run far inland. The temperature
of the sea water, according to tests I made several years ago, is some nine degrees warmer than
it is in the Straits of Fuca; this may not be absolutely correct, as my means of ascertaining
the temperature were somewhat crude. This difference of temperature, I believe, is accounted
for by the many streams of icy coldness which flow into the comparatively circumscribed area
of the straits, and the warm ocean current which flows on the West Coast. This, combined
with the fact that fine, hard beaches, some of them many miles in extent, will serve to make
this coast in the future an ideal summer watering place. The soil on that part facing the
ocean is of a curious peaty nature, and overgrown, as it is, with heavy timber, it is often
difficult to drain. The fall likewise in places is insufficient to carry off all the water. The
soil is lacking in some respect, so that failures have occurred in some instances to grow crops.
The Rev. A. J. Brabant, of Hesquiat Mission, writing of a difficulty he experienced in that
respect, says :—
"I built in 1900 an Indian boarding-school in Deception Channel, Clayoquot Sound,
between the Kelsamat Mountain and the Opetsat Indian Reserve. The land is flat and very
moist. The soil is like all the soil on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, about one foot
and a half to two feet thick, covering a bed of red soil and clay. We have cleared of stumps
and roots quite a spot around the buildings and sunk a drain, which, however, owing to the
flatness of the ground, does not drain to a great distance. Last spring we sowed timothy
and clover, but hardly had the surroundings taken a green appearance when everything died.
Now, my object in writing this is to ask you what we must do in order to make the soil
productive, to the extent at least that it will grow grass ? We intend to clear a number of
acres this next summer as a pasture for the cows, which we must keep to get a supply of milk
for the inmates of the institution. What kind of grass shall we sow and when ? etc., etc. I
may add that the bush in some places is quite open, and that in those places a coarse wild
grass is growing. It may not be in your duties to supply such information, but I know your
personal kindness so well, that I am sure you will grant me this privilege of profiting by your
well known acquaintance in such matters, by sending me a few words in answer to my
questions."  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 117
The reply to which was as follows :—
"I am in receipt of your letter of the 7th instant. From what you tell me and from my
own knowledge of the conditions prevailing on the west coast of the Island, I should say the
principal requirement is drainage, and next, the sweetening of the soil with lime. I do not
know the place you speak of particularly, and you omit to mention whether, although the
country is flat, it is sufficiently elevated to obtain a good fall with a long enough ditch. If it
is anything like Hesquiat, I can quite understand your difficulty, as, from my remembrance
of this part, it is very little above the sea level, and it would, therefore, under those circumstances, be a work of great expense to reclaim such lands.
"If it could be accomplished, drain the land thoroughly, that being a first requisite
towards successful tillage; after that, it would probably take a year or two before the land
would be fit for much, exposure to the air being necessary. Flint expresses himself as follows
on this subject:—
" ' But if one thing more than another may be said to lie at the foundation of all real
improvements of grass lands, or lands under a course of rotation, it is a proper system of
drainage. Especially is this important for low wet lands, since it not only frees them from
superfluous water, thus making them more susceptible of tillage in the early spring, but
actually increases their temperature several degrees, in some cases as much as from 8 to 10,
and rarely less than from 2 to 4, and admits the air to circulate more freely around the roots
of the plants. The aquatic grasses require a large and constant supply of moisture, and when
the soil is changed by drainage the more valuable species of grass may be introduced and
cultivated in it.'
"In any case, the land is probably sour and should have applications of lime from half
to one and a half tons per acre. See page 1,498, Third Report of Farmers' Institutes, sent
herewith, and for ascertaining the want of lime or otherwise see page 23, Second Report of
Central Farmers' Institute. Lime for agricultural purposes is offered by Raymond & Son, of
Victoria, at $5 per ton, here.
" I would not recommend Timothy in any case, if you want pasture for cows, nor should
Timothy be sowed with red clover. Orchard Grass and Red Clover go well together, and the
former gives a good aftermath if it is cut for hay. However, if your land is too wet you must
try something else, and I would recommend Red Top Grass. This grass, although not so
nutritious as most others, is most valuable, as it does well in wet soils. It would not do any
harm to try some Orchard Grass, or Cocksfoot, as it is called in England, mixed, as it does well
on fairly low land, and it is by long odds the best pasture grass. The best clover for low
lands is Alsike, and I therefore think that a mixture of that and the two grasses mentioned
would be most likely to succeed."
This correspondence pretty well explains the conditions existing on the West Coast. At
the heads of the fiords, however, the land is higher. At Alberni it is of a superior quality,
and a good deal of it is not difficult to clear. Game is abundant, and fishing, whether in the
sea, rivers or lakes, is good.
Report op Mr. Stanley R. S. .Bayne, Alberni.
General Description.—The valley is about twenty miles long and about three wide,
extending from Comox Lake, on the north, to the head of Alberni Canal, on the south; the
Beaufort Range shuts it in from the East Coast, and Sproat Lake, Great Central Lake and
their mountains enclose it in on the west. The soil in the north part of the valley is glacial
clay, with boulders on the ridges; black loam, having a clay subsoil, between the ridges and
peat hollows. The south part of the valley is more of a red clay loam, with a yellowish clay
subsoil, with swampy hollows, and the land is flatter than the northern parts. Alberni is the
nearest market, unless sent to Victoria by boat, or Nanaimo by Government road. Alberni
Canal has several mines working; four schools (Lower Townsite, Upper Townsite, Gill and
Beaver Creek) ; game fairly plentiful; fish very scarce ; scenery grand, mountains and lakes ;
population, whites, about 200; Indians, about 200, all dead-broke. Fairly good farms can
be got for an old song.    An industry of some kind badly needed, and a railroad of course.
The area of cultivated land is very hard to tell; probably ahout 1,000 acres.
Wheat.—Very little fall wheat is grown ; what is produced is fed to poultry. A little
spring wheat is also grown, chiefly for chicken feed—about 15 acres. There is no market for
it. If it is planted early it yields a very good crop, otherwise it is thin. It is free from all
diseases.    Average yield, 20 to 35 bushels per acre.    Ruling price, 2 to 2|- cents per pound. A 118 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Oats.—The following varieties successfully grown: Ligowo, Golden Giant, Cluster, Rennie's
Prize, Siberian Mill Oats. Measurement is hard to get, as very few keep a tally, xlpproxi-
mate acreage, 200.    Ruling prices, lj to 2J cents per pound.
Barley.—Varieties successfully grown are Common White, Black Hulless and White
Hulless. Approximate acreage, one. Barley grows well here, but there is no demand, except
grown by a few farmers for hog feed.
Rye.—About three acres grown, fall variet}', chiefly for feed.
Peas.—Variety successfully grown is Common Canadian Field; no market; grown for
individual use. Ruling price, 2 cents per pound. Garden peas of all varieties do well.
Common pea, on low lands, grows 7 to 8 inches long.
Beans.—Only garden varieties. Scarlet Runner, with me, does the best. Horse Beans
very shy bearers ; same with Windsor.
Potatoes.—Best varieties are Late and Early Rose and Burbank. Other varieties not
such prolific yielders. Have fried New Freeman, World's Fair, Burpee's Extra Early, Carman,
North Pole, Country Gentleman, Sunrise, Early Fortune, etc. This year, vines dead earlier
than usual; hot weather and frost.    About 20 acres planted.
Mangolds grow well here, but very little grown.
Carrots.—White and Red grow well.    About 5 acres, chiefly for cattle.
Turnips.—The following varieties do well: Aberdeen Turnip and Swede. Approximate
number of acres, 30 ; ruling price, J cent per pound.
Sugar Beet.—Large beet is grown for cattle. It grows well and should be grown more,
as cattle enjoy them.
All varieties of roots and vegetables grow well. Each individual has his or her special
variety.
Grasses and Clovers.—Timothy chiefly grown. Orchard grass, Red and Alsike Clovers
yield well.    Price, $14 per ton.    Timothy is hard to beat, either for sale or for feeding to cattle.
Indian Corn.—Some years it does well and grows very tall, while other years it is
worthless ; not reliable.
Sunflower.—A few grown. They do well, but hard to mature the seeds before the fall
rains.
Rape.—A little has been tried, with fair success.
Flax.—A little grown for seed ; no market.
Apples.—Hard to tell what varieties we have. I find my Manns are Alexanders,
Baldwins are Wealthys, Wealthys are Kings, etc. Yield fairly good. All my trees are
affected with scald or blister, and a good many of them are ruined.
Plums and Prunes.—Varieties hard to find out; bear well; rather plentiful this year.
Cherries.—Royal Anne, Knight's Early Black, etc.    Good yield.    No market.
Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines.—Do fairly well against a wall.
Small Fruits.—All do well, except red currants.
Dairying.—Dairying is the only industry with me that keeps my head above water, and,
as far as I can see, the same with the majority here. The orchard bears a few years, then
the trees die. Poultry are fickle, especially when one has to buy wheat at 2c per ft. Winter
dairying does not pay, when bran is at $40 per ton, and bran is the chief stand-by in winter
dairying; roots are too expensive to grow, when labour is at $2 to $2.50 per day. Co-operative creameries are ahead of private dairies, in that there is cash, not trade ; no worry of not
being able to sell the butter.    No cheese made.
Feeding.—This is my idea. The cheapest way for a dairyman to produce butter, and
get the most profit out of his cows, is to make them calve about January, February, March or
April, feeding well with peas and oat hay till grass appears; then pasture in small lots,
rotating often on to new lots till snow covers ground; then feed hay, or peas and oats. I
have tried winter dairying now for nearly seven years; this year I tried the above and have
done much better. Have five cows, calved February, March, April, June and September.
The early cows are milking well now (November).
Summer Feed for Dairy Cattle.—I would suggest second crop of clover, peas and oats.
Horned Cattle.—I would recommend Jerseys or Guernseys for butter, Shorthorns for
beef, Holsteins for milk.    Better here for cattle than sheep; too wet.
Horses are too high, $40 to $180.    I prefer Suffolk Punches.
Sheep.—This district is not suitable for sheep. Four farmers here have them. Wool is
unsaleable.    Those sheep kept on low, wet, or clayey land suffer from liver fluke. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 119
Swine.—All keep a few pigs. Berkshire seems to be a good breed. Clover pasture and
wheat stubble, with plenty of buttermilk and skim-milk, and a little barley in the straw. The
smallest went 185 fts., 9 months old; one, 11 months old, went 232 fts.
Poultry.—This line has been taken up by a few. It would be a remunerative branch if
one did not have to buy grain at 2c per ft. Every poultry man backs his own special breed.
I prefer Brown Leghorns and Barred Plymouth Rocks ; my neighbour prefers Black Minorcas.
It is hard to sell the birds. Eggs have been 25c per dozen all summer; they are now 40c. ;
there is a good demand. Feed is too dear to buy and too hard work to thrash out, and the
majority have not enough land to put to grain, so as to pay for the hiring of a thrasher.
Bees.—Apiculture is not carried on to any extent. There are a few hives. I should think
this was a fine bee country ; all sorts of flowers most of the year. Ruling price, 25c per ft.
for honey.
Experiment Stations.—I think Agassiz answers our purpose well. Have a College of
Agriculture, and not send one soul to the States. Each farmer ought to experiment on his
own land.
Agricultural Education.—Leave it out of the school curriculum, as 90 % of the teachers
know nothing about agriculture. Have a B. C. Agricultural College. Ontario has one and I
am an associate of that college. What I saw : Farmers' sons would come rolling like a ship at
sea, dragging their feet as if they had a ton of clay on them ; untidy ; could see down their
throats at meal times ; knew nothing but turnips, etc. After two years : Went home as smart
as any city man, and better farmers.
Soils.—Sorry I have not a laboratory. I would advise ploughing under green crops and
applying lots of harvard manure.
Clearing Land.—Stumping powder, if one can afford to buy it, is the best. The Hawk
Eye machine has been used here, but it is too slow.
Draining is most essential; we all have to ditch if we intend to grow anything.
Timber.—Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii), mountain and dry lands, abundant, 90 %
spruce, low land ; cedar, low and dry lands and wet; yew, wet land ; crab-apple, wet lands
dogwood, stony and mountain; alder, wet and dry lands (small alder); cottonwood, wet
maple, dry ; hemlock, dry.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—Bounties none too much. I think everybody
ought, to be forced to keep up their cattle and not allow them to be a nuisance to their
neighbours.
Labour.—Whites, $2 to $2.50 per day; thanks to the Government wage on road work,
which ought to be the last draw card, it took me three weeks to get in my hay, could not afford
$2 per day; most of my potatoes are still in the ground ; cannot afford $2 per day and potatoes
at their present figure. If we hire Chinamen, there is a howl from the white labourer. It is
better to be a common navvy in this country than to learn a profession or trade. No encouragement to farmers or for people to take up land.
The Islands,
In which are included Salt Spring, Galiano, Mayne, Pender, Saturna, Moresby, Sidney,
Prevost, and all the smaller islands lying between the southern end of Vancouver Island and
the Mainland. The climate of these islands is equable in the extreme, and, consequently, well
adapted for fruit culture, which industry is carried on to a considerable extent and with great
success. On account, also, of their immunity from predatory animals, the raising of sheep is
most successfully prosecuted.
There are no meteorological records from this part, so that I am unable to give any definite
information regarding the climatic conditions. It may safely be said, however, that the temperature is most equable and the precipitation, whilst sufficient, is not excessive. Probably
the weather statistics at Victoria may be taken as representative of the Islands. Their
immunity, however, from the sea breezes which affect the southern end of Vancouver Island
so much during the summer, renders them much better adapted to the cultivation of many of
the less hardy varieties of fruits and vegetables, such as peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes,
figs, melons, tomatoes and corn. These should be attempted to be grown in a much greater
degree than is now done. It is too often the case that the traditional belief that a country is
only good for some things and not for others results in no attempt being made to disprove A 120 Report on Agriculture, 1903
the belief. As a matter of fact, those who have made a genuine effort to grow many of the
products mentioned have succeeded beyond all expectations. Such sites as rocky hillsides
facing south and west, by means of terraces, are admirably suited for grapes, whilst in the
protected valleys other semi-hardy products can be grown. Dairying is another industry that
can be most successfully carried on in these Islands. The recently organised Creamery Co-operative Association will help greatly to develop this industry. This Association expects to
have the creamery in operation by August, and the intention is to gather cream from all
adjacent islands. The rearing of spring lambs for the markets of Victoria and Vancouver is
an industry which is most successfully prosecuted on the Islands. The absence of snow, the
early spring, and the sweet, short grass of the hillsides, all combine to render sheep-raising one
of the chief occupations of the farmers of this section. Cereals are not produced to any
extent. Potatoes are grown in considerable quantities and of good quality. Other root crops
are grown for feeding, but not as largely as they should be, or probably will be, in view of the
increased interest in dairying. Apples are produced largely and of good quality, but here,
as elsewhere, many varieties are grown which are unsuitable to the existing conditions.
The Islands Farmers' Institute is doing some good work in offering prizes for various
things, such as ploughing matches, best cultivated garden patches, and similar objects. A
great deal of success has attended the efforts of some of the settlers on the Islands to secure
better pasture for their animals in fir-covered lands. It is true that the plan has been adopted
elsewhere, but not to that extent which its success demands. The plan pursued is to cut down
the trees, sell off the wood for what it will fetch as cordwood or any other purpose, burn off
the remainder, and immediately sow clover and grasses on the ashes before the fern and undergrowth has had time to start, thus giving an opportunity to the clover and grasses to get a good
foothold. The pasture thus established proves such an attraction to cattle and other domestic
animals that they will, by grazing over the land, keep the undergrowth down, whilst obtaining
a good food supply. A few dollars spent in seeds will be found to be a most profitable investment. Let those who have not done so try it; they will not be disappointed ; the expenditure
in seed will repay itself tenfold.
Public schools are situated at Beaver Point, Burgoyne Bay, Galiano Island, Ganges
Harbour, Mayne Island, Pender Island and Vesuvius Bay.
The following report of Washington Grimmer, correspondent, Pender Island, is reproduced
in a corrected form :—
General Description.—North Pender Island is that portion lying north of Browning
Harbour on the east side and Boat Harbour on the west side, which is the side that most of
the shipping from the Mainland and East Coast of Vancouver Island passes. The land is divided
up into separate valleys, varying from 20 acres up to over 300 acres in extent. The soil is
really good in most of the valleys, and comparatively easy to clear ; but high up on the side-
hills the timber is larger, the soil rather rocky, and on the summits almost solid rock, but
timbered more or less, and some wild grasses and clover. Government wharves, school, Presbyterian service weekly, very pretty scenery and beaches, snug harbours, plenty of fish, deer,
grouse, pheasants and Bob White quail; mostly Old Country settlers, industrious and thrifty,
with pretty, attractive homes. Population of North Pender, about 60. Markets, chiefly
Victoria, but Nanaimo, Vancouver and New Westminster about equal distance away, this
place being about the centre of the Coast markets. Mixed farming is carried on successfully,
but lamb-raising is remunerative and the chief branch of agriculture here.
Cereals are not grown on these Islands, as land can be put to more profitable uses. The
same may be said of peas, beans, etc.
Potatoes yield about six tons to the acre; quality good ; ruling price, $20 per ton.
Other Roots and Vegetables, except onions, are produced principally for local consumption and feeding stock. Onions are produced in considerable quantities and yield well;
ruling price, 2 cents per pound; variety, Yellow Danvers.
Grasses and Clovers.—Orchard grass, Red Top, Kentucky Blue Grass, Rye grass and
Timothy. Clovers—Red, Alsike and White Dutch. Yield, about 2 tons per acre. All fed
on the farms to the stock. Nearly all hay and pasture land seeding down with the above
mixture, which acts very well for stock feed on the farms, but a little more of the clovers and
less Timothy would be better for sheep and cows, as horses are a secondary consideration with
most of us here. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 121
Native Grasses.—Not much attention paid to native grasses here yet, but a small clover
which grows on the rocks is a little help to stock in the spring, though a better one is a wild
blue clover that grows on moist, good land and is excellent for hay and pasture while it lasts
in the spring; never tried it under cultivation yet. (Trifolium involucratum, most likely.—
J. R. A.)
Indian Corn ripens most years, but we do not know much about the best varieties to
grow for the climate of British Columbia.
Rape.—A little for sheep; does well and should be grown more extensively.
Vetches.—There are two or three wild varieties which flourish well here, especially the
large, coarse kind.    (Lathyrus Oreganus, Vicia Americanus and V. Sativa.—J. R. A.)
Apples.—Most of the leading varieties do well, such as King, Greening, Baldwin, Red
Astrachan, Wealthy, Gravenstein, Yellow Bellefleur, etc. Apples average very well here, one
year with another. Diseases and pests are green aphis and spotted apples. Price for apples,
75 cents to $1 per box, in the fall.
Pears.—Winter pears of several varieties are grown; Bartlett, Louise Bonne de Jersey
and several other varieties that do well. Pears seem well suited to this island, owing to the
clay subsoil underneath the best land.    Ruling price, 75 cents to $1 per box.
Plums and Prunes.—Greengage, Yellow Egg, Pond's Seedling, etc. Prunes—German,
French and Coe's Golden Drop do well.    Price, about 3 cents per pound.
All the other ordinary fruits are most successfully grown, but are not produced to any
extent.
Board of Horticulture.—Should strictly enforce the rule against the sale of infected
or poor fruit, whether it be foreign or home-grown.
Dairying is carried on in a limited way at present; rather profitable, but too much work
unless one has cheap help.
Feeding.—Not much experience, except with sheep, and they are almost a failure, owing
to a rough, careless way of running them in the woods on what they can pick up; but under
fence and in good pastures of mixed grasses and clovers they are fairly profitable, when the
price of lambs and mutton is good, but not otherwise, as pastures, even in the rough, are
expensive to make.
Summer Feed por Dairy Cattle.—We are not much troubled with dried up pastures,
as our valleys and farms have mostly the cool side, while the pastures keep pretty succulent,
but think fodder corn and a second crop of Red clover would be a great help in August and
September.
Horned Cattle.—Not attempted yet, but think if wool does not get higher than from 5
to 7 cents per pound, cattle-raising would pay, perhaps better than sheep, if worked systematically. Shorthorn or Devon would do well here, and steers sold in spring not over two
years old.
Sheep very suitable, and industry carried on successfully wherever tried carefully.
Breeds recommended, Shropshires or Oxford Downs, or any of the black-faced breeds. No
wild animals here, and bad dogs very rarely, as nearly every farmer keeps sheep. The want
of a woollen mill in British Columbia, which would make a price for wool, is the chief drawback to the industry.
Hogs.—Swine-breeding is becoming more and more important here, as it is profitable if
carried on systematically. Ruling price, 5J to 7 cents per pound live weight. Think pasture
and milk in summer, with a little meal and peas and mangolds in fall, for fattening, would be
economical feeding.
Poultry.—In a limited manner at present, but see no reason for it not being engaged in
extensively, especially around here. The reason it is not followed up better is, I think, labour
(white) is too dear, and one or two pair of hands cannot do everything at once. More small
farmers in British Columbia might remedy the enormous importation of eggs and poultry
complained of, that is, if they were farmers of the right sort; but don't expect too much of the
present lot of farmers; their hands can only accomplish one thing well at a time.
Bees.—None tried yet. Some think wasps would be hard on them; also swarming in
our tall trees would be a great difficulty to the industry.
Agricultural Education.—I think agricultural education should be taught in our
public schools, anyhow in rural schools; and I don't think any harm would happen if rural
schoolmasters spent one-half day in the week, in the growing season, gardening with the
pupils, say on the school-grounds, if fertile and cleared.    If not, let them go to work and make A 122 Report on Agriculture, 1903
it somewhat better. I think they would likely enjoy it, and it would be an object-lesson for
the children.
Soil.—Perhaps a little deficient in lime ; otherwise it is very productive, if well drained
and worked properly.
Clearing Land.—Powder, and stump-pullers afterwards, are generally considered best
for removing stumps. To clear the most easily cleared land here will cost about $50 per acre,
and the heaviest over $100 per acre.    The latter is best adapted for fruit trees.
Fertilisers.—Only barn-yard manure used at present. Seaweed could be got easily in
places, but is not used yet.
Draining.—Considerable under-draining is done here, mostly with cedar, which is plentiful.
Pecuniary Assistance.—Don't think pecuniary assistance very practical in British
Columbia, as it is not a systematic farming country, although a bountiful country to the
industrious and careful worker.
Timber.—Alder, maple, arbutus, willow, wild cherry, several varieties of pine and cedar,
balsam, but no spruce, and hemlock scarce.
Noxious Animals and Animal Pests.—Nothing worse than mink on this island, not even
raccoons.
Forest Fires.—Common cause of trouble here is carelessness in not having slashing-
protected by fire guards, made when fires can be controlled in spring time.
Lands.—Very little Government land open to pre-emption on this island. Improved
farms can be bought from $15 per acre up to $50.
Labour.—White labourers are few, $1.50 to $2 per day, without board; Japanese, $6 to
$15 per month, and board.    Too many Japs, and unsatisfactory as farm labourers anyhow.
Retail prices at Salt Spring Island of ordinary necessaries for farmers :—Flour, $4.50 per
200 fts.; beef, 10c to 12|c per ft. ; bacon, 16c to 20c. per ft.; hams, 20c per ft.; lard, 18c.
per ft. ; butter, 25c. per ft. ; tea, 40c. per ft.; sugar, 5c. per ft. ; overalls, 75c. per ft.; shirts,
$1 each; boots, $3 per pair.
Queen Charlotte Islands,
Which consist of a group of islands lying between latitudes 52° and 54° N. and longitude
131° and 133° W., the largest of which is Graham Island and the next Morseby Island, the
rest being quite small. The islands are intersected in every direction by deep channels, which
in many places nearly sever them. They are divided from the Mainland by Hecate Strait,
which, at its narrowest point, is some 30 miles wide, and at the widest about 80 miles. They
lie about 135 miles north-west of the extreme northerly point of Vancouver Island.
Meteorological Report for 1902 at Masset.
Highest temperature, June  78°
Lowest ii January and December  20°
Average n  46.2°
Rainfall  30.4 inches.
Snowfall     59.4     n
By this it will be seen that the climate is most equable and the precipitation moderate;
the winter temperature is particularly high, owing, presumably, to the warm ocean currents
which surround the islands. Not having made a personal visit to this part of the Province, I
am unable to speak definitely of their conditions. From information received, however, they
are represented to be good in parts as a grazing country for horned cattle, for the cultivation
of root crops, and presumably for fruits, if one may judge from the climatic records. It is
said that the Douglas fir does not occur on these islands, but that large quantities of yellow
cedar or cypress (Thuya excelsa or Cupressus Nutkaensis) are to be found. This is a most
valuable and beautiful wood, so that the absence of the fir is fully compensated. Spruce,
cedar and hemlock are reported to be in abundance. The mountains are lofty, the highest peaks
remaining snow-capped during the whole season. The interior has been but little explored,
and, consequently, when some years ago an Indian brought in to Mr. Mackenzie, who was in 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 123
charge of the Hudson's Bay Company's post at Masset, the antlers of a caribou, which he
averred he had shot in the Islands, the reported existence of this animal in the Islands was
totally discredited by many. However, the following copy of a letter from the Rev. C. Harrison
seems to confirm the report:—
" Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands.
"J. R. Anderson, Esq.,
Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.
"Sir,—I noticed a paragraph in the Colonist under the heading of 'Who Knows,' re the
existence of caribou on Queen Charlotte Islands. I have lived here 20 years and know the
account given is quite correct. I have made diligent inquiries amongst the Indians and have
gained the following information :
" (1.) Three years ago an Indian, named Shakwau, saw a female caribou feeding near a
lake up Virago Sound, but failed to kill it, although he fired twice. Yethgwonas, another
Indian, was with him at the time.
"(2.) This March a man named Stlinga, with his two sons, saw the tracks of a big herd
near the headwaters of Malon River, near Virago Sound.
"(3.) Men who were with the man who killed the two referred to in the Colonist, are
ready to show me the place where he killed them.    This is near Lthum, up Virago Sound.
" (4) The Haidas refused to eat the flesh of the caribou and left their carcases. Mr.
Mackenzie then paid them to go and bring the meat in, and kept it for his own use.
" (5.) As the Indians are not interested in the killing of caribou, they refusing to eat the
meat, and there being no market for the antlers, etc., they consequently do not hunt them.
They say they are afraid to go up the mountains and into much danger for no recompense,
there being, according to their traditions, one-eyed monsters, hodgoblins, spirits, etc., to be
met with on the mountains which they frequent.
" In order to be sure that caribou do exist, the United States Department of Agriculture
ought to unite with that of British Columbia and make me a grant of $250 to cover expenses,
The Natural History Association of B. C. ought also to assist. I would then get three good
hunters, and visit every locality where they are reported to exist and make a thorough search.
This would take about six months. Should we get any, the heads would be kept and shipped
to your Department. I could not go until about the middle of September when my official
duties as Customs Officer and Fishery Overseer would be over until December.
"I am, etc.,
" C. Harrison, S. M."
Game of other kinds is abundant, and the sea teems with fish of all kinds, halibut being
found in great numbers. The black cod, also called by the synonyms of coal fish and skill, is
obtained on the banks in the vicinity of the Islands. The skill is not a cod, however, in any
sense, though it is greatly esteemed for its excellence and is usually very fat. The abundance
of fish and the ease with which game is captured easily accounts for the natives' unwillingness to
explore the interior. Like all human beings, only a little more so, they are ever anxious to
save themselves trouble, and being without ambition, they are content to allow the land to
remain a terra incognita, so that it is quite believable that animals may exist of which they
have no knowledge. The existence of minerals has been abundantly proved ; gold, years ago,
was found in quartz; also anthracite coal of a superior quality. For some reason, of which I
am unaware—the lead dipping into the sea, if I remember aright—the former has never been
worked. The coal measures, owing to the geological formation, are reported to be full of faults,
so that, after a large sum of money had been spent in opening them up, the attempt was
abandoned.
The following is from an article published in the Colonist newspaper, and previously
published by me in " British Columbia and its Agricultural Capabilities " :—
" Graham Island, of the Queen Charlotte Group, is the second island in size in British
Columbia. We have approximated its area at 2,000 square miles. There is an extensive lake
in the centre connected with the sea at the northern end of the island. Moresby Island is
the second of the group in size. It lies south of Graham. Its greatest length is 85 miles, and
its greatest width 40, but in places it is not more than 5 miles across from shore to shore. Its
outline is so irregular that no close estimate can be made of its area, but it doubtless contains
over 1,000 square miles. Both these islands are mountainous, and the same holds good of the
smaller members of this group.    At the northern end of both Graham and Moresby there are A 124 Report on Agriculture, 1903
small areas suitable for agriculture or stock-raising, but for the most part the whole group
must be classed as non-arable. The climate is very fine. The rainfall is less than on the
corresponding latitude on the Mainland, and the greatest cold ever experienced since records
have been kept was 8 degrees above zero, Fahr. During the past eight years the thermometer
has never gone below 18 degrees. This mild climate is due to the effect of the Japan current.
There is some snow every year, and the highest peaks in the interior are snow-capped through
the whole twelvemonth.
"The known mineral resources are coal, copper, gold and silver, but only limited prospecting
has been done for anything except coal. The latter is found both on Graham and Moresby
Islands. The ascertained areas are extensive and the quality of the coal is good. Gold has
been mined by the Hudson's Bay Company to some extent at Gold Harbour, on Moresby
Island. Prospects have been found in numerous other places, but it is only very recently that
anything like sytematic exploration has been undertaken. While it is too soon to forecast
results, it may be said that the outlook is favourable. If any persons desire an almost virgin
field for this sort of work, they can find it in the Queen Charlotte group, and the conditions
of life there are by no means arduous.
" Except on the highest levels and near the coasts, the islands of this group are well timbered, principally with spruce and cedar.    The wood is of good quality.
"Whatever doubt may exist on other points, there is none as to the values of these
islands from the standpoint of the fisherman. The most valuable fish found in the adjacent
waters is the halibut. They are not large in size, but are excellent in quality. They seem to
exist in inexhaustible quantities. They can be taken at any season of the year at some points
around the coasts. Salmon are present in all the inlets in incalculable numbers. Codfish are
also taken, but not so much is known as to their numbers, as little or no attention has been
paid to this fishery.    Three factories have been set up for the manufacture of dogfish oil.
"As is the case in most of the islands along the North-West Coast, wild berries—namely,
huckleberries, cranberries and luscious and large wild strawberries grow in profusion. There
are about 600 Indians on Graham Island, and possibly 100 white people on all the group."
Report op the Rev. C. Harrison, S. M., Masset.
Owing to the lack of mail communication and the persistent refusal of the Dominion
Government to grant a mail subsidy for carrying the mail to Masset, this district is not, up to
the present time, known as it should be.
There is sufficient available land between Virago Sound and Rose Spit, with very little
draining, to locate 100 families. In comparison with Malcolm Island, and other parts up the
coast, where there are settlers, it is a paradise. We have no severe frosts, and the snowfall is
light. The first snow generally comes about the end of January, but this soon disappears.
Last winter I had flowers in the garden in full bloom. The climate is somewhat similar to
that of Vancouver and New Westminster. (See meteorological monthly statements for
Masset, Vancouver, etc.)
With careful cultivation, wheat, oats and barley of good quality can be grown, which will
compare favourably with those grown in more favoured parts of the Province. Hops grow
well and are of great size. All kinds of vegetables can be grown here with careful cultivation.
Onions, celery, cauliflowers, lettuce, cabbages, carrots, parsnips, beets, mangolds, peas, beans,
turnips and potatoes. Small fruits grow profusely on the islands, such as strawberries, black
and red currants, gooseberries, raspberries, etc.
When the Grand Trunk begin operations at or near Port Simpson, there will be a ready
market for all the produce that can be raised.
Cattle, sheep, pigs and horses do well on the islands, on account of the mild climate.
The Indians, from a small beginning made with cattle and horses, have now quite a numerous
band of each ; this in itself should be a sufficient guarantee of the suitability of the island for
cattle-raising, as during the winter the Indians, as a rule, do not feed their animals but allow
them to hunt for their own food.
With a tenth part of the grants and privileges made to Bella Coola settlers, the lands
already referred to could be brought under cultivation, and would prove most acceptable to
those who are seeking homesteads in this Province.
In order to give the settlers some employment during any spare time they may have
between May and October, we are in need of a company that would start a dog-fish refinery. (fi
0
H
0
is
w
0
0 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 125
There is a market for all the refined oil that can be produced, and dog-fish are very plentiful
around Masset. I have no hesitation in saying that 100,000 gallons of oil could easily be
obtained yearly. This refinery would be the means of putting a few dollars into the pockets
of the settlers, during such time as they were getting their locations under proper cultivation.
The halibut banks are also numerous. The quality of our halibut is well known, as
steamers and schooners from Vancouver, Nanaimo and elsewhere are profitably engaged in
catching them. This industry would again help the settlers, should they have time to spare
for fishing.
The island abounds in wild geese, mallards and other wild ducks, and grouse. Wild
berries of all kinds are also plentiful, as well as the crap-apple.
Year after year we have, put up 150 tons of hay for our animals, in order to keep them in
good condition all the year round. Should a small dam be built across the mouth of a place
known as Delkatla, there would be about 4,000 acres of good clear land that could easily
accommodate 50 families, allowing them 80 acres each. It is on part of this land that we run
the mower and make our hay, as during the summer months the tides do not touch it. This
dam could be built at an outlay of $1,000.
The late Mr. King informed me that the Yakoun Valley was the best agricultural land
that he had seen anywhere north of Victoria.    I have never visited this place.
We have very good spruce and cedar up Masset Inlet. There is a good opening for a
medium-sized sawmill in this locality, and should the coal fields be opened in the near future,
there would also be a good market at home for all they can produce for a number of years.
The owners of a steamer have promised to carry the mail between Port Simpson and
Masset for $75 per trip. Our Provincial Government should urge the authorities at Ottawa
to grant a subsidy of $450 for the coming year, so that we can have our mail every two months.
By so doing I have no doubt but that in the near future there will be sufficient trade to require
a monthly service. At the present time we have but one steamer yearly, which brings in our
supplies, and for the rest we have to depend on canoes and schooners, which is unsatisfactory.
Before this district can be thoroughly known and populated, we need :—
(1.) Mail communication with the mainland. This would be a means of bringing prospectors and settlers to the island, and also enable the settlers to get rid of their produce at
Port Simpson and the Skeena River.
(2.) The Government should at once lift the reserve placed on the islands two years ago.
(3.) The Government should also make a grant for the draining of these lands and have
them surveyed before they are thrown open for settlement. A 126                                    Report on Agriculture,                                       1903
CLIMATIC   STATISTIC
Prepared by W. A. Stewart, Dominion Meteorolog
S,   1902.
[cal Department, Toronto.
o small for measurement.]
>ia during the year  1902,  with
el, when known.
[* signifies snow and R rain, but the quantity was to
Meteorological Stations in operation in  British Columl
latitude, longitude, and height above sea lev-
station.
Latitude N.
Longitude W.
Height.
Class.
Observer.
49 15
49 14
53 2
52 40
49 30
50 48
48 38
49 10
49 11
49 21
49 10
48 45
19 20
51 16
49 21
51 14
48 27
48 58
124 49
121 31
121 35
126 54
115 50
128 27
124 47
121 57
125 47
123 16
122 30
123 42
124 36
116 55
123 17
117 29
123 33
123 38
Feet.
300
62
4180
150
II.
n.s.
i.
n.
ii.
n.
L
II.
III.
III.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
III.
III.
II.
II.
I.
II.
II.
11.
II.
II.
II.
I.
I. s.
III.
III.
II.
III.
II.
I.
II.
II.
II.
III.
II.
I.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
c. s.
II.
Stanley R. S. Bayne.
T. A. Sharpe.
James Stone.
H. B. Christensen.
James Gill.
N. C. Nelson.
W. P. Daykin.
Mrs. W. H. DeWolf.
Rev. R. Maurus.
F. W. Caulfield.
R. D. Irvine.
E. F. Clark.
W. H. Lee, B.A.
C. E. Hamilton.
Wm. McColl.
J. H. Armstrong.
G. R. Crook.
Rev. R. J. Roberts.
Rev. G. H. Raley.
W. R. Smith.
C. S. Stevens.
A. DeR. Taylor.
W. S. Maher.
C. Harrison.
R. Gardom.
J. F. Harris.
E. Dalley.
Hugh Wilson.
H. L. Good.
Marshal Bray.
G. Chambers.
F. E. R. Wollaston.
Rev. C. Jennings.
Mrs. H. Hunter.
Miss M. W. O'Neill.
B. W. Leeson.
Otis Earley.
H. B. Ferguson.
D. Lehman.
F. Fraser.
S. Grant.
James Mair.
A. C. Murray.
M. Phillipps.
E. F. Loyd.
J. T. Brown.
E. Baynes-Reed.
Wm. Henderson.
130
21
40
40
2550
4072
1510
49 52
60 41
49 5
49 7
53 58
49 0
49 12
60 9
49 13
49 10
49 10
54 56
49 52
54 9
49 20
54 34
50 32
52 69
52 45
48 24
61 0
51 39
48 47
54 28
49 1
50 14
49 17
48 24
49 20
117 0
120 29
123 4
122 16
132 9
118 46
122 2
120 39
122 54
123 57
123 57
129 56
119 29
129 55
120 29
130 26
128 3
122 30
121 55
123 19
118 6
127 19
123 12
124 12
115 5
119 15
123 5
123 19
117 50
1193
30
1800
69
2120
330
1650
26
1700
2775
1476
20
14
2200
2300
1246
196
85
Chief Station.—Observations recorded continuously day and night.
First Class.—Observations of pressure, temperature, extremes, rain, snow, three times daily.
Second Class.—Observations of temperature, extremes, rain, snow and weather, daily.
Third Class.—Observations of rain, snow and weather, daily.
Sunshine.—Stations at which the duration of bright sunshine is registered daily. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 127
List of Tables.
Table I.—Temperature for each of the six months constituting the growing period (April to
September), at fourteen stations in British Columbia, together with the average for the
whole group of years to 1902.
Table II.—Precipitation of rain and snow during the five winter months for twelve stations
in British Columbia, for the years 1900-1901 and 1901-1902, with the average for the
whole group of years.
Table III.—Comparison of the rainfall at sixteen principal stations in British Columbia in
the months of April to September, 1902, with the average for each station derived from
a group of years.
Table IV.—Number of hours the sun was above the horizon in latitude 48°; the number of
hours registered in 1901-1902; the number of days completely clouded, with the
maximum daily amount in 1902 at Victoria, Nanaimo, and the Experimental Farm,
Agassiz, B. C.
Table V.—Percentage of sky clouded at the principal stations in British Columbia, with the
average derived from the whole group of years.
Table VI.—Showing for each month in the year 1902 the highest, lowest, mean highest, mean
lowest and mean temperature at fifteen stations in British Columbia, also the annual
mean for each station.
Table VII.—Differences betwixt the average temperature for each month, each quarter, and
for the year 1902, and the normal for each station derived from a group of years.
Table VIII.—Showing for each month the average of the highest, lowest, mean highest, mean
lowest, and the mean temperature at the principal stations in British Columbia, derived
from the whole group of years, and the average annual mean at each station for the
same period.
Table IX.—Average temperature for each month, and for the year 1902, at all stations in
British Columbia.
Table X.—Highest temperature registered for each month, and for the year, at all stations
in British Columbia during the year 1902.
Table XI.—Lowest temperature registered for each month, and for the year, at all stations
in British Columbia during the year 1902.
Table XII.—Mean daily range of temperature for each month, and for the year, at all
stations in British Columbia during the year 1902. 	
Table XIII.—Monthly and annual amount of rainfall in inches at the stations in British
Columbia reporting during the year 1902.
Table XIV.—Monthly and annual number of days of rainfall at the stations in Table XIII.
Table XV.—Monthly and annual amount of snowfall in inches at the stations in British
Columbia reporting during the year 1902.
Table XVI.—Monthly and annual number of days of snowfall at the stations in Table XV.
Table XVII.—Number of times the wind blew from each of the eight principal points at the
chief station, Victoria, British Columbia, and the corresponding mileage derived from
the registration at each hour of the day for the year 1902.
Table XVIII.—Number of winds at Nanaimo, 1902.
Table XIX.—Number of winds at Rivers Inlet, 1902.
Table XX.—Number of winds at Agassiz Experimental Farm, 1902.
Table XXI.—Number of winds at Garry Point, 1902. A 128
Report on Agriculture,
1903
Table XXII.—Number of winds at Port Simpson, 1902.
Table XXIII.—Number of winds at New Westminster, 1902.
Table XXIV.—Number of winds at Chilliwhack, 1902.
Table XXV.—Number of winds at Barkerville, 1902.
Table XXVI.—Number of winds at Kamloops, 1902.
Table XXVII.—Number of winds at Masset, 1902.
Periodical events, 1902.
Aggregate amount of snowfall, winter of 1901-1902.
Seasonal notes, 1902.
Iable I.—Temperature for each of the six months constituting the growing period (April to
September) at fourteen stations in British Columbia, together with the average for the
whole group of years to 1902, inclusive.
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1902	
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47.5
45.9
47.3
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54.7
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60.8
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59.7
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56.1
55.2
56.1
54.6
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32.9
33.5
44.8
44.6
45.2
47.3
47.4
50.6
52.8
51.9
54.9
51.7
56.2
56.0
43.4
44.2
47.2
45.9
46.2
47.9
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44.4
46.3
47.0
56.6
60.9
54.7
61.0
59.1
56.8
63.4
60.4
63.4
60.4
64.7
62.0
51.8
56.6
55.5
56.1
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56.6
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42.1
50.9
48.0
48.0
55.0
53.6
52.4
57.7
56.1
55.6
57.0
57.2
56.6
51.1
52.4
52.4
53.0
51.6
51.2
0
45.6
42.0
43.9
51.9
48.4
49.9
55.0
53.1
53.6
57.5
56.7
68.0
57.8
58.3
58.6
51.8
53.9
53.8
53.3
51.9
53.0
O
32.4
30.0
34.8
44.2
40.0
43.7
47.9
44.9
50.5
52.4
48.7
54.1
52.5
50.9
53.2
46.2
41.6
43.4
45.9
42.7
46.6
0
45.9
44.6
45.3
52.9
50.7
51.5
56.7
54.9
56.2
60.0
57.5
61.3
60.7
61.1
61.6
53.6
54.8
54.4
55.0
53.9
55.0
0
50.0
47.0
50.0
57.0
55.8
56.1
60.1
57.3
60.4
62.5
61.6
64.9
62.4
63.5
66.0
56.2
56.5
57.1
58.0
57.0
59.1
0
44.6
43.8
47.1
53.S
56.0
55.9
58.7
55.8
62.5
62.9
65.3
67.9
62.9
65.4
64.2
62.4
51.1
55.6
55.9
56.2
58.9
0
46.0
44.6
46.2
53.6
52.7
52.3
56.4
54.9
56.7
59.2
58.3
60.0
59.3
60.2
58.8
52.5
53.1
53.4
54.5
54.0
54.6
0
41.4
42.2
44.6
51.4
55.7
52.9
54.8
50.9
57.7
59.8
62.2
63.7
61.3
64.4
62.9
51.4
49.6
52.5
53.3
54.2
55.7
0
48.5
45.8
48.3
56.1
54.9
55.8
59.0
66.2
59.0
61.9
61.3
64.4
63.0
65.0
63.6
57.4
57.8
57.6
57.7
56.8
58.1
o
47.4
1901   	
Mat.
1902	
45.4
47.4
55.6
54.2
54.7
June.
1902	
57.6
55.9
59.0
July.
61.2
1901	
60.0
62.9
Ausust.
61.2
62.6
63.0
September.
1902	
60.0
1901	
54.8
56.1
1       "" *n
Average for Six Months.
1902	
57.3
1901	
55.5
57.2 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 129
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3 A 130
Report
on Agriculture,
1903
Table III.—Comparison of the rainfall at sixteen principal stations in
British Columbia in
the months April to September,
1902
with the average for each station derived from a
group of years :—
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in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
April.
1902   	
0.95
2.91
1.08
3.05
1.02
0.46
5.03
4.26
1.82
0.46
0.68
4.05
0.55
2.58
1.46
2.05
Av. to 1902.
1.93
3.85
0.53
4.40
1.76
0.32
6.26
8.58
1.82
0.93
0.52
4.98
0.98
6.32
0.58
2.54
Mat.
1902	
0.97
3.66
4.14
4.17
1.89
2.51
3.69
4.96
2.12
5.56
1.83
3.32
1.82
2.20
2.29
2.64
Av. to 1902.
1.16
3.49
2.42
5.00
2.25
1.24
5.50
5.70
1.86
2.36
1.11
4.43
2.24
4.81
2.26
2.57
June.
1902	
0.08
1.95
3.56
2.43
1.50
1.10
2.54
3.61
1.24
1.52
1.24
3.29
0.63
3.55
2.76
1.63
Av. to 1902.
1.10
4.06
4.83
4.36
1.63
1.44
5.32
4.41
1.72
2.79
1.71
4.06
1.21
4.45
3.02
2.23
July.
1902	
0.37
2.29
2.98
2.58
1.10
0.83
3.55
4.68
0.84
1.84
1.11
2.64
1.19
3.03
1.31
1.47
Av. to 1902.
0.43
1.27
3.04
1.96
0.93
1.34
1.79
3.97
0.75
1.85
1.04
1.43
0.84
4.69
2.11
0.96
August.
1902	
0.43
1.08
3.46
3.30
1.18
0.86
1.57
9.18
0.46
1.18
0.26
1.96
0.00
10.05
3.16
0.76
Av. to 1902.
0.67
1.30
2.96
1.80
0.83
0.99
1.74
4.60
0.72
1.58
1.07
1.47
0.93
5.93
2.36
1.27
September.
1902	
2.31
3.84
3.50
2.75
2.01
1.26
0.60
10.08
1.27
1.43
0.94
3.67
0.66
8.60
2.78
2.43
Av. to 1902.
1.36
3.02
2.90
4.41
2.04
0.42
4.28
7.68
1.70
1.63
0.95
4.29
1.06
7.75
2.26
1.51
Totals.
1902	
6.11
16.73
18.72
18.28
8.70
7.02
16.98
36.77
7.75
11.99
6.06
18.93
4.85
30.01
13.76
10.98
Av. to 1902.
6.55
16.99
16.68
40.21
9.44
5.75
24.89
34.94
8.57
11.14
6.40
20.66
7.26
33.95
12.59
11.08
Table IV.—Sunshine.   N
umbe
r of
lours
the sun was above the horizon
in latitude 48° ; the
number of hours regis
tered
in 1'
)01-1
902;
the number of days completely clouded, with
the maximum daily ar
noun
, in .
902,
at Y
ictoria, Nanaimo, and the
Experimental Farm,
Agassiz, B. C.:—
S
3
ji
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s
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at
tr
s
ti
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rf
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hrs.
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at
tn
hrs.
at
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fc
Q
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
273.0
286.8
371.0
412.6
472.5
480.3
483.4
441.8
375.5
328.6
275.5
256.0
Victoria.
71.5
54.7
116.3
151.9
178.9
212.5
280.2
290.7
207.5
125.2
56.0
28.9
54.2
14
117.2
10
134.7
7
193.5
3
198.7
2
205.6
3
252.3
0
299.3
0
209.8
4
137.5
7
43.6
10
47.2
Number of days com
pletely cloudec
, 1902.
16
ii              ii            ii              ii
1901.
13
6
0
2
25
2
2
0
1
7
10
15
Nanaimo.
Hours registered, 19
i2	
57.8
31.6
20
115.6
102.2
4
146.7
197.7
3
158.1
203.3
3
221.7
168.2
2
264.3
253.3
2
320.4
314.8
1
252.6
215.7
3
142.1
142.8
7
42.7
40.3
17
33.5
59.7
Number of davs com
iiletely cloudec
, 1902.
11
20
Agassiz Experimental Farm.
1901.
3
1
3
4
1
1
4
8
16
17
72.0
45.4
68.0
104.6
95.6
141.7
169.8
239.1
141.7
118.0
27.0
17.0
ii            ,,          1901	
43.2
83.2
67.0
127.9
167.4
80.2
205.0
223.9
100.6
102.1
18.5
50.8
Number of days completely clouded
, 1902.
12
15
12
9
13
7
8
5
10
13
20
25
il                     II                  M                     II
1901.
16
7
7
6
7
16
6
4
12
15
21
18
Maximum Daily Amount in Hours.
Victoria,                                  1902.
7.2
9.6
10.4
9.7
14.1
13.8
13.6
13.0
11.3
10.4
7.1
5.3
Nanaimo,                                     n    .
Agassiz Experimental Farm,   ii    .
7.1
6.5
7.1
9.0
11.3
8.5
12.1
10.1
14.6
11.3
15.3
12.0
14.8
12.2
14.1
12.5
12.6
10.4
10.3
8.5
7.8
4.0
5.9
5.6
' 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 131
Table V.—Fercentage of sky clouded at the principal stations in British Columbia, with the
average derived from the whole group of years.
d
rf
fi
QJ
fu
X
60
81
76
31
48
46
63
86
75
50
74
71
51
78
72
56
75
67
54
70
67
o
rf
<
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5
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3
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<
ti
at
fi
at
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at
fi
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at
A
B
at
>
o
fc
X
86
82
79
53
47
50
85
81
79
90
74
73
96
64
70
81
82
80
74
67
66
76
78
72
78
79
c
fi
a
at
5
fi
rf
it
Victoria.
1901	
X
77
71
77
36
33
45
81
62
73
58
59
68
74
82
74
66
59
65
66
70
70
X
73
71
62
35
27
39
79
75
73
81
75
65
78
87
63
70
67
64
63
66
55
X
64
77
66
21
29
37
64
73
65
83
68
69
72
78
72
73
65
65
63
61
68
48
60
53
52
63
X
65
68
61
27
25
37
68
77
72
62
62
75
58
63
69
78
72
54
67
68
49
66
54
57
64
%
66
69
60
46
16
38
72
57
65
57
61
65
70
70
67
70
69
70
63
60
68
66
46
53
60
55
X
51
44
42
21
24
25
50
49
44
67
68
58
88
77
69
70
63
60
46
51
48
39
43
41
43
46
X
23
32
41
5
15
19
28
31
48
45
54
48
70
80
57
31
55
56
20
26
42
30
24
37
25
28
X
61
40
56
22
20
29
45
39
45
48
49
55
70
70
68
60
61
63
56
37
46
44
39
46
44
37
%
64
63
67
28
19
37
59
53
66
67
fti
67
88
77
75
54
41
64
43
48
54
51
54
61
59
53
%
75
83
79
35
47
46
68
79
78
72
77
74
91
67
80
66
65
65
73
61
69
56
70
66
70
74
X
63
1902	
66
Agassiz.
1901	
64
30
1902	
31
New Westminster.
1901	
37
64
1902	
64
65
Rivers Inlet.
1901	
65
1902   .
63
65
Port Simpson.
1901	
77
1902	
74
69
Barkerville.
1901	
64
1902	
Kamloops.
1901	
1902	
65
65
56
67
Chilliwhack.
1901	
58
1902	
53
63
72
63
67
58
59
61
56
Nanaimo.
1901	
56
1902	
68
83
59
Table VI.—Showing for each month in the year 1902 the highest, lowest, mean highest,
mean lowest, and mean temperature at fifteen stations in British Columbia ; also the
annual mean for each station :—
January.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest ..
Mean lowest ...
Monthly mean .
February.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest ..
Mean lowest ...
Monthly mean .
March.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest ..
Mean lowest ...
Monthly mean .
April.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest ..
JVean lowest ...
Monthly mean .
May.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest ..
Mean lowest ...
Mean monthly .
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52.4
51.5
51.2
40.0
47.2
54.0
54.1
62.2
56.1
56.0
50.0
55.0
46.0
39.0
12.3
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2.0
-28.0
16.6
15.6
12.9
11.0
-25.4
9.0
8.0
8.5
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-21.0
43.9
32.7
40.9
25.7
39.3
44.0
41.2
41.2
27.8
42.2
31.5
40.5
29.7
26.8
35.2
20.9
29.4
8.8
31.3
32.5
30.6
30.5
15.7
30.0
18.6
26.8
12.3
9.6
39.6
26.8
35.2
17.3
35.3
38.3
35.9
35.2
21.7
36.1
25.0
33.7
21.0
18.2
55.4
62.5
55.8
42.0
55.0
54.0
51.1
56.0
48.0
57.0
49.0
59.0
46.0
50.0
29.2
-10.7
15.5
-16.0
28.2
28.3
27.9
26.0
-21.6
13.0
4.0
24.0
-12.0
4.0
48.5
41.2
46.9
34.2
45.4
47.4
45.3
47.9
36.0
47.5
38.2
48.1
37.6
40.1
40.7
27.3
36.8
19.9
35.9
35.6
33.8
35.7
23.3
35.6
24.1
35.1
23.1
23.5
44.6
34.3
41.8
14.3
40.6
41.5
39.6
41.8
29.6
42.1
31.2
41.6
30.4
31.8
59.0
60.8
63.7
46.0
54.4
54.7
58.1
57.0
52.1
62.0
56.0
58.5
51.0
54.0
30.2
10.0
25.5
-26.0
25.0
22.6
23.9
26.0
6.0
28.0
10.0
21.0
-18.0
17.0
48.1
49.2
48.0
35.0
44.2
44.5
49.7
50.4
43.7
48.8
45.5
48.2
38.0
44.8
38.8
30.1
35.6
13.8
32.6
33.1
33.4
32.2
25.7
36.1
27.7
34.2
18.8
26.3
43.5
39.7
41.8
21.2
38.3
38.8
41.6
41.3
34.7
42.5
36.6
41.7
28.4
33.6
60.6
69.3
65.6
54.0
63.8
63.4
64.1
64.0
63.1
68.0
66.0
69.0
58.0
68.0
34.0
25.8
32.0
10.0
31.4
31.0
29.9
27.0
18.0
31.0
23.0
29.0
18.0
21.0
63.8
61.0
56.0
46.1
53.3
53.0
67.2
56.7
55.0
68.0
56.6
57.5
48.0
56.7
41.2
36.8
39.0
25.1
37.8
38.3
37.3
35.1
27.8
39.1
32.6
38.0
27.9
28.4
47.5
48.9
47.5
35.6
45.6
45.6
47.2
45.9
41.4
48.5
44.6
47.8
38.6
42.5
77.0
84.5
80.0
66.0
78.1
63.6
83.2
70.0
83.1
83.0
75.0
85.0
77.0
80.0
42.4
35.0
38.6
24.0
35.1
37.0
33.0
35.0
28.0
38.0
35.0
37.0
27.0
28.0
60.6
68.9
63.9
55.9
60.8
58.8
68.4
62.3
62.4
65.1
63.3
65.4
62.9
70.6
48.0
47.1
46.4
33.7
42.9
43.0
45.2
43.5
40.5
47.1
44.4
45.8
38.2
39.9
64.3
58.0
55.2
44.8
61.9
50.9
56.8
52.9
51.4
56.1
53.8
55.6
60.5
55.3
51.6
7.0
41.1
29.4
35.2
54.0
13.0
47.1
36.7
41.9
55.0
30.0
48.0
36.3
42.1
58.0
32.0
53.5
38.5
46.0
70.0
38.0
60.5
46.8
53.6 A 132
Report on Agriculture,
1903
Table VI.—Concluded.
June.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest .
Mean lowest .
Monthly mean
July.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest .
Mean lowest ..
Monthly mean
August.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest .
Mean lowest ..
Monthly mean
September.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest .
Mean lowest..
Monthly mean
October.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest .
Mean lowest ..
Monthly mean
November.
Highest	
Lowest	
Mean highest .
Mean lowest ..
Monthly mean
December.
Highest	
LowTest	
Mean highest.
Mean lowest ..
Monthly mean
Annual Mean ..
•rt
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79.1
85.0
83.4
74.0
84.1
73.0
84.2
74.0
86.1
85.0
80.0
83.0
81.0
89.0
41.5
38.0
36.8
28.0
38.9
41.1
37.0
35.0
30.0
40.0
42.0
37.0
30.0
37.0
64.1
73.0
68.1
58.7
63.0
62.9
72.4
66.7
68.5
69.9
68.4
69.4
66.4
77.7
50.4
48.9
47.5
35.9
47.0
48.1
47.5
46.6
41.1
48.1
49.1
45.8
39.1
44.3
57.3
61.0
57.8
47.3
55.0
55.5
59.9
56.7
54.8
59.0
58.7
57.6
52.7
61.0
86.2
96.0
90.7
82.0
74.9
71.0
92.2
82.0
90.1
87.0
84.0
90.0
88.0
96.0
45.8
44.0
43.6
30.0
41.0
44.4
41.0
41.0
36.0
43.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
37.0
67.9
80.0
72.6
66.0
65.2
65.0
75.9
70.6
74.3
72.4
73.1
72.5
72.3
84.4
52.7
54.1
50.8
39.6
49.9
50.5
48.8
49.4
45.3
51.4
52.7
49.8
43.6
42.5
60.3
67.0
61.7
52.8
67.5
57.7
62.4
60.0
59.8
61.9
62.9
61.2
58.0
63.4
84.4
93.0
S5.6
78.0
81.2
74.0
94.2
88.0
91.1
94.0
85.0
92.0
85.0
94.0
46.2
40.8
42.0
28.0
43.8
43.7
38.0
40.0
26.0
42.0
36.0
39.0
31.0
35.0
68.8
81.7
73.0
64.8
64.9
63.4
77.8
72.7
79.2
75.8
75.0
73.9
69.6
88.8
52.7
52.9
50.8
38.6
50.6
50.6
48.7
48.6
43.4
50.2
.50.9
48.5
41.3
41.4
60.8
07.3
61.9
61.7
57.8
57.0
63.3
60.7
61.3
63.0
62.9
61.2
56.4
65.1
79.0
79.0
81.3
74.0
75.0
62.0
91.2
80.0
83.1
81.0
76.0
83.0
75.0
89.0
38.7
35.2
37.4
26.0
37.0
37.1
33.0
33.0
26.0
38.0
31.0
34.0
25.0
35.0
63.8
68.6
66.4
54.1
58.2
56.6
72.3
64.5
67.6
69.2
64.8
67.4
58.1
74.5
38.7
44.8
45.3
32.7
45.3
45.6
42.4
42.8
35.3
45.5
39.9
52.7
34.6
39.3
56.5
56.7
65.9
43.4
51.7
51.1
57.3
53.6
51.4
37.4
52.4
60.0
46.4
56.9
70.4
66.7
73.4
62.0
66.3
59.0
83.2
66.0
70.1
73.0
64.0
74.0
68.0
76.0
38.7
30.3
34.0
16.0
38.0
33.3
34.0
31.0
23.0
34.0
23.0
33.0
21.0
30.0
57.9
58.5
58.4
49.6
54.2
53.0
61.9
57.0
58.4
60.7
57.7
58.7
53.7
69.6
46.9
39.8
43.2
30.9
43.7
40.7
43.4
40.5
32.1
43.3
34.8
40.7
32.2
35.2
52.4
49.2
50.8
40.3
48.9
46.9
52.6
48.8
45.2
52.0
46.3
49.7
42.9
62.4
54.9
56.7
54.8
38.0
46.2
48.8
52.1
54.0
51.1
52.0
48.0
52.5
48.0
59.0
33.4
9.3
28.0
-14.0
26.3
21.6
27.9
28.0
12.0
28.0
15.0
27.0
2.0
20.0
48.1
39.6
44.7
29.7
41.1
41.6
45.8
47.1
38.9
44.8
40.4
48.1
32.0
44.6
41.1
28.9
36.3
17.6
34.1
32.3
35.6
35.1
27.8
35.8
28.6
36.3
20.0
27.2
44.6
34.3
40.5
23.7
37.6
36.9
40.7
41.1
33.4
40.2
34.5
42.2
26.0
35.9
53.1
45.6
52.2
36.0
46.2
47.8
46.1
48.0
49.0
55.0
38.0
55.5
47.0
43.0
32.2
2.2
23.0
-10.0
26.3
17.0
24.9
26.0
4.0
21.0
2.0
21.0
-13.0
-3.0
44.9
31.4
40.2
25.5
41.1
36.7
38.6
42.5
31.6
39.5
30.8
39.5
23.5
29.6
37.1
19.6
32.4
11.2
34.1
27.7
31.0
30.6
20.9
31.0
18.3
80.1
7.4
15.4
41.0
25.5
36.3
18.4
33.6
32.2
34.8
36.5
26.3
35.2
24.5
34.8
15.5
22.5
50.2
47.4
48.9
34.2
46.2
46.0
49.3
47.9
42.6
49.5
44.5
48.9
38.8
44.9
O
76.5
37.0
66.1
46.7
56.4
78.5
59.2
75.0
38.0
69.4
49.3
59.3
69.0
33.0
61.9
43.1
52.5
63.0
30.5
56.3
40.3
48.3
55.0
26.0
46.7
36.2
41.4
33.0
25.0
43.2
32.7
37.9
47.8
Table VII.—Differences betwixt the average temperature for each month, each quarter, and
for the year 1902, and the normals for each station derived from a group of years.
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1.3
2.5
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8.3
2.4
-0.1
0.0
-2.4
-1.4
-1.2
-1.1
-1.4
0.0
-2.5
0
-0.7
-4.7
-4.8
2.1
-0.4
-3.3
-2.1
-4.3
-3.8
1.8
-0.6
-3.2
0
0.7
3.9
-0.6
1.7
2.0
1.4
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1.4
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5.6
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1.3
-3.2
-1.5
-2.9
-3.9
-1.6
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1.1
1.2
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0.3
4.4
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.0
-2.5
-0.6
-0.2
2.0
-2.2
-3.3
0
-0.6
2.3
2.3
-2.5
-2.1
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-5.0
-1.3
-3.2
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0.9
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0
-0.3
5.8
0.0
0.4
0.9
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-1.7
-1.8
3.9
0.3
2.0
-1.5
0
-0.7
7.5
0.3
-0.8
0.8
-2.4
-0.7
-3.6
-3.9
0.5
-1.3
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0
-2.4
7.3
-0.5
-2.2
1.9
1.6
-1.4
0.8
2.0
6.4
4.7
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0
-1.8
2.8
0.9
-0.2
1.3
-0.3
-0.8
0.5
-0.9
-0.8
-0.2
-1.7
Winter	
2.1
4.4
0.0
-3.4
1.3
4.7
0.3
1.4
0.2
1.7
1.3
1.8
2.4
1.5
0.6
0.2
-0.6
-0.7
-0.5
1.7
3.2
-0.3
0.8
-2.5
0.2
-2.8
0.0
-0.8
0.4
0.3
1.1
-0.9
-1.4
-3.4
-1.1
0.4
-2.5
-1.0
-2.2
-1.1
-3.2
0.1
-2.7
0.5
-0.4
0.9
-1.0
-0.7
-0.7
-1.6
-2.7
-2.0
1.7
0.1
-1.2
-0.8
0.3
2.8
3.6
-0.9
1.1
0.5
-0.6
-2.0
0.1
1.4
-1.1
0.7
-1.1
-0.1
-1.3
0.5
-1.0
1.5
-0.1 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A
133
Table VIII.—Showing for each month
the average of
the
lighest, lowest,
mean highest,
mean lowest, and the
mean temperature at th
3 principa
stations
in British
Columbia
derived from the whole group of years, and the average annual mean at
each station for
the same period.
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January.
o
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
o
0
0
o
0
Highest	
52.1
48.8
51.0
40.1
47.1
54.2
51.9
50.7
49.6
52.4
46.6
52.1
44.4
41.3
50.6
21.2
-5.8
16.3
-19.3
19.9
9.4
19.8
18.3
-15.7
11.4
-5.8
12.4
-16.8
-16.8
12.6
Mean highest	
42.4
30.7
41.2
24.6
38.4
39.8
40.7
40.9
30.9
40.9
33.1
39.9
29.4
29.3
43.3
33.7
17.7
32.5
11.5
30.8
27.2
30.9
30.7
17.9
30.7
18.0
28.1
14.0
11.8
31.4
3S.0
24.2
36.8
18.0
34.6
33.5
35.8
35.8
24.4
35.8
25.6
34.0
21.7
20.6
37.4
February.
Highest ,  	
53.0
52.0
54.0
40.5
50.9
51.4
53.7
53.2
50.8
54.8
50.0
54.1
48.4
50.7
52.9
23.5
44.5
-2.1
33.7
22.7
45.0
-18.9
26.8
21.4
41.7
11.1
40.0
24.8
43.9
20.2
44.6
-9.6
35.1
15.2
42.9
-1.2
37.3
16.6
42.2
-18.6
31.7
-12.6
34.8
19.2
Mean highest	
44.5
Mean lowest	
34.7
18.4
33.6
11.1
31.7
26.8
31.8
31.8
20.2
32.6
20.5
29.5
14.0
14.1
33.7
39.6
26.0
39.3
19.0
36.7
33.4
37.8
38.2
27.6
37.7
28.9
35.8
22.9
24.5
39.1
March.
57.S
27.3
49.7
61.4
9.6
46.9
59.6
25.8
50.2
48.6
-6.8
34.8
56.0
24.3
45.3
54.3
17.9
44.9
62.1
23.1
51.3
57.3
25.1
48.7
56.4
3.7
42.9
60.7
24.7
49.2
55.2
6.0
43.8
62.8
22.5
50.2
51.8
-11.2
39.4
59.4
7.6
48.4
54.8
23.9
Mean highest	
47.3
36.9
27.8
35.1
17.1
32.5
30.0
33.9
31.6
23.9
34.8
24.7
33.2
18.1
21.8
36.1
Monthly mean	
April.
Highest	
43.3
37.3
42.7
26.0
38.9
37.5
42.6
40.2
33.4
42.0
34.3
41.7
28.1
34.1
41.2
65.S
73.9
71.6
65.2
67.7
64.9
73.4
68.4
71.9
73.3
74.2
75.0
67.2
75.1
63.8
31.8
54.8
27.5
60.2
30.6
57.3
9.2
43.0
29.2
51.6
25.7
49.5
30.3
59.6
27.5
65.1
18.0
56.9
31.3
57.4
25.6
59.8
28.9
67.2
12.8
51.0
20.4
59.6
30.0
Mean highest	
53.9
Mean lowest	
39.8
37.6
39.9
23.9
36.2
34.6
37.7
35.5
32.2
39.3
34.4
37.6
27.8
30.0
38.5
Monthly mean .
May.
47.3
49.0
48.6
33.5
43.9
42.1
48.7
45.3
44.6
48.3
47.1
47.4
39.4
44.7
46.2
73.5
37.8
61.3
85.1
33.3
70.2
80.4
38.4
64.3
75.2
22.8
56.6
75.2
35.1
58.0
70.4
30.0
56.6
85.9
35.0
67.8
74.7
32.1
61.3
83.8
27.9
67.1
82.1
36.0
66.7
82.8
31.2
67.9
84.5
35.1
65.1
80.8
25.4
62.6
85.9
25.2
69.2
70.1
35.4
Mean highest	
60.5
Mean lowest	
46.9
45.9
44.1
33.8
41.8
39.5
44.2
41.7
38.7
44.9
43.8
44.4
36.8
37.6
44.1
Monthly mean .
June.
54.1
58.0
54.2
45.2
49.9
48.0
66.0
51.5
52.9
55.0
55.9
54.7
49.7
53.4
52.3
76.8
42.0
91.0
41.5
83.8
43.5
78.9
30.8
78.2
38.9
70.2
87.2
91.4
40.3
79.4
36.3
91.1
32.0
83.8
40.4
83.2
42.0
85.3
40.1
84.8
32.5
90.3
32.3
75.6
37.3
65.1
75.6
69.0
62.6
62.0
60.3
71.1
66.4
71.6
68.8
73.6
69.0
68.1
76.0
65.5
Mean lowest	
48.2
51.2
50.5
38.5
45.3
44.5
48.9
45.9
43.9
49.3
51.4
49.0
42.0
42.8
48.0
Monthly mean	
56.7
63.4
59.7
50.6
53.6
52.4
60.0
56.2
57.7
59.0
62.5
59.0
55.1
59.4
56.7
July.
79.2
44.9
96.9
47.2
88.0
46.5
82.4
34.0
81.5
44.2
74.4
39.4
93.5
41.9
84.6
43.9
94.5
36.4
87.8
45.3
87.8
49.4
90.1
43.2
87.5
36.5
97.6
36.7
77.7
42.1
69.1
81.6
74.1
68.1
65.5
62.9
78.4
72.8
79.4
76.0
78.1
74.9
72.3
84.6
69.8
49.7
65.1
62.2
41.7
50.6
48.4
52.9
49.7
47.9
62.7
57.7
50.9
45.2
45.0
60.2
59.4
68.4
63.1
54.9
58.0
55.6
65.6
61.3
63.7
64.4
67.9
62.9
68.7
64.8
60.0
August.
79.3
93.9
85.0
82.9
78.4
73.0
94.8
85.8
92.2
88.1
85.2
87.4
86.0
95.2
76.4
45.3
69.1
45.6
82.1
47.1
73.5
32.3
69.8
43.2
66.1
40.3
64.0
44.2
82.6
41.3
73.7
34.3
79.7
44.0
74.4
45.2
75.4
42.7
74.8
32.8
73.3
33.4
84.5
40.6
67.1
50.3
54.9
53.7
42.1
51.1
49.2
52.6
49.5
46.1
52.8
53.0
61.2
44.8
44.2
50.6
59.7
68.5
63.6
56.0
58.6
56.6
67.6
61.6
62.9
63.6
64.2
63.0
59.0
64.3
68.8
September.
73.5
83.6
79.2
75.1
72.0
67.8
82.1
76.5
83.8
81.5
77.0
82.1
77.0
88.0
69.2
39.0
63.8
34.1
69.5
40.1
66.4
23.5
58.6
38.6
60.6
36.6
59.9
36.7
70.3
33.4
64.9
29.4
67.1
38.5
67.3
33.8
66.6
35.5
66.2
26.8
62.5
28.4
72.4
Mean highest	
62.6
46.6
46.0
47.4
35.8
47.1
44.9
44.0
44.0
37.4
47.8
44.5
45.9
38.0
37.5
44.2
Monthly mean	
52.2
67.8
56.9
47.2
53.8
52.4
57.2
54.4
52.5
57.6
55.6
56.1
50.3
54.9
53.4
October.
65.1
70.4
68.1
62.8
63.9
63.2
72.9
65.2
69.9
69.0
66.4
69.5
66.3
72.6
63.3
Lowest	
35.3
26.3
35.1
16.1
35.9
29.8
36.3
30.6
21.1
32.4
24.8
30.7
20.5
20.9
29.6
Mean highest	
56.2
56.7
57.7
47.2
53.6
54.3
61.9
56.1
56.1
57.0
54.3
57.7
51.4
61.1
57.0
43.6
38.9
44.3
29.8
43.7
40.3
43.1
39.4
32.1
42.9
34.1
41.0
33.3
30.9
41.2
49.9
47.8
51.0
38.5
48.6
47.3
52.5
47.8
44.1
50.0
44.2
49.4
42.4
46.0
49.1
November.
56.3
55.1
58.0
50.8
51.8
60.1
58.6
56.2
54.2
58.2
54.6
59.1
53.3
57.5
54.2
30.0
48.5
8.0
40.3
25.9
49.5
-5.2
32.0
25.4
42.5
18.2
45.7
25.7
47.7
24.1
46.1
-0.8
39.2
24.3
47.3
6.8
41.2
20.5
46.5
-0.3
35.5
-2.9
40.0
22 8
47.6
39.2
28.3
36.6
16.5
35.4
32.8
35.7
24.9
25.3
37.4
26.0
33.8
19.1
22.4
35.5
43.8
34.3
43.1
24.3
38.9
39.3
41.7
35.5
32.2
42.4
33.6
40.2
27.3
31.2
41.6
December.
53.5
46.4
53.0
41.3
50.7
55.3
52.5
51.8
52.1
64.3
48.5
53.7
47.3
44.9
52.5
28.3
45.7
0.8
31.4
23.0
37.7
-10.8
28.5
25.1
41.2
16.1
43.2
26.6
44.2
24.0
42.9
-7.2
34.7
20.7
42.9
3.8
36.0
18.0
41.5
-6.0
30.9
-7.7
29.9
24 7
Mean highest	
44.2
Mean lowest	
37.5
24.7
33.4
14.6
33.7
32.1
34.9
33.2
22.2
34.0
23.5
31.1
15.1
16.9
34.9
41.6
28.0
35.6
21.6
37.5
37.6
39.6
38.0
28.4
38.6
29.8
36.3
23.0
22.9
39.6
49.1
46.9
49.5
36.2
46.1
44.6
50.4
47.2
43.7
49.6
45.8
48.4
39.8
43.4
47.9
i A 134
Keport on Agriculture,
1903
-Average temperature for each month and for the year 1902 at all stations in
British Columbia.
Table IX.-
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35.9
34.4
17.3
26.2
19.5
38.6
39.5
35.6
41.4
34.2
26.2
o
39.6
38.4
27.1
37.7
26.3
41.2
42.6
40.9
45.8
41.1
41.8
0
41.6
40.5
24.4
38.2
32.3
39.5
41.5
42.5
42.4
42.8
41.3
0
47.2
44.4
35.6
46.0
38.5
49.1
45.2
50.0
47.2
46.9
45.9
42.2
46.0
36.2
48.9
0
56.8
55.6
44.8
54.8
51.7
49.2
51.1
57.0
51.1
54.0
52.9
53.1
53.6
48.0
58.0
0
59.9
61.0
47.3
57.7
52.0
52.6
53.4
60.1
55.0
56.5
56.7
48.9
56.4
49.7
61.0
0
62.4
63.4
52.8
61.6
58.7
54.3
62.5
56.9
o
63.3
60.4
51.7
57.6
60.2
55.3
62.4
55.6
O
57.3
51.8
43.4
53.3
49.7
49.8
56.2
54.0
54.2
53.6
50.2
52.5
45.9
56.8
0
52.6
48.2
40.3
45.9
42.1
47.9
51.7
52.3
50.5
48.8
44.3
48.3
41.0
49.2
45.7
48.0
49.7
45.3
52.4
52.0
45.3
50.8
50.2
46.9
50.2
45.6
46.9
49.7
50.3
42.9
45.4
48.9
43.4
45.2
47.6
50.4
52.4
46.3
o
40.7
37.0
23.7
34.2
28.9
41.7
39.7
44.3
41.0
41.1
26.3
41.4
25.7
34.3
33.1
40.8
42.2
40.9
35.9
40.2
30.5
40.5
41.3
34.4
36.6
28.6
36.9
42.6
26.2
26.0
36.7
37.6
24.5
33.4
32.5
40.6
44.6
34.5
0
34.8
34.4
18.4
26.4
17.3
36.9
33.8
41.3
35.9
36.5
15.1
37.9
19.6
25.5
24.2
36.0
34.8
36.7
22.5
35.2
20.1
36.3
37.1
26.0
30.8
15.6
32.2
37.8
19.5
15.5
29.3
33.6
9.9
26.3
25.5
38.1
41.0
24.5
o
49.3
47.6
34.2
44.9
39.8
46.3
49.4
48.9
French Creek	
60.0
60.4
59.2
56.2
67.0
60.7
59.2
59.3
54.7
67.3
47.9
35.2
41.9
42.1
28.3
39.7
47.8
Kamloops	
26.8
34.3
47.4
59.3
61.2
57.6
65.1
63.0
60.6
61.9
62.7
62.8
66.8
60.7
57.0
58.6
60.0
55.4
57.4
57.8
52.5
61.3
64.2
62.6
60.8
62.9
52.6
60.1
51.2
56.9
57.4
51.9
55.9
55.6
53.4
57.0
52.1
51.1
53.1
52.9
46.4
49.5
51.7
46.2
51.4
53.9
54.7
56.5
52.4
33.7
39.3
18.2
36.1
23.9
35.2
37.2
41.6
40.4
31.8
42.1
29.0
41.8
42.3
41.7
39.5
33.6
42.5
34.1
41.8
41.5
47.8
41.4
42.5
48.5
43.8
47.5
45.6
55.6
50.8
55.3
56.1
52.7
55.2
54.3
56.6
54.0
52.0
50.9
50.5
57.6
55.0
61.0
59.0
53.9
57.8
57.3
59.0
57.7
54.8
55.5
53.7
61.2
56.3
63.4
61.9
60.0
61.7
61.7
63.5
63.8
60.3
57.7
56.7
48.9
46.2
44.9
49.5
42.2
48.9
48.9
Pilot Bay	
28.3
19.7
38.3
38.6
26.9
21.0
33.7
27.7
41.5
41.3
37.4
33.8
38.8
39.3
45.3
43.8
45.6
45.1
46.8
41.2
46.0
Port Bobs	
47.3
30.4
28.4
38.6
36.5
45.6
32.4
41.4
45.8
45.4
47.5
44.6
50.5
47.0
51.9
44.2
51.4
54.8
55.8
54.3
53.8
52.7
50.2
55.0
47.9
54.8
57.1
58.2
57.3
58.7
58.0
56.7
57.5
52.4
59.8
63.6
62.4
60.3
62.9
38.8
35.3
10.4
21.7
23.8
34.9
39.6
25.0
40.6
16.6
29.6
30.0
42.2
44.6
31.2
38.3
18.0
34.7
37.3
41.1
43.5
36.6
46.2
33.2
42.6
Vancouver 	
44.7
48.7
50.2
44.5 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 135
Table X.—Highest temperature registered for each month and for the year at all stations in
British Columbia during the year 1902.
Alberni 	
Agassiz Experimental Farm.
Barkerville	
Bella Coola	
Cranbrook	
Cape Scott	
Carmanah	
Chilliwhack	
Clayoquot 	
Duncan	
French Creek	
Golden	
Garry Point	
Glacier	
Kamloops	
Kitamaat	
Ladner 	
Matsqui	
Masset	
Midway	
N. Nicomen	
Nicola Lake	
New "Westminster	
Nanaimo	
Okanagan Mission	
Pilot Bay	
Princeton	
Port Simpson	
Port Bobs	
Quesnel	
Quesnel Forks (Bullion)	
Revelstoke	
Rivers Inlet	
Stuart Lake	
Tobacco Plains	
Vernon, Coldstream Ranch .
Vancouver 	
Victoria	
West Kootenay   	
o
54.1
49.0
40.0
43.0
42.0
50.2
44.1
54.0
57.0
52.0
52.2
51.5
55.0
52.0
39.0
56.0
47.0
61.2
64.8
46.0
39.0
54.0
52.0
56.0
46.0
47.2
39.0
66.1
48.0
54.9
52.4
50.0
51.1
58.0
42.0
51.0
47.0
55.0
47.6
56.0
61.5
55.0
56.0
54.0
52.5
59.0
50.0
50.0
57.0
49.5
55.8
55.8
47.0
47.7
54.0
50.0
46.0
55.0
41.0
48.0
46.0
57.8
55.4
49.0
58.1
60.0
46.0
63.0
47.0
51.6
47.7
63.1
58.0
59.0
57.0
55.0
43.0
60.8
58.5
50.0
54.0
62.0
51.5
63.7
59.9
56.0
55.0
54.7
52.0
74.0
51.0
54.4
52.0
52.1
57.0
53.8
69.0
56.0
64.1
70.0
54.0
70.0
61.0
56.7
52.5
74.1
60.0
63.0
64.0
63.5
58.0
53.0
69.3
69.0
52.0
68.0
68.0
62.5
65.5
62.8
61.0
67.0
63.4
58.0
84.0
58.0
61.0
63.8
60.5
63.1
65.0
63.8
60.6
66.0
83.2
87.0
66.0
83.0
82.0
67.5
57.6
89.0
71.0
80.0
70.0
83.0
70.0
75.0
84.5
85.0
05.0
80.0
83.0
81.0
80.0
76.0
87.0
76.0
84.0
63.6
68.0
80.0
77.0
60.2
78.1
73.0
83.1
83.0
76.0
77.0
75.0
84.2
89.0
74.0
86.0
80.0
81.5
60.2
88.0
81.0
84.0
74.0
82.0
76.5
89.0
85.0
83.0
78.0
89.0
S5.0
78.0
83.4
80.0
81.8
79.0
86.0
73.0
80.5
85.0
81.0
82.0
84.1
79.0
86.0
83.0
82.0
79.1
80.0
92.2
95.0
82.0
89.0
89.0
60.0
91.0
77.0
82.0
88.5
83.0
90.0
90.0
71.0
96.0
87.0
85.0
90.7
84.8
89.4
87.0
91.0
71.0
75.0
94.0
88.0
87.0
74.9
88.0
90.1
93.0
86.8
86.2
84.0
o
94.2
86.0
78.0
91.5
89.0
68.0
94.0
87.0
88.0
88.5
75.0
76.0
93.0
S2.0
92.0
77.0
94.0
94.0
87.5
85.6
90.3
90.6
90.0
92.0
74.0
77.0
91.0
85.0
89.0
81.2
79.0
91.1
92.0
82.0
84.4
85.0
91.2
84.0
74.0
80.0
80.0
61.4
85.0
79.0
84.0
80.0
78.5
69.0
67.0
79.0
75.0
83.0
67.0
89.0
84.0
79.0
81.3
83.2
79.0
75.0
84.0
62.0
74.0
83.0
75.0
78.0
75.0
79.5
83.1
78.0
76.0
79.0
76.0
83.2
61.1
62.0
65.0
67.0
72.6
73.1
70.0
73.0
66.0
70.0
63.0
56.0
66.7
73.0
64.0
74.0
57.0
76.0
73.0
67.5
73.4
70.8
66.2
63.0
72.0
59.0
62.0
72.0
68.0
64.0
66.3
77.0
70.1
68.0
67.0
70.4
64.0
52.1
58.0
3S.0
47.0
49.0
52.0
52.0
05.5
57.0
54.0
46.0
55"0
38.0
56.7
49.0
58.0
52.5
53.0
59.0
52.0
50.0
54.8
54.0
52.2
50.0
50.0
48.8
51.0
59.0
48.0
57.0
46.2
55.0
51.1
50.0
50.0
54.9
48.0
46.1
50.0
36.0
45.0
40.0
49.5
48.0
66.5
50.0
48.0
34.0
53.0
39.0
45.6
43.0
55.0
55.5
47.0
43.0
55.0
42.0
52.2
50.0
44.0
41.0
38.0
47.8
50.5
39.0
47.0
48.0
45.0
45.5
49.0
45.0
52.0
53.1
38.0
94.2
95.0
82.0
91.5
89.0
81.5
94.0
87.0
88.0
88.5
78.5
89.0
96.0
92.0
78.0
96.0
94.0
87.6
90.7
90.3
90.6
90.0
92.0
74.0
80.5
94.0
88.0
89.0
84.1
88.0
91.1
93.0
86.8
86.2
85.0 A 136
Report on Agriculture,
1903
Table XI.—Lowest temperature for each month and for the year at all stations in British
Columbia during the year 1902.
rf
fl
fl
rf
i-a
tr
rf
tr
fi
at
J3
at
u
rf
s
'ti
rf
s
at
c
fl
3
r^
IK
3
aa
fl
at
fi
a
at
4i
fl.
0)
tfl
fi
O
O
O
fi
a
at
o
a
fi
at
at
a
rf
0
12.9
1.0
-28.0
0.0
-22.0
16.0
35.0
10.0
18.0
0.0
11.0
O
27.9
22.0
-16.0
20.0
-15.0
29.0
37.6
12.0
28.0
11.0
26.0
O
23.9
26.0
-26.0
16.0
9.0
30.1
35.4
27.0
28.0
23.0
26.0
O
29.9
30.0
10.0
28.0
21.0
29.8
37.8
32.0
32.0
30.0
27.0
14.0
32.0
12.0
25.8
0
33.0
40.0
24.0
32.0
27.0
33.5
44.6
40.0
35.0
34.0
35.0
27.0
38.0
29.0
35.0
0
37.0
45.0
28.0
37.0
29.0
34.5
46.7
41.0
38.0
32.0
35.0
29.0
37.0
31.0
38.0
0
41.0
46.0
30.0
39.0
36.0
37.5
43!6
41.0
0
38.0
38.0
28.0
42.0
23.0
38.0
40.0
41.0
O
33.0
37.0
26.0
34.0
23.0
33.5
0
34.0
41.0
16.0
26.0
16.0
33.5
o
27.9
26.0
-14.0
18.0
3.0
27.0
o
.24.9
27.0
-10.0
8.0
-8.0
21.5
0
12.9
1.0
-28.0
0.0
-22.0
16.0
35.0
38.0
28.0
33.0
28.0
33.0
31.0
35.2
34.0
38.5
30.0
31.0
25.0
30.5
31.0
30.3
30.0
30.0
33.0
34.0
30.0
34.0
23.5
34.0
31.0
28.1
38.0
19.0
33.3
40.0
30.0
21.0
28.0
38.0
12.2
23.0
30.0
35.0
38.7
23.0
26.0
31.0
29.0
28.0
-2.5
26.0
5.0
9.3
10.0
22.0
27.0
27.0
20.0
28.0
11.5
28.0
27.7
17.8
22.0
-3.0
21.6
28.0
-7.0
2.0
9.0
26.3
-25.6
12.0
8.0
30.0
33.4
15.0
18.0
26.0
27.0
26.0
-16.5
25.0
1.0
2.2
5.0
20.0
21.0
20.0
-3.0
21.0
-5.0
23.0
25.0
11.0
20.0
-8.0
17.0
26.0
-17.0
-13.0
0.0
25.0
-35.9
4.0
9.0
28.0
32.2
2.0
10.0
18.0
49.4
39.0
40.0
39.0
44.0
40.6
28.0
38.0
33.0
40.8
11.0
7.0
13.0
30.0
-1.0
10.0
7.0
-8.2
-10.7
-10.7
2.0
8.5
20.0
-21.0
9.0
-12.0
2.0
7.3
10.0
24.0
28.0
4.0
13.0
-15.5
15.5
24.7
30.0
21.0
23.0
17.0
28.0
12.5
25.5
25.5
28.0
29.0
28.0
21.0
31.0
25.0
32.0
20.9
35.0
37.0
34.0
28.0
38.0
32.0
38.6
35.0
33.7
38.0
29.9
37.0
37.0
34.0
37.0
42.0
37.0
40.0
35.0
36.8
36.9
34.6
40.0
29.0
41.1
40.0
40.0
40.0
42.0
37.0
43.0
40.5
43.6
40.3
41.0
47.0
35.0
44.4
42.0
41.0
35.0
31.0
41.0
28.2
36.0
41.0
46.0
45.8
45.0
38.0
39.0
45.0
35.0
42.0
34.0
42.0
40.1
33.8
41.0
32.0
43.7
45.0
37.0
31.0
21.0
43.8
23.2
26.0
37.0
43.0
46.2
36.0
30.0
34.0
39.0
35.0
38.0
30.0
37.4
34.0
28.0
40.0
26.0
37.1
40.0
32.0
25.0
28.0
37.0
17.2
26.0
32.0
37.0
38.7
31.0
2.0
8.5
20.0
-21.0
9.0
-15.5
2.0
7.3
Pilot Bay	
3.0
-21.0
15.6
16.5
-22.0
-25.0
10.0
-26.0
28.3
31.0
20.0
15.0
22.6
29.0
29.0
22.0
31.0
32.0
3.0
-26.0
15.6
Port Bobs              	
16.5
-12.0
-18.0
18.0
17.5
31.4
7.2
18.0
25.0
31.0
34.0
23.0
27.0
25.0
35.1
22.2
28.0
35.0
37.9
42.4
35.0
30.0
24.0
38.9
24.2
30.0
37.0
39.0
41.5
42.0
-25.0
16.1
-29.1
-25.4
-13.0
6.0
12.3
-8.0
28.2
-12.0
-21.6
-5.0
16.0
29.2
4.0
25.0
-39.0
6.0
17.0
26.0
30.2
10.0
16.1
-39.0
-25.4
-13.0
6.0
12.3
-8.0 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 137
Table XII.—Mean daily range of temperature for each month and for the year at all stations
in British Columbia, during the year 1902.
\5
rf
c
rf
l"3
tr
rf
g
fi
o
tr
rf
<1
rf
s
fl
fl
0
24.9
>>
fl
r^
1
3
fi
a
ti
0J
fi
O
A3
at
O
ti
a)
fi
1
>
O
fi
ti
a
s
o
a
t,
rf
to
0
10.6
9.8
16.9
7.7
14.4
10.5
9.1
13.1
14.7
13.6
13.7
0
11.5
0
16.3
0
19.9
0
23.2
O
27.1
O
29.1
34.1
26.2
29.1
42.9
15.1
0
29.9
35.2
21.3
22.1
36.8
15.0
O
18.5
20.1
18.7
20.0
30.5
12.7
o
10.2
12.4
12.1
29.0
19.0
10.2
0
7.6
8.9
14.3
7.0
17.7
9.8
0
19.1
14.3
13.7
16.3
10.0
10.0
11.4
12.8
9.4
12.2
21.2
14.3
19.2
11.0
12.3
13.7
14.8
11.9
18.2
21.0
25.8
23.8
13.7
14.7
20.0
13.9
20.8
21.6
29.2
15.0
18.6
24.2
22.3
29.4
25.2
13.7
13.0
19.2
14.8
21.3
18.8
25.3
13.7
20.8
21.7
22.8
24.0
29.4
13.6
13.5
23.6
15.4
26.3
20.1
26.3
19.4
22.9
24.2
26.4
28.2
35.5
16.2
19.8
20.9
25.9
12.6
22.6
16.9
25.2
21.1
23.3
17.3
30.1
21.7
26.4
18.8
15.8
23.8
17.3
14.6
23.2
16.5
26.7
16.0
12.0
18.7
14.6
22.1
18.0
12.2
34.4
17.4
23.5
15.2
15.8
24.7
12.1
30.5
12.3
10.9
29.8
21.5
19.9
10.5
36.1
26.3
21.2
15.2
11.0
22.9
9.7
12.5
9.3
12.0
14.6
10.5
9.6
10.7
9.5
12.7
11.8
14.0
17.4
9.0
15.0
8.4
8.7
12.6
7.1
15.0
9.3
9.0
18.5
12.0
15.0
7.0
29.3
11.1
10.6
8.2
7.0
11.8
8.6
13.5
8.1
11.9
16.6
10.5
11.1
11.8
8.1
21.3
9.4
13.0
14.0
8.5
14.2
7.8
9.0
2.0
6.8
14.8
9.0
6.1
13.6
16.1
17.3
15.2
21.2
30.1
18.8
23.5
25.9
24.1
30.9
20.1
20.6
28.8
17.7
11.7
10.4
11.7
16.7
19.0
14.7
11.8
13.9
19.5
24.7
25.4
14.7
47.4
25.6
26.1
22.1
23.4
30.7
21.9
34.0
12.8
13.9
31.6
28.3
36.3
14.3
32.0
35.8
29.8
20.5
16.1
24.1
26.0
14.7
13.4
35.2
23.7
25.4
21.2
21.1
28.5
17.6
32.7
11.0
14.0
29.9
23.5
31.9
12.9
32.4
32.3
25.1
20.9
14.7
24.9
13.7
14.6
17.2
12.2
13.6
11.5
11.8
13.0
13.6
16.6
11.9
15.6
10.1
9.9
14.0
13.6
18.5
12.7
17.1
12.4
15.1
19.5
14.9
28.3
18.9
24.3
17.0
18.0
19.6
15.9
30.7
18.0
21.0
17.5
17.9
23.1
16.2
24.6
15.9
13.7
24.7
26.3
17.9
19.5
21.9
20.2
19.2
12.6
18.9
23.6
15.3
33.4
21.8
22.0
20.5
21.4
29.9
18.9
30.4
14.8
12.1
27.3
30.3
16.0
24.4
27.4
24.7
22.1
13.6
19.3
22.7
17.9
41.9
21.0
22.0
21.9
20.8
29.1
20.0
30.5
14.5
13.5
28.7
33.3
15.3
29.5
29.0
27.7
20.6
15.2
20.4
17.1
14.4
27.9
16.7
20.0
15 5
16.0
Pilot Bay	
6.8
14.7
11.6
10.4
30.0
17.4
7.8
19.9
11.8
7.6
14.5
12.3
19.8
11.4
10.4
19.2
17.8
26.5
14.6
12.0
20.1
27.8
15.5
24.3
27.2
23.2
19.2
12.6
24.0
13.8
24.6
12 4
Port Bobs	
11.1
21.1
8.0
21.7
12.1
11.1
12.8
8.7
12.9
9.5
20.2
12.7
11.4
11.8
7.8
14.1
11.7
24.3
18.0
16.0
13.1
9.3
17.8
6.4
26.0
10.7
10.8
8.3
7.8
12.5
12.1
26.6
22.0
19.3
Vancouver 	
16.0
18 6
- A 138
Report on Agriculture,
1903
-Monthly and annual amount of rainfall in inches at the stations in British
Columbia reporting during the year 1902.
Table XIII.
rf
fl
c
rf
i-a
rf
s
fi
at
p
rf
"S
<
S1
at
rt
r^
<
ti
at
fi
at
57
tfl
in.
0.84
2.75
3.50
3.93
1.35
7.97
fi
o
o
O
at
fi
at
o
in.
9.29
8.62
0.00
4.34
0.00
17.54
o>
fi
a
at
at
at
fi
ti
rf
in.
6.86
2.88
0.00
4.52
2.37
12.84
10.52
6.07
12.07
4.87
3.47
5.16
3.02
in.
17.16
6.46
0.40
1.61
0.00
21.37
21.20
8.14
25.47
8.64
11.54
11.14
6.02
in.
6.94
5.65
0.00
2.74
1.07
14.95
11.47
5.47
17.58
7.47
8.87
3.89
5.86
in.
4.23
3.05
1.08
0.86
3.87
7.56
1.63
3.77
13.46
2.96
6.08
1.77
1.02
0.75
2.05
in.
2.09
4.17
4.14
1.80
4.52
4.67
3.07
3.01
7.62
4.20
5.64
1.76
1.89
0.97
2.64
in.
2.61
2.43
3.56
1.91
1.85
3.23
4.46
1.86
6.10
3.81
2.15
0.92
1.50
2.03
1.63
4.60
0.80
1.24
in.
2.28
2.58
2.98
2.72
1.18
3.33
in.
0.88
3.30
3.46
2.75
0.78
6.17
in.
4.82
3.35
0.88
3.59
0.39
10.15
in.
14.61
6.74
0.00
5.43
0.00
26.02
in.
71.59
51.88
20.00
36.20
17.38
135.76
2.60
2.89
3.30
2.28
1.10
0.61
1.47
3.24
1.62
0.84
1.74
2.26
0.99
1.74
1.18
1.05
0.76
1.03
0.46
4.14
5.06
3.18
3.77
1.11
2.01
1 67
2.43
4.27
3.24
1.27
2.84
10.77
4.49
5.06
2.55
3.40
0.30
2.63
1.77
3.29
2.96
6.15
10.87
19.50
10.53
12.88
8.66
5.05
3.12
5.67
12.35
7.88
8.47
8.69
23.88
8.80
12.07
11.59
7.74
1.00
5.12
R.
11.23
8.98
3.18
59.20
146.56
63.23
75.55
39.79
3.00
6.31
4.01
37.72
5.64
4.38
11.15
10.24
6.40
3.01
4.00
1.82
1.85
2.12
62.60
45.20
2.62
0.14
2.46
4.21
2.25
0.27
7.66
0.30
6.81
4.11
3.74
4.75
3.10
0.64
5.03
8.17
5.70
0.83
11.11
0.73
8.06
8.93
11.08
1.10
2.67
0.36
3.02
6.94
2.50
0.62
7.67
0.72
6.10
3.42
3.64
5.04
2.44
0.46
1.56
4.05
1.17
0.55
5.03
0.68
2.91
1.34
1.24
1.34
2.51
1.88
3.32
1.60
1.82
3.69
1.83
3.66
1.89
2.16
1.98
2.08
4.11
1.67
2.20
4.21
1.03
2.29
1.17
3.65
4.96
1.10
0.92
3.29
0.65
0.63
2.54
1.24
1.95
1.14
1.30
2.55
1.59
4.25
0.62
3.55
3.65
1.76
2.76
0.30
3.41
3.61
0.83
0.95
2.64
6.60
1.19
3.55
1.11
2.29
1.12
0.80
2.66
1.57
4.45
1.68
3.03
3.22
0.81
1.31
0.82
9.68
4.68
0.86
0.52
1.96
2.80
0.00
1.57
0.26
1.08
0.89
0.75
11.58
1.19
13.06
1.64
10.05
6.89
1.06
3.16
0.68
4.65
9.18
1.26
2.70
3.67
1.17
0.66
0.60
0.94
3.84
1.00
1.26
10.07
1.53
14.18
0.46
8.60
7.68
1.84
2.78
2.79
3.75
10.08
1.16
1.43
1.51
3.39
2.31
1.18
R.
3.25
3.44
2.35
0.00
4.75
0.16
3.85
2.02
2.10
6.34
0.03
9.07
0.20
6.71
7.68
0.32
0.40
2.15
8.47
8.23
6!24
0.43
0.00
4.72
1.09
0.40
0.02
6.55
9.65
1.20
0.16
12.62
0.18
10.43
6.42
7.52
7.19
0.44
26.68
0.50
9.22
17.74
0.00
0.60
8.86
6.20
16.12
0.10
4.60
7.91
2.15
0.00
10.15
0.58
8.75
8.08
8.43
3.66
0.05
13.71
0.20
5.69
18.68
0.00
0.00
9.72
0.00
17.57
8.28
33.47
58.25
30 04
6.73
NorthNicomen':::::::::::::::::::
70.94
8.73
59.73
40.36
44 01
58.16
11.81
1.22
6.65
9.92
5.55
0.39
5.13
16.99
10.54
0.26
7.95
17.84
3.66
0.39
2.58
6.32
0.02
1.46
1.60
1.49
4.26
121.10
Princeton   	
Port Bobs	
9.25
71.26
120.82
0.18
3.59
0.49
3.94
0.04
3.43
15.47
39.05
8.45
3.43
0.00
0.73
8.36
4.64
0.00
0.34
10.16
0.00
0.15
0.25
0.46
1.30
5.56
1.90
1.52
1.96
1.97
0.08
1.71
1.61
1.84
2.45
2.37
0.37
2.23
2.03
1.18
1.51
1.15
0.43
1.12
0.00
0.90
0.11
10.33
6.12
2.41
0.02
0.00
0.00
9.55
5.76
0.72
8.61
14.54
5.78
2.23
1.78
10.17
2.46
1.38
7.45
2.08
0.71
3.11
0.95
1.27
4.40
0.97
3.79
64.39
Victoria 	
24.84
18.73
Average rainfall for nineteen stations derived from a group of }^ears.
Alberni 	
Agassiz	
Barkerville	
Bullion	
French Creek
Garry Point	
Kuper Island....
Kamloops	
Matsqui	
Midway	
New Westminster
North Nicomen ..
Nicola Lake	
Port Simpson	
Rivers Inlet	
Stuart Lake	
Tobacco Plains
West Kootenay...
Victoria	
6.84
10.24
4.99
5.74
2.81
2.26
1.59
0.65
2.78
5.13
9.09
10.57
6.76
5.08
4.79
4.40
5.00
4.36
1.96
1.80
4.41
6.25
7.90
7.88
0.21
0.15
0.09
0.53
2.42
4.83
3.04
2.96
2.90
1.57
0.72
0.05
0.42
0.22
0.33
0.88
2.26
3.02
2.11
2.36
2.26
1.32
0.82
0.28
3.78
2.78
3.06
1.76
2.25
1.63
0.93
0.83
2.04
2.78
5.45
5.74
4.09
4.45
2.70
2.64
2.57
2.23
0.96
1.27
1.51
3.29
7.00
5.57
5.06
4.81
6.55
1.82
1.86
1.72
0.75
0.72
1.70
3.26
7.09
7.61
0.13
0.32
0.33
0.32
1.29
1.44
1.34
0.99
0.92
0.57
0.41
0.26
5.37
5.10
4.17
4.98
4.43
4.06
1.43
1.47
4.29
5.21
8.66
8.26
0.27
0.83
0.62
0.55
1.82
0.63
1.19
0.00
0.66
0.00
0.16
0.00
7.27
6.27
4.03
3.85
3.49
4.06
1.27
1.30
3.02
4.76
9.36
7.02
5.94
8.73
5.71
6.26
5.60
5.32
1.79
1.74
4.28
7.27
11.94
10.50
0.15
0.24
0.39
0.52
1.11
1.71
1.04
1.07
0.95
0.84
0.74
0.36
9.27
7.20
4.26
6.32
4.81
4.45
4.69
5.93
7.73
11.99
9.93
11.24
10.54
11.04
7.34
8.58
5.70
4.41
3.97
4.60
7.68
13.10
14.22
13.80
0.17
0.41
0.26
0.47
1.01
1.31
1.59
0.87
1.00
0.98
0.46
0.35
0.50
0.48
0.56
0.93
2.36
2.79
1.85
1.58
1.63
0.94
1.16
0.30
0.63
0.98
0.67
0.87
2.13
2.20
1.47
1.27
1.46
1.57
2.23
1.12
4.32
3.27
2.43
1.93
1.16
1.10
0.43
0.57
1.36
2.84
5.20
5.96
62.68
59.59
16.47
16.28
33.03
38.18
41.95
8.31
57.43
6.73
55.70
74.98
9.12
87.82
104.98
8.88
15.08
16.60
30.57 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 139
Table XIV.—Monthly and annual number of days of rainfall at the stations in Table XIII.
Average number of days of rainfall derived from a group of years.
Alberni 	
Agassiz	
Barkerville	
Bullion	
French Creek
Garry Point	
Kuper Island	
Kamloops	
Matsqui	
Midway	
New Westminster
N. Nicomen	
Nicola Lake	
Port Simpson	
Rivers Inlet	
Stuart Lake	
Tobacco Plains ...
Victoria	
West Kootenay...
rf
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3
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fi
at
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11
12
0
3
4
22
12
13
15
10
6
12
8
20
16
2
3
0
23
24
21
23
20
16
20
16
16
17
0
5
2
25
23
17
22
21
16
15
16
14
9
6
5
5
24
15
17
17
14
12
19
2
4
13
14
17
20
8
10
15
15
16
12
14
16
10
10
5
9
12
9
21
12
7
17
12
15
15
7
10
6
10
7
7
13
10
12
8
8
11
7
3
18
0
9
9
9
1
17
9
11
11
4
17
11
9
4
14
2
21
19
20
0
12
0
26
19
20
0
4
0
28
157
155
84
93
38
253
10
8
8
10
5
9
6
7
11
9
10
4
2
7
10
7
16
9
7
11
14
14
10
9
10
2
10
8
13
13
14
22
25
25
21
19
14
3
22
18
25
24
17
13
15
1
18
176
194
Caulfield	
173
145
7
4
7
11
6
10
4
2
6
4
4
119
12
22
20
153
12
13
22
24
24
15
18
15
15
15
28
23
7
15
25
5
176
176
7
2
8
13
6
2
14
4
15
12
8
5
9
5
19
21
13
4
20
5
26
24
21
2
8
6
12
24
7
5
22
8
21
22
10
8
8
3
9
17
7
3
19
7
17
17
3
14
13
9
16
8
12
16
11
18
14
8
15
15
17
13
12
18
5
13
13
13
17
8
4
9
5
5
15
12
10
12
9
17
10
12
7
14
16
8
17
6
10
14
8
4
10
6
6
11
12
10
9
6
17
9
18
6
17
16
3
7
8
9
17
6
2
6
21
0
5
3
7
4
19
3
23
4
22
14
6
6
4
7
13
9
5
7
4
2
8
9
8
20
9
24
8
21
15
7
10
6
8
16
0
11
10
8
0
12
4
13
12
11
14
3
17
4
14
15
1
6
10
8
16
1
14
20
4
1
23
3
24
24
15
7
9
24
6
19
23
0
3
20
4
24
1
9
18
3
0
17
2
22
26
14
2
2
11
1
12
20
0
0
17
0
20
61
106
168
95
42
176
79
192
Nanaimo	
187
116
140
17
4
19
15
17
5
16
22
22
2
19
23
16
7
10
19
1
10
13
7
16
218
67
201
216
3
11
6
13
2
17
83
138
14
14
0
5
18
20
0
4
22
207
0
1
3
5
5
13
3
11
8
10
3
12
7
5
9
13
5
6
8
3
4
7
4
5
10
7
7
7
8
9
4
5
0
16
13
0
6
2
23
24
10
1
0
0
19
17
4
41
65
13
11
7
23
18
6
24
19
7
16
13
6
14
10
18
185
97
11
13
11
10
7
8
4
2
8
9
12
10
12
21
15
15
14
15
10
7
13
18
19
19
1
1
1
2
10
15
15
10
10
7
3
1
1
2
3
6
13
15
11
9
10
10
5
2
9
7
7
8
11
9
4
2
7
10
14
12
15
16
12
12
11
9
5
5
7
12
18
17
17
19
14
13
12
12
6
4
9
15
20
21
1
2
5
6
11
12
13
5
5
6
3
2
14
14
16
16
15
14
7
7
11
18
19
18
1
1
3
4
10
5
4
5
5
5
4
2
15
16
12
14
13
12
6
6
7
15
20
16
12
15
16
16
16
13
5
6
9
15
20
17
2
3
4
6
9
11
6
6
8
7
7
4
18
12
11
18
15
14
16
13
17
21
19
22
17
17
16
18
18
15
12
10
14
20
20
20
1
1
1
4
6
6
8
6
6
6
2
2
2
3
2
7
9
11
5
6
5
6
7
3
18
18
15
12
13
9
4
5
8
15
21
19
4
5
4
6
12
12
5
8
9
11
10
4
105
178
76
87
100
139
162
71
169
49
152
159
73
196
197
49
66
157
90 A 140
Report on Agriculture,
1903
-Monthly and annual amount of snowfall in inches at the stations in British
Columbia reporting during the year 1902.
Table XV.-
rf
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tr
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tr
rf
O
r*
in.
1.0
8.0
18.0
10.5
1.5
in.
1.7
2.0
14.0
4.0
11.0
in.
0.7
in.
7.4
in.
in.
in.
in.
8.7
12.0
41.0
3.5
7.0
in.
16.5
6.0
15.0
20.0
40.5
in.
36.0
Agassiz Experimental Farm	
28.0
19.0
8.0
11.0
2.0
120.0
46.0
60.0
0.0
3.0
7.5
2.5
4.0
0.5
8.5
10.3
29.3
0.0
17.7
13.5
10.0
4.5
1.5
3.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.6
20.2
3.3
0.0
0.5
23.0
6.0
76.0
53.0
16.3
23.0
19.8
0.0
2.5
16.0
10.6
7.5
2.5
11.0
36.0
21.0
11.8
0.0
52.0
0.5
3.0
1.0
56.5
7.0
1.0
17.0
17.5
11.0
*
6.0
12.0
91.0
11.0
7.4
5.9
347.0
106.5
39.5
8.5
9.0
13.0
9.0
11.0
2.2
0.0
4.0
18.0
17.9
16.0
37.0
IT.3
6.0
0.5
3.0
0.0
6.5
3.0
3.8
3.0
0.3
0.0
6.0
5.8
*
7.0
15.2
3.0
7.5
18.5
18.3
10.0
13.5
5.6
2.8
4.0
89.0
20.0
37.2
17.8
19.9
39.0
2.0
13.3
3.0
52.2
16.6
37.2
1.0
1.3
19.4
17.5
20.8
9.0
1.5
3.0
59.4
30.0
13.0
2.2
2.3
1.5
1.0
26.0
22.8
3.2
6.0
3.0
8.0
11.1
8.9
38.7
3.8
4.7
4.5
17.5
46.5
3.0
35.1
28.5
24.0
13.0
179.0
4.1
10.9
0.8
0.0
4.0
10.5
8.0
0.9
3.2
3.8
0.0
17.0
4.5
5.2
1.2
0.4
0.1
0.5
17.4
68.5
75.2
Port Bobs	
34.0
62.3
Quesnel	
8.8
11.0
3.0
64.1
11.0
0.3
6.0
46.0
0.5
0.6
13.0
11.5
6.6
8.0
9.0
9.0
1.3
6.3
12.8
42.8
14.5
9.0
4.3
2.5
2.5
1.2
3.3
18.2
9.0
22.0
tt
0.3
16.5
20.5
13.5
7.0
0.0
4.8
49.9
74.8
0.7
41.4
Vernon (Coldstream Ranch)	
37.0
9.0
0.1
13.3
1.9
9.2
16.1
1.7
91.9
Average snowfall at nineteen stations in British Columbia derived from a group of years.
16.4
14.0
29.5
20.9
12.7
1.4
16.3
6.9
6.7
8.0
11.4
11  3
5.8
6.6
10.4
18.6
8.0
14.7
6.6
6.1
11.4
26.8
24.1
6.6
2.7
4.8
5.1
7.4
5.5
7.1
9.0
6.3
12.2
13.8
9.7
6.0
11.4
4.9
2.6
4.7
18.2
12.4
1.9
2.5
4.6
1.1
3.3
1.9
4.2
5.9
2.3
6.8
18.5
7.0
4.3
8.7
1.1
2.8
0.5
13.5
6.9
0.1
4.6
6.1
25.9
21.6
5.0
3.0
6.7
7.9
3.2
6.2
6.9
4.2
5.2
1.8
6.9
13.6
5.2
9.6
1.3
13.2
10.0
20.4
18.2
4.5
2.0
4.1
4.5
7.2
9.6
2.6
8.0
6.6
8.5
7.9
11.9
9.9
16.9
1.7
45.7
AftTassiz	
Barkerville	
46.7
2.6
0.9
0.1
0.1
1.4
9.5
1.4
148.0
106.4
30.7
11.6
36.5
Kamloops	
^
0.4
25.9
27.8
Midway 	
31.2
0.5
32.7
38.4
0.1
3.2
5.7
3.2
0.3
3.8
0.2
25.5
1.3
0.3
0.2
39.1
0.1
1.8
64.6
0.5
66.6
33.9
65.1
0.1
15.7 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 141
Table XVI.—Monthly and annual number of days of snowfall at the stations in Table XV.
Z
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18
11
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2
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1
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55
11
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0
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1
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0
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1
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2
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1
7
3
23
12
3
11
6
1
4
13
4
5
17
1
1
1
18
2
1
8
7
4
4
4
22
2
2
9
108
25
Kuper Island	
12
7
3
5
4
3
2
0
5
5
5
4
9
6
4
1
2
0
3
1
5
1
1
3
2
2
4
7
. 2
2
7
8
2
11
4
2
2
15
10
13
12
10
8
1
9
2
17
11
18
1
2
7
9
Matsqui	
10
2
1
2
20
15
3
6
3
1
1
6
6
4
3
1
6
4
4
7
4
1
3
11
33
1
18
12
8
2
41
Port Essington	
3
6
1
0
2
6
3
2
6
1
0
4
6
5
3
1
1
4
29
38
22
16
Quesnel	
5
7
1
39
2
2
14
2
1
4
6
5
3
4
4
3
2
0
7
7
5
23
5
3
2
4
1
9
4
4
1
1
7
10
7
3
0
1
13
40
1
31
10
1
11
2
7
3
9
44
fr
Average number of days of snowfall derived from a group of years.
Alberni	
Agassiz	
Barkerville	
Bullion	
French Creek	
Garry Point	
Kuper Island	
Kamloops.	
Matsqui	
Midway	
New Westminster
North Nicomen ..
Nicola Lake	
Port Simpson ....
Rivers Inlet	
Stuart Lake	
Tobacco Plains...
West Kootenay ..
Victoria	
4
4
10
11
4
3
5
4
3
6
3
3
6
4
4
7
5
5
4
3
4
8
11
2
1
i>
5
5
3
2
3
6
7
5
6
4
6
2
2
3
7
9
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
4
4
6
5
4
4
2
1
1
6
2
3
4
9
9
3
1
2
4
1
3
3
2
6
2
2
7
2
3
2
3
3
10
12
2
1
2
6
2
4
1
3
5
4
4
7
4
6
1
1
1
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1
2
1
1
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tt
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3
2
1
3
1
3
1
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16
19
58
57
12
8
14
23
15
18
12
14
28
23
25
39
21
27
12 A 142
Report on Agriculture,
1903
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P 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 143
Table XVIII.—Number of winds at Nanaimo, 1902, from tri-daily observations.
January 	
February 	
March	
Afcril	
May   .
June .... —
July	
August	
September...
October	
November ...
December ..,
Year
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
22
S.
10
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1
4
0
10
17
8
0
2
2
43
2
6
7
1
15
3
2
26
7
2
11
9
8
2
11
21
5
6
3
3
3
5
14
22
3
3
17
9
11
8
5
22
2
9
7
8
14
5
8
20
2
5
8
18
11
17
3
13
2
3
10
19
6
4
10
16
2
1
15
20
7
2
7
29
2
3
5
3
5
2
0
35
2
4
13
9
2
83
0
54
1
29
8
7
12
1
63
298
47
59
125
108
21
21
15
21
16
18
13
15
16
35
20
33
Table XIX.—Number of winds at Rivers Inlet, 1902, from tri-daily observations.
N.
14
6
4
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
6
N.E.
E.
7
2
0
7
1
2
1
0
3
10
0
7
S.E.
13
39
13
6
2
1
0
0
11
17
20
23
S.
0
2
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
S.W.
W.
N.W.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Calm.
6
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
S
8
2
1
3
4
6
3
2
4
1
3
2
3
34
0
0
3
10
14
18
19
18
6
6
2
4
51
30
69
58
68
66
70
71
66
65
64
42
37
32
40
145
100
0
700
Table XX.—Number of winds at Agassiz Experimental Farm, 1902, from tri-daily
observations.
N.
60
39
63
30
21
45
24
N.E.
E.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S.E.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
s.
9
9
9
27
21
21
48
24
36
27
30
S.W.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w.
24
36
21
33
51
24
21
36
24
33
21
N.W.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Calm.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
February	
0
0
30
33
30
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 A 144
Report on Agriculture,
1903
Table XXI.—Number of winds at Garry Point, 1902, from tri-daily observations.
January ..
February ,
March ....
April	
May	
June	
July	
August ...
September
October...
November.
December.
Year
N.
N. E.
E.
S. E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1
9
28
3
2
0
2
8
2
8
50
4
3
0
3
5
2
3
20
9
11
1
22
6
3
12
21
6
13
2
20
7
0
3
22
3
13
2
18
18
0
9
24
0
16
0
13
8
1
5
20
5
15
1
17
19
0
12
10
9
14
8
18
17
4
5
9
7
8
6
18
27
1
5
19
13
5
3
12
13
6
17
21
16
5
3
4
10
2
12
24
21
8
3
6
2
22
100
268
96
113
29
153
140
19
14
20
10
5
174
Table XXII.—Number of winds at Port Simpson,  1902, from observations made morning
and evening.
January ..
February .
March ....
April	
May	
June	
July	
August ...
September
October...
November.
December
Year
N.
N. E.
E.
S. E.
S.
S. W.
W.
N. W.
21
1
10
6
3
0
5
19
12
4
7
1
0
0
1
8
5
0
8
4
5
6
1
2
10
3
8
6
4
5
2
2
6
1
1
6
10
11
3
0
0
2
2
10
i
14
2
2
11
2
5
5
10
7
2
1
6
1
7
9
5
8
8
0
7
3
11
4
9
4
3
3
2
16
3
7
6
1
1
15
11
8
12
6
4
2
2
11
84
13
89
12
53
12
86
5
4
0
0
69
67
58
25
15
12
25
20
22
18
18
22
19
23
0
6
Table XXIII.—Number  of  winds  at New Westminster,  1902,  from observations made
morning and evening.
N.
N. E.
E.
16
31
21
15
17
16
10
6
18
25
31
S. E.
2
4
3
1
2
3
3
1
1
0
3
3
26
S.
S.W.
W.
N. W.
Calm.
2
2
2
2
3
0
0
0
1
1
3
• 0
3
4
1
3
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
4
3
1
11
11
2
9
9
4
11
3
7
4
0
3
6
8
11
8
14
21
11
11
2
1
96
4
0
5
3
3
6
3
2
5
3
4
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
1
1
7
32
11
12
17
24
July	
18
21
24
22
26
14
15
16
20
213
75
41
236 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 145
Table XXIV.—Number of winds at Chilliwhack, 1902, from tri-daily observations.
January ..
February
March
April	
May	
June	
July	
Aug-ust ...
September
October...
November
December
Year
60
61
32
34
19
13
10
7
21
31
42
52
4
3
3
2
4
1
2
3
4
5
12
9
4
6
7
5
19
14
14
29
16
19
7
4
S.W.
1
23
17
28
22
35
42
25
7
10
0
3
12
24
16
23
25
9
12
11
2
8
145
N. W.      Calm.
Table XXV.-
-Number of winds at Barkerville, 1902, from observations made morning and
January ..
February .
March ....
April	
May	
June	
July	
August ...
September
October...
November
December.
Year
N.
N. E.
E.
S. E.
0
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
0
0
0
7
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
11
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
60
6
7
3
61
56
55
57
54
Table XXVI.—Number of winds at Kamloops, 1902, from observations made morning and
evening.
January ..
February .
March
April	
May	
June	
July	
August ...
September
October...
November
December.
Year
5
10
7
9
9
4
5
3
9
6
3
79
8
13
15
9
4
4
3
1
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
2
1
3
2
6
3
6
15
12
1
0
2
0
3
10
r,
2
2
0
1
0
26
1
0
2
0
10
4
5
9
9
2
6
9
57
N. W.     Calm.
31
29
35
20
30
47
33
30 A 146
Keport on Agriculture,
1903
TABLE XXVII.
-Number of winds at Masset, 1902, from observations made morning and
evening.
January ..
February .
March ....
April	
May	
June	
July	
August . .
September
October -.,
November.
December
Year
4
15
0
13
19
15
N.E.
9
10
3
11
0
4
1
1
17
19
17
3
S. E.
25
14
10
7
12
26
10
15
12
11
S. W.
0
18
10
6
0
4
5
2
1
11
22
21
7
13
27
4
3
21
Calm.
AGGREGATE AMOUNT OF SNOWFALL IN THE WINTER OF 1901-02.
Station.
Victoria	
Barkerville	
Kamloops	
New Westminster.
Rivers Inlet	
Nanaimo 	
Port Simpson	
Chilliwhack	
Vancouver	
Nicola Lake	
Agassiz	
French Creek	
Alberni	
Princeton	
Garry Point.   	
Cranbrook 	
Duncan	
Quesnel	
Tobacco Plains ....
West Kootenay . ..
Midway	
North Nicomen .   .
Port Bobs	
Matsqui	
Stuart Lake	
Kuper Island	
Bullion	
Bella Coola	
Port Essington
Naas Harbour	
Carmanah 	
First Fall, 1901.
24th January, '01
29th October ....
llth November. .
14th December ..
24th December ..
13th December . .
25th November. .
29th January, '02
14th December . .
19th November. .
29th January, '02
23rd January, '02
9th December
10th Novembe
25th January, '02
21st Novembe:
24th January, '02
2nd November ..
9th November.. .
9th November. . .
7th December . ..
31st January, '02
13th March,'02..
23rd January, '02
30th October....
23rd January,
1st November.
8th November.
25th November
11 th November
6th December .
Last Fall, 1902.
:02
15th March . .,
19th May	
15th February.
8th April	
9th April	
15th March . ..
8th April	
21st March ...
9th April	
27th March . . .
2nd February .
29th January..
8th April	
8th April	
15th March ...
10th February.
14th March ...
17th January .
1st May	
12th April	
7th February..
2nd February .
12th April
loth March . ..
7th April	
14th March ...
12th April ....
16th March ...
12th April ....
9th April	
22nd March . ..
Total winter,
1901-2.
11.0
128.0
15.0
27.1
27.7
19.7
11.1
10.5
9.0
10.2
10.0
4.5
11.1
25.4
13.0
22.0
10.6
12.5
19.9
41.5
11.7
4.0
18.6
13.3
65.7
15.8
44.0
31.5
24.5
85.0
7.0 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 147
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Seasonal  Notes, 1902.
Golden.—April 10th, aurora. May 9th, swallows appear ; 28th, thunder storm. November 4th, snow.    December 27th, chinook wind.
Revelstoke.—May 27th, thunder storm; 31st, frost. June 19th, heavy frost. August
29th, heavy frost.
Ladner.—February 20th, thunder storm.     November 6th, snow.
Kuper Island.—March 3rd, robins arrived. April 26th, frost. May 10th, thunder,
September 25th, light frost.    November 3rd, thin ice.
Tobacco Plains.—January 6th, frost out of ground. February 19th, ducks going north.
March 9th, ploughing; 10th, robins arrive; 30th, bluebirds arrive. April 27th, hail and
thunder. May 6th, wild strawberries in blossom; llth, blackbirds arrive; 21st, apples and
cherries in blossom; 31st, frost. June 20th, potatoes cut with frost. August 26th, bad
frost. September 10th, picking apples. October 31st, garden flowers in bloom. November
12th, ducks on lakes; 28th, geese going south.
Bullion.—April 10th and llth, aurora.    May 27th, hailstones one inch in diameter.
Masset.—February 21st, shock of  earthquake.      March   1st, vegetation very forward.
July 5th, heavy hail and thunder.
Princeton.—March 9th, robins plentiful; 16th, meadow larks; 31st, bluebirds. May
17th, bees; 31st, tender, plants cut down. June 5th, strawberries ripe. September 12th,
leaves changing colour; 30th, leaves falling.    October 2nd, wild geese returning.
Alberni.—January 13th, ploughing. February 20th, snakes out; 24th, crocuses in
bloom; 26th, frogs. March 5th, robins arrived; 8th, bluebirds; 20th, sowed wheat; 25th
planted potatoes. April llth peach and wild plum in bloom; 16th, swallows here; 21st,
heavy hailstorm; 26th, strawberries in bloom. May 7th, pears, plums and apples in bloom;
23rd, clover in bloom; 31st, slight frost. June 6th, planted tomatoes; 14th, potatoes in
flower. July 9th, cutting hay; 31st, cherries ripe. August 3rd, first cucumber; 8th, oats,
wheat and barley ripe; 31st, first tomato. September 10th, frost; 26th, picked apples.
October 23rd, strawberries in bloom. November 6th, ice. December 1st, pulled sugar beets;
25th, some apple trees still green.
Cranbrook.—March 12th, blizzard; 20th, robins arrive.    April 21st, swallows seen.
North Nicomen.—February 19th, bat seen. March 9th, bluebirds ; 10th, robins. April
16th, swallows; 21st, potatoes planted. May 3rd, apples in bloom. December 3rd, chinook
wind. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 149
AGRICULTURAL    LEGISLATION.
Some of the Provisions of Provincial and other Acts relating to
Agriculture.
Lands.
Pre-emption.
Crown lands, where such a system is practicable, are laid off and surveyed into quadrilateral townships, containing thirty-six sections, of one mile square in each.
Any person being the head of a family, a widow, or single man over the age of eighteen
years, and being a British subject, or any alien, upon his making a declaration of his intention
to become a British subject, may for agricultural purposes record any tract of unoccupied and
unreserved Crown lands (not being an Indian settlement) not exceeding three hundred and
twenty acres in extent in that portion of the Province situate to the northward and eastward
of the Cascade or Coast Range of Mountains, and one hundred and sixty acres in extent in
the rest of the Province.
The pre-emptor must, within thirty days after the date of the certificate of record, enter
into occupation of the land so recorded.
Occupation means a continuous bona fide personal residence of the pre-emptor, or of his
family, on the land recorded by him.
Price to be paid by pre-emptors is one dollar per acre, in four annual instalments of
twenty-five cents each, the first instalment to be paid in two years from date of record.
Small Holdings.
".^ft^The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, or the Assistant Commissioner of Lands
and Works for the District, when authorised to do so, may grant records of pre-emption of
Crown lands which have been subdivided by survey into lots not exceeding forty acres in
extent, to any of His Majesty's subjects, for the purpose of bona fide personal occupation and
cultivation for agricultural purposes. The price of such lands and the terms of payment shall
be such as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time establish in respect to
particular localities.
All the other provisions of the "Land Act" with respect to the pre-emption of lands,
where not inconsistent with the foregoing, shall apply to lands taken up under this section :
Provided that the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works may, when advisable, for the
encouragement of immigration or settlement by colonists, cause surveys to be made of suitable
tracts of land into small holdings, to be acquired and held under the provisions of this section.
Purchase.
Crown lands may be purchased in no greater blocks than six hundred and forty acres for
each person.
Lands which are suitable for agricultural purposes, or which are capable of being brought
under cultivation profitably, or which are wild hay meadow lands, rank as and are considered
to be first class lands. Lands which are suitable for agricultural purposes only when artificially
irrigated, and which do not contain timber valuable for lumbering purposes, as defined below,
rank as and are considered to be second class lands. Mountainous and rocky tracts of land
which are wholly unfit for agricultural purposes, and which cannot, under any reasonable
conditions, be brought under cultivation, and which do not contain timber suitable for lumbering purposes, as defined below, or hay meadows, rank as and are considered to be third class
or pastoral lands. Timber lands (that is lands which contain milling timber to the average
extent of eight thousand feet per acre west of the Cascades, and five thousand feet per acre
east of the Cascades, to each one hundred and sixty acres), are not open for sale. A 150 Report on Agriculture, 1903
The minimum price of first class lands is five dollars per acre ; that of second class lands,
two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and that of third class lands one dollar per acre : Provided,
however, that the Chief Commissioner may for any reason increase the price of any lands above
the said prices.
A sum equal to fifty cents per acre must be deposited within ninety days of staking of
land to be purchased, and the remainder upon the acceptance of the survey. Survey to be
made at the cost of purchaser.
Fees Payable.
For every record or certificate of improvement, $2 each.
For every Crown grant, $10.
For the survey of every one hundred and sixty acres of land or fraction thereof, 15 cents
per acre.
Leases.
Leases (containing such covenants and conditions as may be thought advisable) of Crown
lands may be granted by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council for the following purposes:—
(a.) For the purposes of cutting hay thereon, for a term of not exceeding ten years :
(b.) For any purposes whatsoever, except cutting hay as aforesaid, for a term not exceeding twenty-one years.
Water.
Bona fide cultivators may record and divert any unrecorded water from any natural
source for purposes of irrigation.
No right to the permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of the water in any river,
lake, or stream shall be acquired by any riparian owner, or by any other person, by length of
use or otherwise than as the same may be acquired or conferred under the provisions of this
Act, or of some existing or future Act.
Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation.
A majority in interest and number of the proprietors of any swamp or meadow lands may
select commissioners, and, under certain conditions, proceed in works of reclamation, by
borrowing money, and levying a rate on all lands benefited.
Animals.
Restrictions upon Anim.als running at large.
It is not lawful to allow the following animals to run at large at the times following, that
is to say :—
(a.) Swine at any time of the year; or
(6.) Stallions of one year old or upwards at any time of the year, to the west of the
Cascades ; and stallions of two years old and upwards from the first day of August
to the first day of May, to the east of the Cascades; or
(c.) Bulls over nine months old from the first day of December to the first day of June,
east of the Cascades, or at any time west of the Cascades.
The " Wild Horse Act" only applies to that part of the Province lying to the east of the
Cascade Range of Mountains.
Killing of Unbranded Stallions.
It is lawful for any person licensed by the Government to shoot or otherwise destroy any
unbranded stallion over the age of twenty months which may be running at large upon the
public lands, provided that such person has theretofore unsuccessfully used reasonable
endeavours to capture such stallion.
Any person having killed a stallion under the provisions of this Act shall, as soon as
possible, report the same to the nearest Government Agent, stating date of killing and locality
where killed and description of animal.
Licences to shoot unbranded stallions are issued by the Government Agent of the District,
upon such terms and conditions as such Government Agent may indorse upon such licence. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 151
Thistles.
If any owner, lessee, or occupier of land, upon which land or upon the half of any road
adjacent thereto such perennial thistles as are known as Canadian thistles shall be growing,
shall not within fourteen days after any notice in writing, signed by any Justice, or officer in
charge of the Department of Agriculture, or officer or person duly appointed by him for this
purpose, and containing a description of the land intended to be affected thereby, that such
perennial thistles are growing upon such land, or upon such adjacent half of any road, shall
have been served upon such owner, lessee or occupier, or left for him at his usual or last known
place of abode, effectually destroy all such perennial thistles then growing or being upon such
land, or upon such adjacent half of the road, every such owner, lessee or occupier being convicted thereof shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty dollars.
Fences.
Lawful Fences.
A lawful fence must be at least four feet nine inches high throughout, above the general
surface of the ground, and substantially constructed of either stone, brick, earth, wood or
iron, or partly of any one or more of these materials; and if made of horizontal bars, boards
or rails, of wood or iron, must consist of such dimensions so as not to leave more than six inches
between the several bars or rails respectively, up to the height of three feet from the surface
of the ground, and for the remainder of the fence not more than twelve inches between the
said bars or rails : Provided, also, that any natural boundary which shall be sufficient to
prevent the passage of cattle into enclosures shall be treated as a lawful fence.
Line Fences and Water-courses.
Owners of adjoining lands shall make, keep up and repair a just proportion of the fence
which marks the boundary between them, or if there is no fence they shall so make, keep up
and repair the same proportion which is to mark such boundary, and when it is in the interest
of owners of adjoining lands to open a ditch or water-course for the purpose of letting off
surplus water from swamps or low miry lands, in order to enable the owners or occupiers
thereof to cultivate or improve the same, such parties shall open a just and fair proportion of
such ditch or water-course, and repair and maintain the same according to their several interests.
Commons.
The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, upon the application of two-thirds in number
of the residents or land-holders in any part of any polling division in any .Electoral District in
the Province, proclaim portions of the Crown land in such polling division to be commons
on which such land-owners may depasture their cattle or sheep respectively, subject to the
provisions of this Act; and the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time alter,
modify, cancel or repeal any such proclamation.
The extent and situation of any such common are defined and proclaimed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council in the British Columbia Gazette, but in no ease must any such
common exceed fifty square miles in area, nor be less than fifteen square miles in area.
It is not lawful to depasture cattle and sheep upon the same common.
No cattle, sheep or swine which do not belong to residents or land-owners who are depasturing on the common or commons are allowed to be depastured or kept on any such common
or commons, except while being driven from one district to another.
There is levied and paid upon and in respect of the cattle or sheep of every person
depasturing or keeping the same upon such common or commons such sums as the Lieutenant-
Governor in Council from time to time fixes, which sums respectively must be paid by the
person assessed before the fifteenth day of November in each and every year, to such officer
as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council appoints. Such sums must not be less than ten cents
nor greater than twenty-five cents for each head of cattle so depastured or kept upon such
common, nor less than two cents nor greater than five cents for each head of sheep so depastured or kept upon such common.
Co-operative Creameries.
It is lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to advance out of the unappropriated
revenue and public moneys of the Province and lend to each company or association now or A 152 Report on Agriculture, 1903
hereafter duly incorporated for the purpose of erecting, or acquiring and maintaining, managing and operating, within the Province, a creamery or creameries upon the co-operative system,
a sum not exceeding two thousand dollars to any one company or association; provided that
the aggregate of all such loans shall not at any time exceed fifteen thousand dollars, under
the following provisions :—
(1.) That the district within which it is proposed to erect or operate a creamery is competent and fitted for its support, and that there is a reasonable prospect of the
same being a financial success :
(2.) That contracts contingent upon the operation of the creamery have been entered
into for the supply thereto of the milk of not less than three hundred cows, or
that such supply is otherwise sufficiently guaranteed or secured :
(3.) That the location of the creamery is such as to prevent encroachment upon the limits
of an   established creamery, while allowing a radius to the proposed institution of
at least six miles :
(4.) That the subscribed capital of the company or association is sufficient,  if fully paid
up, to enable  the   company  or  association to acquire a site  and  to  erect  and
thoroughly equip an efficient creamery, of a capacity to use the milk of not less
than three hundred cows :
(5.) That the plans of the creamery building and the nature and cost of the proposed
plant and equipment be submitted for approval.
In the event of it being made to appear to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council that in
the case of any proposed creamery it will be impossible to comply strictly with the requirement contained in sub-section (2), but that the proposed district will afford a sufficient supply
of milk to justify the erection of a creamery therein, and that the security offered by the
promoters for the return of the loan is ample, the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may
authorise a loan to such creamery, notwithstanding that guarantees of a supply of the milk of
three hundred cows are not afforded.
Every loan, or the portion thereof for the time being remaining unpaid, shall bear interest
at the rate of five per cent, per annum, payable yearly, and the capital sum of the loan shall
be repayable and repaid in eight instalments, the first of such instalments to become due and
be paid at the expiration of three years from the date of the loan, and the remaining seven
instalments to become due and be paid at a corresponding date in each of the seven subsequent
years, so that the whole loan shall be paid, with interest, within ten years from the date of the
loan.
Dairying Associations.
Any five or more persons who desire to associate themselves together for either or all of
the purposes following, that is to say :—
(a.) The manufacturing of cheese and butter :
(&.)  The keeping of swine, and the manufacture and sale of the various products resulting
therefrom : and
(o.) The dealing in swine and cattle foods for the purpose of supplying such foods to the
patrons of such association—
may make, sign and acknowledge before a Notary Public, Commissioner or Justice of the
Peace, in duplicate, and file in the office of the Registrar of the Registry District in which
the business is to be carried on, a certificate in writing, in the form mentioned in the Schedule
to the Act, or to the same effect, together with the rules and regulations signed by such
persons respectively.
Incorporation op Agricultural, Horticultural and Fruit-growers' Associations.
Any number of persons may unite themselves into a society for the protection and
advancement of agricultural, horticultural or fruit-growing interests within any portion of
the Province, under the provisions of the Act.
Property and Investments.
Every society incorporated under the provisions of the Act may acquire and hold, by
purchase, donation, devise, or otherwise for the use and purposes of the society, all kinds of
personal and real property, and may sell, mortgage, lease or otherwise dispose of the same, and
may borrow money upon mortgage, bond or otherwise, for the purposes of the society. FALLS    NEAR    KOKSILAH    RIVER. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 153
General Powers of Societies.
Any society incorporated under the provisions of the Act shall, within the county, municipality, or portion of the Province within and for which the society is incorporated, have power
to hold, at such times and at such places as the said society may at its annual or at any special
general meeting decide, exhibitions for the display of fruits, flowers and vegetables, for which
prizes, diplomas or other awards of merit may be given; to purchase seeds, plants and trees,
for distribution amongst the members, upon such terms as may be deemed advisable, for the
purpose of experimenting and the introduction and cultivation of new kinds and varieties.
The officer in charge of the Treasury of British Columbia may, with the authority of the
Lieutenant-Governor in Council, pay to any of such associations or societies, out of the public
moneys of the Province, such sums of money as the Legislature of the Province shall, from
time to time, appropriate for associations or societies : Provided always, that no society which
has not at least twenty-five members on its roll shall be entitled to receive any share of such
appropriation.
Farmers'  Institutes.
Under an "Act providing for the establishment of Farmers'Institutes," the Province
is divided into four divisions, as follows :—
No. 1—Vancouver Island and adjacent islands and the Mainland coast contiguous, as
follows:—Including Alberni, Comox, Cowichan, Nanaimo and Cedar District, Victoria
District (electoral divisions of Esquimalt, South Victoria and North Victoria) and Salt Spring
Island.
No. 2—Westminster District, made up of Delta, Surrey, Langley, Richmond, Burrard,
Mission, Chilliwhack, Kent, Maple Ridge (Maple Ridge and Coquitlam) and Matsqui.
No. 3—Interior, including Okanagan (East Yale), Kamloops (North Yale), Lillooet
(East and West Lillooet), Cariboo and Kootenay.
No. 4, North—All that portion of the Province not included in the above.
Institutes may be organised by petition to the Minister of Agriculture, signed by 15
persons resident in any district in which it is proposed to organise.
The objects of these Institutes are the encouragement and improvement of agriculture,
horticulture, arboriculture, manufactures, and the other useful arts. The annual fee of each
member is 50 cents, which the Government supplements as follows —To each Institute whose
membership can be shown to amount to 15 to 100, a sum of 50 cents for each paid-up member,
and 25 cents for each paid-up member over 100, the grant being made conditional upon all
the provisions of the Act being complied with.
Each member of an Institute is entitled to receive a copy of all publications published
by or issued under the authority of the Department of Agriculture.
Each district, as above mentioned, is entitled to a separate Institute, and each Institute
is entitled to a delegate to the Central Farmers' Institute, which meets once a year at the call
of the Superintendent. Each Institute is entitled to two regular meetings during the year,
to which expert speakers are sent at the expense of the Government. In addition, each
Institute must hold at least two supplementary meetings, partly at their own expense.
Horticultural Board.
Under the provisions of the " Horticultural Board Act," there is created a Provincial
Board of Horticulture, to consist of two ex-offlcio members, viz., the Minister of Agriculture
and the Deputy Minister of Agriculture (who shall act as Secretary of the Board) and three
members, who shall be appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, one from each of the
horticultural districts which are created, for the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
diseases in orchards and gardens and among fruits and fruit trees, and for the prevention,
treatment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests and the diseases of fruits and fruit trees, and
for the disinfection of grafts, scions, or orchard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages, and
other suspected material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards, fruits and fruit trees;
said Board may make regulations for the inspection and disinfection or destruction thereof, or
of non-fruit-bearing trees or shrubs which may carry contagion, and also for requiring all cases
of contagious diseases or fruit pests, as aforesaid, to be reported to the Board.
Under this Act the Board of Horticulture has made rules and regulations, amongst which
are the following :—All imported nursery stock, trees and plants shall, before being distributed A 154
Report on Agriculture,
1903
in any part of British Columbia, be delivered at the Provincial Disinfecting Station in Vancouver, and there unpacked, inspected, and, if necessary, treated according to regulations of
the Board, and after such inspection and treatment shall be carefully re-packed and forwarded,
with all possible dispatch, to its destination, accompanied with a certificate of the inspecting
officer.    The inspection fees are :—
On apple, pear, plum, cherry and other fruit trees, on all consignments numbering under
100 trees, $2.50; 100 trees and under 250, $3.50; 250 trees and under 500, $4.50; and for
every additional 500 trees or fraction thereof over 500, $1 additional. On other nursery
stock, $2.50 on $25 in value or fraction thereof; $3.50 on any consignment over $25 and up
to $50 in value ; and five per cent, additional on the value over $50.
When nursery stock, trees or plants are found to be infected with insect pests or diseases,
a charge of fifty per cent, will be added to the foregoing rates to pay expenses of the quarantine
officers for supervising disinfection and subsequent inspections.
Imported fruit is also inspected, subject to the following fees:—On apples, pears and
quinces the minimum fee is $1 for any number of boxes up to 33, and all in excess of this
number is at the rate of three cents per box. On fruit packed in barrels the fee is $1 for any
number of barrels up to ten, and for any number of barrels over ten the fee is at the rate of
10 cents per barrel; on peaches at the rate of 1J cents per box, the minimum charge being $1.
It is furthermore provided that all other varieties of fruit shall be subject to inspection,
if deemed necessary, on the same terms and subject to the same fees as those above mentioned.
Certified invoices will be required.
Highways.
It is unlawful for any waggon or other vehicle carrying a load in excess of that mentioned
in the schedule hereunto annexed to be drawn or driven on any of the public highways of that
portion of British Columbia situate west of the Cascade Range of mountains.
Schedule.
Carts or other two-wheeled vehicles shall not carry a load in excess of the following :—
On tires under 2 inches in width           600 lbs.
ii 2 inches and under 3 inches    1,250   n
3       ,, n 4      ,,    2,000    „
n        4      i. ii 5      ,,        2,500   M
5      .. ii 6      n        3,500   ii
Waggons and other four-wheeled vehicles shall not carry a load in excess of the following :—
On tires under 2 inches    1,500 lbs.
2 inches and under 3 inches    2,000
On
4
5
6
7
8
3,000
5,000
6,500
8,000
.10,000
ons or other vehicles having tires of different widths, the mean width of all the
tires shall be taken as the width of tire.
Dominion Regulations Relating to the Inspection of Stock
Entering Canada.
The following excerpts from the Order in Council of the 25th January, 1897 (which
repealed the ninety days' quarantine imposed previously, and which repeal was so earnestly
protested against by the stock-raisers of this Province), relate particularly to British Columbia :
Whereas a Memorandum of Agreement concerning changes in quarantine of animals
between the United States and Canada, dated at Washington, D.C., December 18th, 1896,
having been approved by His Excellency in Council on the-12th January, 1897, it is deemed
desirable and important that effect be given thereto from the 1st February, 1897 : 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 155
And whereas, to admit of this, it is necessary that the present Cattle Quarantine Regulations be amended :
His Excellency, under provisions of Chapter 69 of the Revised Statutes of Canada,
intituled " An Act respecting Infectious or Contagious Diseases affecting Animals" (as
amended by chapter 13, 59 Vict.), and by and with the advice of the Queen's Privy Council
for Canada, is pleased to order that all previous Orders in Council relating to contagious
diseases among animals, and health of animals, shall be, and the same are hereby rescinded,
excepting that portion of the Order in Council of the 12th May, 1888, being chapter 7 of the
Consolidated Orders in Council of Canada, referring to the disease of sheep scab, and contained
in sections 35 to 52, inclusive, of the said Consolidated Order, and the following substituted
therefor, and to take effect from the 1st day of February, 1897.
The following are hereby declared Cattle Quarantine Stations :—
12—Kootenay, B. C. 17—Huntingdon, B. C.
13—Bedlington, B. C. 18—Douglas, B. C.
14—Waneta, B. C. 19—New Westminster, B.C.
15—Fort Sheppard, B. C. 20—Vancouver, B. C.
16—Osoyoos, B. C. 21— Victoria, B. C.
No regular cattle quarantine stations have as yet been established in British Columbia,
but it is proposed to establish seven stations at the following points respectively :—
(a.) Kootenay, a customs port on the east side of the Kootenay River, close to the International Boundary.    A suitable place to be selected.
(b.) Bedlington, a customs port on the east side of the Kootenay River, south of Kootenay, close to the International Boundary.    A suitable site to be selected.
(c.) Waneta, a customs port on the east side of the Columbia River, a few miles north of
the International Boundary.    A suitable site to be selected.
(d.) Fort Sheppard, on the west side of the Columbia River, on the International Boundary, a few miles south-west of Waneta.    A suitable site to be selected.
(e.) Osoyoos, a customs port on the International Boundary, on Lake Osoyoos. A suitable
site to be selected.
(fi) Huntingdon, a customs port on the International Boundary, and a railway junction,
some two hundred miles west of Osoyoos.
(g.) Douglas.
(h.) New Westminster.
(i.)   Vancouver.
(j.)   Victoria, a suitable site to be selected.
The Minister of Agriculture is hereby empowered to cancel, as quarantine stations, any
of the places above mentioned, and to select such other sites in exchange for or in addition to
the above, as he may from time to time deem expedient.
Importation and Quarantine.
Australasia and the Orient.
Section 3. The importation of animals from Australasia and the Orient through Pacific
Ocean Ports is prohibited, except at Vancouver and Victoria.
Importation op Animals from the United States.
Breeding Stock.
Sec. 21. All cattle to be admitted for breeding purposes shall be accompanied by—
(a.) A declaration made by the importer that they are actually for breeding and no other
purposes.
(b.) A certificate signed by a Government Veterinarian that they have been subjected to
the tuberculin test and found free from tuberculosis. Such certificates must show the date of
testing and chart of reaction, with a description of the animal, giving age and markings. The
importer may be required to swear that the certificate refers to the animal represented.
(c.) A certificate of inspection, signed by a Government Veterinarian, showing that the
animals are free from contagious disease, and that no contagious disease of cattle (excepting
tuberculosis and actinomycosis) exists in the district whence they came. (d.) When not accompanied by such certificates, the animal or animals must be detained
in quarantine one week, and subject to the tuberculin test.
(e.) Should they be found tuberculous, they must be returned to the country from which
shipped, or slaughtered without compensation.
Fat Cattle and Cattle for Feeding, including Range Cattle for Stocking Ranches.
Sec. 22. This class of animals shall be accompanied by a certificate of inspection, signed
by an Official Veterinarian, showing that the animals are free from contagious disease, and
that no contagious disease of cattle (excepting tuberculosis and actinomycosis) exists in the
district from whence they came.
Settlers' Cattle.
Sec. 23. Settlers' cattle, when accompanied by certificates of health, to be admitted
without detention; unaccompanied, they must be inspected. Inspectors may subject any
cattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin test before allowing them to enter.
Sec. 24. Any cattle found tuberculous to be returned to the United States or killed
without indemnity.
Swine.
Sec. 25. Swine may be admitted for breeding purposes, subject to a quarantine of fifteen
days.
Sec. 26. Swine may be admitted when forming part of settlers' effects, when accompanied
by a certificate that swine plague or hog cholera has not existed in the district whence they
came for six months preceding the date of shipment; when not accompanied by such certificate, they must be subject to inspection at port of entry. If found diseased, to be slaughtered
without compensation.
Swine for Slaughter in Bond.
Sec. 27. Swine may be imported into Canada without inspection for the purpose of being
slaughtered ; the importer shall enter the same for warehouse upon the usual form of such
entries, stating upon its face the number, live weight, and value of the herd, and the rate and
amount of duty as prescribed by the tariff in force at the time of making such entry. Such
importer shall then execute a bond to the Queen, with two sufficient surieties, to the satisfaction of the Collector of Customs at the port where such carcasses are imported or warehoused,
in double the amount of such duty; the condition of such bond shall be that upon the due
exportation, within one year, of the products of the swine so imported, slaughtered and cured
in the form of pork, bacon, hams, shoulders, lard, and payment of duty secured by the said
bond, then the said bond shall become null and void, otherwise shall remain in full force and
virtue.
Sec. 28. After the reception of the swine into the bonding warehouse or slaughter-house,
it shall not be lawful to remove any of them alive therefrom under any pretence or for any
reason whatever.
Sec. 29. The product of such swine, after having been slaughtered, shall not be removed
for any purpose from the bonding place without a permit from the Collector or proper Officer
of Customs, as in the case of all other bonded goods.
Sec. 37. Swine may be imported at any customs warehousing port of entry in Canada, in
bond, subject in all respects to the provisions in relation thereto contained in  "this Order."
Sheep.
Sec. 38. Sheep for breeding and feeding purposes may be admitted subject to inspection
at port of entry, and must be accompanied by certificate, signed by a Government Inspector,
that sheep scab has not existed in the district in which they have been fed for six months
preceding the date of importation. If disease is discovered to exist in them, they may be
returned or slaughtered.
Sec. 39. Sheep for slaughter will be admitted without certificate or inspection.
Horses and Mules.
Sec. 40. Horses may be admitted for general purposes, for sale, or for stocking ranches,
and also cow ponies for cattle ranches, or horses which form part of settlers' effects, on inspection at port of entry only. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 157
Sec. 41. Horses may be admitted for racing, show, exhibition or breeding purposes, on
inspection at port of entry.
(N. B.—Inspection of horses admitted under the above clauses shall not be enforced unless ordered by
the Minister of Agriculture, when deemed expedient or necessary.)
Sec. 43. Horses may be admitted for temporary stay, teaming or pleasure driving at
points along the frontier for a period not exceeding one week, on permit by the Customs
Officer at port of entry; such permit may be extended for one week, but no longer. Should
he observe nasal discharges or other evidence of disease, he may detain the animals and report
the circumstances to the District Inspector, who will decide whether the animal will be
admitted or not.
Sec. 44. Horses used for riding or driving to or from points in Manitoba, North-West
Territories or British Columbia, on business in connection with the stock-raising or mining
business, and horses belonging to Indian tribes, may be admitted without inspection, but must
report to Customs Officer both when going out and coming in.
Exportation.
Sec. 47. No animal shall be permitted to be placed on board any steamship or other
vessel for exportation at any Canadian port till they have been inspected by a duly authorised
veterinary at such port, and certified by him to be free from contagious disease; such inspec
tion to be made within twenty-four hours of embarkation.
Sec. 48. All animals for exportation by sea must reach the port of exportation eighteen
hours before shipment, for rest and inspection; and in order to enable the Inspector to make
a careful, individual examination, owners of such animals must notify him at least twenty-four
hours before embarkation. Such notice must be in writing, and sent to the office of the
Inspector.
Free   Goods.
(From Canadian Customs Tariff.)
Wearing apparel, household furniture, books, implements and tools of trade, occupation,
ov employment, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts and other
vehicles and agricultural implements in use by the settler for at least six months before his
removal to Canada, not to include machinery or articles imported for any use in any
manufacturing establishment or for sale; also books, pictures, family plate or furniture,
personal effects and heirlooms left by bequest: Provided that any dutiable article entered as
settlers' effects may not be so entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and
shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty until twelve months' actual
use in Canada : Provided, also, that under regulations to be made by the Controller of
Customs, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the North-West Territory by intending
settlers, shall be free until otherwise ordered by the Governor in Council.
The following is the authorised number of live stock allowed to be imported under the
conditions of the excerpt above quoted :—
Horses, one to every ten acres, 16 in all allowed ; cattle, the same; sheep, one to each
acre, 160 in all allowed; swine the same.
The San Jose Seale Act.
Under this Act it is provided as follows :—
The importation of any trees, shrubs, plants, vines, grafts, cuttings or buds, commonly
called nursery stock, from any country or place to which this Act applies, is prohibited.
The Governor in Council may from time to time declare that this Act applies to any
country or place as to which it has been made to appear that San Jose scale exists therein;
and, when satisfied that the importation of nursery stock from any country or place to which
this Act has been applied may safely be permitted, he may in like manner declare that this
Act no longer applies to such country or place.
The Governor in Council, upon it being made to appear to his satisfaction that any plant
or plants is not liable to the attack of the San Jose scale, may exempt plants of such class, and
grafts, cuttings or buds thereof, from the operation of this Act. A 158 Report on Agriculture, 1903
By Order in Council dated 18th of March, 1898, it was declared that the United States
of America, Australia, Japan and the Hawaiian Islands shall be and the same are hereby
declared to be countries to which this Act applies, owing to the existence of the San Jose scale
in them. And also that the following plants which are not liable to the attack of the San
Jose scale, viz. :—
1. Greenhouse plants, with the exception of roses.
2. Herbaceous perennials.
3. Herbaceous bedding plants.
4. All conifers.
5. Bulbs and tubers,
shall be and the same are hereby exempted from the operations of the above-mentioned Act.
By Order in Council dated 5th of January, 1901, exemption from the operation of the Act
was authorised and importations were permitted to be entered at the Port of Vancouver,
British Columbia, during the winter months only, from 15th October to 15th March, at which
port they will be thoroughly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas by a competent Government
official, in accordance with the most approved methods.
By Order in Council dated 15th January, 1903, the time for importing was extended to
the 15 th day of April in British Columbia.
The Dominion Fruit Marks Act, 1901.
This Act provides that:—
Every person who, by himself or through the agency of another person, packs fruit in a
closed package, intended for sale, shall cause the package to be marked in a plain and indelible
manner, before it is taken from the premises where it is packed,—
(a) with the initials of his Christian names, and his full surname and address;
(b) with the name of the variety or varieties ; and
(c) with a designation of the grade of fruit, which shall include one of the following six
marks : for fruit of the first quality, No. 1, or XXX ; for fruit of the second quality, No. 2,
or XX ; and for fruit of the third quality No. 3, or X ; but the said mark may be accompanied
by any other designation of grade, provided that designation is not inconsistent with, or
marked more conspicuously than, the one of the said six marks which is used on the said
package.
No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed
in a closed package and intended for sale, unless such package is marked as required by the
next preceding section.
No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed in
a closed package, upon which package is marked any designation which represents such fruit
as of No. 1 or XXX, finest, best or extra good quality, unless such fruit consist of well-grown
specimens of one variety, sound, of nearly uniform size, of good colour for the variety, of
normal shape, and not less than ninety per cent free from scab, worm holes, bruises and other
defects, and properly packed.
No person shall sell, or offer, expose or have in his possession for sale, any fruit packed in
any package in which the faced or shown surface gives a false representation of the contents
of such package; and it shall be considered a false representation when more than fifteen per
cent of such fruit is substantially smaller in size than, or inferior in grade to. or different in
variety from, the faced or shown surface of such package.
Board of Horticulture.
Under the head of " Agricultural Legislation," the general powers conferred on the
Board are stated and the rules adopted under the Act briefly outlined. A great deal of
adverse criticism has arisen on the part of the nurserymen of Ontario and fruit-dealers of
California and Ontario, in consequence of the energetic action of the Inspector, Mr. Thos.
Cunningham, causing to be condemned, when occasion demanded, both nursery stock and
fruit, and also on account of the Board requiring all nursery stock to be delivered at the
Provincial Fumigating Station at Vancouver. The accusation has been repeatedly made by
the nurserymen of Ontario of discrimination against them.    They contend that the regulations 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 159
requiring all nursery stock to be delivered in Vancouver before distribution is aimed against
them; that inspection by the officers of the Board is unnecessary and vexatious, as all Ontario'
nursery stock is accompanied by certificates of cleanliness; that nursery stock can, and should
be, inspected at point of shipment; that the Provincial Act is ultra vires, and many other
arguments which have been worn threadbare. In pursuance of their settled determination to
ignore our regulations, every means have been resorted to by some shippers to evade the provisions of the Horticultural Act and Rules, and in some cases they have succeeded. This was
one of the prime reasons which influenced the Board in concentrating the inspection of nursery
stock at Vancouver. The wisdom of its actions has been demonstrated, in so far that the
Codlin moth, San Jose scale and peach tree borer have been kept out, and, with diligence, the
members hope to do so in the future. The fumigating station at Vancouver is constructed
on the most approved principles, and is fully supplied with all conveniences for the proper
handling of stock. Mr. Cunningham, the Inspector, is most painstaking, so that risk of injury
is reduced to a minimum.
The following excerpts from a report made to the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture by the
Deputy Minister of Agriculture and the Inspector of Fruit Pests, in reply to a communication
from one of the Ontario nurserymen, enters into the subject pretty fully :—
" This is a matter which has been carefully considered and dealt with by the Board of
Horticulture on many occasions, and reports of the Board thereon were prepared and submitted
to your predecessors, the Ministers of Agriculture, copies of which were duly forwarded to the
Hon. the Dominion Minister of Agriculture, and the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture of
Ontario, respectively, who in turn submitted the same to the Ontario nurserymen interested in
the discussion. In addition to this, a lengthy correspondence, covering a period of years, has
been carried on between the Ontario nurserymen and the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, who
is Secretary of the Board of Horticulture. It can be shown by this correspondence that there
has been from the beginning a determined effort on the part of some of the Ontario nurserymen
to evade the regulations of the Board of Horticulture. Large quantities of nursery stock were
sold and distributed at interior points in this Province, regardless of the provisions of the
Board for inspection. Some of this stock, we now know, was infected with insect pests and
should have been promptly destroyed, instead of having been turned over to innocent purchasers for planting.
"Not the least of the difficulties which the Board has had to contend with was that of
securing competent persons to act as inspectors at points for distribution.
" After an experience of many years, the Board decided that if the orchards of British
Columbia are to be kept free from the pests which have practically destroyed the fruit-growing
interests of Ontario, there should be one central point at which all imported nursery stock
should be carefully inspected and treated by competent experts. This involved the erection of
a fumigation station of sufficient capacity to handle large quantities of nursery stock. A commodious frost-proof building has been erected and equipped with up-to-date appliances at
Vancouver, this being considered the best location, from the simple fact that the Dominion San
Jose Act requires that all nursery stock imported from the United States, Japan, Australia,
China and the Sandwich Islands, and other countries known to be infected with the San Jose
scale, must be shipped to and fumigated at Vancouver.
" The suggestion that Ontario Inspectors should inspect nursery stock intended for British
Columbia is altogether impracticable. We have found by experience that Ontario certificates
of inspection are worse than valueless, for they are altogether misleading; for the thousands
of infected trees which have been destroyed during the past two years have all carried certificates of inspection from Ontario, certifying their freedom from pests and disease. The
gentleman whose communication we are now dealing with sent into the Okanagan Valley, in
1902, a large shipment of infected peach trees, which the Board caused to be dug up after
being planted, and had to destroy over 2,000 of them. Had those trees been sent to Vancouver for inspection and treatment, this could not have occurred. Had there been careful
and competent inspection in Ontario, those trees would never have been shipped to British
Columbia. We cannot escape the conviction that the grower and shipper of those trees must
have known that they were infected and exceedingly dangerous to the fruit-growing interests
of this Province.
" It has been suggested that an inspecting station for dealing with Ontario nursery stock
should be established at Revelstoke. We would respectfully point out that if this were done
there would likely be a demand for another such an establishment at some point on the line A 160 Report on Agriculture, 1903
of the Crow's Nest Railway. Needless to state, the erection and maintenance of fumigating
stations and salaries of competent persons would involve considerable expense, to say nothing
of the difficulty of securing the services of experts for the proper performance of the required
duties.
" Whilst disclaiming any intention on the part of the members of the Board in framing
the rules and regulations to foster Provincial nurseries at the expense of those of Ontario, we
nevertheless deem it to be our duty to give the best advice available to our growers, and we
have, therefore, in pursuance of this policy, advised that, when possible, home-grown nursery
stock should be purchased, in preference to that produced elsewhere. The reasons are obvious
and we believe incontrovertible, viz. :—It is acclimatised ; risk of loss through removal reduced
to a minimum; possibility to transplant at all suitable seasons ; accessibility to seller should
stock not prove true to name or otherwise be other than guaranteed. All these facts are set
forth at pages 18 and 19 of Bulletin 12, lately issued, to which we respectfully direct your
attention.
" In conclusion, we beg to assure you that there is not a member of the Board who would
not greatly prefer Canadian products to those of any other country7, other things being equal.
We have good grounds for dreading the spread of diseases and pests which have devastated
the orchards of the sister Province of Ontario. Our regulations have received the endorsation
of the highest horticultural authorities, including those of Ontario, who have quite recently
expressed regret that similar precautions to ours had not been adopted at an earlier date in
the history of Ontario."
Inspection of Fruit in Australia.
As a comparison with our methods, I publish the following, which is communicated by
Mr. E. Hutcherson, of Perth, Western Australia :—
" Quite a number of Californian apples reached here last December, beautiful fruit, and
would have brought at least thirty shillings per case, but they would not stand the inspection
test for codlin moth, as we condemn on traces, though the grub may have left the fruit
before leaving California.    The whole lot was burned.
" As regards the inspection in this State, I have been on the staff for the last eight months,
and have been fortunate in being placed on the staff at Freemantle, where we have the most
up-to-date buildings and plant for fumigating and inspecting fruit and fruit trees there is in
existence. The main building is 150 feet long by 50 feet wide, with boiler building on the
end, with two large incinerators in the yard for the destroying of infested fruit and cases.
To give you some idea of the system adopted, all fruit trees, plants, nuts, etc., on reaching
this port, are placed on board trucks and are run down to the fruit sheds. Apples, pears and
quinces are at once placed in the fumigating rooms to destroy any codlin grubs that might be
on the cases, and the cases are then opened and the fruit placed on tables, each case separately,
and all rotten fruit and wrappings removed and burned; they are then examined, and should
codlin grubs or traces of the same be found, the contents are at once returned to the case they
were taken from and burned. Oranges and lemons, the wrappings are first removed and put
into fresh cases before being fumigated. All the cases are first put into steam rooms (of
which there are three) before being used again; there is also a large tank in the yard containing a solution of caustic soda, which is kept at boiling heat, that can be used for dipping
cases and lids, but most importers prefer the steaming. All work in the shed, with the exception of the inspection, is done by the importers or their employees. The Government make a
charge for inspecting. The revenue for 1901 was something over $10,000, and 78,175 cases
of fruit and 116,760 trees and plants were treated. So far, there have been no codlin moths
in this State, and every effort is being made to keep them out. Up to September, 1901, the
importations of apples, pears and quinces were prohibited from countries where codlin moths
were known to exist, and apples went up to one shilling per lb., and those that had bearing
orchards here made small fortunes ; but while they have kept out the codlin they have allowed
the Mediterranean fruit fly to get in, and it now has quite a hold on what is known as the
suburban district in and around Perth, probably 25 miles long by twelve wide. The Government is using every means to keep it from spreading and to stamp it out. I would certainly
advise you in British Columbia to be on your guard against this most destructive insect pest,
and would be pleased to write you again concerning it." w
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P6 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 161
REPORT OF INSPECTOR OF FRUIT PESTS.
To the Members of the Provincial Board of Horticulture:
Gentlemen,—Having been appointed to the office of Provincial Inspector of Fruit Pests
in July, 1902, I believe it is my duty to present to the Board a statement of the work which
I have been enabled to do, as well as of the several matters which have come under my notice
since my appointment, so far as they may relate to the operations of the Board and the regulations thereof, and to respectfully offer such suggestions as I believe will result in the better
accomplishment of the purposes for which the Board was created. In consequence of other
duties of an official character which I had to perform, I have not been able to accomplish all
that I had intended in the interests of fruit-growing, but I am now free to take up more
active field-work.
Inspection op Fruit.
The inspection of fruit was all done by myself at Vancouver during the months of July
and August and the first half of September. I may say that these are the critical months in
fruit inspection; owing to the greater portion of importations coming from California, the
danger of infestation is much more serious. I was obliged to condemn and destroy large
quantities of apples, pears, peaches and quinces. Very often entire shipments were found to
be infected and were condemned and cremated, codlin moth and peach worm being the chief
cause of condemnation. I have not permitted any infected foreign fruit to be shipped to the
North-West and Manitoba during the past season, nor has any condemned fruit been shipped
to the Northern ports of British Columbia from the Port of Vancouver. I believe this rule
should be firmly enforced at every quarantine station in this Province, but I am afraid it is
not, and I shall ask this Board at this meeting to take such steps as I believe to be necessary
to secure this very desirable end.
I have no means of knowing the quantity of fruit condemned at any quarantine station
but Vancouver City, nor do I know what disposition, if any, is made of condemned fruit. As
all the fruit imported into this Province during the months of July, August and September
are received from the same source as that which comes to Vancouver, it is natural to suppose
that much infected fruit is received at other quarantine stations, and that there certainly
should be an equal proportion of condemnations and destruction of infected fruit at the other
points referred to.
About the middle of September the fall fairs began to be held, and as I had been
appointed to attend several of them, I turned over the fruit inspection to Mr. Harris, who is
in every way well qualified to discharge this duty; a more upright and conscientious assistant
I could not desire. I have to report that he also condemned several lots of infected fruit, all
of which were cremated.
Inspection op Nursery Stock.
Immediately after the fall fairs were over the importation of nursery stock commenced,
and continued up to the middle of December. As all imported nursery stock must now
be delivered and inspected at Vancouver, I may say that I and three assistants were kept
very busy for some two and one-half months unpacking, inspecting and re-packing trees and
plants. I found many infected trees, more especially those shipped from Eastern nurseries.
I have adopted the very rational practice of cremating all diseased and infected trees. I may
add that this is the practice recommended by the highest horticultural authorities in the
United States. The furnace is the only safe place to dispose of infected nursery stock, is the
decision of Professor Johnston, one of the most distinguished authorities on fumigation in
America.
Early in December I had information that infected Ontario apples were being imported
into the Kootenay country.      I at once communicated with our most efficient officer, Mr. A 162 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Fred. Adie, and advised him to make a thorough investigation and report. I also reported to
the Minister of Agriculture the exact condition of affairs as I understood them. Unfortunately, all the members of the Board, except the member for the First District, were out of the
Province at the time, and the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture was also out of Victoria, but
his secretary, by my advice, submitted my correspondence and that of Mr. Adie to the Premier
and Attorney-General, who wired me instructions to proceed at once to the interior and
inspect all quarantine stations, seize and destroy all infected fruit wherever I found it, whether
it had passed inspection or not. I wired these instructions to Mr. Adie, and he carried them
out to the letter, pending my arrival.
Visit op Inspection to the Upper Country.
I left Vancouver for the interior on 13th December, and visited all the quarantine stations
east of Mission City, except Gateway, which I could not conveniently reach, owing to the
irregularity of the trains running to that point. I wrote Mr. Gordon, our inspector, a very
earnest letter, impressing on him the necessity of great vigilance in the inspection of American
fruit which may come in at Gateway. I received a very cordial reply, in which he assured
me that he would faithfully carry out my instructions and enforce our quarantine regulations.
I found that the quarantine officers at Fernie and Cranbrook knew nothing about fruit inspection. One officer passed a whole car-load of apples after opening but one package. I am not
sure whether the other opened any at all, but clearances were given and the fees collected. I
reinspected some of the fruit and found it to be better than I had expected. Naturally, the
importers were indignant at having been bothered by so many" inspections; some of them were
hostile, but when I explained matters to them and pointed out the necessity of the protection
and development of our own fruit industry, every merchant at Fernie, Cranbrook, Nelson,
Revelstoke, Greenwood and Rossland, with a single exception, agreed to import no more foreigu
fruit, if they can have their wants supplied by our own growers. I interviewed every fruit
merchant in Nelson, with the same satisfactory result. All that those merchants require is to be
assured that they can find sufficient home-grown fruit to meet their requirements. I addressed
a meeting of farmers and fruit-growers at Vernon on January 22nd, and spoke very earnestly
of the necessity of the growers in that neighbourhood combining- to send an agent all through
the Kootenay mining towns early this year, and make contracts for supplying those people
with fruit. I may say that I made an agreement to do this at the time those merchants agreed
to give preference to our home-grown fruit. I shall carry out my part of this agreement by
interviewing all the prominent growers before the season commences. I believe this is the
beginning of better days for our fruit-growers, and that ultimately consumers will be the
gainers.
I visited Rossland and was very well received by the prominent merchants and business
people in that important centre. The manager of the Bank of Montreal took a very deep
interest in my mission, and volunteered to lend his powerful inflnence on behalf of British
Columbia fruit. I had the same assurance given me as at Nelson, except in one instance,
where the firm have their American connections. I do not despair of ultimately winning
over this concern to the purchase of our own fruit;  they will be driven to it.
The quarantine officer at Rossland is a good man, whom I have known for many years.
I find, however, that a practice has grown up which is contrary to the spirit of our regulations,
viz.: small quantities of fruit are being imported, and the charge for inspection is based on the
aggregate weekly importations. The effect of this is that a very great number of small lots
come in by express which pay scarcely any fee for inspection, yet make a great deal of work
for the officer; besides, it is dangerous; for it is morally certain that if any fruit that is not
up to the mark is sold at all, the small importer is sure to get it.
I visited Greenwood and was much impressed with the value of that market and the
readiness with which the merchants of that city agreed to buy our fruit. One of the largest
concerns had been corresponding with Chilliwhack people for a car of apples, but the price
quoted, $1.50 per box, was considered beyond their reach. I saw the correspondence, and
was greatly amazed to find that apples that were selling in Vancouver at 75c. to 90c. were
quoted in car-load lots to Greenwood merchants at $1.50 f. o. b. at Chilliwhack.
I also visited Midway, and from all the information I was able to gather, I consider it
the most dangerous point for the introduction of fruit pests that there is in British Columbia.
Farmers and peddlers drive waggon-loads of American apples all the way from Washington
orchards 100 miles distant.    I have no doubt that much of the fruit coming in that way is 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 163
infected. I could find no evidence that any had been destroyed, and as there are excellent
opportunities for fruit-growing in that neighbourhood on the Canadian side, I believe it is of
pressing importance that Midway be most carefully guarded and the quarantine regulations
rigidly enforced. I look for serious trouble in that section of the Province at no very distant
date.
I was able to devote some time to the inspection of land on the Kootenay River, and am
greatly impressed with its adaptability for fruit-growing. The land is easily cleared, is cheap,
and of very fair quality. Several small orchards have been planted out and larger ones contemplated. I am under promise to the settlers along that river to thoroughly inspect their
land and advise them in reference to further planting, during the early summer. I am pleased
to see that a very large importation of nursery stock is now being inspected in Vancouver
that is billed for Nelson; probably a half car-load goes there.
I am also under agreement to inspect orchards in Okanagan, where it is feared that some
neglected old trees have become infected and need treatment. The weather was such when I
was there in January that not much could be done; besides, the snow was too deep. I
purpose going there as soon as importation of nursery stock shall have ceased.
General Remarks.
Importation of nursery stock has been exceptionally heavy this spring. Up to the 16th
of April I had inspected over 60,000 trees and shipped them up country. As much as three
car-loads—large furniture cars—were delivered at the Provincial Fumigating Station during
the first half of April. We have now in hand one car and one half Ontario stock, most of
which is for the Interior. I am advised that other shipments are on the way, so that if we
add imported stock to that sold by our own nursery people, it is quite safe to estimate that
100,000 trees will be planted this spring.
I am notified that one nursery firm intends to ship into this Province six car-loads of stock
next autumn. I find that it is necessary to provide more storage accommodation at once.
We need a frost-proof building, cheaply constructed, but made frost-proof by 12" walls filled
with sawdust. The size of the building must be not less than 30x40 feet. We must be in a
position to safely store six cars of nursery stock and inspect and treat it within a reasonable
time. I have already interviewed the C. P. R. people, who have agreed to give permission to
lease the ground. All that is needed now is the authority of the Board and Minister of
Agriculture to enable me to erect this building.
The fruit-growing industry is going forward by such leaps and bounds that every one
concerned expresses surprise and satisfaction. I would respectfully urge that we must keep
abreast of the requirements of the business.
In conclusion I beg to state, for the information of the Board, that I found Mr. Fred.
Adie, of Waneta, to be the most efficient and earnest quarantine officer in the interior, and
that I believe he can be safely entrusted with all the quarantine work at Nelson, Cranbrook,
Fernie and other points on the Crow's Nest line. Mr. Adie has the respect and confidence of
the leading importers in a marked degree, and has done a great deal to cause our quarantine
regulations to be respected and obeyed.
The policy of permitting condemned fruit from Ontario to be re-shipped to the North-
West and Manitoba markets has been called in question by some of our prominent growers,
many times during the past season. I believe, however, that it would be dangerous for this
Board to interfere with the regulation bearing on this question. In attempting to gain too
much, we might endanger that which we already possess.
Thomas Cunningham,
Inspector of Fruit Pests. A 164 Report on Agriculture, 1903
NORTH-WEST    FRUIT-GROWERS.
Tenth Annual  Meeting of the Association, held at Spokane,
Wash.,  February, 1903.
The meeting was largely attended by members of the Association from the States of
Oregon, Washington and Idaho, British Columbia being represented by myself and Mr.
Covert, of Grand Forks. Professor Woodworth, of the University of California, was also
present, as well as representatives of the agricultural colleges of the States mentioned; of the
various railways as far east as St. Paul and Minneapolis; and of dealers in Eastern points.
Exhibits of British Columbia apples were made by me, from the orchard of Lord Aberdeen
and Mr. Thomas G. Earl, and by Mr. Covert from his own orchard at Grand Forks; Mr.
Covert also exhibited dried prunes of excellent quality, cured by himself. The apples compared very favourably with those exhibited from the neighbouring States, and elicited many
complimentary comments at the hands of those present, and many questions were asked,
especially regarding those varieties with which the growers in the adjoining States were not
familiar. I was kept busy during my stay answering questions regarding the conditions
prevailing in this Province, and surprise was often expressed when information as to the climate
and resources was given, the idea being quite common that snow and ice were the most common
products. Many addresses of great value to fruit growers were given during the convention,
amongst the most practical and useful of which was that byT Mr. J. W. Olwell, of Central
Point, Oregon, who gave an address and practical illustrations on apple packing. After
listening to this gentleman and witnessing his method of packing, all went away fully impressed
that they had very much to learn regarding the proper grading and packing of apples for the
market. As for the methods practised in this Province, I can only characterise them as comparatively crude and unskilful beyond belief.
Messrs. Olwell Bros, are proprietors of the Snowy Butte Orchards of Central Point, who
make a specialty of winter apples for the English market, the principal varieties grown being
the Yellow Newtown Pippin and Spitzenberg. They employ girls exclusively for packing, as
they find them more painstaking and skilful; and their touch being more delicate, they are
able to wrap and pack better and more skilfully than men, besides being quicker at detecting
undersized or damaged fruit. Every apple sent out by Olwell Bros, is wrapped, and the
operation of wrapping alone requires a degree of skill not easily acquired; the papers, boxes,
and even the nails are specially made. Specimens of all these things are on view at the
Department of Agriculture.
The following is a short report of the proceedings :—
The tenth annual convention of the North-West Fruit-Growers' Association opened on
Wednesday, February 4th, at Elks' Hall, Spokane. Owing to delays in the arrival of trains
and the absence of the President, Dr. N. G. Blalock, of Walla Walla, no morning session was
held; but the afternoon meeting made up for it in the amount and interest of the business
transacted.
The convention was called to order at 2 p.m. by E. L. Smith, of Hood River, Oregon,
senior Vice-President of the Association and President of the Oregon State Board of
Agriculture.
After prayer by Rev. F. Walden, of Seattle, the acting Secretary, J. H. Pelletier, of
Spokane, read letters from G. P. Brackett, of the Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C. ;
D. A. Brodie, Puyallup ; and J. A. Balmer, Cle Ellum, who expressed their regret at being
unable to attend the convention.
Benjamin Bergunder, Vice-President for Washington, reported the 1902 fruit crop in the
State smaller than the average, but of fine quality. Acting President Smith told of the
immense crop harvested in Oregon, bringing the fruit-growers more than $2,500,000. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 165
" We are conducting a successful fight against fruit pests in our State," he declared.
" The fruit-growers are using the power sprayers in all the large orchards, and the care taken
is showing results in the fine prices our fruit is bringing. Our apples are yearly in greater
demand in foreign markets. This last year Newtown Pippins from my neighbourhood sold in
Liverpool at prices returning $2 per box to the growers.
" We are learning better and better every year how to deal with the codlin moth and
the San Jose scale, with the result that we are now saving 90 to 95 per cent, of our fruit.
Our experience emphasises the need of united action among the fruit-growers, both in fighting
these pests and to secure the best legislation and the best results in fruit-growing."
An interesting report on the fruit-growing industry in British Columbia was presented
by Mr. J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture in that Province, and one of the Vice-
Presidents of the Association. Mr. Anderson said this was his second visit to Spokane, and
he congratulated the city on the many signs of progress and improvement which he saw on
every hand.
" Fruit-growing in British Columbia," he continued, " is coming to be one of our profitable
industries. We had a big crop last year and shipped a considerable portion of it to markets
outside the Province, as well as supplying portions of our own territory that have hitherto
drawn their fruit from districts further south or east. The greatest drawback to the success
of our industry is the poor packing of the fruit. This hinders the sales and causes British
Columbia fruit to fetch lower prices in Eastern and European markets than some of your
Washington fruit-growers are getting for fruit that is really inferior to ours.
" You are to be congratulated on the careful and successful methods of packing adopted
by your American fruit-growers. You put up the fruit in correctly graded cases of uniform
quality, and this means much in the prices realised. I have just heard from London trustworthy stories of American apples that fetch fourpence (8 cents) apiece. These fancy prices
are largely the result of care in sorting and packing your fruit. This lesson our British
Columbia growers have still to learn.
" Thus far we have succeeded in keeping the codlin moth and the San Jose scale out of
the Province. We have some trouble with the peach tree borer. In our fight against all
these pests we are going to the root of the matter by keeping out infected nursery stock, a
matter in which the growers and inspectors of your State have been far too lax. Till you
exercise greater care regarding your nursery stock you cannot hope to have clean orchards.
" Our laws and inspection system are very severe, but none too much so. They are aimed
at infected trees wherever they come from. In fact, more trees have been condemned that
came from Canadian than from United States nurseries. We are not discriminating against
American nurserymen in the least."
Professor R. C. Cooley, entomologist of the Montana Experiment Station, was the next
speaker. He spoke on the apple aphis and the use of cyanide gas for fumigating trees in
orchards, and described his experiments, which had been highly successful in the extermination
of this pest.
Mr. A. Van Holderbeke, Washington State Commissioner of Horticulture, then gave an
address on " The Pruning of Peach Trees." " Wrong Pruning," said Commissioner Van
Holderbeke, "is responsible for the fact that in many of our Washington peach orchards the
trees are growing too tall, and their fruit-bearing limbs die off within four or five years. Then
the trees are cut back almost to the parent stem of the tree, inflicting a serious wound and
delaying the bearing of fruit for a long time. Under this faulty system growers are trying to
raise too many peaches on a tree, instead of seeking an unfailing crop of the largest, finest
fruit every year."
Prof. J. M. Aldrich, entomologist of the University of Idaho, gave the last address of the
session, his subject being " The Codlin Moth in High Altitudes." He said that in regions
where the altitude was from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, the codlin moth had not become generally
distributed, and it promised to be less of a nuisance to fruit-growers than in lower areas.
Each of the afternoon's papers called forth considerable discussion, many helpful suggestions being made by the members and experts present.
Second Day.
The second day's sessions were made noteworthy by the reading of many practical papers
of great value. In addition to listening to these, the Association elected officers for the
coming year, and decided upon the place for the next annual meeting. A 166 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Portland, Oregon, was chosen for the 1904 Convention. The new board of officers is
composed as follows :—President, Dr. N. G. Blalock, Walla Walla. Vice-Presidents : for
Oregon, J. D. Olwell, Central Point, Ore. ; for Idaho, J. H. Forney, Moscow, Idaho ; for
Washington, B. Bergunder, Colfax, Wash. ; for British Columbia, J. R. Anderson, Victoria,
B. C. Secretary, George H. Lamberson, Portland, Ore. Treasurer, W. S. Offner, Walla Walla.
Rev. F. Walden, Seattle, A. E. Tonnelson, Tacoma, and J. R. Anderson, Victoria, B. C, were
appointed a Committee on Resolutions.
Prof. C. V. Piper, entomologist of the Washington State Agricultural College, Pullman,
then made an address, his subject being " Spraying for San Jose Scale with Sulphur, Lime and
Salt Mixture," which he described as perfectly effectual for the destruction not only of this
pest, but of many others, provided it was properly done. He said from experiments he had
about come to the conclusion that salt was not a necessary ingredient in this mixture, but he
would not say so definitely without further investigation.
Acting President E. L. Smith, of Hood River, Oregon, followed with an excellent paper
on " Pomology," and enlarged on the subject of pollination in producing new varieties, and
the greater necessity of taking scions for grafting from only the best and most healthy trees.
Mr. R. B. Ober, of the Refrigerator Car service, of the Northern Pacific Railway at St.
Paul, spoke on the refrigeration and transportation of green fruits, and described the methods
used by the transportation companies in handling horticultural products.
Mr. James Redpath, of the wholesale firm of Porter Bros. & Co., of St. Paul and Minneapolis, then addressed the meeting on the condition of the St. Paul market.
Mr. J. W. Olwell, of Central Point, Oregon, gave the closing address of the morning
session, his subject being "A Lesson on Packing Fruit for Market." This address was illustrated by a practical exhibition of fruit packing, and elicited much favourable comment. On
the whole, this subject probably created the greatest interest, and was handled in a masterly
way by Mr. Olwell, who was asked to continue his address in the afternoon.
Afternoon Sessiort.
Prof. N. 0. Booth, Horticulturist of the Washington Experiment Station, Pullman, gave
the first address, the subject being " Pear Blight." He advocated cutting away infected limbs
two or three inches below the blight, and the planting of resistant varieties. Prof. Piper
advocated cutting a foot or more below the point of infection, whilst Mr. C. S. Whitney,
President of the Walla Walla Fruit Fair, and General Tannett declared that cutting was
ineffectual in eradicating the blight from a pear orchard where it was well established.
Prof. C. W. Woodworth, of the University of California, then addressed the meeting on
"The Peach Worm." He said: "This worm passes the winter burrowing in the crotch
between the last season's growth and the older wood. In the spring it attacks the buds and
is known as the 'bud worm.' Later it assails the twigs, and growers then know it as the
' twig worm,' or ' peach worm.' " The speaker went on to describe the great loss these worms
caused peach growers, and the remedies prescribed.
Rev. F. Walden, of Seattle, followed with a paper on " The Elements of Successful Fruit
Growing." In order to make a commercial success in this industry the speaker declared that
the grower must give it his chief attention, and not hope to succeed while it was merely a side
issue. He must also look not merely to the selection of his trees and their cultivation, but
must attend with care to the packing of the fruit for market and the time of shipment. " Many
growers are shipping late winter apples to the commission houses early in the fall, when there
is no demand for them. Then they blame the commission men for the low prices realised for
their fruit."
Prof. L. F. Henderson, botanist of the University of Idaho at Moscow, was the last
speaker of the day. He greatly interested the audience in a practical discussion of " Fungus
Diseases in Idaho." The chief of these he described as the red rust, the powdery mildew on
gooseberries, currants and grapes, the peach leaf curl, the apple canker and the apple scab.
The best fungicide for these diseases, he declared, was the Bordeaux mixture; although the
peach leaf curl, he said, could be prevented by spraying early in the spring with lime, salt and
sulphur solution.
Mr. J. W. Olwel1 closed the meeting with an exhibition of fruit packing of a most
instructive character.  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 167
Third Day.
Prof. L. B. Judson, horticulturist of the University of Idaho (Moscow), gave a most
interesting and instructive address on " The Improvement of Varieties." He said that we can
improve our plants as the stockman improves his herds by selection and breeding. This is a
young man of great promise, and his address showed a great deal of research and thought in
its preparation.
Mr. R. A. Jones, of Spokane, followed, with a good paper on " The Planting and Culture
of Apple Orchards." This was a well-written, practical address, and although some of his
conclusions were not agreed in by some of those present, it was, on the whole, well received.
Prof. E. A. Bryan, President of the Washington Agricultural College, Pullman, then
gave a most masterly address on " The Scope and Function of the Experiment Station,"
which was listened to with marked interest. He concluded by saying :—" In order to bring
the results of their investigations within the reach of the producers, we are publishing bulletins
that may be had by all applicants, and we are doing all we can to reach the farmers through
the institutes. The professors have left their classes, often at great cost in time and money,
to attend these institutes. The State should provide for this work. At present no appropriation is made for carrying on the institutes, but we hope the present legislature will remedy
this failure."
Mr. J. R. Anderson, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Association, moved a special vote
of thanks to President Bryan for his valuable exposition of the work of the experiment
stations, and he added :—" I have been greatly surprised to learn that this great rich State
makes no appropriation in aid of this most important work. It is a matter that concerns
every farmer in the State. Across the border we are younger and not nearly so rich, but the
Farmers' Institutes are carried on by a staff of competent and practical scientists, paid by the
Government, and we are all convinced that no outlay the Government makes is better spent."
Mr. C. L. Whitney, of Walla Walla, gave the last paper of the session, on "The Apple
Tree." He concluded by saying that the motto of all fruit-growers should be "Watch and
Spray."
The committee on resolutions then reported, thanking the citizens of Spokane for their
courtesy; asking the transportation companies to give more liberal rates to members of the
North-West Fruit-Growers' Association attending conventions; recommending legislation
regarding fruit packing and marking ; thanking the professors for their attendance, and other
matters.    The report was adopted unanimously.
The Chairman called upon several representatives of the railway companies present,
who made short addresses, after which the meeting adjourned sine die.
Mr. Anderson was urged by several that he should propose Victoria as the next place of
meeting, but he declared the time was not ripe for such a move, and it was better to leave
that question for a year or two. He desired to acknowledge the courtesy of the O. R. & N.
Co. in according him free transportation and travelling facilities which added greatly to his
comfort and pleasure. Col. Judson, industrial agent of the O. R. & N. Co., wishes Mr. Anderson to come in May, when a delegation of Germans, under the auspices of the Government, are
coming to Oregon and Washington, so as to show them something of British Columbia as well.
In view of the importance of the subjects, I give the following addresses made at the
meeting in extenso :—
The Proper Way to Pack Fruit.
By J. W. Olwell, Esq., of Central Point, Oregon.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,—I am not much of a speech-maker, but I would be
pleased to try and answer any questions in regard to packing for different markets, and so on.
(Illustrating.) This is what is commonly called the four-tier. In packing a four-tier never
get the apples above the ends. That is where the great pressure comes. If your apples are
higher, that is any great amount of them, so that the paper does not take up the vacancy, they
are liable to bruise, and when they are three or five weeks in transit going to Europe and New York, and then taken into cold storage and taken out in say 90 days, they are taken out in
bad condition. If the receiver should reject the fruit the shipper is sadly disappointed. You
see on the side of this box, or in the centre, there is a heavy swell. That ordinarily is put on
for several different reasons. One of the great reasons is that when you put a swell on the
box similar to that, in transit or in cold storage, after it has been .packed a certain length of
time, there is always more or less shrinkage which takes place and causes the fruit to get
smaller. If you have a flat box, when you put your lids on your fruit is tight. Probably
after being in transit a certain length of time the shrinkage takes place and you can take hold
of the box and rattle it. You will notice this much more if you inspect a box after it has
reached the English market. Another point in question is you get a much smaller apple in
the box. When the fruit goes into the market the ordinary eye looking at it, the minute he
lets his eye rest on the box he says to himself, "That is a full box, I want it." It looks like
good measure, good weight. There are several other minor reasons for putting it on which do
not amount to very much. Such is the case in packing all grades of apples for foreign shipment, as far as I know. Of course one market will require a certain kind of a packing and
another one may call for altogether a different kind. Now, as a rule, take it in St. Paul, I
think the market calls for an unwrapped apple. This is pretty much the only market in the
United States that calls for that class of an apple. I do not know why it is, but probably it
is a fancy thev cultivated. Ordinarily, one may wrap fruit and never have any complaint
come back because of that. In fact if your fruit is good fruit and put up properly if there is
no slump on the market they will never complain of that, if you have sent the goods which
you sold him. Now there are other packs, but we, as a rule, only pack three different packs.
We pack the four-tier, the four and a half, which is the pack the next size smaller to the four,
and the three and a half, which is the size larger than this. The five-tier we have excluded
altogether. We only send it to the vinegar factory, outside of the winesap. That is ordinarily
a small apple. It will sell to good advantage if highly coloured. Outside of that variety we
do not pack any in the five-tier line.
The three and a half tier was originated three years ago, and it was a long-felt want for
the box that we use in our country. That is the standard California box, similar to this one,
which is commonly called the 10x11x22. The great fault found against the box is they cannot
get the fruit into it. I am now drifting from my subject on to boxes. The packing was the
reason, I think, that they discarded the box. There was a large-sized apple they could not
get into the California box to advantage. But, with the three and a half packing in the lOx
11x22 box, outside of the real three-tier, there is no apple but will go into it and pack snug
and nicely. If you have any questions that you would like to ask I would be pleased to
answer them.
Chairman E. L. Smith : I would like to know how you pack a box of three-tier ajiples.
Mr. Olwell: I will put up a box of the three, the three and a half and the four after noon.
I am talking only of the Washington box here, and to show you it probably would require
some time to do it. I will do it during the noon hour. I will put up a half a box probably
and show you the construction of the whole box.
When we pack for export we put a piece of blue cardboard similar to the package which
I brought down with me, between each layer of apples clear through. One on the top, under
the lids and one on the bottom. The cardboard takes up all evaporation or moisture. If one
apple decays the one below is not affected in the least. Many times there will be a defective
apple get in which will decay before it is out two weeks. With the cardboard in there between
each layer it absorbs the greater portion of the moisture and causes it to dry up instead of
decaying the other apples that are next to it. The cardboard on the top of the box is principally put on there to keep the creases out of the fruit. Now there are very few lids that are
dressed. They are cut with a fine saw and they are full of fine creases. When you press
them on to a box the top layer from the pressure will be all corrugated or full of creases from
the roughness of the wood. With the aid of the cardboard on top, between the lid and the
apple, the apple may have a small pressed place on it, but it always comes out perfectly smooth.
Chairman E. L. Smith :    About how many boxes have Olwel Bros, packed this year ?
Mr. Olwell : In the neighbourhood of some 48 cars of our own growing and some 35 cars
shipped that were purchased on the outside, making a total of some 49,800 boxes. We shipped
Newtowns and Spitzenbergs to New York and a couple of cars to New Orleans and other
localities. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 169
Chairman E. L. Smith :    Do you ship direct to London or through an intermediate party 1
Mr. Olwell : Ordinarily we ship direct. We have a party in New York who looks out
for engaging space in ship, etc.
A Voice :    How is the swell obtained 1
Mr. Olwell : By the graduation of the apples in size. You see I have flatted that apple
There are very few apples but are thinner flat ways than they are lengthwise or cross ways.
You take a Bellflower apple and I believe you would have to put it the other way. As you
get towards the centre you use a little larger apple. As you go towards the end you increase.
That is where the art in packing apples lies. Every layer is laid the same way. You take a
nervous, quick, fidgety girl, and if she has a good eye she will put up, the second season, 60 to
70 boxes a day, and every box will be perfect. There would not be a bit of dead space
between any apples or at the end of any apple. Every apple is snug there and there is no
dead space. I don't put in three and jamb in a little one, and I don't put in three large ones
and then leave the space. Every row comes accurately to the end of the box. (Illustrating.)
I have that rough. That comes from not having practiced. We have a floor-walker over each
four girls and he walks by them and watches the whole construction of the box. That girl
has a reputation at stake, as well as ours, as she puts her private number on the box, and
when that box goes to Europe, or New York, or wherever it goes, should it come back we
refer to the number on our box and we know who put up the apples and the girl suffers the
consequences.
Many people do not realise the damage just one apple may do. When you export to
Europe at a cost in the neighbourhood of $1.07 per box, that is the railroad tariff, steamer
space, marine insurance and commission, when that box goes on to the market, the apples are
poured out in baskets ; the papers are all taken off and each basket of fruit is apart. They
look at it and inspect it very closely, and they make up their minds what they can pay for it.
They say we can pay so much, and when tbose apples are sold they bid a certain amount on
them. They know the fruit and have examined it. If they have never been deceived in the
brand or in the grade of fruits in any way, the brand is the guarantee when they once know
the man. Supposing there were one or two imperfect apples found in that basket. They are
paying a big price on the other side for that fruit. When we take the risk ourselves and tie
all that freight in it we have got to have a good profit or we will not take the risk. That fruit
is costing them a good deal of money, compared with what the fruit is worth in this country.
If they see an imperfect apple or two they get afraid of it and they get suspicious, and they
mark it according to what they can pay for it. Just a few imperfect apples may cost a man
$300 or $400 on one shipment. We impress that upon the girls and we do not have any
trouble at all. Of course we do not consider a girl is a good packer until she has packed the
second season with an instructor over her all the time.
One may look at this and say it looks easy. Some time get a box and attempt it
(Laughter.) Probably after you got through a critic would come along and pick it all to
pieces.
You take the Ben Davis apple, it is a different form from the Newtown. You take the
others, and they are all different in shape. Consequently, they must be placed in the box
differently so as to come up to the right height on the ends. Ordinarily in packing our boxes
we have a round this way as well as this way, so you grade them both ways. It takes quite
a while to put up the first couple of boxes. After you have done these you go right along.
We have girls in our packing house that will put up a box of fruit just like a machine. In
that wrap shown (wrapping apple in paper) there is more than one would think for the reason
that it is made in two moves and every crease is turned over. The cushion comes over the
stem of the apple so that it will not puncture the next apple to it. It is very simple, there
are just two moves, and yet you might try on that a whole week and think you have got it,
but you have not, as a rule. As a rule the only way to get a girl to catch it is to take an
apple in her hands and put her hands through the movement until she gets it. When it is
done rightly and neatly there would not be a wrinkle in the paper.
When the apples run too large for the four-tier they are just right for the three and a
half; and when they run too small for the four-tier they are just right for the four and a half.
That is, I am speaking for this box. I have never had any experience with the box you use.
It may be a good box ; I have nothing to say in regard to it whatever. As we use this box I
hated to tackle the other for the reason that there are many things to be learned about boxes. A 170 Report on Agriculture, 1903
A Voice : How do you keep tab on the girls who pack the fruit 1
Mr. Olwell: Supposing they are along here in a row. They7 have one long bench. The
first girl is number one. She puts her number on every box. So on, all the way through.
When that box is done, it does not matter where it is, if it shows up imperfect in any manner
and they forward that number on the corner of the box back to us we know just exactly who
packed it.
A Voice : Where does that complaint come from 1
Mr. Olwell : From the shop keeper in England. Many times we have had complaint.
"We guarantee every box that goes out.    The number is sent back by the buyer or consumer.
A Voice :    What does he know about that number 1
Mr. Olwell: The fruit handlers have an established rule, through California and other
places south of here. This rule was established years ago; to put a number on the box. The
people who handle the fruit watch the matter very closely, as they have lots of money involved
in it.    There is not much about it but what they know.
On the lining of the box; there is a fold on that paper which you cannot see. The fold
is doubled under on the bottom side here. It is two sheets of paper. The fold lays right
along the edge of the box on either side. When the lid is put on the swell is divided between
the top and bottom. Consequently, if there was not a fold in the paper to let out the swell,
it would tear it to pieces. We take two sheets of paper, fold them over like this (illustrating),
and we just turn down the fold like that. When the swell is shoved through it allows the
paper to go through without injuring the paper.    That fold allows for it.
A Voice : When you fold it over the top, what about that?
Mr. Olwell : When the lids go on there is more pressure there and it cannot tear through.
Each packer lines his own box. He places the apples from one box to another. We have
men who wait on the packers. All the girl does is to stay at her booth, and she says "Apples,
please," and there is a box of apples sent up to her. When finished she has them taken away.
When the time comes for packing we put on a gang of sorters. They sort all sizes at the same
time. They have a four-tier box and a four and a half tier box. If they are running on large
fruit they will run the three and a half and the four-tier box. They also have a cull-box.
Any apple with a blemish on it goes into the cull-box. When a girl asks for apples they are
sent up in that box to her. She packs one box into the other. They are always sorted and
she sorts them too. If there is anything which escapes the first sorting she probably catches
in the second.
A sample apple box, such as is used by Messrs. Olwell Bros., accompanied by the
wrapper and lining papers, nails, etc., supplied by Mr. Olwell, is on view at the Department
of Agriculture, and all those interested in the question of fruit-packing are invited to inspect
it. The box question, including the minutest details, papers used, nails, etc., have been
studied closely by Messrs. Olwell Bros., and all details are worth studying, considering that
they have been adopted after long experience with a view to efficiency and economy. The
modus operandi of wrapping and details of that description can only be acquired by practice,
after lessons and practical demonstrations. I, therefore, refrain from attempting to give any
description of the methods employed.
The importance of proper packing is set forth in the following excerpt from a letter to
the DeputyT Minister of Agriculture from the Agent-General in London :—
" The poorest things I see here are the apples. It is remarkable that the best looking
ones are Californian—those you see in the swell shops. They are perfect in appearance and
sell from 2d. to 4d. each. They are, to my mind, very poor and tasteless, but owing to perfect
packing look so beautiful that they sell well. The Canadian apples are really better, but look
miserable beside the Californian, being bruised and dull looking, owing to bad packing. The
only kind I see in any quantity are Russet and Newtown Pippins. There is a great demand
for apples of any kind." 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 171
Australia as a Market for Fruit.
Mr. E. Hutcherson, formerly of this Province, now of Claremont, West Australia, writes
as follows :—
" From the tone of the press as well as the feeling of the people, there is no doubt that
Australia is going to make an effort to increase her trade with Canada, and more especially
her fruit trade. And at the same time I would call your attention to the fact that there is a
good opening here for some of the Upper Country apples of British Columbia to reach here in
October, November and December, and even as late as January. Of course, I can only speak
personally of last season. During those months good sound apples were worth twenty shillings
per 50-Ib. case; and even now, at this early date, imported Tasmanians are selling at fifteen
shillings, while good locals, good in colour and well packed, at auction go as high as seventeen
shillings. I certainly would advise some of your best shippers to make a trial shipment here
this winter. On account of the position I hold here, it would be impossible for me to have
anything to do with them, more than I would be able to know what they brought and the
charges. There are several good reliable firms here, and if you were to make shipments of say
50 cases each per month, would give them a good trial. It would be necessary to get a
through rate to Freemantle, as the Canadian-Australian steamers only come as far as Sydney.
It is hardly necessary for me to say that only good apples may be sent and of good shipping
quality, in good strong cases, the apples wrapped in light papers and the cases bound with
light hoop iron or wire." A 172 Report on Agriculture, 1903
FUNGOUS    DISEASES.
Plum   Rot (Monilia fructigena).
In spite of the remedies prescribed, plum rot is still very prevalent on the Lower Mainland. Persistent use of the recommended remedies and the cultivation of resistant varieties,
or those varieties least liable to infection, seem to be the only solution of the difficulty.
Unfortunately, owners of orchards do not, as a rule, follow out recommendations in any way
approaching the prescribed manner, and to them, therefore, may be ascribed, to a great extent,
the prevalence of this insidious disease. A Committee of the Board of Horticulture, consisting
of Messrs. Cunningham and Palmer, appointed to investigate and report on the question,
recommended as follows :—
" In dealing with this disease, it will be easily seen that the most successful treatment
will necessarily be of a preventive nature. It is usually first noticed in the season on cherries,
especially on soft varieties which burst their skins after a rainstorm, such as the Governor
Wood, and, undoubtedly, infected fruits which are left to dry upon these trees are a fertile source
of infection to plums, later in the season. Great care should be taken to gather and burn
these, and also the first infected mouldy fruit noticed on plum trees. In orchards which have
been infected this season, the first thing to be done is to pick off, as soon as possible in the
fall, all dried up or mummied fruit which may have been left on the trees, then with a fine-
toothed garden rake, gather together all fruit that may have fallen on the ground, together
with fallen leaves and trash, and burn up all these sources of infection; after which the trees
should be thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture of double strength, viz. : 8 pounds
sulphate of copper, 8 pounds lime, and 50 gallons of water; the ground beneath the trees
should also be well sprayed with the mixture. This should be followed by a thorough spraying
with No. 1 mixture (lime, salt and sulphur spray), during the dormant season, both of the
trees and of the ground beneath them.
" In the spring, the spraying of the trees with Bordeaux mixture of the ordinary strength
should be commenced as soon as growth starts, and at. least two sprayings given after the
blossoms have fallen.
" If there is reason to expect an attack of the disease after the fruit has attained its size
and before ripening, Spray No. 10—the carbonate of copper spray—should be carefully used,
as at this stage the fruit is particularly liable to be infected. Cherry trees should be carefully
sprayed with double strength Bordeaux mixture, as recommended for plum trees, while the
trees are dormant, and in the spring the trees should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture of
ordinary strength when growth commences, and again after the fruit has formed.
"In Oregon it is stated by Professor Cordley 'that now the disease is well established,
any prune or cherry grower who fails to employ preventive measures against brown rot
deliberately takes the chance of losing a large proportion of his crop, even though such loss
may occur every year'; and this statement applies with the same force in Lower British
Columbia."
Subsequently the Committee made a further report, from which the following excerpts are
made :—
" That, with two or three notable exceptions, hardly any spraying on the lines set forth
in the previous report had been done in the orchards visited, owing partly to unfavourable
weather for spraying operations when the work should have been done, but largely to the
indifference of orchard owners, who, recognising that the prevalence of plum rot is governed
to an extent by the character of the season, took chances.
" A great deal of the loss which has occurred must be credited to the large number of
trees planted of unsuitable varieties, both as regards marketing and habit of fruit-bearing.
We find a great difference in the resisting power of the different kinds of plums and prunes to
the  attacks of  the  'brown rot' fungus.     For instance, in many orchards, we found the 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 173
German prune tree free from the rot where other varieties suffered severely. Other varieties
partially exempt were the Italian prune, Imperial Gage, and Reine Claude ; while the Peach
plum, Bradshaw, Yellow Egg and Pond's Seedling were always badly affected, and, unfortunately, have been planted in quantities. At the Dominion Experimental Farm, Agassiz,
Mr. Thomas A. Sharpe, the Superintendent, reported the following varieties as least subject
to the attacks of 'brown rot,' viz. : Clyman, Goliath, Blue Apricot of Berlin, Mallard, Sultan,
Black Diamond, Monarch, Grand Duke, Giant Prune, and Anna Spathe. It may be stated
that these are varieties of merit and should be tested generally7.
" So far as spraying is concerned, your Committee have nothing to add to the recommendations made in their previous report. We would, however, urge tbe necessity of careful
systematic pruning and thinning of the tops of bearing trees, with the view of having all
parts of the trees open to the action of the air, sunshine and spraying mixtures. Further, in
all cases after gathering and burning loose trash, leaves and decayed fruit, the land on which
plum trees are growing should be ploughed or spaded in late fall as deeply as may be, without
destroying large roots, and constant clean surface cultivation maintained throughout the
growing season. In doing this work care should be taken not to bring to the surface again
the trash or rubbish previous^ ploughed or spaded under, and which may contain spores of
' brown rot.'"
Spray No.  10.—Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate.
This will not be used so freely as the Bordeaux mixture, on account of its greater cost
and the increased labour of preparing it; but for spraying late in the season, when there is
risk of staining the fruit with Bordeaux mixture, it is the most useful agent that has yet
been tried :—
Copper Carbonate ,     5 ounces.
Ammonia      2 quarts.
Water    50 gallons.
Dissolve the copper carbonate in the ammonia and dilute with water to 50 gallons. The concentrated solution should be poured into the water. Keep the ammonia in glass or stone jar,
tightly corked.
Home Manufacture of Copper Carbonate.
As the precipitated form of copper is not always obtainable, the following directions are
given for its preparation :—
In a vessel capable of holding two or three gallons, dissolve 11 pounds of copper sulphate
in 4 pints of hot water. In another vessel dissolve 1J pounds sal soda (washing soda) in 4
pints hot water. When both are dissolved, pour the second solution into the first and stir
briskly. When effervescence ceases, fill the vessel with water and stir thoroughly. Allow
this to stand five or six hours, when a precipitate or sediment will have formed at the bottom.
Now pour off the clear liquid without disturbing this sediment; fill up the vessels again with
water and stir as before, then allow this to stand until the sediment has again settled, and
then pour off the clear liquid carefully as before; the residue or sediment is carbonate of
copper, and from the quantities given there should be formed 12 ounces weight. Instead of
drying this (which is a slow process), add to it 4 quarts strong ammonia, stirring well, and
then add water to bring the whole quantity up to six quarts. This may be kept in an ordinary
stone jar, but should be closely corked.
Each quart will contain two ounces carbonate of copper, which when added to 20 gallons
water, will furnish a solution ready for spraying, of the same strength and character as that
obtained by the use of the dried carbonate of copper.
Caution.—Most of the copper compounds corrode tin and iron. Consequently, in preparing them for use, earthen, wooden, or brass vessels should be employed ; and in applying
them the parts of a pump which come in contact with the liquid should be made of brass.
Black Spot on Bark of Apple Trees, or Apple Anthraenose,
Alluded to further by Prof. Henderson as "bark canker of the apple," one of the worst
enemies of the orchardist in this Province. It seems to be prevalent everywhere in the Lower
Country and the Islands, climatic conditions seemingly having little or no influence on it.    It A 174 Report on Agriculture, 1903
seems, however, to attack some varieties of apple more than others, and it would, therefore,
naturally be supposed that the attention of growers should be directed to the discovery of
resistant varieties, if such there be. No remedy has as yet been recommended as practically
infallible, so that anything which is advised should be tried. Mr. Palmer, at a meeting of the
Board of Horticulture, made the following announcement, viz. :—
That a mixture of skim milk and lime, thickened to the consistency of cream and applied
as a paint to the trunks and limbs of trees in September has been found to be an efficient
protection against black spot of the bark to all portions covered by the mixture.
Black Scab of Apples and Pears (F-usicladium, dendriticum).
Is another fungous disease very prevalent in most sections of the Lower Country and
Islands, especially on the Lower Fraser. Spraying and the planting of resistant varieties, as
in the case of plum rot, are recommended, but here also a woeful neglect of the prescribed
remedies is apparent. The same Committee appointed to investigate plum rot made the following report on this disease :—
" In addition to the observations made in regard to plum trees and the ' plum rot fungus,'
advantage was taken of the opportunity' to investigate also the condition of apple trees and
fruit in regard to fungous diseases, as throughout the Fraser Valley both had suffered severely
on this account, chiefly with the well-known black spot or scab of the fruit (Fusicladium
dendriticum).
" As with the plum orchards, here again we found very little spraying had been done, and
much of the loss may be attributed to neglect in this respect. A few varieties of apples and
pears are exempt, or partially so, from fungous diseases. Given in the order of ripening, these
are : Apples—Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Blenheim Orange, Ribston
Pippin, Lemon Pippin, and Salome. In pears, Beurre Boussock and Clairgeau are resistant to
fungus attacks. Amongst these, the Blenheim Orange apple ranked easily first both in foliage
and quality of fruit at the time of inspection, even under very adverse conditions. All the
above-mentioned apples and pears have the advantage of being good commercial varieties.
" In conclusion, after careful consideration of the entire question, both as regards plum
and apple orchards, for commercial purposes, where the question of cost of production is of
primary importance, we are of opinion that there should be a radical change in the varieties
grown, and therefore beg to recommend that all existing orchard trees of varieties known to
be subject to fungous diseases should be top-grafted to the more resistant kinds as quickly as
circumstances will permit, and that all future plantings, for commercial purposes, at least,
should be governed by the same principle."
Gooseberry  Mildew (Sphcerotheca mors-uvae).
This disease is so common throughout the Province, especially on the best English
varieties, that the cultivation of this fine fruit is all but neglected, so that any recommendation
calculated to remedy this evil is eagerly sought after by the cultivators of the gooseberry.
The following, taken from " American Gardening" of April, 1903, may prove of benefit:—
" The mildew disease of gooseberries acts as a deterrent to the more general cultivation
of this bush fruit, yet by attention to spraying the fungus can be controlled. The New York
Agricultural Experiment Station has made research into the matter and recommends potassium
sulphide solution. Almost without exception, potassium sulphide, in the stronger solution
used, 1 oz. to 2 gallons water, protected the fruit best. Considering all treatments with each
solution, whether applied early or late, this stronger sulphide solution reduced the percentage
of mildewed fruit to 18.3 per cent. ; a weaker solution, 1 oz. to 3 gals., to 33.4 percent.;
lysol, 1 oz. to 1 gal. water, to 35.1 per cent.; formalin, 1 oz. to 1 gal., to 46.2 per cent. ;
Bordeaux mixture to 50.9 per cent. ; while the check bushes showed 63.5 per cent, of spotted
fruit. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 175
Five Rules for Spraying.
(From " Ranch," Seattle.)
1. See to it that the best unslaked lime is used in preparing Bordeaux mixture; always
use the mixture as soon as made, being sure to get in sufficient lime water, and prove it by
the ferro-cyanide test.
2. Paris green is often adulterated by using material not poisonous ; see that it is composed of 75 per cent, arsenic by dissolving a sample in ammonia (98 degrees test). Ammonia
will dissolve the arsenic; the residue is useless for poison.
3. The best kerosine oil is safest. Use rainwater in preparation of emulsions. Use
" potash soaps " always.    Soak tobacco stems at least 24 hours before using in cold water.
Before using any preparation, try it on a small scale and permit a few hours' sunshine to
see that no injury is done the foliage, and that the ingredients are strong enough to "kill and
thus cure."
Poisons should be used every time the Bordeaux mixture is, as they can be applied safely
at the one cost of labour.
The formulas issued by the Department of Agriculture and by the experiment stations
are reliable; but I wish to insist on the importance of what I have noted above, and also to
call special attention to the application of insecticides and fungicides.
Many large manufacturing firms have provided excellent outfits. In buying a pump, be
sure to get one of sufficient power to produce a fine spray. Good work can only be done when
the liquids are applied in the form of a mist. A toilet atomiser would be, if large enough, an
ideal spraying apparatus.
Spraying should be done on a mild day, and never against the wind. Hold the nozzles
so as to moisten both the upper and under surface of the leaves, all of the branches and the
trunks to the ground.
I have observed that few who are in the habit of spraying are particular to soak
thoroughly the larger branches and trunks of the trees.
In short, let me give the following five rules for spraying :—
1. Use material known to be best.
2. Keep the pump and nozzles in perfect order.
3. Spray thoroughly or not at all.
4. Know why you spray, and do it in season.
5. Do not condemn spraying unless you have done your best and failed. A 176 Report on Agriculture, 1903
INSECT    PESTS.
Injurious insects have not been excessively numerous during the last year. Grasshoppers
were reported early in the year from points in the Upper Country, where in some instances
considerable injury was done. The asilid fly—a specimen of which I sent Dr. Fletcher, and
which he called Scleropogon helvius—was reported to have done good work near Vernon as an
enemy of the grasshoppers.
Cutworms were conspicuous by their absence; not a single specimen of Peridroma saucia
came under my personal notice. Other species were reported, but in no case in alarming
numbers.
Leaf hoppers were again very much in evidence on the large-leaved maple and alder,
especially in the vicinity of Nanaimo and northward. In some places about Cameron Lake
the alders looked as if they could never recover, so badly affected were they.
Aphides of various kinds were much in evidence. On Swedish turnips and cabbages they
were very bad in places, so much so that the production of that variety of turnip has almost
been abandoned where the aphis was particularly bad. Plums were generally badly affected
when spraying was neglected, and the same might be said of apples. Hops were not so much
affected as during the last few years.
Red spider (Tetranyclms telarius) caused great loss in some hop gardens, especially if
split poles are used. I have strongly condemned the use of these poles, on account of the
harbour afforded the insects under the loose bark and splinters, and have recommended the
use of wire instead. Some maples (Acer glabrum) in cultivation were badly affected, as were
European mountain ash growing in proximity.
Cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapw) seems to have spread all over the Province, and has become
a veritable plague to crucifers and mignonette. I have recommended in all cases the remedy
of Paris green and flour dusted over the plants.
Pear and cherry slug (Selandria cerasi) has been very bad, especially on cherry trees.
This insect seems to thrive equally well in wet and dry climates. Cherries at Lillooet and
other portions of the dry belt, I noticed during a recent visit, had all the tissue of their leaves
consumed.    This was also the case in other parts.
The larva of the ten-lined June bug (Polyphylla decemlineata) was reported by Mr.
Burchell, of Thetis Island, as doing great injury to potatoes and other root crops, as well as
to roots of other plants and shrubs. This insect has been a pest in the vicinity of Victoria
for several years past. It is a difficult one to contend with, and all I could recommend was
digging and turning in pigs and domestic fowls. The despised crow here comes in for a little
praiseworthy work.
Oyster shell bark louse (Mytilaspis pomorum) is very prevalent, and has been reported
from all parts in neglected orchards.
Woolly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera) seems in a great measure to have disappeared ; from
what cause I cannot say; possibly predaceous insect enemies.
Caterpillars (Glisiocampa Americana) were not as bad as usual. The fall webworm
(Hyphantria textor) was prevalent about Chilliwhack and in portions of the Upper Country.
Ellopia somniaria was not so bad as usual on the oak trees hereabouts, but bad at Saanich.
The peach and plum tree borer (JEgeria exitiosa) has been discovered in large numbers in
nursery stock from Ontario and the adjoining States, and large numbers of peach and plum
trees have in consequence been destroyed by direction of the Board of Horticulture.
Grasshoppers.
Remedies.
Mr. Leonard Norris, Government Agent, Vernon, writing under date of August llth,
says :—"I am sending you to-day, under separate cover, for identification, a specimen of an
insect secured by Mr. S. A. Muir in Vernon a day or two ago, which may be of value as an
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On this being referred to Dr. Fletcher, he replied as follows :—
" The large asilid fly mentioned as sent to you from Vernon for identification as a possible
exterminator of grasshoppers is Scleropogon helvius. I have never actually seen this insect
attacking grasshoppers, but have little, doubt that it would do so. It is not uncommon in the
Okanagan Valley, and I have specimens captured while devouring various kinds of insects.
The popular name for these asilid flies is bee-killers, or robber flies.    All are predaceous."
The best remedy thus far recommended is known as " The Criddle Mixture." It has been
given no stint of praise by Dr. Fletcher. In regard to it he says : " It has entirely replaced
the cumbersome and inadequate hopper-dozer." It is made up of the following:—One part
Paris green, 2 parts salt, 75 to 100 parts horse manure, by measure. Add enough water to
make soft without being sloppy. Scatter it about the fields in quantity according to the
number of grasshoppers. They will be attracted for 40 feet. It is most effective when fresh,
but will do excellent work when several weeks old, even after being washed by rain. In
certain instances cited by Dr. Fletcher, this remedy has been found very effective, and it is
considered much cheaper on the whole than trying to fight them by using the hopper-dozer.
Owing to its inexpensiveness,  it is certainly worthy of a trial where depredations are feared
from these pests.
Cutworms.
Remedies.
Dr. Fletcher recommends as follows :—
"Large numbers may be destroyed by placing between the rows of an infested crop, or at
a short distance apart on infested land, bundles of any succulent weed or other vegetation
which have been previously poisoned by dipping them into a strong mixture of Paris green
(two ounces to a pailful of water). The cutworms eat the poisoned plants, then bury themselves and die. In hot, dry weatber these bundles should be placed out, after sundown, and a
shingle may be laid on each to prevent fading. Thoroughly mix together in a dry state 50
pounds of bran and one pound of Paris green; then add water a little sweetened with sugar
until the whole is thoroughly wet, but not sloppy. This mixture is extremely attractive to
cut-worms, being preferred to plants in all the instances which have come under my notice.
It takes about ten pounds of this mixture to an acre of potatoes as ordinarily planted.
" I find that the best way to prepare this is to wet the bran with water slightly sweetened;
then dry this by mixing in more bran until the whole is apparently dry again, but, as a matter
of fact, there will be sufficient imperceptible moisture to make the poison adhere. When the
bran is perfectly dry, Paris green falls quickly to the bottom and is difficult to mix with the
bran."
This mixture should be placed in little heaps between the rows of plants. Paris green
being a deadly poison, care should be exercised to keep it out of the reach of children and
domestic animals.
Potato   Beetle (Chrysomela elegans).
Reported from Chilliwhack by C. Hawthorn, as follows :—
"I am sending you by to-day's mail something which looks to me like a potato bug; I
found them in my pit where I kept my potatoes last winter. Will you kindly oblige by
telling me what the insect is and what I had better do in the matter."
To which the following reply was made :—
" This beetle, although resembling the Colorado potato beetle, is not the identical insect,
but belongs to the same family, viz., Chrysomelidce, and is called Chrysomela elegans. This is
a very large family, and all the members, I believe, are leaf or root-eating, so that the obvious
remedy is poisoning, in the same manner that the Colorado beetle is poisoned, which is as
follows :—Spraying or dusting with some kind of arsenic, such as London purple, Paris green,
slug shot, etc. All of these take effect both upon the larvae and the beetles. London purple
or Paris green may be dusted or sprayed on with a perforated can or a powder gun or spraying
machine.    If used as a powder, the poison may well be diluted with several times its bulk of A 178
Report on Agriculture,
1903
plaster, finely sifted ashes or flour. In spraying, use six or seven ounces of London purple or
Paris green to fifty gallons of water. For this purpose London purple seems preferable, on
account of its cheapness and finely powdered condition. This application should be made as
soon as the beetles appear, in order to kill off the first brood, and it must be repeated as often
during the season as is necessary to keep the pests in check. It is better to use the arsenite
and Bordeaux Mixture combination, thus preventing both beetles and blight. By many
growers, handpicking of the beetles and eggs, especially early in the year, is resorted to, instead
of the use of poisons. This method is effective if thoroughly carried out. This remedy, of
course, applies to the plant when in leaf; if, however, they are in yrour potato pit, I should
think it would be an easy matter to collect most of them and destroy them. I suspect from
the appearance of your beetle that it is leaf-eating, so it would be well to watch your potatoes."
Grain  Weevil  (Calandra granaria).
Reported by Mr. W. M. Robson, Mayne Island, and described by him as " A bug in
flour." The following reply was sent:—" The insect in your flour is the common grain weevil
(Calandra granaria). Dr. Fletcher says flour cannot be fumigated with sulphur without
injury; therefore, sifting it through a very fine sieve is the best treatment.
" In grain they can easily be controlled by the use of bisulphide of carbon poured on the
grain in bins or other receptacles, covering with canvas or similar material to prevent the too
rapid escape of the fumes, which gradually permeate the entire mass of grain, killing everything in it. However, if the flour attacked is only a small quantity, I would recommend you
to destroy it, or scald it, and feed it to the fowls."
"Western Ten-Lined June Bug (Polyphylla decemlineata).
This insect has been repeatedly reported from different localities, and is such a pest that
I deem it best to give the following remedies :—
Saunders says :—
" It is very difficult to reach the larvae underground with any remedy other than digging
for them and destroying them. Hogs are very fond of them, and when turned into places
where the grubs are abundant will root up the ground and devour them in immense
quantities. They are likewise eaten by domestic fowls and insectivorous birds; crows,
especially, are so partial to them that they will often be seen following the plough, so as to
pick out these choice morsels from the freshly turned furrow.
" Trees infested with the beetles should be shaken early in the morning, when the insects
will fall and may be collected on sheets and killed by being thrown into scalding water.
Besides the cherry and plum, these insects feed on the Lombardy poplar and the oaks. On
account of the time the larvae takes to mature, the beetles are not often abundant during two
successive seasons."
Treat, another authority, says :—
" As many insects are not injurious in their perfect form, the June Bug has not generally
been regarded as harmful.    As it is a destructive feeder in its beetle state, it should be
destroyed, not only for the mischief it may do as a
beetle, but for the prevention of its progeny. Those
that enter the house should be caught and killed. In
each locality the insect is usually more numerous than
at other times once in three years. When the trees in
which they harbour are discovered, large numbers may
be destroyed by placing sheets beneath the trees, and
in early morning, when they are torpid, the beetles
may be shaken from the trees, gathered and destroyed.
As it is only in the perfect state that any effective war
can be waged against the white grub, every method
should be employed to kill as many beetles as possible.
That which promises to be most effective is to take
advantage of the fact that they are attracted by light 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 179
and to set traps for them. A simple form is to place a lamp in a tub, made by sawing a barrel
in half, in the bottom of which is a few inches of water. Several lanterns have been specially
devised which, by throwing a strong light, will attract the beetle. That shown in the illustration is a French design, modified by a distinguished American horticulturist. It consists
of a square glass lantern, at each side of which is a flaring tin reflector. At the lower side of
each reflector, near the glass, is a longitudinal opening. The lantern is set upon a cask or tub
in which there is some water. The insects, attracted by the light, fly towards it. and striking
the glass, fall downwards through the opening into the water. This has been found very
effective. It would be well, no doubt, to place upon the water a little kerosene, just a thin
film, enough to cover each insect as it fell in.
Black Vine Beetle (Otiorhyncus sulcatus).
Reported by Mr. Cowley, Fort street, Victoria, as attacking roots of primroses. Dr.
Fletcher says :—
" These larval are nearly full grown, and if kept in a close tin canister with some roots
of primroses they will probably attain full growth before long and the weevils will emerge
during June, or with you perhaps a little earlier. I doubt whether lime would have
very much effect in preventing these grubs from injuring plants, but possibly kainit might do
so. For primulas in greenhouses the best plan doubtless would be to shake out the earth and
re-pot them, and with primulas in gardens possibly this might answer, as well also in the case
of choice or specially desirable plants."
This pest is also very destructive to strawberry plants, and is injurious in both its larval
and perfect stages. The only remedy which can be suggested for this beetle, as yet, is the
planting of strawberries in new ground and frequent renewal of the beds, the worst injuries
being done to old plants.
Rose  Caterpillar (probably Caccecia rosaceana).
Reported as injuring rosebuds about Victoria. Remedies recommended :—By the prompt
use of white hellebore the insect may be subdued with but little time and trouble and the crop
saved. Some papers speak of the use of hellebore, and it is necessary to specify white hellebore (Veratrum album), which is an entirely different drug from the black hellebore (Helleborus
niger). The powdered root, as sold at the drug stores, is of a light greenish colour and excites
violent sneezing when taken into the nostrils; hence care should be observed in handling it.
The powder may be sprinkled upon the bushes by means of a tin sifter, but this is often
attended by unpleasant sneezing, and is not so economical or effective as to apply it mixed
with water. Place a heaping teaspoonful of the powder in a bowl or other dish holding a
quart or more ; gradually add boiling water, stirring to make sure that the powder is thoroughly
wetted ; then add more water, stirring it until a quart more or less has been added. Turn
this mixture into a pailful of cold water; stir well and apply by the use of any garden syringe
or hand-engine, or a watering pot may be used. The object should be to wet every leaf;
hence, much force is not needed. In a few days, if any worms are found to have escaped, the
application should be repeated ; rarely more than two doses are necessary.
Pea  Weevil (Bruchus pisi.)
Mr. W. H. Lewis, of Central Park, reported as follows :—
" I wish to call the attention of your Department to the fact that vegetable seeds are
being sent to this Province infected with insect pests. Two years ago I got an invoice of seed
from Toronto, and peas were alive with weevil and turnip seed with turnip fly. I wrote about
it and the seed was replaced, but this spring I bought weevily peas from D. S. Curtis, of New
Westminster, who sells seeds from Toronto. The weevils in the last case were dead and the
peas were possibly fumigated before they were shipped here, but the peas with weevil holes
bored in them were sold for seed. Weevily peas will germinate but make a poor growth, and
should not be sold for seed.    I have seen a great deal of weevil in California and regard it one A 180 Report on Agriculture, 1903
of the worst pests of agriculture. I boldly make the claim that seeds of all kinds should be
fumigated by the Government in much the same manner as is done by the Horticultural
Board."
On the matter being referred to the sellers of the seed, the following answer was received :
" We sincerely regret to hear the report you have received from a correspondent recently,
and we assure you that our utmost is being done to prevent the spread of pea weevil or the
sending out of peas that contain weevil. You have no idea of the enormous difficulties in the
way of entirely overcoming the weevil. That the weevil is dead and that the peas are fumigated before leaving our establishment is true. Recently we have made special arrangements
to so sort out our stocks of peas as to make it impossible for weevil-eaten peas to be sent out
in future,  that is, as far as human oversight can make it so."
The ravages of this insect are but too well known to all Eastern men. Happily, it is not
known in the West, and, therefore, many are not acquainted with the insect and the enormous
injury it causes to peas. For that reason I would recommend that the greatest care be
exercised in buying seed peas from the East, and if the least sign of holes in the peas appear
they should be promptly rejected. The sellers may say that the weevils are dead and that the
peas will grow. That may be so, but weevily peas, as Mr. Lewis observes, make a very poor
growth, even if they germinate.
Eugonia Californiea
Is the name of a handsome butterfly, red, with black markings on the margin of the wings,
with a few black spots, the larvse of which was reported by Mr. Wm. J. Devitt, Provincial
constable at Trail, as doing great injury to some plants, as follows :—
"I have the honour to report for your information that a vast army of caterpillars is
marching across the country, similar to the huge army seen near Dog Creek, W'alla Walla.
They are consuming buck brush and weeds at a great rate. No great damage yet done to
crops; they are forming into the butterfly rapidly, many in the chrysalis, and the air in Trail
is literally darkened with them."
To which the following reply was sent:—
" The butterflies you sent are called Eugonia Californiea, similar to the British tortoise
butterfly. I believe that it occasionally occurs in huge numbers, as you describe, but the
injury done is but slight, so I do not think the invasion alarming."
Raspberry    Root-Borer   (Bembicia  marginata).
From Observations by T. A. Le Page,  107, Moss Street, Victoria.
In June of the present year, noticing that all the leaves of some single raspberry canes
had suddenly turned brown and the fruit withered away, I suspected the presence of the raspberry root-borer, and started to investigate. On cutting the affected cane from its root, I
found the pith eaten for about six inches up the stem, and in the hollow thus formed I found
a large dark brown pupos; I cut more of the canes with the same result.
I gave one or two of the grubs to Mr. J. R. Anderson, and a few days ago he showed me
the fly he has hatched from one of them, almost as large as a wasp, with very similar abdominal markings and very yellow legs, easy to recognise as it flys about, if you know it and are
watching for it; otherwise it would be easily mistaken for a wasp.
About the middle of August, after having gathered a much reduced crop, I cut out all
the old canes, broke off the decayed stumps of previous year's canes, then with a small hand
fork and trowel I scraped all the earth and dead leaves, etc., from the centre, and then away
from all around the clump, leaving the roots standing out of the ground for about an inch
quite bare. After gathering together the debris I burned it, and dosed the clumps well with
air-slacked lime.
The first thing I noticed on starting to clean up was that several of the old stumps were
hollow, the pith all gone; and moreover, on breaking them off, a round hole leading out at the
bottom would be found ; then around some I noticed what looked to me like snuff; afterwards
I found that wherever you see that snuff you will find a young cane of this year's growth will 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 181
break away easily. Turn the stem up and you will find a hole in the centre, leading up in
some instances almost an inch already, and on opening the cane you will find a large white
grub, eating the pith and exuding this brown snuff, which betrays him to the investigator.
I have come to the conclusion that the egg is laid in July, sometimes in the hollow of an
old cane, or, if there is none convenient, right down between an old cane and a young one.
As soon as the egg hatches the larva commences to eat its way down into the root, then turns
and bores up into the young succulent cane, where it remains all the fall, winter and spring,
changing during that time from the white grub into the dark brown pupse, the latter eating
its way out of the cane about 4 or 5 inches from the ground, about the latter part of June or
early in July. On one of my last year's stems I found the shell of the chrysalis complete, left
sticking half-way out of the hole, just as the insect left it for its first flight.
It seems to me this pest should be easily exterminated, for after having gone through the
plantation in August as 1 have indicated, if any infected canes have been overlooked, their
drooping and withered appearance in the early part of the fruiting season will betray them,
when they can be cut off, the stem opened, and the chrysalis secured. At the same time, as
an extra precautionary measure, I intend next year to cut off all the young shoots from the
present clumps, and allowing others to grow beside them for the crop of the following year ;
then in the fall the old clumps can be taken bodily, roots and stems, and burnt at once. In
that way the plantation will be entirely renewed without any loss of time.
Onion Maggot (Phorbia ceparum),
Has been reported as doing great damage to the onion crops in the vicinity of Victoria.
Specimens of the maggot sent to the Department were bred and proved to be the true onion
maggot.    Weed says of it:—
" The onion maggot is closely related to the cabbage maggot, to which it is similar in life
and habits. The adult is a two-winged fly which deposits its small white eggs on the bulbs or
lower leaves of the young plants. About a week later the eggs hatch into young larvse that bore
into the bulbs, absorbing the succulent substance. When one bulb is consumed they pass on
to another. The full grown larvse are nearly half an inch long, of a dull white colour, and
pointed at the mouth or front end. They complete their larval growth in about two weeks
and then leave the onions and enter the surrounding earth, where they change to the pupal
state within brown puparia.    A fortnight later the flies emerge to lay eggs for another brood."
Remedies.
Prof. Cook states that the most practical method of preventing the injuries of this insect
is to change the position of the onion bed every year, putting it each time at some distance
from where it was the preceding year. Wherever the conditions are such that this can be
done, this is probably the best preventive measure. Miss Ormerod reports that in England if
the bulbs are kept covered with earth they are not attacked by the maggots. Mr. J. H.
Gregory says that the best remedy is a "hen and chickens." Allowing a couple of broods to
an acre, confine the hen in a small coop near the middle of the piece and give the chickens
free exit. They will soon learn to catch the fly while in the act of laying the egg which
produces the maggot. ANIMAL    AND    BIRD    PESTS.
Amongst those which have been reported are wild horses, coyotes, wolves, panthers,
bears, field voles, hawks, crows, blue jays.
Wild Horses.
This vexed question is as unsettled as ever, and there seems to be no diminution in the
numbers of these worse than worthless animals. The provisions of the " Wild Horse Act," a
synopsis of which is given under " Agricultural Legislation," has had no apparent effect in
reducing their numbers, and it is evident that something of a much more drastic nature is
required. Enquiries instituted by the Department elicited a number of replies from those
interested, the concensus of opinion being that the pest is intolerable, the provisions of the
present Act inadequate, and the measures required for the abatement of the nuisance to be of
a drastic character.
The Hon. C. F. Cornwall, Ashcroft, says :—
" I think the matter, if taken in hand by the Government, will require determined and
drastic legislation, but the result would be to the general advantage of the whole of the people
of the different districts concerned, although it might clash with the views and interests of a
few. I think it should first be enacted that everyone owning horses which usually or at any
time run on the public lands within the districts concerned should (say) during the months of
March, April and May (or until the wild horse hunting operations for the year are concluded),
have such animals under control and in their actual possession upon their own premises or
within their own fenced enclosures (this for their own protection, as will afterwards be seen).
If they fail in so doing, the penalty would be the possible destruction of such animals under
the authority of the Government, whether branded or not."
Mr. Thos. Ellis, of Penticton, says :—
" As to the wild horse pest, it ought to be entirely stamped out. Killing the stallions
will never do this; the whole bands ought to be exterminated. The only way 1 see to do this
would be to pass a law that, should anyone report a band of horses as a nuisance to the
Stipendiary Magistrate of the District, he can put up notices, ordering the owner thereof, if
any, to corral the said horses and have the bands examined; or, if they cannot be corralled,
give an order that they may be shot."
Mr. C. Phair, Government Agent, Lillooet, says :—
" There are large numbers of wild horses in the District of Lillooet, principally on the
ranges from High Bar to Canoe Creek. These horses are as wild as deer and go in bands of
about 25 each." They destroy a great deal of pasture, in addition to what they eat. The
section of the " Wild Horse Act" might be amended to read : " It shall be lawful for any
person licensed by the Government to shoot or otherwise destroy any wild stallion which may
be running at large upon the public lands."
Coyotes.
The coyote does not appear to the westward of the Coast Range, but to the eastward it is
an intolerable nuisance to breeders of sheep and poultry, so much so that those industries are
rendered unprofitable in that section of the Province. The remedy seems hard to find. It is
admitted that the bounty of $2 per head is ample, yet in spite of that inducement there seems
to be no perceptible diminution in the numbers of these pests. Being a most cunning animal,
poisoning is of little avail. Hunting them with dogs is effective if the proper dogs are used,
and where the character of the country lends itself to this amusement. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 183
"Wolves.
Wolves are not nearly as  destructive as the last-mentioned animal,  and it is conceded
that the bounty on them might be reduced and added to coyotes.
Panthers.
Panthers, or more properly cougars, are worst on Vancouver Island, where they carry off
a good many sheep in the outlying settlements. Of late they have also unaccountably
increased in parts of the Upper Mainland. The bounty on these animals appears to be
satisfactory.
Crows.
Amongst the bird pests the crow easily occupies first place, and apparently with good
reason. Nevertheless, although ubiquitous, they are not everywhere mischievous. In the
orchards of the outlying islands and in those of the Lower Fraser they certainly commit great
havoc. They usually begin operations about daylight, taking advantage of an hour when
most people are enjoying a sound sleep. The damage they inflict consists not only in the
amount they consume, but in the quantity they destroy by pecking holes in the fruit. Mr.
W. E. Scott, member of the Board of Horticulture, brought up the question at a meeting of
the Board, in the following words :—
" That it was the worst pest he had to contend with, and that the losses entailed by this
pest fully justified the Board in adopting some plan of wholesale poisoning. He recommended
that an appropriation be made for the purpose of experimenting, by placing poison on some of
the uninhabited islands of the Gulf."
The Board, therefore, appropriated the sum of $20 to be used for experimental purposes
in the direction indicated by Mr. Scott. At a subsequent meeting Mr. Scott reported that
the plan had been only partially successful, and that whilst many had been poisoned their
numbers did not seem to have sensibly decreased. A further report, in the shape of a petition
from the residents of Howe Sound, was received, which read as follows :—
" To the Hon. the Minister of Finance and Agriculture
of the Province of British Columbia :
" The undersigned petitioners, residents and taxpayers of Howe Sound, Biding of Richmond, respectfully represent that the crow pest has become an intolerable loss and nuisance,
and we request that the Government will take some steps to alleviate the hardships to which
the settlers of this part of the Riding are subjected through the incursions of this omniverous
pest. They are always with us, but increase in number in the spring, as soon as the fruit
begins to form, and remain enjoying their varied feast until the winter pear is picked. For
eighteen hours a day, during the fruit season, the crow is constantly in evidence; twenty-five
of them, in five minutes, will destroy the season's crop of a large tree.
" Now, we humbly request that the Government will offer a bounty of ten cents per caput
for a period of not less than six months. This will stimulate a general crusade against them
and may rid us of the pest for a few years.
" In conclusion, relief we must have, else fruit-growing must be abandoned, for it will
require a company of sharpshooters to protect a ten-acre orchard.
" And we, your petitioners, fully believe that such action on your part would be in favour
of the best interests of the residents of Howe Sound, and would be in complete accord with
the will of the majority of its residents.
" And your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray, etc., etc."
On this petition being brought up before the Board of Horticulture, the following
resolution was adopted :—
" That whereas the Board of Horticulture has been appealed to repeatedly by sufferers
from the depredations of crows, which have rendered profitable fruit-growing in many sections
of this Province practically impossible, and in response to a petition from settlers on Howe
Sound now before the Board : Be it, therefore, Resolved, That this Board respectfully recom- A 184 Report on Agriculture, 1903
mends the Government to take into favourable consideration the plan of offering a bounty for
the destruction of crows, at such rate as may be found to be sufficient, after careful investigation shall have been made by competent persons, and that notice of the intention of the
Government to deal with this important question be published immediately, for the information
and encouragement of settlers generally.
"Resolved, That Vancouver City Council be and is hereby earnestly requested to co-operate with the Government and this Board in dealing with this serious evil."
And there the matter for the present rests.
Blue Jays
Have been reported time and again as being exceedingly mischievous, and asking that a
bounty be placed on them, as a means devised for the abatement of the nuisance. Mr. A. W.
Peen, of Mission, has repeatedly complained of the depredations of this bird, and in one of his
last communications says :—
" I am sending you by this mail an apple showing how the blue jays serve my crop each
year. Now, what is the use of one going to the expense for a number of years to procure good
fruit and then to have the same ruined yearly in this manner, and all because the Government
will not go to the small outlay necessary to suppress this pest; probably not more than one or
two hundred dollars a year would be needed. If you would show this apple as an object
lesson, probably some good may result. One of these birds will get into a small tree and spoil
the whole crop in a very few minutes. Theyr have even started on my winter apples, that are
as hard as wood. As you are aware, once the skin is broken, rot sets in and the fruit is
ruined."
Whilst admitting that the blue jay commits great depredations in orchards and gardens,
I have not felt that I had sufficient evidence before me to recommend so drastic a measure as
their extermination, and I therefore asked the Board of Horticulture to give an expression of
opinion, and the following resolution was adopted :—
"That the evidence adduced by the members of the Board is not in their opinion of a
sufficiently conclusive character to justify them in recommending to the Government that a
bounty should be placed for the destruction of the blue jay, as requested by Mr. Peen."
In communicating this resolution to Mr. Peen, I said :—
" One of the members who has a large orchard on Salt Spring Island said he was greatly
troubled some time ago by this pest, but that he has entirely got rid of it by the following
plan :—Cut a large potato in two, lengthwise is best; sprinkle the cut side with strychnine;
score with a knife so as to allow the poison to penetrate, and then nail, cut side up, on the top
of a post out of the reach of domestic animals. He feels sure that if you adopt this simple
plan you will have no further trouble." 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 185
WEEDS    AND   POISONOUS    PLANTS.
Amongst the most prominent which have been reported are the following:—
Canada Thistle (Cnicus arvensis)
Is certainly increasing in all parts of the Province, in spite of the provisions of the Thistle
Act, reference to which is made in my general report to the Minister at page 13 of this report.
It will be seen that other measures will have to be adopted, the provisions of the present Act
being certainly ineffective. It may be stated for the benefit of those who are honestly trying
to keep the pest down, that constant cultivation is the best remedy. Cutting the plants down
and never allowing a green leaf to remain will surely kill the plant in time, as no plant, however
vigorous, can withstand such treatment. The complaint is often made that neighbours allow
their plants to go to seed, which naturally infests all surrounding property; therefore, what is
the use of any one person attempting to keep free of the weed. Granted that such complaints
are only too true, but it must be remembered that a seedling Canada thistle is not more difficult
to eradicate than any other plant; it is only after the root stock has developed and has attained
a firm hold that the pernicious weed is really difficult to eradicate. It may also be mentioned
that the Canada thistle is not such a free producer of seeds as many people imagine ; frequently
the absence of the flowers of one or the other of the sexes renders the seed infertile. Nevertheless, there is no disguising the fact that it is a very bad weed and that it produces many
more seeds than is desirable.
Wild Mustard (Brassica sinapistrum)
Is possibly more wide spread in its distribution than the Canada thistle, and is possibly
the cause of even greater loss to the farmer. Being an annual, however, very conspicuous by
reason of its bright yellow flowers, and the seed not having any power to fly about, as in the
case of thistles, there does not appear to be the same excuse for its prevalence. Being an
annual, the usual methods recommended for the eradication of such weeds hold good in the
case of wild mustard. Unfortunately, however, the seed has such vitality, owing to an essentia
oil it contains, that it may remain in the soil, when buried deeply, for an indefinite period, and
germinate when conditions are favourable ; so that, although it will eventually succumb to the
treatment of constant cultivation which is so successfully practised for annual weeds, the process
of extermination is much slower and more troublesome, and, therefore, other methods are and
have been recommended. Spraying with a solution of sulphate of copper has been found to
be most effective, if properly applied, as set forth in Bulletin No. 11 of this Department, copies
of which can be had on application. Nevertheless, the usual methods of eradication recommended for all annuals should not be neglected.
The following is recommended by Prof. Harrison, Ontario Agricultural College :—
" Owing to the great vitality of the seed, mustard is a very hard weed to eradicate. The
seeds, once in the ground, live for years and continue to germinate as they are brought near
the surface. Hence, it takes patience, a great deal of labour, and a long time to get rid of the
weed when it once gets possession of the land. When present only in small amounts, hand-
pulling is the best method, provided the pulling is done before seeds are formed ; and as persons
pulling in a hurry cannot wait to examine for seed, it is best to put the weeds, as they are
pulled in bundles, where they can be burned when dry. When fields are overrun with the
weed, it is best to proceed as follows :—Harrow stubble ground early after harvest, or gang-
plough and harrow. As soon as the weeds have had time to sprout, cultivate thoroughly,
repeat cultivation at intervals, and rib up with a double mould board plough the last thing in
the fall. Put in a hoed crop, either roots or corn, the following spring and cultivate it thoroughly throughout the growing season. Cultivate and harrow well two or three times after
roots or corn, having first run the plough along each row of corn roots to cut the roots and
turn them up, and rib up before the frost.    (If the plough is used after corn or roots it is A 186 Report on Agriculture, 1903
likely to bring more seed to the surface.) Sow a crop of grain the following spring and seed
with clover. Pull weeds by hand out of the grain crop ; take a crop or two of hay or pasture;
plough the clover sod shallow, not more than four inches, early after harvest, say the 1st to the
15th August, and harrow at once. Let it stand a couple of weeks, then cultivate the same as
it was ploughed, two or three inches deep, with a spring tooth cultivator. After a while, cross
cultivate a little deeper. If possible, cultivate a third or a fourth time, going a little deeper
each time; then if you can manage to do so rib it up with a double mould board plough, as
you would for a crop of turnips. When this is done, the available plant food (clover, roots,
etc.) is preserved in the centre of the drills, the water runs off early in the spring, and the drills
can be levelled with the cultivator and harrow either for spring grain or hoed crops. This
method will not only clean land but will greatly enrich it.
Water Hemlock (Cicuta sp.)
Of which there are several varieties growing in this Province—all, I believe, equally
poisonous—have proved fatal in manyr authenticated instances to cattle. Great difficulty is
experienced in obtaining reliable information as to the poisoning of animals. Most people, in
reporting cases, omit to note facts which are obviously necessary in arriving at conclusions.
Securing the contents of the stomachs is also neglected in most cases, a most serious omission,
which I cannot too strongly condemn. Most cases of poisoning, in fact, I may say, all cases,
occur in the early spring at a time when cattle emerging from a long winter, in many cases
not in the best of condition, and possibly sometimes without a sufficiency of food, a.nd in all
cases longing for green food, bite at the young green leaves just appearing in the soft mud on
the margins of lakes and swamps, when the plant, roots and all, comes up and is devoured.
In all cases the root at that period is higbly poisonous, and to animals in an emaciated
condition, naturally, in a much greater degree. Places where this plant grows should be
fenced off or the roots should be carefully dug up and destroyed. Later on, when there is
plenty of green food and the cattle are in good condition, the danger may be said to have
passed. It is said that the quantity of poison in the leaves and stems is comparatively small,
so that well nourished animals do not feel the effects.
The following reports were well authenticated :
Mr. H. R. Phillips, of Mount Lehman -.—
" I have sent you to-day a weed we found growing in a swamp in my place. Some say it
is wild parsnip, and some say it is not. I have compared it with wild hemlock, described in
the Sixth Report, and have doubts myself whether it is or not, so thought I would ask your
opinion."
To which the following reply was sent:—
"This specimen is undoubtedly that of water hemlock, but which particular kind it is (as
there are several) it is hard to say from the small specimen sent. They are, however, all
equally poisonous, and if you have swamps about your place where they are growing, either
keep your cattle away or have the plants dug up and destroyed. Send me one or two larger
specimens, from which I can grow plants, when you have an opportunity."
Mr. B. Vance, of Agassiz :—
" I had a cow tethered on the edge of a clover field that died from poisoning. Along the
fence was growing the stalks which I enclose. Will you kindly let me know if this is poison ;
she ate part of this same plant. Some say that the root is poison, and also when coming in
bloom, the bloom contains the poison."
Reply :—" The plant is unmistakably one of the water hemlock (genus cicuta), the roots
of which are unquestionably highly poisonous to animal life. See page 194 et seq., Sixth
Report of this Department. On page 196 you will see that animals may be killed by eating
the young stems. I, therefore, have no doubt from what you say that your cow has been
killed through this agency, although I wonder that you, as a butcher, and being fully
acquainted with the anatomy of cows, should not have secured the contents of the first
stomach when they were fresh and sent them to me." 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 187
DISEASES OF ANIMALS.
Diseases of animals have not been prevalent; tuberculosis and other similar diseases being
apparently on the decline. The responsibility of the Dominion Government as regards diseases
of animals has always been an unsettled question, and I addressed several communications to
the late Dominion Chief Veterinarian, asking him to give some definite answer as to the
Dominion Government's responsibility in cases of diseases of animals, viz :—
The responsibility the Dominion Government assumes as to inspections ;
The responsibility of the Dominion Government as to testing with tuberculin, mallein,
black leg vaccine, etc.;
The responsibility as to compensation to owners for animals destroyed;
Names of the Dominion veterinary officers to carry out the provisions of the law in this
Province, their addresses, and how their services are called into requisition;
Does the Dominion Government pay all the expenses attached to testing, destruction (if
necessary), and disposition of infected animals 1
How far do the duties of Dominion veterinary officers extend ? For instance—inspection
of byres, pig-pens, premises generally, methods of milking, etc.
Several other communications passed, but nothing of a definite character was arranged
until I visited Ottawa in December, when in a conference with the newly appointed Cbief
Inspector, Dr. J. G. Rutherford, V. S., he informed me that his Department was about to be
reconstructed, new appointments made, and some necessary amendments made to the Act,
after which he hoped that the relations between the Dominion and Provincial Governments
would be clearly defined. Dr. A. G. Hopkins, V. S., the Chief Dominion Inspector in this
Province, has since been appointed, and has undertaken the duty of looking after several
matters previously undertaken by the Provincial Inspectors—notably hog cholera, and inspection of imported sheep for scab—thus relieving the Province of the expense attendant on such
matters.
In cases where animals are slaughtered, the Dominion Government indemnifies the owners
of pigs actually diseased to the extent of one-third their value before they became diseased.
For animals in contact, the compensation is three-quarters of their value. Every pig on the
farm must be killed and the premises thoroughly disinfected before an Inspector can issue an
indemnity certificate, which must be accompanied by certificates of satisfactory disinfection;
thereafter the Minister will order the removal of the quarantine.
Fistulous Withers.
Reports received from the Upper Country relating to a disease amongst horses of an
apparently contagious nature, from Mr. R. C. Cotton, of Chilcotin, and Mr. Claude R. Wilson,
of Hanceville, as follows :—
Mr. R. C. Cotton :--"There is prevailing through this district, a disease amongst the horses;
we call it fistulous withers, but I am sure it is not that at all. In nature it is a big swelling on
either or both sides of the withers in part of the bone; when opened, matter of the worst kind
flows freely; in the flesh are small sacks and pipes running in all directions also what I
presume are eggs. This disease is, I think, very catching and almost incurable, unless a
veterinary surgeon was sent up here to examine the horses. I have now five horses with it,
and have shot one. Mr. Davies has two horses with it; also Mr. Ross one—both ranchers
here—and quite a number of wild horses have it. I have also noticed it (the identical
disease) this spring on a cow. 1 thought that by writing to you you would be in a position to
help us here by sending a veterinary to examine horses and to prevent a spread of the disease."
Mr. C. R. Wilson:—" I wish to call your attention to the disease on horses' necks close to
the withers, which is very prevalent in Chilcotin. It is getting quite serious. I think a
veterinary surgeon ought to be sent up to investigate it, to see whether it is contagious or not. A 188 Report on Agriculture, 1903
It looks as if it were caused by a parasite. Mr. Cotton, of Risky Creek, has six horses with
it, and there are a lot of others.    I hope you will see your way to do something about this."
These reports were of a similar nature to that previously received from Mr. E. A. Carew-
Gibson, of the 150-Mile House, on which occasion Dr. Johnson Gibbins, Inspector of Diseases
of Animals, was directed to investigate, and who then pronounced the disease to be " fistulous
withers." On receipt of this second report, Dr. Gibbins, by order of the Hon. the Minister of
Agriculture, was again directed to investigate, with the following instructions :—
" As this is apparently a very serious disease, you will please exercise all the judgment
possible in dealing with it, and possibly you had better visit the other ranches around, where
the disease is reported. This latter course, however, may not be necessary, as one inspection
may answer for the whole. Mr. Prentice says that you are not to hesitate to condemn any of
the affected horses at the Gang Ranche, if, in your opinion, the disease is of a contagious
nature, and such a drastic course is necessary for the purpose of arresting it."
Dr. Gibbins reported as follows :—
" I made a thorough and lengthened investigation, taking in quite a wide field and seeing
numerous horses that were affected, making all and every enquiry I possibly could, operating
here and there, and I am still of the opinion that there is nothing contagious or infectious
connected therewith, and do still pronounce the malady to be "fistulous withers," and in every
and all cases to be cured by patience and perseverance with the proper remedies. I left
instructions in all cases as to its treatment, and am sure, if they will only follow it up, they
will effect a cure. I left orders for some pus to be sent down, sealed up, for a microscopic
examination "
Subsequently Mr. E. A. Carew-Gibson again wrote as follows : —
" I am most anxious to have the Provincial Inspector of Animals sent up here right away.
A bad case of the horse sickness about which I wrote you last year has appeared amongst my
own horses now, a horse which has not been used for 12 months I find is in very bad shape
indeed, its withers are about the size of my head, and this lumpy swelling has broken. I am
certain this disease is both very fatal and very catching. My horse has been doing absolutely
nothing except last year it was put in a hay rake for a few weeks; its withers were never at
any time injured by saddles, pack or riding, and no saddle injury has ever started this case.
The spread of this disease is most alarming and it is causing great loss, as it is impossible to
use any animals affected, and the disease seems to be getting more common every year. I am
satisfied that it is some new malady, and both a dangerous and spreading kind. Cannot you send
up the Inspector 1 He could get to this place in two days, and if he advises I will allow him to
destroy my animal, although I do not wish to lose more than I can help. I am quite afraid the
others will catch the disease, and unless something is done soon we shall all lose heavily. It is no
use sending any further description, as I have already mentioned the effect it has on a horse's
appearance. I would have wired you about this but thought a letter would be better ; there
are numberless other cases in Chilcotin and elsewhere and it is certainly a case for experienced
opinion, and the Government should take steps to prevent its spread. Mr. J. D. Prentice is
well aware how bad the disease is and I think would concur in the sending up of the Provincial Inspector, as you know I am not likely to cause undue alarm, but I am satisfied this
disease is something unusual and very contagious."
To which the following reply was sent:—
"As regards the disease amongst horses, the Inspector has just returned from a trip to
the Chilcotin country, whither he had been sent for the express purpose of investigating the
horse disease, and it, therefore, does not seem necessary to send him up again. I am asking
him to write you a full account of his opinion and the treatment he prescribes."
As there seemed to be a good deal of doubt regarding Dr. Gibbins' diagnosis of the
disease, it was considered expedient, later on, to obtain a second opinion, and Dr. R. Hamilton, M. R. C. V. S., was, therefore, directed to make an independent investigation, with the
following instructions :—
"The nature of the disease has been explained to you verbally, so there is no need to go
further into the question. You are, however, requested to make the fullest possible investigation, sparing no time or reasonable expense to accomplish the object for which your services
have been engaged by the Government, viz., a full and impartial report into the nature of the
disease and remedies suggested." HOPS,    SAANICH. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 189
The following is Dr. Hamilton's report :—
"Victoria, B. C, 30th July, 1902.
To the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture :
" Sir,—In accordance with your instructions, I beg to report that I have made an investigation of the outbreak of disease occurring amongst horses in the Chilcotin and Cariboo
Districts. Leaving Ashcroft on October 24th, I proceeded, by way of Clinton, reaching the
B. C. Ranching Company's ranch on Canoe Creek the following day. While at Canoe Creek
my attention was called to an outbreak of non-contagious abortion occurring amongst the
cattle, which I found to be due to the eating of ergotised rye, which grows in great abundance
along the irrigation ditches and sheltered spots where the cattle congregate during stormy
weather in winter and early spring. I then crossed the Fraser River, arriving at the Gang Ranch
the following day. During my stay there I found that about twenty horses had been affected
with fistulous withers, but all had made a complete recovery, no deaths having taken place
from the disease and no fresh cases having occurred since the previous spring. I had an
opportunity of observing the results of the disease in some of the animals that had been
affected. I also attended to some cases of Febra pyogenica, or strangles, which attacks horses
and colts during the fall and early spring, and I am informed that a number of animals are
lost annually from this disease, due to infiltration of pus and strangulation. In this disease,
if the affected animals were put into comfortable quarters and properly fed, in order to sustain
their strength, the mortality would be reduced to a minimum, but in animals that are exposed
the disease generally assumes a virulent form and often proved fatal.
" Strangles commences with the symptoms of a mild catarrh ; the animal is dull, has a
cough, and the breathing is somewhat laboured, and when swallowing a gurgling sound is
heard, owing to soreness of throat; there is great difficulty in swallowing, and some of the
water the animal is drinking will be returned through the nose. The horse stands with its
nose poked out and a little frothy saliva exudes from its mouth ; sooner or later a swelling
will appear between the jaws; the breathing now becomes very much laboured, almost
approaching strangulation, and a roaring sound is emitted. In the course of a few days the
inflammation relieves itself in the formation of pus, the swelling between the jaws commences
to point, and if not opened breaks of its own accord; after this takes place the animal is
much relieved.
" The treatment of strangles is very simple. In the early stages place the animal in a
warm, well-ventilated stable. If there is much fever present, give a few doses of nitrate of
potash in drinking water ; give hot bran mashes ; apply hot fomentations or poultices to throat
in order to bring the abscess to a head. If the swelling is tardy put on a fly blister, then
apply a hot poultice twenty-four hours afterwards. When abscess bursts, all that is necessary
is to keep part clean and encourage discharge, but in many cases no treatment is required
other than comfortable quarters and proper diet; but if animals are permitted to run at large
when the disease is in progress, fatalities are certain to occur.
" Leaving the Gang Ranch, I next visited Mr. Wilson's ranch, in the Chilcotin District.
I found Mr. Wilson's animals to be all free from disease. Crossing the Chilcotin River at
Hanceville, I visited Mr. Beaumont's ranch. I found that three of Mr. Beaumont's horses
had been affected with fistulous withers the previous spring, but all had made a good recovery,
no fresh cases having occurred. I then proceeded to Mr. Cotton's ranch, on the Chilcotin
River; there I found six horses affected with fistulous withers in different stages of the
disease, three of which I operated upon, and succeeded in securing some good specimens of
pus and diseased tissue from the affected withers. I also had an opportunity of making a
post-mortem examination of an aged mare affected with the disease, which Mr. Cotton wished
destroyed.
" Re-crossing the Fraser at Soda Creek, I visited Mr. P. C. Dunlevy's, and from thence to
the 150-Mile House, where I made an examination of two cows suffering from actinomycosis,
or lump jaw, and as they were in an advanced stage of the disease, I advised that they be
slaughtered. I then proceeded down the Cariboo Road, calling at various ranches on the way.
Upwards of 200 horses, young and old, have been affected with fistulous withers in the
different districts.
" History of Outbreak of Fistulous Withers Amongst Horses.
" From information received from the various stock-owners and Indians, it would appear
that, previous to the year 1896, fistulous withers in the Chilcotin and Cariboo Districts was A 190 Report on Agriculture, 1903
practically unknown, excepting a few isolated cases occurring amongst pack and saddle
animals, due to injury from the harness. During the spring of 1896 and 1897 the disease
made its appearance amongst the range horses, attacking animals of all ages ; even the young
colts were not exempt from its ravages. My attention was directed to one case in particular
in which a mare became affected with the disease, and subsequently her daughter and granddaughter fell victims to the malady.
" Symptoms.
" The symptoms presented by the affected animals and post-mortem appearances are
analagous to those of ordinary fistulous withers met with in practice, caused by blows, bruises,
bites from horses, and pressure from badly fitting harness, etc. The affected animals, during
the primary stages of the disease, appear somewhat stiff in their gait, and if close examination
be made a swelling will be detected on one or both sides of withers, which gradually increases
in size until it has attained the size of an ordinary cheese plate. In the primary stages the
swelling is hard and almost insensible to the touch. As the disease progresses the swelling
enlarges and becomes soft, and if not opened by the knife will break of its own accord and
discharge great quantities of pus, tinged with blood, which adheres to the shoulder and leg,
causing the hair to fall off. In some cases the wound heals up in a few weeks, only to break
out at a different place. Sometimes the suppuration extends to the spinous processess of the
withers, causing necrosis and sloughing of the bone. In this case suppuration is slow, and
during the process new pockets are formed and fresh structures become involved. When
finally recovery does take place, a large depression is left over the region of the withers, which
remains as a permanent blemish, considerably detracting from the appearance and market
value of the animal. In one case which came under my observation I found that the
suppurative process had extended down underneath the shoulder blade, making direct treatment an impossibility, and the chances of recovery exceedingly remote.
" Eteology or cause of Fistulous Withers.
" In some of the animals that I examined I could trace extrinsic causes, viz. : injury
to withers from badly fitting pack and riding saddles ; others I traced to injury to withers
coming into violent contact with the ground during the process of lasooing and choking the
animal down ; but the disease, in the majority of the affected animals, is, in my opinion, due to
bacterial origin, which can only be determined beyond a shadow of doubt by a bacteriological
examination. On my return to Victoria I conducted a series of experiments with some of the
serum that I secured from the affected animals on Mr. Cotton's ranch, in order to determine
whether the disease could be conveyed from the diseased to the healthy animal by inoculation.
For this purpose I purchased a pony in good health and inoculated some of the serum under
the skin in the region of the withers, observing all antiseptic precautions. In about six days
a swelling was produced identical with that of the affected animals, undergoing the same
process of development and pathological changes observed amongst the diseased animals in the
affected districts. I then vaccinated the same pony with some of the serum on the other side
of withers, by scarifying the part and rubbing in the serum with a glass rod, with this result:
a swelling was produced exactly similar to that in the former experiment.
" I also forwarded some of the serum and pus to the Agricultural Department at Ottawa
for bacteriological examination; but I regret to say that the results have not only been very disappointing, but extremely unsatisfactory, inasmuch that no reply was received to my letter until
seven months had elapsed, and in reviewing the correspondence on the subject between the
Agricultural Department here and that of Ottawa, I have come to the conclusion that my letter
and specimens have either been lost or have escaped their memory for some considerable time.
" Treatment of Fistulous Withers.
" Regarding treatment, I would advise, in the first place, that all affected animals be
isolated from the healthy and placed in a corral or pasture, conveniently situated, so that they
can be attended to every day; make a deep incision with a sharp knife near the lower part of
the swelling so as to give good drainage to the pus ; remove all diseased structures, then
syringe sinuses with antiseptic washes twice a day; keep parts clean; afterwards apply a strong
cantharides blister over the region of withers, and repeat in about two weeks, if necessary.
" All of which is respectfully submitted.
a   I     ri Jl Vf*     (*T f1
"Robt. Hamilton, M.R.C.V.S." 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 191
Mr. William Adams, of Soda Creek, subsequently made another report regarding this
disease, through Mr. S. A. Rogers, M. P. P., as follows :—
" There is a disease amongst the horses running on the ranges up here, and which is likely
to cause great loss if prompt and drastic measures are not taken to stamp it out. Mr. Hamilton, V. S., of Victoria, pronounces it fistula. It attacks the withers of the horse and great
and painful suppuration takes place, partially healing and breaking out again. It seems to be
contagious, as tbere have been numerous new cases of it this spring. I would suggest that an
amendment be made to the Act respecting contagious diseases in animals, so that any animal
found running on the range with this disease could be killed. Those who have tried to cure this
disease have found it almost a hopeless task. I have had three cases and have only been able to
effect a cure in one of them. I make the above suggestions owing to the fact that there are
always some who will act carelessly, and that if the killing of the animals is made legal people
will act for their own protection."
Mr. Adams was informed of the result of the investigations and given the prescribed
treatment.    He was also advised as follows :
" Provided the horses are not too wild and can be isolated, there does not seem to be any
necessity, judging from the reports made to this Department, to destroy them, as many
recover, although some are somewhat disfigured."
Purpura   Haemorrhagiea.
A report from Mr. W. J. Manery, of Keremeos, respecting a disease amongst his horses,
was referred to Dr. R. Hamilton, M. R. C. V. S., and Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. S., who, on Mr.
Manery's description of the disease, pronounced it to be as above. Dr. Tolmie, in consequence, wrote as follows :—
"Regarding the communication from Mr. W. J. Manery, of Keremeos, describing a
disease among the horses on his ranch, the symptoms described by him are distinctly those of
purpura hcemorrhagica, a disease frequently following in the wake of severe cases of influenza
or equine typhoid. Both of these diseases have shown themselves among the range horses in
the eastern part of this Province. I would advise Mr. Manery to immediately look to the
source of the water supply, and if that is not above suspicion to make a change for the better.
If admissable, a change of pasture for an extended period would be advisable. I would
recommend Mr. Manery be furnished with a bulletin on typhoid fever in horses, where he will
find full directions as to treatment, disinfection, etc., which will be applicable to his case."
Reported Tuberculosis.
Mr. F. Soues, Government Agent at Clinton, writes as follows :—
" I am credibly informed that there is an outbreak of disease, supposed to be tuberculosis,
among the cattle on the west side of the Fraser River, opposite Big Bar. I would suggest
that a qualified veterinary surgeon may be sent up to examine and take action in the matter.
The cattle of some ten or twelve settlers are affected."
To which the following reply was sent:—
" Whilst the Government is anxious to adopt prompt measures and to spare no expense
in dealing with well authenticated cases of diseases of animals, it appears to me that the
present instance is not sufficiently well verified to warrant the expense of sending up an
Inspector. Tuberculosis has never, in the experience of this Department, been known to
assume an epidemic form on any of the ranges of the Upper Country, in fact the only instances
that have occurred, to my knowledge, are a few isolated cases amongst the milch cows about
Kamloops. Under these circumstances, I think it would be well if you would make further
inquiries into the matter and report the manner in which cattle are affected, the number of
cattle and the owners, so that the Government will have something definite to go on."
Mr. Soues's reply :—
" In reference to cattle diseased on the west side of Fraser River, I have the honour to
inform you that I sent Constable McMillan to incvire into the matter.    He returned to-day A 192 Report on Agriculture, 1903
and informs me that there is disease of some kind amongst them.    The particulars are as
follows :—
Owner.
J. A. McLean....
B. O'Rourke	
No. of Cattle.
    130....
      12	
No. Affected.
     1	
    3	
    1 ;
16
How Affected.
Sick,   affected   by    bad
cough, eyes sunken, can
hardly   rise,   running at
the eyes and nose.
D.  McDonald
R.  Chisholm	
W. Madson	
      50....
      30... .
      50... .
      35   .. .
307
' Of course, he did not begin to see the whole of the cattle named as belonging to the
different owners. The whole of the cattle over there that he saw are in poor condition, as
compared with those on the east side of the river. There can be no reason for poverty at this
season of the year, the winter up to the present having been strangely mild, no snow there at
all and plenty of feed. The constable tells me that he was told that some of the animals have
died from the effects of the disease. I leave the matter now in your hands, whether to send a
qualified veterinary up or not."
To which the following answer was sent:—
" I delayed replying to this communication, pending inquiries I wished to make regarding
the symptoms which have manifested themselves on the affected cattle reported by you. From
all I can gather, although the symptoms resemble those of tuberculosis, the opinions of the
veterinarians I have consulted are that they are more likely to point to malignant catarrh.
" Is there anyone in the vicinity with a sufficient knowledge of such things to be able to
recognise tuberculosis on a post-mortem examination ? Any medical man could easily do so.
If one of the affected animals were killed, or if any died, an examination of the tubercules, if
any, would at once disclose the nature of the disease; or part of the lungs or liver or any
affected part might be sent to this Department and I could have them examined."
To this Mr. Soues replied as follows :—
" It is just possible that the disease amongst the cattle on the west side of the river is
" malignant catarrh." Since writing to you last, I have learned that the disease has been
more or less virulent there for several years past. Want of any reasonable care, starvation in
the winter from lack of food and water, inbreeding by little starved runts of bulls, and general
laziness and dirt on the part of the owners are bound to establish disease. I have written to
one of the alleged farmers to kill one badly affected animal and send me in a portion of the
lungs and liver, which I shall forward to you when received."
Abortion  of  Cows
Has been reported on many occasions. Much of it is no doubt due to ergotised rye grass
(Elymus condensatus), which grows to a great height in the alkali lands of the Upper Country.
The heads of this grass are almost invariably ergotised and sticking up above the snow as they
do, the cattle naturally eat them. This is the cause, it will be observed by Dr. Hamilton's
report, to which he attributes some of the abortion. Another cause is given by Mr. Philip
Parke, of Bonaparte, as follows :—
" As you are aware, we had a long winter and late spring; consequently, the cows were
poor at time of calving, were not properly fed, and abandoned their calves, which died.
Parties who had plenty of hay to feed and looked after their cows had no losses to speak of.
We did not suffer exceptional losses in this neighbourhood."
Mr. J. H. Gillespie, of the Gang Ranch, Chilcotin, writes as follows :—
" Although we have 2,000 breeding stock here, the number of cows which slip their calves
is very small, almost nothing. People are too anxious to get their cows off their ranches in
the early spring, and the driving of cows when poor, and heavy in calf, is very dangerous.
Overcrowding corrals is another fruitful cause; but last year, in this locality, it was the
slippery ground which was, in my opinion, responsible for a lot. It is impossible to pin it
down to any one cause, and a veterinary would have to visit each locality, and the result
of his deductions would only be of use in that locality."  3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 193
Other correspondents in the Upper Country report more or less loss of calves, but in no
case does it seem that it is of a contagious character. On the Lower Mainland and Island
some cases of contagious abortion were treated, as will be seen by the reports of the Inspectors
of Diseases of Animals.
Other Diseases of Animals
Reported were blackleg and ringworm amongst cattle, hog cholera and sheep scab, ticks
and fluke. All cases reported were duly attended by the Inspectors, as will be seen by their
reports, or by the Dominion Inspectors.    The remedies prescribed for ticks are as follows :—
Milk Emidsion.—To one part milk add two parts kerosene, and churn by a force pump or
other agitator. The creamy emulsion which results is to be diluted with water, using eight
or ten times the bulk of water.
Soap Emulsion.—Dissolve one-half pound hard soap in one gallon of hot water, and while
still at near boiling point add two gallons kerosene, and emulsify by use of force pump or
agitator of some kind. Dilute with water, one part emulsion to eight or ten parts water, and
use as spray, wash or dip.
As for fluke, when once the liver of a sheep or other animal has become infested with
flukes, there is no known way of getting rid of them without destroying the animal that
harbours them. As a preventive, sulphate of iron and common salt are useful, given in the
animal's food daily for a considerable time. Sheep feeding on salt marshes are not liable
to fluke.
A case of loss of cattle at Clayoquot from some unexplained causes having been reported,
Dr. C. R. Richards, V. S., was dispatched to investigate, with the following result :—
" I beg to report as follows on the reported outbreak of disease in Clayoquot District
amongst the cattle belonging to Messrs. Stockham & Dawley and managed by Mr. C. P.
Harvey :—
" On arriving at Clayoquot I proceeded by canoe to their farm at Long Beach. From
information received and evidence at hand, I was unable to find any trace of disease of a
contagious character. I found several yearling calves suffering from a general anaemia, and
one in a paralysed condition; the trouble, no doubt, starting in indigestion, leading to the
above conditions. Since my return I have made a microscopical examination of a portion of
the internal organs from a yearling calf, and have been unable to find the least trace of contagious disease or poison."
From this and other reports of a similar character which have been made by the Inspectors from time to time, there seems to be no doubt as to the cause of many losses, not only
amongst calves, but also amongst grown cattle, viz., indigestion, produced by coarse indigestible food on an ill-nourished animal. It is unreasonable to expect an animal to thrive if exposed
to the elements with little or no food except what it can pick up, and so-called hay, composed
principally of ferns and weeds.
Reports of Inspectors of Diseases of Animals.
Report of Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. S.
Victoria, B. C, September 10th, 1903.
The Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, V. I. .-
Sir,—I have the honour to submit a report of inspections made by me during the year
1902.
I have inspected all the Districts of Salt Spring and Vancouver Island, where stock-
raising is carried on to any extent, looking particularly as to the health of the animals and
also making an inspection of the dairies of the several districts visited. The dairy inspection
has included the milk supply of the towns and cities in the above districts, and also the butter
and cheese dairies.
In making these inspections, I have looked carefully into the health of the animals from
which the products are obtained, cleanliness in milking, cleanliness of premises, byres, utensils,
and the persons engaged, and the apparent freedom from disease of the latter. A 194 Report on Agriculture, 1903
During the year I have examined 7,255 cattle, 1,374 sheep, and 673 swine on the several
farms visited, besides a large number of other animals found running on unfenced lands and
of which no record was kept.
The contagious diseases encountered were tuberculosis, actinomycosis and sheep scab. I
applied the tuberculin test in a number of instances, the cases reacting being destroyed by the
consent of the owners. On holding a post-mortem on one of these cases, I found the animal
affected with generalised tuberculosis. This animal had been the source of the milk supply for
a family of young children. Thirteen cases of actinomycosis were placed in quarantine under
treatment, being released when cured, or slaughtered under inspection.
Two flocks of sheep, 72 in number, affected with scab were quarantined and directions
given for treatment, and the necessary precautions to be taken in handling the animals.
I was called to a case of supposed hog cholera, but on investigation found that the animal
had died as a result of acute indigestion.
A large number of cattle affected with ringworm were met with and prescribed for.
While this disease is contagious, it is easily overcome by treatment, and is not serious enough
in its effects to warrant quarantine. I have also given advice in a number of instances regarding contagious abortion, which has existed to a limited extent in some of the districts visited.
Under your instructions I went to Alberni on July 4th, to investigate an outbreak among
calves in that district. I found that one animal had died, but, owing to a misundertanding
regarding my coming, the carcase had been burnt. There were no other sick animals, and I
regret being unable to make a post-mortem examination or to observe the symptoms exhibited
by an affected animal, as the symptoms described by the farmers were not sufficient to make
a correct diagnosis.    There have been previous outbreaks among calves in this district.
A most distinct improvement has been noted among the dairies inspected regarding cleanliness in handling milk and its products. The dairymen, as a rule, have been anxious to
improve their ways, and eager to adopt any new system suggested to facilitate and improve
their previous methods. I think that the dairy inspection, carried out in a proper and
educational manner, cannot fail to raise the standard of the dairy products of this Province
to a very marked extent.
During August, under instructions from the Acting Minister of Agriculture, I proceeded
to Shawnigan Lake and investigated a case of alleged cruelty to animals, and reported to the
Secretary of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as directed.
During December I addressed a number of Farmers' Institute meetings on the Lower
Mainland, on the subjects relating to Animal Husbandry.
I have, etc.,
S. F. Tolmie, V, S., Inspector.
Report of Dr. J. Gibbins, V. S.
Vancouver, B. C, June 26th, 1903.
J. R. Anderson, Esq.,
Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. G.
Sir,—I  have the honour to submit for your approval my report for the year 1902.
To commence with, I received a request from Mr. L. C. Hill, of Burnaby, on January
7th, stating that he was suspicious of something being wrong with his Jersey bull. On
examination, I found it to be suffering from actinomycosis. I also discouvered that he had
in his possession a pure-bred Jersey cow which I found to be suffering from an advanced stage
of tuberculosis. These were both attended to in due time, and, on making a post-mortem
of the cow in the presence of the owner, it was clearly seen that that was the best course to
pursue, which the owner duly admitted on my pointing out the extent of the disease.
I next proceeded to inspect the dairies and dairy premises in the vicinity of Vancouver.
In cases where I deemed it expedient, I granted them certificates of health, but I am sorry to
say there were quite a number that did not comply with the Act, whereas in that case I withheld their certificate.
I next proceeded to inspect the dairies and dairy cattle in New Westminster, and found
the same prevailing feature there; in fact, I am sorry to announce it, but in some of the
districts, during my tour of inspection, I found more dirty byres, untidy premises and surroundings, and neglected, emaciated cattle, than those suffering from disease.    Now, this is, I think, 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 195
deplorable and not as it should or could be; for I maintain that it is the duty, yea, their
bounden duty, to keep their premises and cattle in a cleanly condition, which would be a boon
not only to themselves, but to the public in general. In the matter of diseased cattle I am
not so condemnatory, for this reason : Unless the disease is in an advanced stage, it is very
difficult for an amateur to tell the trouble or ailment, if, indeed, he notices anything amiss, and
one and all are liable at times to have a diseased animal in their possession, which is no disgrace.
Of course, I find some that are perfectly aware they are harbouring diseased cattle and do not
report. In penning the above, I do not wish it understood as condemning everything on general
principles ; far from it; for there are a few—a very few, though—that are a credit as dairymen and deserve all praise, and I am only too sorry that I cannot make special mention of
them in my reports, both as an encouragement to them and to instil others in that direction.
During February and March I was chiefly employed in applying the tuberculosis test to
the different cattle I had condemned during my tour of inspection of the dairies and dairy
cattle in the vicinity of Vancouver and New Westminster. These being numerous, it would
take up much space to enumerate, and as I have already sent in the report of same, I pass
on to other fields of labour.
On April 1st I made an inspection of cattle at Port Moody and found but one diseased
cow. I next proceeded to Westminster Junction and found the cattle here free from disease
and the premises in a fairly good condition.
I now proceeded to Mr. Woodward's, Mud Bay, to investigate a trouble with his lambs,
which were dying. I found they were suffering from exposure, being pastured on the flats,
and the cold winds, damp and showery weather of April had brought on meningitis.
On April 9th and 10th I proceeded to Mr. Sinclair's, of Agassiz, to see his flock of sheep.
I found same were suffering from scab. I quarantined them and gave him the remedy, which
he applied, and in due time effected a cure.
I now proceeded to make a general inspection in the Fraser Valley, taking in Nicomen
Island, Dewdney, Mission, Hatzic, Matsqui Prairie, Abbotsford and Huntingdon. I found
but very little disease in any of the above districts. An isolated case of tuberculosis here and
there, and of actinomycosis likewise. Here again, however, the premises were not in as cleanly
and sanitary condition as they ought to be.
At intervals between times, I made several special visits to investigate reported cases of
disease in the district, but nothing of moment—a case or two of tuberculosis and actinomycosis.
During the months of May and June I made a similar inspection of cattle and premises,
extending from Tynehead and Port Kells to Mount Lehman, on the one side of the Fraser, and
including Langley, Langley Prairie, Cloverdale, Cloverdale Valley, Hall's Prairie, Kensington
Prairie and Surrey Centre. On the other side I took in Hammond, Haney and Maple Ridge.
In the districts above mentioned I found only two diseased cattle and one suspect, viz., one
tuberculosis and one actinomycosis. But alas for the dairy premises! I found some of the
dirtiest byres and premises during my rounds, particularly at Langley Prairie, of which I had
no other recourse than to severely censure. Their respective names were duly gazetted, as
called for by the " Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act."
Again, in the meantime, I had a few requests to investigate reported cases of diseased
animals. One was from Agassiz, where I applied the tuberculosis test, and found the cow
suffering from tuberculosis. Another was from Mt. Pleasant to see a horse that was in a
very bad condition. When I arrived there, in this case, I found the horse had just expired,
and so had no opportunity of submitting it to the test, However, I feel fully convinced it
died of glanders, and that was the opinion of a local colleague.
In the month of August I made a tour of inspection at the Delta, including Ladners,
Mud Bay and Elgin. On this occasion I found 22 affected animals, viz.: tnberculosis, 13 ;
actinomycosis, 3; osteomalacia, or fragility of the bones, 4; cow pox, 1 ; and ringworm, 1.
Again I had to censure a few delinquents for dirty byres and premises, which were duly
recorded.
On August 17th, after several requests, I made a trip to Mr. A. Tremblay's ranch, Nicomen Island, to look into some malady affecting his calves. The reason for my not proceeding
earlier was on account of his erratic way of expressing himself, which led me to believe the
trouble with his calves was indigestion and did not require my services. However, on investigation, I found them suffering from verminous bronchitis, or, as it is sometimes called, husk,
on account of their husky cough. These I prescribed for, and I subsequently learned that they,
with one exception, recovered. A 196 Report on Agriculture, 1903
In the latter part of August and during September I again made my semi-annual inspection of the dairies and dairy cattle in the vicinity of Vancouver and New Westminster. I am
pleased to note that I found a marked improvement in the cleanliness of the premises and surroundings, though there was still room for further improvement in that direction. In the
matter of diseased animals, also, I found a lesser number than formerly, viz., 8 : tuberculosis,
7 ; and actinomycosis, 1.
I now proceeded to Chilliwhack to finish my work that I could not do very well when I
was up there in the spring, partially on account of the high water and also from receiving a
telegram from Mr. J. Lyons, of North Bend, where he reported diseased cattle. On investigation, I found that the request was much exaggerated and did not merit such a speedy message.
However, while up there I paid a visit to all the owners and keepers of cattle, and one belonging to Mr. D. Kelly I condemned as being slightly affected with tuberculosis. It was quarantined and ultimately destroyed.
On this occasion I only visited those that I omitted on my former visit in May, and those
that were not in good order then. I found an improvement in them, but far from what it
should be, as a subsequent visit showed, and which will be included in the next annual report.
In the matter of diseased cattle I found nothing to speak of, just two cases, one being tuberculosis and the other actinomycosis.
On October 1st I was notified to the effect that two cows were running at large at
Abbotsford, and that they were suspected as being diseased. On investigation I found this to
be true, as I pronounced them both to be tuberculous.
On August 6th, I proceeded to Agassiz to make my annual inspection of dairies, dairy
premises and cattle. In this district I condemned two as being diseased with tuberculosis.
These were quarantined and shortly afterwards destroyed. On this occasion I had not much
fault to find, as regards the cleanliness and tidiness of the premises and surroundings, there
being only two that needed reminding of the consequences thereof.
On October 23rd I made a tour of inspection at Westham Island, visiting all the ranches
thereon. I discovered one malignant case of actinomycosis and one tuberculosis. The former
was destroyed at once, the latter was attended to later.
During the months of November and December, I again, on November 14th, visited
North Bend, and this time found everything in order.
On November- 14th I was requested to investigate a supposed case of glanders at
Mission. This I put under the mallein test, but without any dire results. I am convinced
it was a case of chronic nasal gleet, and the horse being old and debilitated was the sole cause
for its dejected and emaciated appearance.
On November 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th, I put through the tuberculosis test two
cows I held in quarantine, but both came out sound, for which I was pleased to at once release
them from quarantine.
In December I received a request from two individuals at Sardis, asking me if I would
put their whole herd through the test. This I gladly acceded to, and I wish particularly to
say that I should be pleased if others during the winter months would apply likewise,
particularly those that have had diseased cattle in their herds from time to time. I think
they would find it greatly to their advantage, for, besides clearing their herds of diseased
stock, it would enhance the value of those remaining, besides giving them a healthy stock
from which to breed. I applied the test to a few other isolated and suspicious cases with good
results, and released same from quarantine as being sound.
To sum up, I discovered in all 69 diseased animals, viz. : Tuberculosis, 47; actinomycosis,
10 ; glanders, 1 ; cow pox, 4; sheep scab, 1 (one flock of 80 sheep); osteomalacia, 6.
Osteomalacia, so far as I know, is only found on the lands at Kensington Prairie and
Mud Bay and adjoining sections, whereas ringworm I found at intervals here and there and
everywhere. But the two maladies that are causing great loss to stock-owners are abortion
and red-water. Wherever I went I gave them all the information that lay in my power, but
I find in many, yea in most cases, they will not follow it up, as they claim it to be too great a
loss of time and too much trouble. Thus, if they will not help themselves, there the matter
lies, so far as advice is concerned; and so the disease continues, year after year, causing much
loss to all concerned. I admit it is a very difficult task and requires lots of time and patience,
but in time the reward will be theirs.
I have, etc., Johnson Gibbins,
Inspector of Diseases of Animals. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 197
Unsanitary Byres.
At the annual meeting of the Dairyman's and Live Stock Association, held in the early
part of the year, some of the members present reported that some of the milking premises in
the district were in a most unsanitary condition, whereupon the Inspector was directed as
follows : —
" At the annual meeting of the Dairyman's and Live Stock Association the other day the
severest strictures were made regarding the inspections of the dairies in your district, and a
resolution was passed calling upon me to see that the provisions of the Act were strictly
enforced. As soon as I obtain a transcript of the resolution and accompanying remarks I
will transmit a copy to you. In the meantime I would advise that the greatest strictness be
observed in the performance of your duties in relation to milch cows and premises and
methods. From what was said, some of the milking premises in Westminster District are in
a most unsanitary condition, and the methods far from satisfactory. How true the statements
are I am unable to say, but, judging from the standard of those who made them, I have
reason to think there must be some ground for the strictures."
I am pleased to say that a very marked improvement is apparent consequent upon the
action taken by the Inspectors in the above-mentioned matter.
Disease Amongst Fowls.
A report from Mr. W. K. Finlayson, Okanagan Landing, regarding mortality amongst
his fowls, was received as follows :—
" Can you give me any reason what disease our chickens have got when they are dying
off every day 1 They are fed and in a warm house. We had over thirty die this winter.
They seem to get weak and thin, and when they are walking kick their feet out behind them.
We have been feeding them bran mash in the morning most of the winter."
On the matter being referred to Mr. H. L. Blanchard, of Port Hadlock, Wash., and Mr.
A. G. Gilbert, Poultry Manager, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Mr. Blanchard replied
as follows :—
" From the description that your correspondent gives, it would be impossible to do more
than surmise what the trouble with his fowls might be. He should have written fully concerning feed, condition of roosting room and general management; also general appearance of
comb and droppings, also the breed. Several conditions might produce the trouble he is
having, such as injudicious inbreeding, lice, indigestion caused by insufficient grit, lack of
green food, and a generally unbalanced ration. If the cause is inbreeding, he should introduce
new blood at once; if lice, dust the fowls with insect powder thoroughly every few days; if
indigestion, give due attention to diet, and if their quarters are filthy the first thing to be
done is to thoroughly clean and disinfect. From the meagre information given, this is the
nearest I can come to giving the name of the disease or prescribe a remedy."
Mr. Gilbert writes as follows :—
" Description of symptoms are pretty circumscribed. The kicking out of the feet behind
when walking may indicate a form of spasmodic rheumatism; in combination with the
regular feeding of bran mash every morning may indicate a form of liver trouble. Weak and
thin may mean lice-infested house and hens, acute indigestion or tuberculosis in one of its
many forms. I should like a more full description of how the hens are housed, quantity of
food and kind fed, age of birds, description, etc. Let us get to the bottom of the trouble.
Meanwhile I would recommend a change of rations and the use of a good condition powder in
the food as directed. Search for lice on hens and in house. The house seems a warm one, if
not damp. It is presumed the fowls are kept in exercise. Will your correspondent write to
me?"
In most cases of reports received by this Department a lack of detail is almost invariable.
This renders an intelligent diagnosis quite impossible, and the remedies prescribed can therefore only be of a tentative character. It will be observed from the answers of the experts
given above that they both express themselves in that manner, and both recommend cleanliness and change of food. These recommendations cannot be too strongly urged upon poultry
producers. Most of the ailments to which fowls are subject result from unsanitary conditions
of houses and unsuitable food. A 198 Report on Agriculture, 1903
MEETINGS    OF    STOCKMEN.
M^inter Fat Stock Shows.
I attended the shows at Guelph, Ont., and Amherst, N. S., in December last, at which
agricultural centres splendid buildings have been erected by public subscription, in which the
exhibitions of fat cattle and other live stock and poultry are held. The exhibits at Guelph
are representative of the Province of Ontario, while those at Amherst include specimens from
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. The exhibitions are held in large,
well-lighted pavilions, in which the spectators are comfortably seated around the ring in which
the animals are exhibited and judged. The judges, while performing their work, explain each
point, dilating upon the good qualities or defects of their subjects, and giving reasons for their
judgments. After the live animals have been judged they are slaughtered and dressed, and
at a subsequent meeting each carcass is produced before the audience, and the judges proceed
to give practical demonstrations of the points passed upon and which led to their decisions.
All this is intensely interesting and instructive to the practical stock-raiser, and the lectures
are attended by large numbers, who profit by the experience thus gained.
Besides the exhibition at Guelph, a series of lectures was given at the Provincial Agricultural College on the breeding and care of stock, and other important subjects connected
with agriculture. Representatives from every Province in the Dominion attended the fairs at
Guelph and Amherst, among them, members of the Dominion and Provincial Cabinets, members
of the House of Commons and Provincial Legislatures, and other prominent men, many of
whom delivered addresses on agricultural and other subjects. During the fair at Guelph two
banquets were given to the visitors, at which many leading men spoke. At these banquets
British Columbia fruits were displayed on the tables, and attracted much attention and
favourable expressions for their size, flavour and general appearance.
As a result of these meetings, I am convinced that a winter stock show in this Province
would be productive of the greatest benefits, and would be a true solution of stock judges for
our fall exhibitions. Before, however, such a desirable consummation is attained, it will be
necessary to make suitable preparations, for it must be remembered that a show in midwinter,
even in our mild climate, will necessitate the erection of comfortable quarters for the animals,
as well as for those who attend. The buildings at Guelph and Amherst are substantially
constructed of brick, heated throughout, with stalls and pens for animals and poultry, spacious
accommodation for dairy tests, show-ring, lecture-room, slaughter-house, and all other requisites. The cost of such buildings is, of course, quite large, but it was borne entirely by private
subscription. Now, whilst a suitable building in this Province need not, of necessity, be of so
substantial and costly a character, it nevertheless need be of such a nature as to ensure
comfort, and under the most favourable circumstances the cost would debar the smaller and
less populous centres from undertaking their construction. Bearing these facts in mind, I
am of opinion that inasmuch as the City of Vancouver has at the present time no exhibition
of a provincial character, and being well suited for the purpose, it is the best point for a
winter show. It is, therefore, my intention at an early date to take up the matter with some
of the prominent citizens of that city, when I hope that the question will be taken up in
earnest. In connection with the show, I also propose that a course of instruction in judging
be given free to all who wish to take it. By this means our young people will be able to
qualify as stock judges, so that we shall not have to depend upon the East, as we do at present,
for competent judges.
The attendence at Guelph and Amherst was such that the resources of those towns were
taxed to the utmost for accommodation for the visitors, and it is, therefore, of prime importance that some location should be selected where ample accommodation is available for the
visitors who may naturally be expected.
After these winter shows are over an auction sale takes place, when all the slaughtered
animals are sold, as well as any others that may be offered. Slaughtered cattle fetched, on
an average, about 8Jc, whilst some prize animals brought as much as 60c. per tt>.; hogs, 8c;
sheep, 6| to 10c; fowls, $1.50 to $3 per pair; turkeys, 28c. per lb., and other things in
proportion. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 199
Live Stock Meetings at Calgary
Of the Territorial Pure-Bred Cattle Association and Territorial Horse Breeders' Association, which take place annually in May, have been attended by many of our people, and
purchases of bulls at the auction following the show were freely made by our people. The
animals shown were excellent types of their breeds, and the bulls being range bred, where
conditions are similar to our own, are to a great extent acclimatized to our ranges. I would,
therefore, strongly recommend intending purchasers of range bulls, if they cannot be suited in
the Province, by all means to avail themselves of the opportunity of buying suitable animals
at Calgary. I say this without in the least intending to disparage Ontario animals, knowing
them, as I do, to be of the highest excellence; but I am nevertheless constrained to offer the
advice I have given, as the pure bred bulls brought up by hand are in no way fitted to rough
it on a range, at any rate for the first year or two. Our breeders also would, I feel sure,
obtain good prices at Calgary for any pure-bred animals which they wish to substitute for others.
The sales are conducted under the auspices of the Pure-Bred Cattle Breeders' Association,
who make special arrangements for delivering purchases at nearest point on railway at very
low rates. As it is but natural to suppose, but few dairy cattle are exhibited, beef animals
being almost exclusively bred in the North-West Territories. Prices of Hereford bulls ranged
at the last sale from $90 to $300 ; shorthorn bulls, $90 to $235 ; cows and heifers, $55 to
$210. On the whole, the sale was a great credit to the breeders, but too many young bulls
were offered for sale and too many in low flesh. On some the knife should have been used.
Really good animals brought fair prices, and the poor ones brought all they were worth and
some more. The average for the 267 head sold was $96.50. It would have been much
higher but for animals that were too young for service on the range and for those of poor
quality. The show of horses, principally heavy draught horses, Clydesdales predominating,
was most successful in all respects, the display being the finest seen in the West.
Freight Rates on Pure-bred Animals.
In connection with the transportation of live stock, the following is from a circular issued
by the Canadian Pacific Railway :—
" The following will hereafter govern the transportation of thoroughbred horses, cattle,
sheep and swine, in less than carloads, between stations in Manitoba, Assiniboia, Alberta,
Saskatchewan and British Columbia, when intended for breeding purposes only. Shipments
will be billed at one-half regular tariff rates and at the estimated weights, as provided in
Canadian joint freight classification, with the following exceptions :—
Bulls or heifers, one year and under two years    1,500 lbs.
Bulls over two years old    2,000    u
Two bulls shipped together, not to exceed    3,500    n
Three bulls shipped together, not to exceed    5,000    n
" To entitle shipments of aged (full grown) horses, cattle, sheep and swine to these
concessions, a properly attested certificate of registration must in all cases be produced,
showing that the animal is pure-bred, and admitted to full registry in a book of record
established for that breed.
" Unregistered young stock must be accompanied by breeder's statutory declaration,
descriptive of the animal and its pure breeding, and showing that it is eligible for registration,
and that written application for certificate has been made to the secretary of the book of
record for that breed."
Scrubs versus Pure-bred Bulls.
After careful enquiry into this matter, the concensus of opinion expressed by those
interested is:—1. That whilst adequate protection should be given to those who have purebred animals, there seems to be a diversity of opinion as to how this should be done, so as not
to inflict a hardship on the small cattle-raisers. 2. That bulls should not be allowed to run
at large on the ranges between the 1st of October and the 1st of July. 3. That every owner of
cattle should be compelled to provide at least one bull for every thirty cows.    4. That very many small breeders provide few, if any, bulls, but turn their cows out on the ranges and trust,
to luck for service. 5. That the greatest transgressors in this respect are Indians. 6. That
if any bulls are owned by the latter class they are of so inferior a quality that the progeny is
of little value.
The following are a few of the remarks of correspondents:—
"The best of bulls should not be allowed to run at large before the 1st or 15th July.
What is to be said or done about the scores of scrubs and hoary old worthless brutes that
should have been boiled down and fed to the pigs years ago t A very few (I wish there were
more) energetic men have of late got good animals. Unless herded on the ranges with the
owner's cows a worthless brute appears on the scene and a battle is the result; the worthless
bully settles the question in short order, drives off the well-bred and takes charge of the
harem. Then we have a worthless class of white men, half-breeds and Indians who, finding a
well-bred bull unprotected, will drive him off and get him where he can join their own
scrub cows."
Another says :—" I fully concur with the idea of allowing none but the thoroughbred
bulls to run on the public lands; I think, however, it is almost an impossibility to enforce
such a rule, and it would be most unpopular with the number of small holders in this section, as
most of them have only a few milk cows but keep a bull, which really does not do much harm
to the range stock at proper season.    Indian bulls would also be another trouble."
The remedies suggested for this state of things are of a varied character and by no means
unanimous.    One correspondent says :—
" Personally I would say, shoot every scrub bull running at large within the prescribed
close season ; but my advocacy of such a course would bring upon me the wrath of the politician, the Indian Superintendent, and the agent of the Indians everywhere. At present there
are scores of scrub and worthless old brutes running at large everywhere, with the result of
calves coming at all seasons, and in weather such as we have had for the last eight days, with
the result that the calf is frozen before it can stand, and the life of the mother endangered in
addition. There should not be any calves on the ranges before the middle of April. Importation of well-bred animals is all in vain unless law and order will step in and compel worthless
animals to be killed or kept in under the severest penalties and, further, that provision is made
that the penalty in every case be inflicted and carried out in the strictest manner."
Another says :—" First devise a means by which these small stock-raisers can purchase
pure-bred males on some liberal time payments, bearing as small an interest as the Government
can procure. By this scheme no one would have a grievance. The producer of British
Columbia would each year do a much more profitable business in the home trade and export
of horses and cattle."
The views of the various correspondents will be laid before the Ministry, with the object
of arriving at some definite conclusion. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 201
PROVINCIAL BREEDERS OF LIVE STOCK.
 o	
HoflpED   Cattle.
A. C. Wells & Sons, Sardis   Ayrshires and Jerseys.
John Sampson, Chilliwhack    Shorthorns and Ayrshires.
J. A. Evans, n  Shorthorns.
G. W. Chadsey, n  Holsteins.
J. Reece, n   h
J. Pelly, ii  Jerseys.
A J. Street, n          n
M. F. Gillanders, Cheam Shorthorns.
R. Balfour, Langley Jerseys (pure).
Thos. Sincock,    n              n      (grade).
John Jelly, n              n M
W. R. Robb, Comox Shorthorns.
Jos. McPhee, Courtenay  n
S. J. Piercy, Sandwick  n
Thos. Williams, Comox  n
Alex. Urquhart, Courtenay Jerseys.
Wm. Lewis, h        n
Duncan Bros., Sandwick  ,        n
Thos.  Cairnes, Comox        n
Byrne Crawford, Courtenay Holsteins.
Wm. Mackie, Agassiz Ayrshires.
T. W. Stirling, Kelowna    n        and Jerseys.
W. Barlee, n  Jerseys.
T.  Mawhinney,        n          n
Shannon Bros., Cloverdale        n
George Deans, Victoria   Shorthorns.
George Sangster, Sidney  n
G. Bradley Dyne, Saturna Island  n
S. Fairclough, Sidney  »
F. Turgoose, Turgoose  n
Haldon Bros.,      n        Polled Angus.
W. Newlands, Eburne Holsteins.
W. H. Ladner, Ladner Shorthorns.
W. M. Le Poer Trench, North Saanich... „
James Bryce, n ... n
J. D. Pemberton, Victoria  n
J. W. Tolmie, „  ,
J. A. Sayward, m   n
Watson Clark, Oakland  n
W. J. McKeon, Mt. Tolmie  „
J. Nightingale, Ganges Harbour.... Shorthorn Bull.
S. T. Conery, n ... .Jersey h
J. T. Collins & E. Walter    „ . .. .     „
Mrs. Legh, Salt Spring Island Guernseys.
— Robinson, Cloverdale Shorthorns.
Hunter Bros., Langley Holsteins.
A. Burnett, n         Shorthorns.
M. Mclver, n         Ayrshires.
Joseph Patterson, Ruskin  h
Joseph Whelpton, Agassiz Shorthorns and Jerseys.
Finlay Sinclair, n        Guernseys.
wnvmciAL UBBARl A 202                                      Report
on Agriculture,
1903
G. T. Corfield, Corfield	
H. Bonsall, Chemainus	
.... Holsteins.
R. E. Barkley, Westholme	
 Norfolk Bed Polled.
C. T. Gibbons, Cowichan Station.. .
,,
A. N. Parry,                     n
W. P. Jaynes, Duncans	
....      n
.... Shorthorns.
A. H. Crichton, Kelowna	
B. Lequime, Okanagan Mission	
.... Shorthorns, Heref ords and Polled Angus.
J. Dilworth, Kelowna	
.... Heref ords, Polled Angus and Shorthorns
. . .   Holsteins.
Wm. McCullock,     „         	
Mackie Bros.             n          	
Alex. Ledhingham, Grantham,	
. , . . Shorthorns.
Andrew Harrigan, Cumberland....
...            ii
Hugh Stewart, Comox	
J. A. Halliday, Sandwick   	
M. B. Ball,               .,         	
.... Holsteins.
.... Shorthorns.
A. Munro,              n                	
.... Sydneys.
Quick Bros., Cadboro Bay	
.... Jerseys.
Horses.
J. T. Wilkinson, Chilliwhack	
.... Roadsters.
.... Clydesdales.
.... Suffolk Punch.
•
.... Clydesdale stallion.
John Maxwell, Langley	
.... Clydesdales.
W. Barlee, Kelowna	
.... Running horses.
Joseph Steves, Steveston	
 Suffolk Punch.
Noah Concensa, Cumberland	
.... Standard bred.
W. Huband, Sandwick	
.... Clydesdale.
Swine.
A. C. Wells & Sons, Sardis	
Geo. E. Banford, Chilliwhack	
.... Poland Chinas.
 Chester Whites.
H. Kipp
 Berkshires.
Wm. McAdam, Port Hammond . . .
,,
M
■
Wm. Mackie, Agassiz	
J. T. Wilkinson, Chilliwhack	
          ii
A G Wrigley, South Saanich	
George Sangster, North Saanich .. .
 Chester Whites.
 Suffolks.
E. Walter and C. Cundell, Ganges Harbor. Berkshire Boar.
.... Berkshires.
Jas. Whelpton, Agassiz	
....         n
G H  Hadwen, Duncans	
P. Flett, Shopland	 3 Ed. 7                                          British
Columbia.                                            A 203
G. T. Corfield, Corfield	
. Berkshires.
. Chester Whites.
A. H. Crichton, Kelowna	
. Improved Berkshires.
J. Dilworth,              ii          	
ii              n
A. B. Knox,             ii         	
ii              ii
. Poland Chinas.
M. McMillen, Short's Creek	
James Wells, Steveston	
. Duroc Jerseys.
C. London,           u          	
. Berkshires.
ii
Poultry, Etc.
A. C. Wells & Son, Sardis	
.White Plymouth Rocks, White Pekin Ducks,
White Embden Geese.
. Dorkings.
A. G. Cook,               ii          	
Black Langshans.
. Game and Game Bantams.
D. 0. Paterson,          n           	
Brown Leghorns.
Barred Rocks.
W. Maxwell Smith, n           	
. White Wyandottes, White Rocks, White Min-
orcas, White Indian Game, Buff Leghorns.
. Black Minorcas.
E. Trimble,              .,         	
. Light and Dark Brahmas, Black Minorcas.
C. J. Horling,           n          ...    	
. Barred Rocks.
W. T. Lindsay,        n          	
Barred Rocks, Langshans and Cochins.
Light Brahmas.
. Barred Rocks.
G. F. Pound,            n         	
J. Rumble,               u         	
V.  Raine,                  n          	
White Rocks.
. Cornish, Indian Game.
T. S. Smith,             .1         	
W. Towler,               i,         	
. White   Leghorns,   Brown   Leghorns,   Barred
Rocks, Black Minorcas.
S. Tallman,               n          	
Buff Rocks.
. Minorcas.
W. S. Beckett,         „          	
Jno. B. Blackburn, n          	
ii
. Silver Laced Wyandottes.
ii                  ii
Wm. Mackie, Agassiz	
. Barred Plymouth Bocks.
Mrs. Jemmett,      n         	
Light Brahmas.
Mrs. Curbv,          M        	
. White Wyandottes.
Jas. Morrow,         n         	
. Barred Plymouth Rocks.
H. Lysons, Kelowna	
. White Wyandottes, Golden Pheasants, English
Pheasants.
. Toulouse Geese and Bronze Turkeys.
C. A. Carncross, Surrey Centre	
. Light Brahmas.
. Silver Laced Wyandottes, Pekin Ducks.
Thos. Mackie,        n         	
. Barred Plymouth Rocks.
Wm. Towler, Mt. Pleasant	
A variety.
. White Plymouth Rocks.
Mrs. John Stewart, Ladysmith	
. A variety of highly bred fowls.
E. A. Crofton, Ganges Harbour	
. Wyandottes.
H. W. Bullock,             „                	
ii
H. 0. Allen,                  „                	
. Orpingtons.
R. P. Edwards,             n                	
. Andalusians, Buff Rocks, Langshans.
. Buff and White Rocks, Buff Leghorns, Black
Langshans, Black Minorcas.
Mrs. Bradley-Dyne, Saturna Island	
. White and Buff Rocks, Buff Orpingtons, Anda
lusians, Brown and Buff Leghorns, Pekin
ducks, Cayuga ducks, Indian Runner ducks,
Belgian hares. A 204
Report on Agriculture,                                       1903
Wm. Wilson,  Centi
Thos. Brocklebank,
W. Bailey,
W. Ralph,
G. Adams,
J. W. Weart,
W. Colter,
R. L. Green,
E. B. Parkinson,
F. Barber,
T. Horner,
C. Burcheil,
J. G. Keefer,
H. Thompson,
H. Barclay,
T. Mayne,
W. T. Woodean,
al Park	
Black Minorcas.
. . . Silver Laced Wyandottes.
Silver Spangled Hamburgs and Black Minorcas.
. . . Barred Plymouth Rocks.
. . . Black Minorcas.
Light Brahmas.
, , Brown Leghorns.
Buff and Barred Plymouth Rocks.
Brown Leghorns.
. . . Black Minorcas.
. . . General breeds.
Brown Leghorns.
Barred Plymouths and Black Minorcas.
, ,   Andalusians.
Dorkings.
. . . Silver Laced Wyandottes.
. . . White Crested and Black Polands.
G. Cartwright, u  Black Langshans. [burgs.
W. Frankling, n  Black Orpingtons and Silver Spangled ■ Ham-
W. C. Bearcroft, Vancouver    White Plymouth Rocks and Buff Orpingtons.
A. Jones,  Central  Park White Leghorns and Brown Leghorns.
G. Gartell, n  White Leghorns.
J. A. Wilson, Mud Bay Brown   Leghorns,  Barred   Plymouth    Rocks,
White Wyandottes, Black Minorcas.
H. Vogalsany, Clayton Brown   Leghorns,   Barred   Plymouth   Bocks,
C. Carncross, Surrey Centre Light Brahmas. [Black Minorcas.
J. T. Bramwell, Langley Buff Leghorns, Buff and White Rocks, Black
Langshans, Black Minorcas.
A. Burnett, n        Barred Rocks.
M. Mclver, n        Buff Rocks, White Wyandottes.
Cecil Smith, Agassiz Plymouth Rocks, White Brahmas.
J. Dilworth,    Kelowna White Cochins, Barred Plymouth Rocks, White
S. C. Leghorns.
J. Fletcher, n       Barred Plymouth Rocks, Toulouse Geese.
D. W. Sutherland,  n Barred Plymouth Rocks, Bronze Turkeys.
W. Hang, ii      White S. C. Leghorns.
J. Ashton, ii      Barred Plymouth Rocks, Bronze Turkeys.
Geo. Alexander, Beaver Creek, Alberni . . Buff Orpingtons.
G. A. Smith, ii . .Plymouth Rocks.
C. A. Cox, .1        . .White Rocks.
J. McLaren    McCoy Lake, n . .Plymouth Rocks.
Ernest Woodward,     m m . .Black Minorcas.
Jas. Wilkinson, n . . n
G. A. Spencer, m        . .White Rocks.
H.  Hills, ii • . Silver Laced Wyandottes.
W. B. Townsend, Eburne Black Minorcas.
Henry Keyes, m         n
Ed. Phillips, Grantham   Plymouth Rocks.
S. F. Dobson, Courtenay  m and Leghorns.
Rev. T. Menzies, Sandwick  ri
A. Salmond, n   n
F. Cairns, Comox     Leghorns.
W. Birkett, Grantham  n
G. Roe, Courtenay Black Minorcas.
Ed. Creech,      n  n
B. B. Moore, Mt. Tolmie Brown Leghorns.
W. W. Moore, ii    White Leghorns.
J. Stewart, m Buff Orpingtons.
Mrs. Bell, Royal Oak Brahmas. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 205
Price   of  Land.
The question very frequently asked is the price of land. A consideration of this question
should at once convince enquirers that in a country like British Columbia, with its varied
climate, character of land, situation, and all other considerations, the question is a most
difficult one to answer. Improved lands anywhere near the cities, which can be applied to
market gardening, the culture of fruit, the raising of fowls, etc., probably could not be bought
for less than $200 per acre, the character of buildings and improvements probably enhancing
this value. Unimproved lands, near cities—of which there is not a great deal—may be worth
$75 to $100 per acre. Good cleared farms, with improvements, within easy distance of railroads or water communication, are valued at from $50 to $100 per acre, in some cases reaching
$150 per acre. Similar farms, not easily accessible, $25 to $50 per acre. Partly improved
farms, $10 to $25 per acre. Unimproved lands, fairly easily accessible, $5 to $10 per acre;
dyked lands, Pitt Meadows, etc., from $25 to $40, unimproved. Government lands, for
pre-emption, $1 per acre ; for purchase, the minimum for first class lands is $5 per acre;
second class, $2.50 per acre, and third class, $1 per acre. It must be clearly understood,
however, that most Government lands, easily accessible, have long ago been taken up, either
by pre-emption or purchase, and, therefore, most of the lands now in the hands of the Government are in isolated positions and scarcely suitable for settlers, singly, unless they make up
their minds to await developments, or, in other words, for speculative purposes. Such locations
are recommended only for colonies of settlers who, by reason of their numbers, offer inducements for the building of roads, the erection of schools, and other necessary works which are
requisite for the success and comfort of settlers. Lands owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway vary in price from $1 to $6 per acre. The following is a copy of the agreement which
purchasers are required to sign when purchasing these lands: —
'• To J. S. Dennis, Esq.,
"British Columbia Land Commissioner, Calgary.
190
"Dear Sir,—I hereby offer to purchase, subject to the usual conditions of the Company
and to the reservations in the original grant from the Crown that part
of Lot in the District of , shown on the endorsed diagram, containing
acres, at $ per acre, equal to $ and enclose herewith first instal
ment of $ .1 agree to pay the balance of purchase money and interest at 6 per cent.,
in equal annual consecutive instalments of $ each, the first of said instalments
to be paid at the end of one year from the date hereof, and to execute the usual contract
of the Company. I agree to the reservation by the Company of all coal and valuable stone
in or under the said land.
" If, prior to the receipt of this remittance, the land has been purchased by another
person, please return the amount to me. If for any other reason this offer cannot be accepted,
please advise me of the fact and return the amount or hold it to my credit pending my further
instructions.
" Yours truly,
'' Remittance.
Bank draft or accepted cheque $       Applicant.
Post office order        -        -        $  (Christian name must be written in full.)
Express order        -        -        -    $   Occupation.
  (Jf applicant is a married woman, give name and occupation
Total    -    -    $  of husband.)
   Post Office.
" General Conditions.
" All sales are subject to the following conditions :
" 1. All improvements placed upon land purchased to be maintained thereon until final
payment has been made.
" 2. All taxes and assessments imposed upon the land or improvements to be paid by the
purchaser. A 206 Report on Agriculture, 1903
" 3. The Company reserve from sale, under these regulations, all mineral and coal lands
and lands containing timber in quantities, stone, slate, or marble quarries, land with water
power thereon, and tracts for townsites and railway purposes.
" Squatters.
" The contract of the Company, among other conditions, contains the following :
"If squatters or other persons should be found on any of the said land or to have any
claim thereto, the purchaser hereby undertakes the settlement of such claim, and to obtain
possession of said land at his own cost and expense, unless he determine to abandon the
property adversely possessed or claimed, of which determination notice in writing shall be
given to the Land Commissioner of the Company within one month from his discovery of the
fact of adverse possession or claim, but in case of adverse possession or claim the Company
shall have the right to cancel the sale. And if the purchaser shall so abandon the property,
or if such adverse possession or claim shall be maintained, or should prove to be under valid
title, or if the sale should be cancelled by the Company, the purchaser shall have no claim for
damages, nor upon any other ground upon the Company, save and except for the return, with
interest, of the payment made on account of the land withheld from him.
"Directions  for Payment.
" Remittances may be made by bank draft, accepted cheque, express order or post office
order at the risk of the applicant. Agents for the sale of the Company's lands are not authorised to receive or receipt for any moneys or to bind the Company by any act whatsoever. All
payments on account of lands must be remitted direct to the British Columbia Land Commissioner, Calgary, or to Alex. Taylor, District Land Agent, Nelson, B. C.
" The applicant, for the information of the Land Commissioner, is requested to fill in the
following :
Date of arrival in British Columbia	
Residence immediately previous to such arrival	
Place of birth    	
Other land held by the purchaser	
Is it your intention to commence cultivating this land within twelve months 1	
"Terms or Payment.
" For the greater convenience of purchasers, the Company have adopted the following
terms of payment:—
" The aggregate amount of principal and interest is divided into ten instalments as shown
in the table below ; the first to be paid at the time of purchase, the second one year from the
date of the purchase, the third in two years and so on.
"The following table shows the amount of the annual instalments on 160 acres at different
prices under the above conditions :—
First Instalment.
...   $ 45.65 and four equal instalments of $ 33
57.95 ,, i. 41
58.87 five n 43
45
47
49
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
lores.
160	
Per Acre.
 $1.00
. ..      1.25
.      1.50
     1.75
     2.00
     2.25
     2.50
     2.75
     3.00
„         3.50
,,          4.00
58.73
six
57.62
seven
55.73
eight
59.91
nine
65.90
n
71.90
ii
83.90
it
95.85
n
4.50      107.85
5.00  119.85
5.50  131.80
6.00  143.80 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 207
" Discount for Cash.—If land is paid for in full at time of purchase, a reduction from
price will be allowed equal to ten per cent, on the amount paid in excess of the usual cash
instalment. No reduction from principal is made for subsequent payment in advance of
maturity.
" Interest at six per cent, will be charged on overdue instalments.
" Agents for the sale of the Company's land are not authorised to receive or receipt for
any moneys, or to bind the Company by any act whatsoever. All payments on account of
land must be remitted to the British Columbia Land Commissioner, Calgary, or to Alex.
Taylor, District Land Agent, Nelson, B. C."
,        The Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Company offer their lands as follows :—
Agricultural Land.
Unsurveyed land for agricultural purposes from $3 per acre; surveyed land for agricultural purposes from $3.25. Terms : Eeither cash, or one-quarter cash, and balance in three
yearly equal instalments, with interest at 6 per cent, per annum on unpaid balance.
Mineral Land.
The surface and mineral rights of mineral claims, with timber and all minerals excepting
coal, coal oil, iron and ironstone, can, as a rule, be purchased at the price of $5 per acre.
Terms : One-half cash on application, and the balance in two yearly equal instalments, without interest.
Timber Land.
Timber lands for sale on special terms as to price and payments according to location
and estimated quality and quantity of timber to the acre. A 208
Report on Agriculture,
1903
ALKALI    SOILS.
The subject of the superabundance of alkali in some of the finest soils of the Upper
Country, rendering them worthless for the production of crops, is of such importance that I
publish the following article in the hope that the experiments recorded may prove of some
benefit:—
" University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.
" Observations on ' The Rise of the Alkali,' by R. H. Forbes.
"Attention having been called to the unsatisfactory condition of citrus orchards in Salt
River Valley, the writer has recently investigated soil and alkali conditions, chiefly in the
district adjacent to the head of the north side of Cross-cut Canal, being assisted in the field
and laboratory work by Messrs. J. G. Holmes, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and
W. W. Skinner, of the Experiment Station.
" The results are of general interest, as they indicate the fact that a gradual increase of
alkali is taking place in some irrigated soils of the valley, and suggest the necessity for careful
management of this condition. In their original state, the soils of this region do not contain
harmful amounts of alkali. The virgin soils of the valley have been observed to contain .02 to
.09 per cent, of salts, evenly distributed through the soil as deeply as four feet. Irrigation,
however, both by the addition of salts contained in the water and, usually, by the concentration
of salts originally in the soil, has greatly changed the amount and distribution of alkali.
" Especially in hot weather, at a time of low water, through evaporation and the presence
of seepage from irrigated districts above, Salt River becomes strongly charged with soluble
salts. During the week ending August 4th, 1900, for instance, the water averaged 157 parts
of soluble salts in 100,000 of water, which is a dangerously saline irrigating water. For the
period from June 1st to August 4th, 1900, the average was 139 parts in 100,000. One acre-
foot of such water contains about 3,780 pounds of salts. When it is remembered that some of
the more sensitive crops and fruit trees are killed by less than 10,000 pounds of salts in the upper
four feet of soil,  it is seen that these low, concentrated river waters are to be taken seriously.
" Moreover, these summer waters are also scant in quantity, and, especially in the orchard
practice of southern Arizona, are rushed hurriedly through shallow furrows over tbe area to be
irrigated, wetting only the surface layers of soil. Under such conditions, uncultivated tree
rows and ridges and insufficiently cultivated surfaces in general lose by evaporation a large
part of the water applied in irrigating. But the alkali follows the soil water in its movements
either up or down. As the soil water, through capillary action, comes to the surface and
evaporates, the soluble salts are left at or near the top of the ground. But a shallow wetting
of the soil also leads to the development of tree and plant roots near the surface, for plant roots
also must develop best where requisite amounts of water are accessible. As a result of shallow
irrigation and insufficient cultivation, therefore, the orange orchards (which were more particularly studied) of this district were found with root systems, in considerable part, developed
within a foot of the surface, in direct contact with accumulated alkali salts left by evaporation.
" The condition of various orchards examined was found to be surprisingly uniform, and
the following instance is typical of the results of shallow irrigation and insufficient cultivation :
" Typical Orchard with uncultivated tree rows and shallow irrigating furrows left
open for several weeks.
Uncultivated Teee
Rows.
Temporary Ridges.
Furrows Fllooded
every 8 Days.
% in soil.
Total salts
per acre.
% in soil.
Total salts
per acre.
% in soil.
Total salts
per acre.
.305
.099
.092
19,800 fts. in
3 feet.
.295
.07
.051
16,600 fts. in
3 feet.
.043
.045
.046
5,300 fts. in
3 feet.
2nd foot   	
3rd foot 	 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 209
"The facts shown in the table indicate the seriously alkaline condition of this representative orchard, especially when it is remembered that the California Station has observed as
low as 8,920 pounds of salts, containing about one-fifth of sodium carbonate, destroying orange
trees.
"The average composition of several samples of alkali from the district investigated was :
" Carbonate of soda,    Na2 CO:5      5. 25 per cent.
Bicarbonate of soda, NaHCO.j    22. 95      n
Common salt, NaCl      '    24.96
Calcium chloride,       CaCl2            27.78       „
Sulphate of soda,      Na2 SO^       19 .05      n
"Fortunately, carbonate of soda, the most injurious of these salts, is present in smallest
proportion—only about one-twentieth of the whole.
"Remedial measures are, in part, suggested by the first table. The soil under the irrigating furrows is, on account of the downward movement of water through it, so leached out
that soluble salts are not present in injurious quantity.
" Another orchard, planted two years ago to alfalfa and irrigated by flooding in both tree
rows and middles, was found in the following condition :—
In tree rows, more
frequently elooded.
In middles, less frequently
FLOODED.
% in soil.
Salts per acre.
In soil.
Salts per acre.
.031
.025
.037
3,700 fts. in
3 feet.
.038
.039
.043
4,800 fts. in
3rd foot	
3 feet.
•' The amount and distribution of the alkali in this orchard after this treatment is such
that the trees have recently shown marked improvement over their previous sickly condition.
"Flooding, where water is available and drainage good, is the best means to dispose of
alkali. The occasional river floods could be utilised for this purpose, such water being least
salty (as low as 52 parts in 100,000 observed), and abundant for a little time. Deep borders
and six or eight inches depth of water will be found more effective than operations of less
determined nature. After the salts are leached down into the lower soil, the ground must be
deeply and thoroughly cultivated to prevent surface evaporation and consequent return of alkali.
" Deep irrigation in subsoiler furrows has the merit that a scanty head of water is made
to penetrate quickly and deeply into the soil, leading to a deeper establishment of root-systems
and allowing less surface evaporation. The employment of the subsoiler, however, does not do
away with the advisability of distributing surface accumulations of salts downward through
the soil by flooding, as soon as water supply will permit. These measures have proved entirely
effective in certain of the orange orchards of southern California.
" The shading of the soil, especially in summer, by heat and drouth resisting crops, check
surface evaporation to a useful extent and lessens the rise of alkali in proportion. German
and common millets are probably suitable for this purpose in Arizona.
" To some extent, also, such crops as sour clover, barley or millet take up alkali salts,
which are removed with the crops from the soil. A heavy crop of sour clover, for instance,
weighing 50,000 pounds, green, will contain about 1,000 pounds of ash, largely composed of
alkali salts from the soil. This, however, is, approximately, only one-third of what would be
added in an acre-foot of concentrated summer water, and moreover, if ploughed under as green
manuring, the salts taken up by the crop are returned to the soil from which they were taken." A 210 Report on Agriculture, 1903
MEASURING   HAY   IN   STACK.
The question of calculating the quantity of hay in a stack is so frequently asked that I
publish the following, which I take from " Ranch and Range " :—
"The measurement of hay in the stack is a very simple and easy thing. There are many
methods of taking these measurements, and so far as we have tested them they are about as
accurate as the measurement of cattle, to find their weight. In all seriousness, the judgment
of a good guesser, who has had some experience in weighing, is much more accurate and
worthy of consideration than any rule of measurement by inches and feet in determining
weights of hay or cattle.
"The facts are that scarcely any two stacks of hay will measure out alike, because there
is a difference in the kind of hay; some coarse, some fine, some compact, some loose, some
medium loose, etc., variously changing to make a difference in weight. It is a guess that has
so many figures in its computation that makes it much more hazardous for accuracy than the
plain, simple measurement of a trained eye.
" To satisfy the curious we append a few methods of hay measurement for what they are
worth—collected by the Breeders' Gazette :
" Prof. J. A. Edgerton, Iowa Experiment Station, gives his method in this wise : ' The
area of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height to eaves plus one-third the perpendicular
height from eaves to crest will give the number of cubic feet in a stack the sides of which are
perpendicular to a greater or less height. If the stack slopes uniformly from the base to
crest, then multiply the area of the base by one-third of the perpendicular height. To find
the area of the base divide the distance around it by 3.1416, take one-half of the result and
square it, then multiply by 3.1416. The number of cubic feet necessary for a ton of good,
well-settled hay is about 450.'
"J. E. Morse, Beaverhead county, Mont., submitted this method: 'Mr. Sheppard gives
the rule where the distance figures over the top are obtained by throwing the tape line over
the stack, which is the way we measure in this country, but our rule is as follows : From the
" over " we subtract the width, divide the remainder by two. Then multiply this remainder
by the length and breadth. This reduces it to cubic feet. * * Our rule is 432 cubic feet or
512, according to the kind of hay and the length of time it has stood. This is what is known
as the overland measurement, otherwise the Northwestern measurement.'
" Prof. J. H. Sheppard, of the South Dakota Experiment Station, says : ' Square one-half
of the distance over top of stack; from this subtract the square of one-half the width. The
square root of this difference gives the height of the stack. Now multiply the width of the
stack by one-half the height of the stack. This gives area of end. Multiply area of end by
length of stack. This gives the number of cubic feet in the stack provided all measurements
are kept in feet. For fine, well-settled hay divide cubic contents of stack by 350 ; for coarse
woody hay by 420. The answer will be in tons. It saves time, much figuring and is more
accurate to ascertain the height of stack byT direct measurement. If the stack is built up
squarely for some distance measure up to the shoulder. To this add one-half of the vertical
distance up to the peak. Multiply this figure by the length and breadth and divide as before.
The answer will also be in tons.'
" Wm. C. Barnes, Colfax county, N.M., sent the text of a law passed in the territorial
legislature giving rules for the measurement ' of loose hay in stack and specifying the cubical
contents of a ton of loose hay.' The bill was introduced by Mr. Barnes. Section 2 reads as
follows : ' Measure the stack for length, width and the "over." To get the "over" throw a
tape line over the stack at an average place from ground to ground, drawing it tightly.
Multiply the width by the "over" and divide the result by four; multiply the result of
division by the length for approximate cubical contents of stack. To reduce to tons for hay
that has stood in stack for less than twenty days, divide cubical contents by 512 ; for more
than twenty and less than sixty days, divide cubical contents by 422; for more than sixty
days, divide by 380. Example : Stack measures 17 feet wide, 58 feet long and 36 feet over.
Stack has stood 15 days, multiply 17 by 36, equals 612. Divide 612 by 4 equals 153.
Multiply 153 bv length, 58, equals 8,874, which gives the cubical contents in feet. Divide
8,874 by 512 equals 17.3 tons in stack.'" 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 211
GRASSES   AND   CLOVERS.
Beal, in his work " Grasses of North America," in treating of the subject of grasses for
the north, says :—
" The writer approaches this subject with some want of confidence, on account of the
great size of our country, the diversity of soils, climate and uses, the lack of well-conducted
and accurately reported experiments. He will, therefore, not puzzle the farmers with numerous
long lists of mixtures on a guess, but give a few of the best and advise experimenting for themselves. A point is gained when a farmer ventures to deviate from the long established
customs of his fathers or his neighbours, many of whom have fallen into certain practices
without very good reasons therefor. The lists are recommended for climates similar to that
of Michigan. In selecting seeds for alternate husbandry, only those grasses and clovers should
be sown which rapidly make a large growth, and arrive at maturity in a short time :—
"Grasses and Clovers for Two Years.
" Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata).
Timothy (Phleum pratense), heavy and loamy soils, not on sand.
Tall oat-grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum).
Taller fescue (Festuca elatior), heavy and loamy soils.
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), heavy and loamy soils.
Perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne).
Red clover (Trifolium medium).
Mammoth clover (Trifolium pratense.)
Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum).
"Grasses and Clovers for Three Years.
" Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata).
Tall oat-grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum).
Taller fescue (Festuca elatior).
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis).
Meadow fox-tail (Alopecurus pratensis).
Timothy (Phleum pratense), for mowing only.
June grass, blue grass of Kentucky (Poa pratensis), for pasture only.
Red top (Agrostis vulgaris), for rich loam or low land..
Lucerne    Alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Perennial red clover, cow grass of the English (Trifolium pratense).
Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum).
White clover (Trifolium repens), for pasture only.
" Grasses for  Marshes.    .
" Red top (Agrostis alba).
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis).
Tall fescue (Festuca elatior).
Fowl meadow (Poa serotina).
June grass, blue grass of Kentucky (Poa pratensis).
Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis).
Blue joint (Deyeuxia (Calamagrostis) Canadensis)." A 212
Report on Agriculture,
1903
Mixtures for Permanent  Pastures.
(Recommended by Flint, in " Grasses &nd Forage Plants.")
First Mixture.
Meadow Foxtail Flowering in May and June    2 pounds.
Orchard Grass
Sweet Scented Vernal	
Meadow Fescue	
Redtop	
Kentucky Blue Grass	
Italian Rye Grass	
Perennial Rye Grass	
Timothy	
Rough-Stalked Meadow Grass
Perennial Clover	
White Clover	
6
in April and May  1
in May and June    2
in June and July    2
in May and June  4
in. June                      4
in June                      6
in June and July  3
in June and July    2
in June                     3
from May to Sept  5
-40
Second Mixture.
Meadow Foxtail  2 pounds.
Orchard Grass ,  4 m
Hard Fescue  2 n
Tall Fescue  2
Meadow Fescue  2 n
Red Top  2
June Grass  2 n
Italian Rye Grass  ......... 6 n
Perennial Rye Grass  8 pounds.
Timothy  3
Wood Meadow Grass  2
Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass. 2
Yellow Oat Grass  1
Perennial Clover  2
White Clover  5
—45
Third Mixture.
Meadow Foxtail  2 pounds. Perennial Rye Grass 4 pounds.
Orchard Grass  6       n
Hard Fescue  1       n
Tall Fescue ,  1
Meadow Fescue  2      m
Red Top  3
June Grass  4       n
Italian Rye Grass  3      n
Timothy  3
Wood Meadow Grass  2
Rough-S'tlkd Meadow Grass. 2
Yellow Oat Grass  2
Tall Oat Grass  3
Perennial Clover  2
White Clover  5
—45
Fourth Mixture.
Meadow Foxtail    3| pounds.
Orchard Grass      Jr       n
Timothy    5 n
Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass    f      n
Meadow Fescue    2 n
Perennial Rye Grass .12 pounds.
Red Clover    5      n
White Clover    5       n
Black Medic    2      h
—36 „
Fifth Mixture.
June Grass  5
Orchard Grass  6
Sweet Scented Vernal  3
Hard Fescue  2
Tall Fescue  1
Timothy  3
(For permanent pastures much shaded with trees.)
pounds.
Meadow Foxtail    2 pounds.
Wood Meadow Grass    4
Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass.   6
Red Clover    3
White Clover    5
—40 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 213
First Mixture.
(For permanent lawns in sight of a farm-house.)
Meadow Foxtail    2 pounds.        Perennial Rye Grass  6 pounds.
Sweet Scented Vernal......   1      n Timothy  3
Red Top    2      n June Grass  4
Hard Fescue    3      n Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass. 2
Sheep's Fescue    1       n Yellow Oat Grass  1
Meadow Fescue    4      n Perennial Clover  2
Red Fescue    2      u Red Clover  2
Italian Rye Grass      3      n White Clover  6
—44
Second Mixture.
(For lawns and pleasure grounds to be frequently mown.)
Crested Dog's Tail  11 pounds.        June Grass  2 pounds.
Yellow Oat Grass .    8      ii Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass. 2      n
Hard Fescue    5      n Red Top  4      m
Wood Meadow    4      n White Top  4      n
—40 ,.
Third Mixture.
(For fine lawns frequently mown.)
Crested Dog's Tail 10 pounds. Rough-St'lkd Meadow Grass.   1 pound.
Hard Fescue    4      n Yellow Oat Grass    1       n
Slender Fescue    2      n June Grass    8      n
Perennial Rye Grass 10      n White Clover   8      n
Wood Meadow Grass ,2      n —46 m
Seed per Acre.
{Year Booh, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, 1897.)
Pounds Weight
per acre. per bushel.
Red Top (Agrostis alba)        9.7 8 to 32 lbs.
Meadow grass (Poa pratensis)  17.5 	
Sheep Fescue (Festuca ovina)  28. 10 to 15 lbs.
Brome grass (Bromus inermis)  44. 	
Rye grass (Lolium perenne)    55. 18 to   30   lbs.
Italian RyTe grass (Lolium italicum)  48.5 12  n    24    n
Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata)  35. 12  n     16     h
Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis)  . 52. 12  n    26 '"_n
Alsike (Trifolium hybridum)  12.3 94  m   100  ' n
Timothy (Phleum pratense)  16. 48 lbs.
Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa)  78. 40   n
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)  18. 64   u
White Clover (Trifolium repens)  10.5 63   n
Alfalfa (Medicago scttiva)  . 25. 63   n
(From Family Herald and Weekly Star.)
When red clover seed is sown alone, about 12 lbs. per acre should be applied.
Alfalfa seed should be sown at the rate of 15 to 18 lbs. per acre.
Six pecks of short heavy oats is enough to seed an acre, while longer and larger seed
should be applied at the rate of seven pecks per acre,
Corn planted in drills 3 feet apart, about 20 lbs. of seed per acre produces a good stand
if in hills, 15 lbs. is enough.    Many growers plant in hills 40 inches apart each way, about 10
lbs. of seed per acre.
From six to seven pecks of wheat per acre is considered a good seeding. In all the above
cases vigorous clean seed should be used and the ground should be rich, clean and worked into
a fine seed bed. A 214 Report on Agriculture, 1903
FORESTRY.
Intimately connected as this subject is with agriculture, and in view of its great
importance, I deem it fitting to give a chapter on forestry. The subject is so wide that it is,
of course, impossible to enter into all its phases in an article of the length to which this is
necessarily confined. I will, therefore, confine myself chiefly to the question of the economic
value of our principal wood, Douglas fir; logging; strength of woods; identification of woods;
the effect of the prohibition of the export of logs from Crown lands; reports on destruction of
forests by fire; suggestions for the preservation of forests, and terms of leases for pulpwood.
I regret having been unable to attend the last annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry
Association at Ottawa in March, as there are many questions of special interest to this
Province which I would like to have brought up before that body. The next meeting is to
take place in Toronto, and it will be seen by the subjoined letter from the secretary that it is
proposed to hold the succeeding meeting in this Province. This is as it should be, British
Columbia having the most extensive forests in Canada and probably in America. The aims
of the Association are of the highest possible order, the good accomplished through its influence
already of great value, and the prospective value inestimable. The following is a copy of the
letter alluded to :—
"Ottawa, March 12, 1903.
" Dear Sir,—I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2nd instant, and must
thank you very much for the reports in regard to bush fies in the Province of British Columbia
which you forwarded therewith. I regret that they did not arrive before the meeting of the
Association, but I will have the main points summarized and included in the report which is
to be published.
" I do not wonder that you find some difficulty in getting reports on fires completed, as
even in the Province of Ontario it was impossible to get complete details at the time of the
meeting. We would have been very much pleased to have had you present at the meeting, if
it had been possible for you to come, and you could have helped us very much in considering
questions relating to British Columbia. In regard to the setting apart of the National Park
in the Cameron Lake District, the Association did not take action, as neither Mr. Stewart nor
myself could give any special information in regard to the matter.
"I was hoping that the papers which you were forwarding would arrive every day, and
that they would contain sufficient data to give the Association a basis upon which to pass the
resolution, but, unfortunately, they were not received until after the meeting had adjourned.
The meeting was the most successful we have ever had, and we can now feel satisfied that the
Association is becoming established on a firm basis. It was decided to have the next annual
meeting in the city of Toronto, and I might perhaps mention that Mr. E. G. Joly, who is a
very active and interested member of the Association, suggested and urged that we would try
and arrange for a meeting in British Columbia before the term of office of his father, Sir
Henri, as Governor, expires.
" Again thanking you for your kindness in assisting the Association,
"Yours faithfully,
"R. H. Campbell,
"J. R. Anderson, Esq., "Assistant Secretary.
"Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C."
Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii).
This is the timber which is very commonly known as "Oregon pine," or "Oregon fir,'
amongst the foreign timber dealers. The name is altogether misleading and meaningless,
inasmuch as it extends all through the State of Washington and British Columbia, and, in
point of fact, the principal sources of supply are from those sections of the continent. Douglas
fir is the name by which it is commercially known in this Province, and since it is the
principal economic wood, it seems of some importance that it should be known by its proper
name. OAK    TREES   (Quercus Garryana). 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 215
I am not prepared to say what its exact range is, but the whole of the coast line of the
Mainland, Vancouver Island and other islands of the gulf have enormous forests of Douglas
fir. The growth in some places is phenomenal, the trees standing as close together as it is
possible to imagine, of great girth, anywhere from four to eight feet through, and running up
straight from 100 to 200 feet without a branch. This occurs in the dense forests in the
valleys, where the very best wood grows ; that on the mountain sides, naturally of a slower
growth, is of a harder nature, and this is itensified with greater altitude until a height of
about 4,000 feet is attained, when it gradually gives way to other conifers, such as mountain
hemlock (Tsuga Pattoniana), mountain balsam (Abies Engelmanii), and yellow cedar (Cupressus
Nutkaensis).
Rate of Growth.
Trees at this elevation, for climatic reasons, are of very slow growth, rendering the wood
very hard. A specimen of hemlock from a tree between eight and nine inches in diameter,
cut by Mr. Stephenson, Provincial constable, Nanaimo, for Dr. Fletcher and me, was aged,
according to the rings, about 200 years. Some specimens of small Douglas fir, four to six
inches in diameter, which I had cut on barren, rocky land near Victoria, for the purpose of
ascertaining the growth in such localities, showed by the rings that it must have taken about
38 years to have attained a size of four inches, and in some cases even a greater time. This
wTas done in response to inquiry as to the adaptability of growing Douglas fir for mine props
in Ireland.
Durability and Strength.
The best timber for ordinary purposes is, therefore, the more quickly growing of the
valleys; nevertheless, that of slower growth, being harder, is probably more durable, and
possibly of greater strength; on this point I have no data, but it would be interesting and
valuable information for all purposes where durability and strength are of prime importance,
such as bridge work and ship building. The durability of Douglas fir under some conditions
is quite remarkable ; in fact, buried in the ground, out of the reach of the atmosphere, or
immersed in water, it is practically indestructible. A good illustration of this is to be seen
in the Department of Agriculture, where a section of wooden pipe of Douglas fir, which was
exhumed from one of the streets of Victoria after having been buried over 39 years, is as sound
as the day it was cut. Exposed to the air and weather in a dry situation and not touching
the ground, the life of this wood is also of very long duration. Other instances of the
durability of this wood under certain conditions have come under my notice, one of which is
as follows : In going through a forest I had occasion to climb over a large log; to help myself,
I took hold of tbe trunk of a tree which was growing on the log. To my astonishment, the
trunk fell to pieces. Luckily for me, it was only a stump about 10 feet high. On investigation, I found that the log was that of a Douglas fir, and the stump of the tree which had
grown on it was that of a hemlock about two feet in diameter. Now, the bark of the fir must
have pretty well decayed before the seed of the hemlock found a lodgement and started to
grow; the hemlock had grown to the size I mention, which must have taken perhaps 120
years, or possibly more, had died and decayed, and still the fir log was as sound, apparently,
even the part partly embedded in the earth, as the day on which it fell to the ground. Another
instance is given by Mr. Thos. A. Sharpe, Superintendent of the Dominion Experimental Farm
at Agassiz, as follows :—
" In clearing land on the Experimental Farm, a cedar tree of over six inches was found
growing in the centre of a very large, partly decayed, fir stump. In grubbing about the fir
stump, another large fir stump was found, the centre of which was rotted away, but roots over
two feet in diameter were still solid and in good condition, as shown by this section of one of
them.    How many years since it belonged to a live tree?"
Uses.
Growing singly, it forms a handsome shade tree, but as it begins branching, in such
localities, quite near the ground, it is quite valueless for commercial purposes, except for firewood. The bark of old trees is of great thickness, some of it measuring 15 to 16 inches. This
bark, it has been erroneously stated in some of the provincial publications, is largely used for
tanning, a statement which it is to be regretted has been copied in some of the industrial
publications in England and elsewhere as authentic.    As a matter of fact, it is quite useless A 216 Report on Agriculture, 1903
for such a purpose; the only use to which it is put is as fuel, for which purpose it is undoubtedly most excellent, making intensely hot and lasting fires, and is therefore highly esteemed.
The wood is universally used for all kinds of purposes. In the construction of houses, ships,
steamers, masts, bridges, fences, railroad ties and paving it occupies a first place. As firewood it is almost exclusively used locally. Until recently, it was not used for inside finishing,
ornamental purposes nor furniture. Of late years, however, it has been coming more
and more into favour for those purposes. Cut in the desired manner, the grain, which
is most beautiful, is brought out to perfection; stained to the right colour, it resembles the
most beautiful oak. Being harder than cedar, it has in a great measure supplanted it, and fir
is now extensively used for all the purposes I have mentioned. For paving purposes it is
extensively used. The following excerpts from reports of the City Surveyors of Victoria and
Vancouver give the views of tbose gentlemen on this question of its adaptability for that
purpose:—
"Vancouver, B.C., December 3rd, 1901.
" J. R. Anderson, Esq.,
" Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. G.
" Dear Sir,—Yours of the 22nd ult. to hand re the use of B. C. woods for street paving.
We have a portion of Granville Street paved with wood blocks put down in 1894. In it are
included three kinds of Australian wood, mahogany, blackbutt, and spotted gum, also
creosoted B. C. fir and cedar, and also B. C. cedar untreated. They have all stood the traffic
well, so far. British Columbia cedar is the most durable wood we have, so far as decay is
concerned, but is rather soft and requires a coating of granite screenings on the surface, which
becomes imbedded in the wood and resists the wear of traffic to a considerable extent. B. C.
fir is a strong wood, but rots rapidly in contact with the earth or moisture. Treated with a
good wood preservative, I believe it would answer the purpose. The place I first mentioned
is the only case in which I have used fir. The fir was creosoted in that case and has remained
good for nearly eight years, and is in fairly good condition now.
"We put down a considerable quantity of wood pavement in 1898, using cedar blocks
3" x 9" x 5", dipped in a mixture of coal tar and asphaltum, laid close, coated with coal tar and
asphaltum and stone screenings. This pavement has stood very well so far, and makes a very
smooth, noiseless pavement, but the surface should be re-coated every7 three or four years, or
perhaps oftener, in order to keep a good hard surface. For very heavy traffic, however, I
think B. C. cedar too soft.
" I might add that all our pavements are laid on 6" concrete, composed of 4 parts of
broken stone, 2 of fine gravel, and 3 of sand to 1 of the best Portland cement.
" I hope this may be of Service to you.
" Yours sincerely,
"Thos. H. Tracey,
" City Engineer."
"Victoria, B. C, Jan. 31st, 1902.
"J. R. Anderson, Esq.,
"Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.
"Dear Sir,—In reply to your letter of Nov. 22nd, 1901, re Canadian timber for street
paving, would say I have every reason to believe our British Columbia Douglas fir and cedar
will be quite satisfactory for paving purposes. We have put down several thousand square
yards of fir here, all of which is in good condition. I have taken blocks from crossings subject
to very heavy traffic on Yates street, which have been down for seven years, and the same "is
in perfect condition, and only decreased in length, due to traffic, one-sixteenth of an inch.
From this you can form an idea of the hardness of the fibre. The only question in my mind
is the length of time the timber will last before decay sets in ; this, of course, can only be
decided on in years to come. In conclusion, I may say that it is impossible for me to go into
the matter fully, in view of the fact that none of our pavements have been down a sufficient
length of time to be certain of success. Trusting these few remarks will be of some value, and
regretting the delay in answering your letter,
" I remain, yours faithfully,
" C. H. Topp, City Engitieer." 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 217
As sticks of great length and size are obtainable, it is in great demand for works requiring great lengths of solid, durable wood, and many loads of such timber are constantly conveyed to Eastern points and across the continent. Frequently, for the conveyance of these
long sticks three flat-cars have to be used, the timber being secured to the middle car, the two
others acting as supports to the ends, which are unsecured, for convenience in going round the
curves so common in the mountain sections of the transcontinental railroads. These large
timbers, when loaded on ships, are put in through ports cut in the bow of the vessel.
The following tables of breaking stresses and recommended values of Douglas fir are furnished by Mr. Edward Mohun, C. E.:— 218
DOUGLAS    FIR   (Pseudotsuga Douglasii).
Ultimate Breaking Stresses in Pounds per Square Inch, from Experiments by various Authors.
Compiled by E. Mohun, C.E., 31st October, 1898 ; revised 31st May, 1900.
Author.
Remarks.
Tension
with
Grain.
Crushing.
Extreme Skin
Stress.
Modulus of Elasticity.
Shearing with
Grain.
Weight
per
Cubic
Foot.
Breaking
Beam, 1 in
1 ft. Span
at Centre
Load of
Square,
Loaded
Endwise
Sidewise
Limits.
Mean.
Limits.
Mean.
Limits.
Mean
Limits.
Mean.
r
14,311
11,160
12,663
16,600
15,900
8,020 to 10,444
4,027 to   8,382
4,613 to   7,339
9,054
6,084
6,293
8,658
1,934,500 to 2,178,100
926,500 to 1,138,900
949,720 to 1,201,620
2,036,529
1,431,209
1,423,962
397 to 440
290 to 456
302 to 371
411
396
328
41
35
35
445 to 580
224 to 466
256 to 408
5,974
6,265
7,098
7,070
3,085
6,000
1,000
338
,<«.) Prof. Bovey... -
Old timber, old Can. Pac. Ry. stringers..
Included in preceding:
46 pieces new timber, straight grained
350
20 pieces old timber, straight grained
Kb.) Oregon &Cal. Ry
!&.) 0. D. Isaacs	
(&.) Report of Am ...
1,272,000
600
5,979
6,482
9,257
6,214
6,600
11,484
9,334
332
Ordinary No. 1 timber, 10 bean
5,580 to   7,951
6,438 to 12,056
5,268 to   7,544
310 to 442
358 to 670
293 to 419
600 to 650
360
s(&.) Chas. Wing ... •!
514
(&.) Onward Bates...
(&.) A. L. Johnson ..
lc.) E. Mohun ,      , J.
500
1,750
879
1,215
345
4,400
7,000
5,556
1,380,000
1,585,000
1,862,947
367
Specially selected, straight-grained, free
from knots and flaws, partly seasoned.
10,800 to 11,700
34
36^99
id.) Prof. F. Soule.J
63 pie
59     ,
Indentation   3 per cent., 83     ,
;,            15        „           83      ,
21      ,
85     ,
:es	
14,388
{
14,170
5,824
546
.E. A. Wilmot	
Old bridge stringer, damaged, 10" x 12" x
37' 6" r	
8,298
7,811
Mean	
1,083
1,570,235
456
36.50
Recommended Values.
Author.
(a.) Prof. Bovey ....
(e.) Am. Associat'n of (
Superintendents-!
of Bridges, etc.   ^
{It). A. L. Johnson
-(c) E. Mohun .
(ii). A. Brown, S. P. Ry
Ultimate stress . ..
Factor of safety ..
Safe working- stress
Ultimate stress ...
Factor of safety ..
Safe working stress
Ultimate stress . ..
Factor of safety ..
Safe working stress
Ultimate stress ...
Factor of safety ..
Safe working stress
Ultimate stress ...
10,000
10
1,000
14,000
10
1,400
Crushing.
End-        Side-
wise,    wise.
4,400
5
5,000
5
(/) 1,000
6,000
500
3
167
1,200
4
300
6,000
3
2,000
5,000
6
6,000
3
2,000
13,630
Modulus
of
Elasticity.
&0.5
'So
ll
1,430,000
400
34
2
4
1,380,000
2
690,000
4
1,400,000
2
700,000
400
4
100
'37
1,272,000
600
■5 'J j
xfi~
883
3
111
278
6
46
367
5
73
333
3
111
702
\b.)
0.)
ci)
«.
It.)
Prof. Bovey.    Trans. Can. Soc. C E.    Vol. IX.    1895.
A. L. Johnson, CE.    Bulletin 12, Division of Forestry, Dept. of Agriculture, U.S.A.
E. Mohun, CE.    Indian and Colonial Exhibition, 1886.    Trans. Can. Soe. C E.    Vol. II.    1S88.
Prof. Frank Soule.   Trans. Am. Inst. M. E.    1899.
Committee Report.    Am. Association of Railway Superintendents of Bridges and Buildings.    1895.
When the length does not exceed fifteen times the least diameter.
Deduced from C S. Smith's formula.
Deduced from Tredgold's formula.
Beams Supported at Both Ends.
Formula.
Let /, = clear span in feet. Z=clear span in inches.
T,   & = breadth of beam in inches. /i = height of beam in inches,
i,   W= total load in lbs. # = length of end bearings.
Uniformly Loaded.
5= safe load in lbs.
I''=skin stress.
J?= modulus of elasticity.
A = deflection in inches.
„    2226. h 2
SW.l
"4i)Jl2
bW.ltt
32 A.d.fts
5JTJ3
Loaded at Centre.
= safe load in lbs.
= skin stress.
= modulus of elasticity.
= deflection in inches.
1116.7(2
/=
E =
A=^
32A'.6.ft3
W.L
5=1
26. ft 2
w.n
Remarks.
The foregoing safe working
stresses are estimated for
first quality timber, such
as would te accepted by a
competent inspector for
bridge and trestle work.
The life of such a structure
under favourable climatic
conditions may be estimated at about twelve years.
Beams covering more than
one span, or firmly fixed
at both ends, are stronger
than beams merely sup-
ported at the ends by from
50 to 100 per cent.
te-)
Pillars.
W.L
= lll/»2
Safe load per sq.   —1900
inch in lbs. 1+.004—
&2
(h.)
Inclined Beams.
W
h=\fw.L.Dx.016i
Loaded at centre, where D=
horizontal distance between
supports,
W=
.0154i.Z>
(h.) When the deflection =^
A = ViTy.0036IF
& = 0.6\/Z V -0096II'
hi
W=
.0096/,-'
i of the span, and 6 = 0.6/t,
h=\fl~. V-0154IF
&=o.eVi. y.0154 if
w=-
Note.—If the proportion of
& : h is not 0.6 :1, but x: 1, the
coefficients   .0090   and   .0154
hi
'.1)154 Z/2
.00577
become   and
respectively.
00924 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 219
Forest Fires.
The destruction of timber through this agency has not been as great since the issue of
the last report of this Department as it was for a long period previously. This immunity may
probably be ascribed to several causes, viz. : wet seasons; the timber near lines of travel having
already been destroyed, the liability to ignition from trains and such causes were lessened ;
possibly more care on the part of campers and prospectors, and perhaps more vigilance on the
part of those whose duty it is to watch over the public interests. Certain it is there is a
growing feeling amongst all classes that this source of the wealth of the Province should be
safe-guarded to a much greater degree than was considered necessary in former years. This
healthy feeling is no doubt due to the teaching of such bodies as the Canadian Forestry
Association, and the warnings of the press and public men. Nevertheless, much still remains
to be done. Carelessness, it will be observed by the following reports of Government Agents,
is the chief cause to which forest fires are attributed. This conclusion, I feel assured, is the right
one, borne out as it is by observations of those gentlemen and by my own. Such being the case,
there seems to be good reason to hope that by education of the public in the evils attendant upon
carelessness, fires through this cause may be materially lessened. The Indians are naturally not
so easily reached by these means, and it will be seen by the reports of some of the Government
Agents that they consider the Indians to be largely responsible for forest fires. My experience, however, points to the fact that they are naturally careful; their fires are usually very
small, generally built on the shingle of the beach or on places previously used for the purpose,
the result being that danger of a conflagration resulting from unextinguished fires is reduced
to a minimum. The fact, also, that until the advent of the whites in any numbers, destructive
forest fires were comparatively unknown, points to the conclusion that the native races,
following their natural instincts, did not by their methods destroy the forests, any more than
by their methods were the rivers depleted of fish nor the land of game. Nevertheless, that
they are partly responsible for some of the fires is undeniable, but I believe that in the
majority of instances the origin of fires must be assigned to other causes. It seems, therefore,
it is to our own people that we must attribute most of the losses occurring to our forest
wealth ; and since they can be reached by the agencies previously mentioned, probably a
vigorous educational campaign would be the best means of inculcating careful habits on their
part and in a less degree on the part of the natives. Fires caused by locomotives and such
agencies are no doubt of frequent occurrence, and it is to be feared that the provisions of
section 7 of the "Bush Fire Act," relating to the equipment of locomotive engines, are not
always adhered to. It will be observed that recommendations are made by several correspondents that the appointment of fire rangers would be the means, to a great extent, of
preventing the spread of fires. From the report of Mr. Leamy, the Dominion Crown Timber
Agent, it will be seen that he attributes our immunity from forest fires to be largely due to
the efficiency of the Dominion fire rangers. This is certainly a large question for the Provincial Government to undertake, and whilst it is clearly impossible to guard the whole of the
unsettled portion of the Province in this manner, measures might be devised by a special tax
for the remuneration of some officers in the settled parts, whose duties, amongst others, might
be the inspection of engines. Mr. Leamy's suggestion as to the putting on of a close season
by the Provincial Government is, to my mind, pretty well met by the provisions of sections 4
and 5 of the Act.
The following are some of the principal provisions of the Act referred to above:—
" Fire Districts.
" The Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council may, from time to time, by Order-in-Council, consti "
tute any portion of the Province of British Columbia a fire district.
" Regulation of Fires in Fire Districts.
" It shall not be lawful for any person to set out, or cause to be set out or started, any
fire in or near the woods, within any fire district, between the first day of May and the first
day of October in any year, except for the purpose of clearing land, cooking, obtaining warmth,
or for some industrial purpose ; and in case of starting fires for any of the above purposes, the
obligations and precautions imposed by the following sections shall be observed :
" It shall not be lawful for any person to set out, or cause to be set out or started,
between the first day of May and the first day of October in each year, within any fire district, A 220 Report on Agriculture, 1903
any fire for the purpose of clearing land, unless the owner or occupier of any land on which
fire shall be so made or started for the purpose of clearing the same shall, by himself or his
servants, constantly watch over, manage and care for such fire, and observe every reasonable
care and precaution to prevent such fire from spreading as aforesaid.
" Every person who shall, between the said first day of May and the first day of October
in any year, make or start within any fire district any fire in any woods or forest, or upon
any lands adjacent thereto, for cooking, obtaining warmth, or for any industrial purpose, shall
clear a sufficient space surrounding the place in which he is about to light or start such fire,
and shall completely extinguish such fire before leaving the place.
" Equipment of Locomotive Engines in Fire Districts.
"All locomotive engines used on any railway which passes through any fire district, or
part of a fire district, shall by the company using the same be provided with and have in use
all the most approved and efficient means used to prevent the escape of fire from the furnaces
or ash-pans or smoke-stacks of such locomotive engines, and the company shall see that same is
in perfect order at least once a day."
The penalty for an infraction of the above provisions is a fine not exceeding $200, and not
less than $50.
Reports on Forest Fires.
Mr. James Porter, Government Agent, Cassiar :—
" I am happy to say that only one bush fire was reported, and that was during the month
of July. It was out on the right bank of the Tahltan River, at a point some three miles
above the mouth of the stream. It originated from Indian camp fires, and as soon as I heard
of it I sent word out to the Indian village at Tahltan for them to turn out in force and put it
out, or else I would investigate and try to punish the guilty parties. They went out and
quickly got the fire under control. A big shower of rain fell and completely extinguished it.
The fire ran over about ten acres of ground and did more good than harm, for it destroyed a
lot of underbrush and burnt up a lot of fallen timber; it destroyed but very few trees of any
useful size.    The season here has been generally wet, which accounts for the absence of fires."
Mr. Marshal Bray, Government Agent, Nanaimo :—
" I have the honour to submit the following report on the bush or forest fires in the North
Nanaimo and Nanaimo City Districts during the year 1902 : The districts have been
remarkably free from forest fires during the year 1902. A few forest fires occurred between
Nanoose Bay and Englishman's River in the months of August and September last, but they
did little or no damage to the timber, being confined to the small scrub and bull pines. These
fires were no doubt set out by the hunters and fishermen, and might have done considerable
damage had they not been quenched by a heavy fall of rain. I have taken notice and have
traced quite a number of forest fires during past years to the carelessness of fishermen, who
had set out the fires along the banks of the rivers and streams to boil the kettle and smoke
out the sand flies and mosquitoes."
Mr. James Maitland-Dougall, Government Agent, Cowichan :—
" Sir,—I have the honour, as requested, to make a report regarding bush fires in the
Cowichan District during the year 1902. There were three; but, fortunately, no great
damage was caused. One fire started at the head of the Lower Cowichan Lake, which at one
time threatened a large area of timber lands. This, however, was prevented by the efforts of
the loggers and also a broad stream the fire being kept within an area which had been
already logged. The origin of the fire is not certain. Several hundred acres were burnt over,
but no valuable timber destroyed.
" Another fire occurred on Mount Sicker—supposed to have been started by the mountain railway train. This fire, although at one time it threatened to be serious (the Mount Sicker
townsite  being in  danger),  did not cause much damage, and was eventually put out by rain.
" Another fire started during the summer on the Koksilah range of mountains, and burnt
for some weeks, eventually being put out by rains. This fire confined itself to the mountains,
and although it burnt over a fairly large area, did not come down to the valleys where the
timber limits are.    This fire was caused presumably by prospectors. 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 221
" Other fires were noticeable from here, but were outside this district.
" With regard to suggesting measures which might be adopted to prevent fires, the only
one I can suggest would be the appointment of a few tire wardens. At the same time, nearly
all the large fires occur outside the settled part of the district, and as a great part of this is
taken up by lumber companies, they immediately, on a fire being noticed, send men out to
watch the fires for their own interests."
Mr. J. Kirkup, Government Agent, Rossland :—
" Replying to yours of the 19th inst., I beg to state that no bush fires of consequence
occurred in my district during the past year."
Mr. F. Soues, Government Agent, Clinton :—
" Adverting to your letters of the 6th May last and the 19th inst., I beg to say there have
been no bush fires in my district last year worthy of note. As a matter of fact, there have been
none since 1868, and then fire did its work well and cleared oft mountain sides most effectually,
very few escaping. My experience here, extending over 36 years, is that nature very soon
covers up the fire-burnt area with a dense young growth, often impassable, of fir and pine. The
same applies where the forest has been levelled by the axe. There are young pine and fir,
growing on the hillsides here that are from 20 to 30 feet high, and they have taken the place
of the former trees, that were cut down for firewood, etc., in the sixties. Origin of fires may
be set down to carelessness of the white man and Indian alike, and no other, and it is impossible to suggest how that carelessness could be met and prevented."
Mr. A. L. Smith, Government Agent, Alberni:—
" In answer to your letter of the 20th inst., would sa}' that timber and timber leases came
out free of fires last year. We had a local fire surrounding the town, but were able to keep it
in check and little or no damage was done."
Mr. J. F. Armstrong, Government Agent, Fort Steele :—
" I have the honour to forward herewith a letter which I have received from Alexander
McDougall, of Fernie. I can corroborate his statements as to a large quantity of timber having
been destroyed by bush fires, although I would not have put the figures as high as he has done.
There is no doubt, however, that the damage done was very great, and that if it could have
been avoided by the appointment of bush rangers, the expenses of the latter would have been
small in comparison.    1, therefore, submit the matter to you."
"J. F. Armstrong, Esq., Government Agent, Fort Steele, B. C. :
"Dear Sir,—During the last four years bush fires have been very frequent in this section
and, to my own knowledge, 200,000,000 feet B. M. of timber has been destroyed. The danger
from that cause is increasing every year, as more settlers are getting in and fires are. likely to
be more frequent. I have personally spent a good deal of time and money fighting fire, but
cannot afford to continue doing so at my own expense, but would undertake to look after the
keeping down of fires in this vicinity if the Government would appoint me to do so, and make
a reasonable allowance for time spent. If fires were carefully watched and extinguished as
soon as started, the danger of serious loss could be avoided at small expense.
"Trusting you will give this matter favourable consideration,
" I am, yours respectfully,
"Alex. McDougall."
Mr. Leonard Norris, Government Agent, Vernon :—
"I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 19th instant in the above matter
There have been few bush fires in this district during the past year, and but one that was
destructive in sweeping the range. I cannot suggest any alteration in the present regulations
as being likely to make them more effective. Carelessness in dropping matches and in leaving
camp fires only partially extinguished are the chief causes, and the principal difficulty in
enforcing the Act is in obtaining sufficient evidence to convict. The case above referred to
was traced to the camp fire of some cattlemen who camped on the trail the night before ; but,
on the case being investigated, it seemed impossible to secure sufficient evidence against them
to convict." A 222 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Mr. Joseph W. Burr, Government Agent, Ashcroft:—
" I beg to report that no bush fires of any consequence have taken place in my district
during the year 1902."
Mr. J. E. Griffith, Government Agent, Golden :—
" I beg to inform you that this district has been practically free from bush fires during
the past season."
Mr. John Baird, Government Agent, Cumberland :—
"I have to report that I know of no bush fires in Comox District during 1902."
Mr. Caspar Phair, Government Agent, Lillooet:—
"In reply to your request of the 19th inst., I beg to report as follows as to the bush fires
in Lillooet Mining Division during the year 1902 : There were only four. The greatest was
on the side of the mountain opposite to the town of Lillooet, which burned for about ten days
and covered an area of about 80 acres. A smaller one was on the mountain on the right bank
of Fraser River, about nine miles below the town of Lillooet, which extended over about 20
acres. Two fires at Seton Lake swept over about 40 acres. These fires were no doubt caused
by Indians, who set fire to the berry bushes, after they gathered the berries, to insure a good
crop the following year. Indians have told me that they have always done so. It is difficult
for the constable to get evidence to convict for the offence. These fires, however, do very
little damage in this part of the Province to green timber—merely burn the foliage but do
not kill many trees."
Mr. D. Robson, Government Agent, New Westminster :—
" I have the honour to report that there has been very little damage done by bush fires
in this district during the year 1902. There have been several small fires in different parts
of the district, but they have been confined to comparatively small areas. In South Vancouver
a house and some other property was destroyed by bush fires, believed to have originated
from a C. P. R. locomotive operated on the Steveston branch. I have been unable to ascertain
definitely the cause of the other fires, but have reason to believe that they were caused
generally by burning brush, etc., in clearing land, or through carelessness of those taking out
shingle bolts and cordwood. I have reason to believe that persons clearing land frequently
fail to comply with the requirements of the Bush Fires Act. I am of opinion that a
substantial reward should be offered for such evidence as would secure the conviction of any
person guilty of a breach of the Act."
Mr. John Flewin, Government Agent, Port Simpson :—
"I beg to acknowledge receipt of yours of 19th ultimo, and to report that no bush fires
occurred in this district during the past season. I have taken every precaution to warn the
Indians, and to that principally I attribute the absence of fires, as Indians, in the past, have
been the principal transgressors in this district."
Mr. C. A. R. Lambly, Government Agent, Osoyoos :—
"In reply to your letter of the 19th ulto., re bush fires in this district during 1902, I am
pleased to be able to report, after careful inquiries from different residents throughout the
district, that very little, if any, damage has been occasioned from bush fires during the past
year."
Mr. G. C. Tunstall, Government Agent, Kamloops :—
" In reply to your letter requesting the particulars of bush fires in the North Riding of
Yale during the past year, I beg to state that no fires of any consequence have been reported,
in answer to inquiries made. The exemption may be attributed to the rains which prevailed
last summer to an unusual degree. A fire was started on the North Thompson River about
25 miles north of here, by Indians, who camped near Mr. E. H. Jones' property, neglecting to
extinguish one they had made for cooking purposes. Its progress was arrested with great
difficulty, after having destroyed half a mile of fencing. The identification of the guilty parties
proved unsuccessful. Most of the timber destroyed at a distance from the settlements is
caused by the carelessness of the natives, who do not consider it necessary to observe any
precaution, although in a few instances lightning may be deemed the agent." 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 223
James Leamy, Dominion Crown Timber Agent at New Westminster, makes the following
report on fire protection in the railway belt:—
" Crown Timber Office,
" New Westminster, B. O, October 14th, 1902.
" E. Stewart, Esq., Superintendent of Forestry, Ottawa.
" Sir,—I beg to submit herewith a short report of what has been done under my supervision respecting the fire protection for this season, and the results of the working of the
system of fire wardency in the Railway Belt of British Columbia.
" As you are aware, eight Wardens were appointed this year, and were actively employed
in their various districts in looking after fires.
" In this district, east of the Selkirks, which was looked after by Mr. Milligan, several
fires occurred which were promptly attended to by the ranger and extinguished without having
done any serious damage; notably one which occurred on Mr. Wells' timber berth on the
Beaverfoot River, which was caused by the carelessness of a man in the employ of Mr. Wells
as a watchman on the said limit. He, intending to clean out the logging camp of the previous
season, removed the straw and other inflammable material from within the camp, made a pile
of it outside the camp and set fire to it. A sudden gust of wind arising just about that time,
the blazing straw was carried quite a distance away and set fire to the dry grass and underbrush, spreading very rapidly, and getting immediately beyond the control of the watchman.
Mr. Wells closed down his mill and sent all his men to fight the fire, and they confined it
principally to the worked out portion of the limit in question, so that the loss of merchantable
timber did not amount to over a million feet, which will be taken out this winter and manufactured. A rain coming on several days assisted very materially in putting out the fire in
question, and no further damage was done thereby.
"Another fire occurred on the Bluewater Creek, on berth No. 20, North of Donald.
This fire, as far as can be ascertained, was set by lightning, but was got under control after
several days' work, without having done any damage. It merely burnt through a portion
that had been previously burnt over years ago, and which did not contain any merchantable
timber.
" The third fire was on the summit of Six-Mile Creek in the Selkirk range. This was
also a place that had been burnt over previously, and was undoubtedly caused by lightning.
It did not do any damage whatsoever.
" These were the only fires of any consequence that occurred within the Railway Belt in
the Province of British Columbia, although the season was an exceptionally dry one.
Innumerable small fires occurred all through the belt, the majority of which were set by
settlers clearing their lands, and, in some instances, by sparks from locomotives, and fires left
carelessly by campers, all of which were promptly attended to by the rangers in their various
districts and were carefully watched and were not allowed to spread. I might say that one
fire occurred about six miles west of Agassiz, which burned out the timbering of a tunnel on
the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, delaying the trains for several days. The origin of
this fire cannot be properly traced beyond the fact that it began outside of the tunnel.
" I may say that across the line, in the States of Washington, Oregon and Montana, to
the south of us, enormous tracts of forest were completely destroyed by fire, and, sad to relate,
a number of lives were lost and thousands of persons rendered homeless.
" On Vancouver Island large fires occurred, principally in the Chemainus and Sooke
districts, destroying valuable timber. There were also very large fires up the Coast, north of
Vancouver City. For many days the smoke arising from these fires was so dense that it was
a serious impediment to navigation along the Coast, and extended as far East as Kamloops,
obscuring the sun and rendering the atmosphere dense and murky.
"I attribute our immunity from large fires in the Railway Belt to be largely due to the
efficient manner in which the fire rangers attended to their duties.
" I may say that the newspapers of the Province have taken notice of the work of the
rangers, and commented very favourably thereon.
" I would respectfully suggest that the Provincial Government be requested to put on
two months' close season, totally prohibiting the setting out of fires during that period; and
would suggest that the time should be during part of June, the whole of July and part of
August.    However, this matter could be determined upon consultation.
" All of which is respectfully submitted.
" James Leamy, Crown Timber Agent." A 224 Report on Agriculture, 1903
The Preservation of our Forests.
Written for the Canadian Forestry Association by J. R. Anderson.
At the suggestion of His Honour Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, I have undertaken, with
much trepidation and many misgivings of my ability, to treat the subject in the manner which
I feel is due to one of the magnitude and importance of forest preservation. I can but hope,
in the short paper I now present, to direct attention to what is unquestionably a subject of
the greatest commercial importance to Canada, to say nothing of its sentimental aspect; and
so, perchance, to elicit ideas how the object of this paper can be best attained. It is only by
united effort that we can hope to attain what I am sure is the heart's desire of us all, viz., to
conserve the forest wealth of the country for the general good, not only of the present generation but of those to follow, and to preserve for posterity even a vestige of the glories of the
primeval forests.
Let me first try and picture to you a forest in whose bounds are included towering snowcapped mountains, pellucid lakes, streams fed by the glaciers above, thundering down the dizzy
precipices of the mountain sides, and anon finding resting places in the still, forest-protected
pools, then rushing on to their destination through pebbly reaches between moss and fern-
covered banks, and above all the grand giants of the forest, standing like the sentinels that
nature has created them, guarding the stores of precious, life-giving water. This is a true
picture, one of many to be witnessed, and one in which my good friend Dr. Fletcher shared
with me during a trip up Mount Arrowsmith last year. But what of this picture which I have
so freely attempted to describe 1 How long will it last 1 Any time we may see the ruthless
hand of man despoiling it of its sylvan beauty, or the devastating forest fires consuming alike
its beauty and its value. Then, consider the picture of ground denuded of vegetation, the
vegetable mould burned away, leaving the blackened roots and bare rock or gravel subsoil
exposed; trees, veritable monarchs of the forest, lying in blackened ruins forming an impenetrable embarrass; the water-courses, exposed to the summer sun, reduced to but a shadow of
their former selves, like the sixth age of man, adapted, " Its bed a world too wide for its
shrunk stream."
I dare say you ha.ve all seen such sights; they are but too common, especially so in our
Western Province, where the forest wealth has been lavished by nature with such a prodigal
hand. There the forest has been looked upon, except by those whose avocations teach them that
it is a source of wealth, but as a barrier to settlement, and a hindrance to the prospector seeking
for mineral wealth, to be destroyed and got rid of at any cost. It is well, indeed, that this
Association should now sound the note of alarm ; it is none too soon, for we all in our day
have seen the effects of procrastination. Whole districts have been deforested by wasteful
methods and culpable carelessness. Failing to take warning from the older settled portions of
the Continent, the dried up water-courses, lands washed bare of soil, floods, and all the consequent evils bear silent but indubitable witness to the effects of deforestation. Failing to take
a lesson from the provident methods of our own Mother Country, and other lands, we have
allowed, and are allowing, the land to be denuded of its forests and have not made provision
for its re-afforestation. In British Columbia we have vast forests of valuable timber, but
even in my time whole districts have been rendered treeless, and were it not for the provident
hand of nature which itself re-afforests in its own way, there would not be a vestige of timber
growth where the destroyed forests existed, and even in many tracts which have thus been re-
afforested, fire has often, again and again, been allowed full sway. Under these conditions, it
is not difficult to foresee, if a halt is not called, we will live to regret that action was not taken
to preserve the bountiful gifts of nature. Let it not be understood that I mean hampering the
lawful business of the lumberman, or placing vexatious restrictions to his detriment and loss;
on the contrary, I quite acknowledge the value of his calling and the immense importance of
the industry to our country; but I do maintain that the methods pursued should be put under
strict supervision and under equitable safeguards, not only in the interests of the country
generally but in those of the lumbermen themselves.
Now, as to the safeguards whereof I speak, I feel that I am helpless in offering adequate
suggestions, and whilst it is possible to enact laws and to carry out their provisions regulating
the timber industry, I feel that the further and far more difficult question of preservation from
other causes of destruction still remain to be solved, questions which we know will tax the
ingenuity of the cleverest to suggest practicable remedies for; and at the best, it is apparent 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 225
in a country like British Columbia that even with the most practicable suggestions, and with the
utmost efforts which can be put forth, we can only hope for a mitigation of the losses which
are now occurring. Nevertheless, if even a modicum of good is effected, it will be work well
done, and I feel that it is the duty of every member of this Association to express his views
and to make suggestions for this Association to take up the broad question of the preservation
of our native forests from the inevitable destruction which now threatens them. The question
being really one of a national character, perhaps it might be suggested that the whole management of the forests be placed in the hands of qualified Commissioners, appointed jointly by the
Dominion and the several Provincial Governments interested. These Commissioners, after
fully satisfying themselves regarding the existing conditions, would be in a position to make
suggestions for the guidance of the various Legislatures in framing laws, and for the assimilation, as far as circumstances will admit, of existing regulations. It is true the expense of such
a Commission would, no doubt, be great, but we cannot hope to attain much without a liberal
expenditure, and surely the interests involved warrant any reasonable outlay. These ideas of
mine may be considered Utopian and unworthy of consideration, and if so, I only trust some
member may suggest a scheme more worthy of consideration.
In British Columbia timber limits have been let without restriction as to size, shape, or
whether conterminous to other locations. As examples, see map sent herewith (those parts
marked T. L.). It will be observed that large continuous tracts, the line zig-zagging about, so
as to only take in the very best of the timber, have been alienated. This naturally leads to
the suggestion that further timber limits should be granted only under the strictest conditions,
as regards the conservation of the public interests in the forest. It appears reasonable that
timber lands should be laid out in regular blocks, that the Government should reserve sections,
perhaps alternately, that certain restrictions should be placed on the business of lumbermen,
having in view the preservation of those parts of the forests that are not considered merchantable at the present time ; such as a proper disposition of the brush and waste material so as to
avoid as much as possible the spread of fire from this cause, devoting the revenue derived from
the forests to their preservation by a system of wardens or such other means as may be
considered effective. In presenting these views for the opinion of the Provincial Timber
Inspector, Mr. R. J. Skinner, the following reply was elicited, viz. :—
"Your plan would work out all right in some cases, but, generally speaking, the conformation of the country would not lend itself to any such system. The square mile system is
pursued now with licences which are really yearly leases. People holding leases or licences
will take all the timber there is any profit in taking ; how to get them to do more than that,
is a question I am unable to answer. As for the supervision and the devoting of some of the
revenue to that supervision, all I can say is, that it appears to me that every dollar that can
be raised from timber, or any other source, has four or five purposes ready and anxiously
waiting for it now. Fire is the great enemy and can be no more prevented in a forest than
in a town, which, in spite of fire brigades and insurance companies, it burns up not infrequently."
As far as British Columbia is concerned, we need not fear that the proportion of forest
will, for many years to come, fall below that which Mr. Thos. Southworth, Director of Forestry
of Ontario, says every country should have, viz., at least 25 per cent, of its area continually
covered by forest; nevertheless, it is the duty of the present generation to take up this question, and for the Canadian Forestry Association to direct its efforts towards inaugurating a
national policy of forest conservation, so that those parts of Canada which have been denuded
of their forests may be re-afforested, the portions naturally without wood afforested, and
those parts which now have an abundance preserved from the fate of the thirty counties in
Ontario which Mr. Southworth says have less than the percentage named.
In conclusion, the thought has often occurred to me that one of the grandest monuments
that can possibly be erected to commemorate some of the notable events which have of late
transpired in the Empire of which we form an integral part would be the setting aside as a
national reservation a tract of country such as I have tried (and I fear most lamentably failed)
to describe. Or will some wealthy philanthropist perpetuate his name by devoting some of
the world's goods wherewith he is blessed to so noble an object, and preserve to future generations " A thing of beauty and a joy forever " ? A 226 Report on Agriculture, 1903
PROVINCIAL    ASSOCIATIONS.
Farmers' Institutes.
Alberni  Farmers'  Institute.
President Win. Leeson Alberni.
Vice-President Percy Bayne        n
Secretary-Treasurer  Henry Hills        n
Comox Farmers' Institute.
President   A. Urquhart Courtenay.
Vice-President Jas. McPhee  u
Secretary-Treasurer J. A. Halliday Sandwick.
Cowichan Farmers' Institute.
President Jas. Robertson Duncans.
Vice-President D. Alexander ,       n
Secretary-Treasurer H. de M. Mellin        n
Nanaimo-Cedar Farmers' Institute.
President J- Randle Box 367, Nanaimo.
Vice-President J. Stewart Box 379, n
Secretary-Treasurer Rev. G. W. Taylor Wellington.
Victoria Farmers' Institute.
President    W. F. Loveland Lake.
Vice-President John Shopland May wood.
Secretary-Treasurer C. E. King Cedar Hill, Box 512,
Victoria.
Metchosin Farmers' Institute.
President John Wallace William Head.
Vice-President Stanley Clark Happy Valley.
Secretary-Treasurer G. Trenchard Metchosin.
Islands Farmers' Institute.
President   J- T. Collins Salt Spring Island.
Vice-President E. F. Wilson     n
Secretary-Treasurer E. Walter Ganges Harbour.
Delta Farmers' Institute.
President    W. Pybus Ladner.
Vice-President ...... John Gilchrist	
Secretary-Treasurer E. A. Bown      n
Surrey Farmers' Institute.
President    J- Armstrong Clover Valley.
Vice-President J. Churchland   Surrey Centre.
Secretary-Treasurer H. Bose  n
Langley Farmers' Institute.
President     Henry Harris Langley.
Vice-President W. H. Rawlinson    ' n
Secretary-Treasurer . J. T. Bramwell      n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 227
Richmond Farmers' Institute.
President   W. F. Stewart Eburne.
Vice-President J. Tuttle Central Park.
Secretary-Treasurer J. Sexsmith Vancouver.
Mission Farmers' Institute.
President   J. B. Cade Mission.
Vice-President J. B. Hunter          n
Secretary-Treasurer A. M. Verchere        n
Chilliwhack Farmers' Institute.
President P. H. Wilson Sardis.
Vice-President M. F. Gillanders Cheam.
Secretary-Treasurer G. W. Chadsey Chilliwhack.
Kent Farmers' Institute.
President N. T. Baker  Agassiz.
Vice-President J. A. H. Morrow        n
Secretary-Treasurer R. E. McDonald	
Maple Ridge Farmers' Institute.
President John McCannell Haney.
Vice-President H. Ferguson      n
Secretary-Treasurer J. M. Webster Webster's Corners.
Matsqui Farmers' Institute.
President H. R. Phillips Mount Lehman.
Vice-President P. Conroy Abbotsford.
Secretary-Treasurer John Ball  n
Spallumcheen Farmers' Institute.
President ,  Donald Matheson Hullcar.
Vice-President Geo. Heggie Lansdowne.
Secretary-Treasurer W. P. Horsley Armstrong.
Osoyoos Farmers' Institute.
President OS. Smith Kelowna.
Vice-President H. W. Raymer        u
Secretary-Treasurer H. V. Chaplin        n
Kamloops Farmers' Institute.
President V. D. Curry Campbell Creek.
Vice-President Frank C. Jones Grande Prairie.
Secretary-Treasurer John F. Smith Kamloops.
Okanagan Farmers' Institute.
President W. Crawley Ricardo Vernon.
Vice-President E. Copley Thompson	
Secretary-Treasurer Arthur F. Venables        n
Burrard Farmers' Institute.
President T. W. Aspinall Central Park.
Vice-President Peter Burns New Westminster.
Secretary-Treasurer W. H. Lewis  ..
Bella Coola Farmers' Institute.
President E. Nordschow Hagensborg.
Vice-President , M. Hammer  ..
Secretary-Treasurer A. Hammer  , . „ A 228 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Lillooet Farmers' Institute.
President H. S. Cleasby , Coutlee.
Vice-President Thos. G. Earl Lytton.
Secretary-Treasurer G. B. Armstrong Lower Nicola.
Agricultural  and  Industrial  Associations.
Nanaimo Agricultural and Horticultural Society.
President J. H. Cocking Nanaimo.
Vice-President A. C. Wilson        n
Secretary A. E. Planta        n
Treasurer Jas. Booth    '.         u
Kent Agricultural and Horticultural Association.
President J. A. H. Morrow Agassiz.
1st Vice-President E. E. Grayell        n
2nd ii  Bod Campbell i
Secretary' L. A. Agassiz         u
Treasurer E. Probert ,         n
British Columbia Agricultural and Industrial Association.
Patron and Honorary President. . . Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere . . . Victoria.
President A. G. McCandless, Mayor of the
City of Victoria         n
1st Vice-President H. Dallas Helmcken, M. P. P. . .       n
2nd ii  Watson Clark Oaklands.
3rd ii  W. H. Ladner Ladner.
4th ii  H. W. Bullock Ganges Harbour.
5th „  Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. S .. .. . Victoria.
Secretary R. H. Swinerton        n
North and South Saanich Agricultural Society.
President Wm. Thompson Hagan.
Vice-President W. M. Le Poer Trench North Saanich.
Secretary Fred Turgoose Turgoose.
Treasurer Hy. Tanner        n
Cowichan Agricultural Association.
Honorary President C. H. Dickie, M.P.P , . Duncan.
President     John McPherson Cowichan Station.
1st Vice-President D. Alexander Duncan.
2nd ii  Wm. Forrest Cowichan Station.
Secretary-Treasurer H. de M. Mellin   Duncan.
Okanagan Mission Agricultural and Industrial Association.
President T. W. Stirling Kelowna.
Vice-President A. B. Knox        n
Secretary-Treasurer D. W. Sutherland        n
Surrey Agricultural Association.
President , N. V. Wickersham Mud Bay.
Vice-President J. Stewart        n
Secretary-Treasurer H. Bose Surrey Centre.
Mission Agricultural Association.
President J. B. Cade  Mission City.
Vice-President J. B. Hunter  n
Secretary-Treasurer A. M. Verchere  n 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 229
Comox Agricultural and Industrial Association.
President , T. Cairns Comox.
Vice-President Jos. McPhee Courtenay.
Secretary J. A. Halliday Sandwick.
Richmond Agricultural and Industrial Society.
President W. S. Abercrombie Terra Nova.
Vice-President John Blair  ,. Vancouver.
2nd Vice-President John Mackie Eburne.
Secretary-Treasurer A. B. Dixon Terra Nova.
Maple Ridge  Agricultural Association.
Hon. President R. McBride, M. P. P New Westminster.
President John McCannell Port Haney.
Vice-President  W. H. Ansell         n
Secretary H.  Ferguson   h
Treasurer A. T. Charlton         n
Inland Agricultural Association.
President C. A. Semlin Cache Creek.
1st Vice-President Phil. Parker  Bonaparte.
2nd        ii  W. H. Bose Ashcroft.
Secretary H. L. Roberts  n
Kamloops Agricultural Association.
Hon. President W. J. Roper Cherry Creek.
President J. P. Shaw Shuswap.
Vice-Presidents A. Noble and W. W. Shaw North Thompson.
Secretary Martin Beattie Kamloops.
Treasurer J. R. Hull  n
Royal Agricultural and Industrial Society.
Hon. President Hon. J. D. Prentice     Victoria.
President T. J. Trapp New Westminster.
Vice-President A. B. Knox   Kelowna.
ii  Wm. Fortune Tranquille.
ii   D. R. Ker Victoria.
ii  J. T. Wilkinson Vancouver.
 A. C. Wells  Chilliwhack.
ii  W. H. Ladner Ladner.
Treasurer G. D.  Brymner New Westminster.
Manager and Secretary W. H. Keary  n
Islands Agricultural  and Fruit-Growers' Association.
President H. L. Robertson Moresby Island.
Vice-President H. W. Bullock Ganges Harbour.
Secretary H. O. Allen  n
Treasurer H. Caldwell   n
Langley Agricultural Association.
President J. W. Berry Langley.
Secretary J. T. Bramwell  n
Chilliwhack Agricultural Association.
President J. T. Maynard Chilliwhack.
Vice-President J. C. Henderson  n
Treasurer S. Mellard  n
Secretary G. W. Chadsey  n A 230 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Okanagan  Agricultural  Society.
President Price Ellison, M. P. P Vernon.
Treasurer W. F. Cameron        n
Secretary H. F. Wilmot i
Delta Agricultural Society.
President J. A. Paterson Ladner.
Vice-President H. B. Benson       n
Secretary A. de R. Taylor       n
Treasurer H. N. Rich       n
Armstrong and Spallumcheen Agricultural Society.
Hon. President Price Ellison, M. P. P Vernon.
President D. Matheson Hullcar
1st Vice-President D. Graham Armstrong.
2nd Vice-President F. C. Wolfenden  n
Secretary-Treasurer W. P. Horsley  n
Vancouver Horticultural Society.
Hon. President.      B. T. Rogers Vancouver.
President Herbert Harris  n
Vice-President George Jamieson  n
Secretary-Treasurer L. D. Taylor  n
Coquitlam Agricultural  Society.
President Alex. Hoy, Jr Coquitlam.
Vice-President George Alderson         n
Secretary-Treasurer ....    John Hoy         n
Victoria Horticultural Society.
President F. B. Pemberton    Victoria.
Secretary T. W. Palmer        n
Central Park Agricultural Association.
Hon. President J. R. Anderson  Victoria.
Hon. Vice-President Hon. R. McBride, M. P. P New Westminster.
,, n  Hon. R. G. Tatlow, M. P. P Vancouver.
President J. W. Weart Central Park.
Vice-President T. W. Aspinall Collingwood.
I,  C. F. Sprott Burnaby Lake.
Treasurer John Rumble Central Park.
Secretary W. H. Lewis New Westminster.
Dairymen,   Floekmasters,   Poultry   and   Fruit   Growers'
Associations.
The Dairymen's and Live Stock Association of British Columbia.
President A. C Wells   Sardis.
Vice-President Major J. M. Mutter  Somenos.
Secretary-Treasurer L. W. Paisley Chilliwhack.
Vancouver Island Flockmasters' Association.
President    J. M. Mutter   Duncan.
1st Vice-President W. H. Hayward, M.P.P Metchosin.
2nd Vice-President W. R. Robertson Duncan.
Secretary-Treasurer G. H. Hadwen i 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 231
Victoria Poultry and Pet Stock Association.
Honorary President W. H. Hayward, M.P.P Metchosin.
President H. E. Levy Victoria.
1st Vice-President , W. Bickford        n
2nd Vice-President   H. B. Young        n
Treasurer T. W. Edwards          n
Secretary H. P. Johnson        n
Vancouver Poultry and Pet Stock Association.
President W. J. Kerfoot , Vancouver.
Vice-President S. Tallman  n
Treasurer OF. Foreman  n
Secretary W. Metcalfe Box 176, Vancouver.
Nanaimo Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association.
President Wm. Hault Nanaimo.
Vice-President Geo. D. Barlow        n
Secretary-Treasurer Jonathan Isherwood         n
British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association.
President J. C. Metcalfe    Hammond.
1st Vice-President H. Kipp Chilliwhack.
2nd „  W. C. Grant Gordon Head.
3rd n  D. Matheson Hullcar.
Secretary-Treasurer W. J. Brandrith Ladner.
North-West Fruit-Growers' Association.
President Dr. N. G. Blalock   Walla Walla, Wash.
Vice-President (for Oregon)   J. W. Olwell Central Point, Oregon.
ii (for Washington) . .B. Burgunder    Colfax, Wash.
ii (for Idaho)   J. H. Fornay Moscow, Idaho.
ii (for Montana)   .... Prof. S. Fortier Bozeman, Montana.
ii (for B. C.) J. R. Anderson Victoria, B. C.
Secretary Geo. H. Lamberson Portland, Oregon.
Treasurer W. S. Offner Walla Walla, Wash.
Creameries.
Eden Bank Creamery.
President     A. C. Wells Sardis.
Vice-President C. T. Higginson         n
Secretary J. H. Stuart      n
Treasurer    AC. Wells      ,,
Victoria Creamery Association.
President J. Nicholson Victoria.
Secretary-Treasurer W. F. Loveland Royal Oak.
Comox Creamery Association.
President J. Beckensell Comox.
Vice-President H. R. Clark Sandwick.
Secretary-Treasurer W. S. McPhee Courtenay.
New Westminster Creamery Society, Limited.
President W. J. Mathers New Westminster.
Vice-President T. J. Trapp     „
Secretary-Treasurer D. E. Mackenzie  n A 232 Report on Agriculture, 1903
Cowichan Creamery Association.
President G. T. Corfield Corfield.
Vice-President J. F. Maitland-Dougall ........ Duncan.
Secretary-Treasurer   J. H. Whittome     -  n .
Delta Creamery Association.
President H. N. Rich Ladner.
Secretary-Treasurer OF. Green        n
Sumas Creamery.
Manager and Director Orion Bowman Upper Sumas.
Nanaimo Creamery Association.
President Joseph Randle 5-acre Lots, Nanaimo.
Vice-President R. Malpass Wellington.
Secretary-Treasurer John Stewart  Stark's Crossi'g, Nanaimo
Salt Spring Island Creamery Association.
President H. W. Bullock Ganges Harbour.
Vice-President Geo. Scott  n
Secretary H. O. Allen  n
Treasurer E. Walter  m
PROVINCIAL  BREEDERS  OF   LIVE  STOCK.
(Omitted by mistake from page 203.)
Sheep.
J. T. Wilkinson, Chilliwhack Southdowns.
John Sampson, :i  Dorsets.
Geo. Underwood, Langley     Leicesters.
Shannon Bros., Cloverdale    . Oxfords.
J. S. Shopland, May wood Southdowns and Leicesters.
H. W. Bullock, Ganges, Salt Spring Island. . . Shropshires.
John Richardson, Prevost Island  n
Frank Kirkland, Westham Island. ,  n
H. Kipp,  Chilliwhack  n
John Richardson, Prevost Island Oxford Downs.
Mrs. Legh, Salt Spring Island Shropshires.
Finlay Sinclair, Agassiz Leicesters.
Cecil Smith, n        Shropshires.
A. S. Drummond, Shopland  n
H. Bonsall, Chemainus  m
M. Edgson, Shopland Southdowns.
D. Evans, Somenos  <<
P. Flett, Shopland	
A. H. Crichton, Kelowna Shropshires.
A. B. Knox, Kelowna, {lbiSiSb.
G. Grieve, Sandwick Shropshires.
A. Urquhart, Courtney  n
H. Stewart, Comox  n
Goats.
Finlay Sinclair, Agassiz     Angoras. 3 Ed. 7
British Columbia.
A 233
IMPORTS
Into British Columbia from other countries and provinces of such products of agriculture and
its branches as can be produced in the Province, for the year ending 30th June, 1900,
and the year ending 30th June, 1902.
Sheep .
Live Stock :
Horned Cattle Other Countries,
Provinces,
Horses      ii    Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
All other.
Meats, etc. :
Bacon and hams	
Lard	
Bacon, ham and lard.
Beef (fresh or salt).,.
Beef and mutton ....
Mutton	
Pork	
Poultry	
ii 	
Canned and other
Tallow	
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Grain, Seeds, etc. , Breadstuffs and Produce of :
Biscuits Other Countries
Buckwheat meal      n M
Corn meal      n ,i
Catmeal       n n
Rye flour      it n
Wheat flour      11 n
ii       and meal, all kinds
Bran and mill feed	
Other breadstuffs
Barley	
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Beans	
Indian corn
Buckwheat
Oats	
Peas ..,
Rye...
Wheat .
Flaxseed	
Beet, carrot, turnip
Fruit and Vegetables :
Apples (dried)	
ii       and other (dried)	
Plums and prunes (dried) ...
Almonds, filberts and walnuts
Apples (green)	
Small fruits ..
Cherries	
Cranberries ..
Currants	
Peaches   	
Plums 	
Quinces	
Canned fruits
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Carried forward .
head
lbs.
head
bbls.
lbs.
bbls.
bbls.
quarts
bush,
quarts
lbs.
bush.
223,175
4,048,000
105,563
2,610,000
756,808
(Included
30,557
138,000
Year ending 30th June, 1900.
Quantity.
447
7,329
980
1,176
44,741
7,944
68,167
5,825
480,000
980,190
10,526
151,593
84,742
1,255
4,776
428
22,541
108,120
3,668,000
1,060
21,280
8,495
89,958
10
22,387
573,952
2,373
797
24,769
110,366
40,680
79,300
784,000
511,757
386,315
8,974
8,330
140,877
87,350
1,535
s.      872
495,333
13,143
635
Value.
$ 9,207
219,870
45,334
72,850
96,394
19,860
3,909
58,250
10,170
329,313
19,491
465,520
7,508
182,700
31,661
with beef.)
2,437
67,040
16,221
48,000
102,464
447
8,293
1,648
2,571
272
1,558
61,120
594,660
50,265
23,842
22,023
623
8,512
12,404
40,198
18
11,585
200,883
2,033
544
13,809
88,292
1,019
5,440
62,720
21,455
43,324
37,491
33,320
10,645
6,700
2,211
58
15,436
9,791
490
68,506
Duty.
| 1,841 00
" 9,069 30
' 19,278 80
1,022 53
2,034 66
63,149 59
4,519 70
162 66
8,472 98
119 14
(Included
3,239 00
20,751 00
89 40
2,011 14
211 22
313 78
54 40
214 50
12,723 00
11,253 00
4,354 70
177 68
1,336 34
(Free.)
1 00
2,238 00
237 00
97 70
2,972 28
1,669 87
038 63
766 35
469 80
810 34
725 00
552 75
17 44
929 33
422 25
122 50
395 68
83,268,405  1226,866 62
8,518
otherwise)
Year ending 30th June, 1902.
Quantity.
7,395
3,334,377
615,030
1,774,000
496,801
4,048,000
237,968
689,000
308,763
1,198
90,018
31,014
1,005
720
101
24,566
131,613
,982,700
1,229
3,401
44,790
22',487
506,884
1,249
1,923
144,424
286,833
32,100
2,274
72,165
200,000
529,430
118,489
12,605
54,000
lbs. 84,623
1,421
98
514,121
5,840
160
405,870
472.
50,
58.
148,
11,
4
73,
401,613
71,044
204,010
52,500
344,080
10,186
842
26,280
68,900
34,824
96
6,716
1,083
2,935
40
386
67,629
361,935
94,183
51,890
236,948
5,993
811
6,636
26,251
9,100
205,287
1,347
886
75,832
152,023
1,085
4,788
16,000
19,697
14,663
50,627
21,600
147,648
6,933
4,468
6
15,271
9,381
191
17,308
53,688,158   S383,
Duty.
t  1,928 80
10,081 60
29,679 20
1,236 99
66,687 54
12,300 60
10,752 88
' 3,565'i6"
170 36
"5,256'6o'
8,002 00
15 53
1,426 35
77 54
251 25
8 00
50 50
14,739 60
18,836 60
119,679 16
1,190 10
510 15
(Free.)
2,248 70
124 90
192 30
17,330 88
(Free.)
294 30
376 05
042 00
21,562 49
1,<
i>:
117 00
1 96
141 21
345 25
47 75
,962 02
ill A 234
Report on Agriculture,
1903
IM PORTS.— Concluded.
Year ending 30th June, 1900.
Year ending 30th June, 1902.
Quantity.
Value.
Duty.
Quantity.
Value.
Duty.
Brought forward
Fruit and Vegetables—(Concluded):
83,268,405
8122,333
22,447
50,806
823
4,107
23,363
7,125
61,106
1,624
5,760
282
164
15,198
$225,866 62
$3,688,158
183,616
14,433
91,916
923
2,799
17,304
3,976
45,303
4,049
3,125
319
168
15,213
$383,398 11
■ Provinces,
Countries,
it
Provinces,
Countries,
ii
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
Provinces,
Countries,
nals importet
s and therefc
lbs.
No.
bush.
lbs.
No.
gals.
n
lbs.
cases
lbs.
cases
lbs.
gals,
tons
lbs.
bush.
lbs.
dozen
cwt.
gals.
. from
re en-
3,670,000
311,531
701,931
5,180
1,895
36,935
47,550
318,846
5,508,500
200,432
1,648,487
4,988
lbs.      981
22,393
24,850
All other dried fruits and nuts    11
$  5,953 10
12,148 00
205 75
787 77
5,496 90
4,435 21
22,615 18
230 75
476 10
3,171 35
14,144 56
324 80
11,343 32
Trees and Bushes :
19,098
1,018 62
Oils :
642
266
84,266
70 50
41 00
2,868 70
51S
315
26,395
79 75
42 00
2,614 00
Dairy Products:
563,913
2,258,000
73,155
840,000
1,417,748
35,400
5,699
126,841
564,500
11,040
84,000
124,610
177,000
220
20,522 96
205,587
3,303,500
68,568
1,459,000
104,526
10,966
9,315
47,406
776,322
10,154
182,375
7,956
54,830
368
8,223 48
2,311 23
2,057 04
40,799 71
3,397 09
248 12
372 60
1,330
4,207
1,889
48,361
58,339
75,305
834
53,784
18,890
6,914
5,876
54,596
104 65
8,414 00
1,660
5,115
2,721
63,046
144 80
Hay      ,i
10,230 00
2,901 63
1,605 72
11,284 55
31,479
30,873
lbs. 93,705
4,299
3,663
65,487
1,888 74
926 19
14,055 75
24,065
346,617
1,226,400
2,399
38,443
58
61
4
186
3
6,402
57,407
183,960
3,005
27,173
12,830
4,517
40
597
30
85,108,599
953 37
10,332 00
20,304
231,582
970,800
10,058
23,459
19
6
4
145
mt.
5,537
42,905
179,598
10,717
15,516
5,369
1,500
50
540
Nil
934 29
6,947 46
Add to above the following ani
other countries for breeding purpose
tered duty free :—
(Free.)
6,801 35
(Free.)
4,215 03
(Free.)
ii
,,
mt.
.1374,187 11
$5,541,660
$482,851 86
Malt and Linseed Oil were inadvertently omitted in compiling the imports from the other Provinces. Taking the last statistics,
we find that Malt to the value of $1,782 and Linseed Oil to the value of $13,241 were imported. Judging from the increase in all
lines, we may therefore safely add these figures to the total above, viz. :—
1900. 1902.
Malt           1,782 1,782
Linseed Oil         13,241 13,241
Value as above    5,108,599 5,541,660
5,123,622 5,556,683
Add duty       374,187 482,837
Grand total $5,497,809 $6,039,534
Note.—The duty noted in these tables is the amount paid during the year, but may not represent the exact amount of duty
payable on the importations for that year, as some articles may have remained in bond.
The foregoing figures are obtained from the Customs returns and from the Canadian
Pacific Railway, and may therefore be taken to be fairly accurate, and show an increase in
importations of $541,725.
The importations from other countries, with duty included, being.... $2,597,890
From other Provinces    3,441,644
,039,534 3 Ed. 7 British Columbia. A 235
EXPRESSION   OF   THANKS.
In conclusion, I have to express my thanks for the information supplied by, and the
unfailing courtesy of, the correspondents of the Department, the officers of the Farmers'
Institutes and Agricultural Associations, the meteorological reporters, amongst whom I may
mention one lady, Mrs. De Wolf, of Chilliwhack; Mr. Thos. Cunningham, Inspector of Fruit
Pests ; Dr. S. F. Tolmie, V. 8., and Dr. Johnson Gibbins, V. S., Inspectors of Diseases of
Animals; the officers of the Fruit Growers' Association and the Dairyman's and Live. Stock
Association ■ Mr. Thos. A. Sharpe, Superintendent of the Dominion Experimental Farm,
Agassiz; Government Agents, and the members of the Board of Horticulture. These reports
are furnished, I am sure, very often, at much personal inconvenience, and without which it
would indeed be a difficult matter to get up an intelligent report on matters affecting the agricultural interests of the country. My thanks are also due for assistance in the identification of
insect pests and plant diseases, with suggestions of remedies, advice, and the identification of
plants and advice on soils and fertilisers, to Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director; Dr. James Fletcher,
Entomologist and Botanist, and Prof. Frank T. Shutt, Chemist, of the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa; Prof. John Macoun, Ottawa; the Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, Wellington; Mr. A.
W. Hanham and Mr. E. Baynes-Reed, Victoria; Mr. Wm. A. Dashwood-Jones, New Westminster ; the officers of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington; and the
officers of the various Agricultural Colleges in the United States and Guelph.
J. R. ANDERSON,
Deputy Minister of Agriculture.  3 Ed. 7                                         British Columbia.
A 237
TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.
Page.
              3
         5-17
Description of Province :—
       18-70
Lower        n         	
       71-92
Climatic Statistics	
     93-125
    126-148
Agricultural Legislation	
    149-158
Board of Horticulture	
    158-160
Report of Inspector of Fruit Pests	
    161-163
North-West Fruit Growers' Association	
Australia a Market for Fruits	
Fungous Diseases	
    164-170
          171
...  172-175
Insect Pests	
.   176-181
Animal and Bird Pests	
    182-184
Weeds and Poisonous Plants	
..   185-186
Meetings of Stockmen	
    187-193
    193-196
198-199
Freight Rates on Animals	
           199
.   199-200
Provincial Breeders of Live Stock              	
. ..   201-204
Price of Land	
. ,   ..   205-207
Measuring Hay in Stack	
          210
...   211-213
Forestry	
. .     .  214-225
226-232
Table of Imports	
.   233-234
Expression of Thanks	
          235
ERRATA.
Page 23—Purshia tridenta should be P. tridentata.
ii  202—A. Munro's address is Sydney, and he breeds shorthorns.
n 224—For embarrass read embarras. A 238 Report on Agriculture, 1903
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Frontispiece—View in Stanley Park, Vancouver.
Fronting page    8—View in Beacon Hill Park.
ii 14—Harvesting, Spallumcheen.
ii 18—Farm, Enderby.
ii 22—    n      Trout Creek.
ii 26—Camping, Okanagan Lake.
n 32—Cattle, Hazelmere Farm, Enderby.
ii 36—Cherry Creek Ranch, Kamloops.
ii 40—Street in Nicola.
ii 44—Indian Hop Pickers.
ii 50—Long Lake.
ii 54—Ruffed Grouse.
n 60—Sunrise in the heart of the Selkirks.
ii 64—Prairie Chicken.
ii 70—Haying, Delta—John Oliver's Farm.
n 74—Jubilee Farm.
,, 78—Eden Bank Dairy Farm.
ii 82—Dairy Cows, Delta—M. Guichon.
ii 88—Sheep, Delta—T. Ladner.
n 92—     ii     Metchosin.
ii 96—Farm near Victoria.
ii 100—Cowichan Lake, near outlet.
n 106—Hay Field, Saanich.
ii 110—Field of Oats, near Victoria.
n 116—Farm, Beaver Creek, Alberni.
ii 120—Somas River, Alberni.
ii 124—Garden, Victoria.
ii 148—Falls near Koksilah River.
ii 154—Bush Land, Saanich.
n 160—Royal Anne Cherries—M. J. Henry.
ii 166—Oregon Champion Gooseberry—M. J. Henry.
ii 176—Farmyard, Saanich.
ii 188—Hops, Saanich.
ii 192—Farm, Colwood.
u 206—Scrub Pine.
ii 210—Felling a Forest Monarch.
„ 214—Oak Trees.
ii 218—Boom of Logs, Mabel Lake.
ii 222—Logging by Steam.
ii 226—      ii       with Oxen. INDEX.
Abortion of Cows  192
jEgeria exitiosa    176
Agricultural Education    .. 10
v          Associations  227
//          Associations, thanks to officers.... 235
//          shows and competent Judges  11
ii          and Horticultural Societies Act ... 12
//           Legislation  149
Alkali Lake  49
Aikafi soils  208
Alexandria      55
Alert Bay  Ill
Alberni  115
Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate  173
Amherst Live Stock Meeting  198
Angora Goats  8
Angora Goats, breeders of (omitted by mistake
from page 203)  232
Anderson, J. R., on forest preservation     224
Animal pests  182
Animals, Inspection of *.  9
it        Reports of Inspectors of Diseases of.. 193
//        noxious  14
a        Laws relating to 150, 155
//       Diseases of      187
//       Freight rates on pure-bred    199
Analysis of soils  12
Anthracnose of Apple  173
Apple Box  170
Apple Scab    174
Aphides  176
Aphis, Woolly   176
Ashcroft  42
Associations, Dairying 152, 230
u           Provincial  226
n Agricultural,     Horticultural    and
Fruit Growers' 152, 227, 230
Asilid Fly  176, 177
Attending Meetings  16
Atlin  58
Australia—Inspection of fruit in  160
n           as a market for fruit  171
B.
Barkerville  59
Bees    9
Bella Coola  84
Beetle, Potato  177
ii      Black Vine  179
Bembicia marginata  180
Bird Pests...' 14, 182
Big Bar Creek  49
Big Bend  67
Black spot of bark  173
Black scab of a'pple and pear  174
Blackleg  193
Blue Jays  184
Board of Horticulture    ... 7, 153, 158
a            it            thanks to members of . . 235
Botanical  13
Botanic Garden ,  14
Boundary  18
Boiler Inspection Act, Steam  27
Page
Bonaparte, Valley of  57
Box, Apple   170
Borer, peach and plum  176
Borer, raspberry root      180
Bridge Creek  55
Bright  102
Brabant, Rev. A. J  116
Bruchuspisi  179
Brassica Sinapistrum  185
Breeders of live stock 201, 232
Burnaby  77
Bute Inlet  84
Bulls, Scrubs versus Pure-bred     199
Byres, unsanitary  197
C.
Cattle, horned    8
Cattle, horned, breeders of  201
Campbell Creek  34
Cariboo Wagon Road  55
Cache Creek  55
Canal Flat  60
Cameron  102
Castle  106
Cape Scott  Ill
Camp Island  Ill
Caribou on Queen Charlotte Island  123
Cabbage Butterfly  176
Caterpillars  176
Caterpillar, Rose  179
Calandra granaria  178
Cacwcia rosaceana  179
Canada Thistle  185
Calgary, Live Stock Meetings  199
Cereals  5
Central Farmers' Institute  10
Central Nicola  37
Cedar  102
Chilcotin   49
Cherry Creek  34
Chilliwhack  71
Chemainus .     96
Chesnut, Prof., Washington, D. C  13
Cherry Slug  176
Chrysomela elegans  177
Cholera, Hog  193
Cicuta  186
Clearing Land  12
Clinton  55
Clayoquot  115
Climatic Statistics  126
Clisiocampa Americana  176
Clovers  6
Clovers and grasses, mixtures  211
Gnicus arvensis  185
Co-operation  10
Cold Storage     10
Commonage  28
Columbia Valley, Upper  60
Coquitlam   77
Condensed Milk Factory, Mission  79
Cowichan  96
Comiaken  96 A 240
Index.
1903
Page.
Comox  106
Cortez Island  Ill
Cockle, J. Wm  14
Commons, Laws relating to  151
Copper Carbonate  173
Coyotes  182
Cougars  183
Cows, Abortion of  192
Correspondents, thanks to  235
Correspondents :
Anderson, F. G., Trout Creek  25
Appleton, F., Enderby  29
Austin, W. R., Sapperton  80
Burrell, M., Grand Forks  19
Brown, J. N. J., Empire Valley  54
Bulman, John, Windermere  61
Bown, E. A., Delta  72
Bose, H. Surrey      73
Bowman, Orion, Upper Sumas  77
Brynildsen, B., Bella Coola      85
Bayne, Stanley R. S., Alberni  117
Clapperton, John, Nicola  38
Cleasby, H. S., Lower Nicola  39
Cornwall, Hon. C. F., Ashcroft     43
Carson, Mrs. E. J., Paviiion Mountain .... 52
Cockle, J. Wm., Kaslo  69
Foster, F. W., Clinton  56
Galbraith, R. L. T., Fort Steele  64
Grimmer, Washington, Pender Island  120
Heggie, Geo., Enderby  29
Hardiman, T. R., Lower Nicola  42
Heatherbell, Geo., Hornby Island.  107
Halliday, J. A., Sandwick    108
Harrison, Rev. C, Masset   3, 124, 12
Jacobson, Fillip, Bella Coola  87
King, C. E., Cedar Hill  96
Lochore, Alex., Lytton  50
Mellin, H. de M., Somenos  99
Newill, H. H., Victoria  88
Neilsen, N. T., Cape Scott  112
Palmer, E. A., Salmon Arm  33
Phillipps, Michael, Tobacco Plains  65
Page, Z. D., Port Kells    76
Peen, A. W., Mission City  81
Peatt, A. H., Colwood  94
Spraggett, E., Grand Forks  18
Sidley, R. G., Sidley  21
Smith, J. F., Kamloops  36
Stewart, John, Nanaimo  103
Teit, J. A., Spence's Bridge  48
Thompson, Nicholas, Cortez Island  112
Varney, Henry, Quatsino Sound  113
Winkler, Geo. E., Princeton  24
Williams, Sidney, Quesnel  59
Wolley, Clive Phillips, Pier Island  97
Creameries 7, 231
Creameries, Laws relating to  151
Creighton Valley  28
Craigellachie  32
Cranbrook  63
Crow's Nest  63
Cranberry  102
Crows  183
Cunningham, Thos 7, 235
Cutworms 176, 177
D.
Dairy, Travelling  ■ . 7
Dairying Associations  152
Dairyman's and Live Stock Association  230
Dairyman's and Live Stock Association, thanks
to officers of. .  235
Page.
Delta  71
DeWolf, Mrs  235
Dewdney  77
Denman Island  106
Department, work of  16
Diseases, Fungous  172
ii        of Animals ,  187
a                 a         Reports of Inspectors   .... 193
of Fowls  197
Douglas   102
Lake   37
Fir  217
Fir, Table of strength  218
Dog Creek  49
Dominion Regulations relating to stock  154
,/          Fruit Marks Act  158
Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation  150
Ducks  34
E.
East Kootenay        63
Education, Agricultural  10
E/lopia Somniaria  176
Elymus condensatus  192
Entomological     14
Empire Valley  49
Ergotized Rye Grass  192
Esquimalt  93
Eugonia Californiea  180
Experimental Stations      10
F.
Farmers' Institute, Central  10
Institutes 10, 153, 22H
n"             ii          thanks to officers of  245
Fat Stock Shows  198
Fall Web-worm  176
Fences, laws relating to  151
Fistulous Withers  187
Fir, Douglas  214
Tables of Strength  218
Flax  6
Fletcher, Dr. Jas., Ottawa 13, 14, 235
Fly, Asilid  176
Fluke, Sheep  193
Flockmasters' Association  230
Fodder Plants  6
Fort Steele  63
Fort Rupert  Ill
Fowls, diseases amongst  197
Forestry 13, 214
Forest Fires  219
it        reports on    220
Forest Preservation  224
Fruit  6
Fruit Growers' Association 152, 231
a                      a             thanks to officers of.. 235
Fruit Marks Act, Dominion   158
a    inspection of, in Australia  160
»    pests, report of Inspector of  161
a    Growers' Association, North-West, meeting of  164
a    proper way of packing  167
/;    Australia, as a market  171
Fraser, Valley of Upper  49
a      South Side of Lower  71
„      North        //         »         77
Froek    84
Free goods  157
Freight rates, pure-bred animals  199
Fungous Diseases  172
Fusicladinm dendriticum  174 3 Ed. 7
Index.
241
Gang Ranch  49
Galena  60
Gardner Inlet  88
Gabriola Island  102
Galiano Island   119
Garden, Botanic  14
Gibbins, Johnson, report on'Fistulous Withers. . 188
„                    report. .' 194, 235
Goats, Angora  8
a breeders of  (omitted by  mistake
from page 203)  232
Golden  60
Gooseberry Mildew  174
Government Agents, thanks!, to      235
Grasses, Clovers and Fodder Plants  6
a      and Clovers, mixtures  211
Grasshoppers  176
Grand Forks  18
Grande Prairie  34
Graham Island  122
Grain   Weevil  178
Granite Creek .     23
Greenwood  18
Guelph Live Stock Meeting     198
//     Agricultural College  235
H.
Hat Creek  55
Hardwicke Island  Ill
Hamilton, Dr. R.,V. S  9
Hamilton, R., V. S., report on fistulous withers. 188
Hanhem, Mr.  A. W 14, 235
Hay in stack, measuring   210
Hamilton Creek      37
Hernando Island    Ill
Hemlock, Water      186
Highland  93
Highways  154
Hops  6
Horticulture, Board'of 7, 153, 158
Horticultural Societies Act, Agricultural and ... 12
//           Associations  152
Horned Cattle     8
»           breeders of  201
Horses  8
„     wild  182
a     breeders of  202
Hope  71
Howe Sound      84
Hornby Island  106
Hog Cholera  193
Hyphantria textor  176
I.
Imports, table of  233
Introductory remarks  5
Inspection of animals  9
Inspection of fruit in Australia  160
Inspectors of Diseases of Animals, reports of . .. 193
Inspector of Fruit Pests, report of  161
Insect Pests    176
Information,   Statistical  15
Institutes, Farmers' 10, 153, 226
Irrigation, Water for  13
/;        by pumping  26
//        Drainage, Dyking and    ,  150
Island of Vancouver  93
Islands, the  93
Page.
J.
James Island     95
Jones, Wm. A. Dashwood, New Westminster 14, 235
Judges, Agricultural shows, competent      11
June Bug, ten-lined 176,  178
K.
Kamloops      34
Kent  77
Keremeos  23
Kitamat  88
Kootenav, East    63
„    '    West  67
L.
Lands  15
Lands, laws affecting  149
Land, clearing  12
Land, price of  205
Labour  15
Lac La Hache  55
Langley  71
Lake District      95
Lasqueti Island      102
Lawns, mixtures for  213
Legumes  5
Legislation, Agricultural  149
Leaf Hoppers  176
Lillooet  49
Live Stock, Dominion Regulations  154
a            Shows, Winter  198
Calgary  199
Breeders of 201, 232
Lower Nicola  37
»     Thompson Valley      42
,i     Mainland '  71
Louse, Oyster Shell Bark  176
Lytton  42
M.
Macoun, Prof. John  235
Mabel Lake  28
Mainland, Upper  18
//          Lower  71
n        North-West Coast of  84
Mammette Lake  37
Matsqui    71
Maple Ridge  77
Mayne Island  119
Market for Fruit, Australia  171
Meteorological   15
»            statistics  126
//             reporters, thanks to  235
Meetings, attending  16
a         of stockmen  198
Metchosin   93
Measuring hay in stack  210
Midway  18
Mission  77
Mildewjfof Gooseberry  174
Mountain District  102
Moresby Island (Straits)  119
//            (Queen Charlotte Group)      122
Monilia Fructigena  172
Mustard, Wild  185
Mytilaspis pomorum  176
N.
Nanaimo, North and South   102
Nanoose   102 A 242
Index.
1903
Page"
Nechaco     58
Nelson District     106
Nicola     37
Nicomen     77
Noxious Weeds      13
u      Animals      14
Notch Hill     32
North Thompson      34
North side of Lower Fraser      77
North-West Coast of Mainland     84
North Saanich       95
Northern portion of Province     58
n        part of Vancouver Island and adjacent
Islands        Ill
'North-West Fruit Growers' Association meeting 164
Oak Looper  176
Okanagan Lake   24
/;         Mission      24
Okanagan  28
Olwell, J. W., on Fruit Packing  161
One Hundred and Fifty-Mile House  55
Onion Maggot  181
Osoyoos    18
Otter Creek  23
Otiorhynchus sulcatus    179
Oyster District  102
Osyter Shell Bark Louse   176
P.
Panthers  183
Pavilion  49
Pastures, Mixtures for  212
Paving, Wood  216
Packing Fruit, proper way  167
Pests, Insect  176
//    Fungous  172
//    Bird 14, 182
Peachland  24
Pender Island  119
Penticton  24
Pear Scab  174
Pear Slug  176
Peach and Plum Borer  176
Pea Weevil  179
Peridroma Saucia  176
Pieris rupee  176
Pfiorbia ceparum  181
Plants Poisonous to Stock   13, 185
Plum Rot  172
Polyphylla decemlineata  176, 178
Port Renfrew  115
Potato Beetle  177
Poultry  9
//      Breeders of  203
//     Associations  231
Products, specimens of  13
Princeton  23
Priest Valley  28
Prevost Island   119
Provincial Breeders of £ Live Stock 201, 232
it       Associations  226
Preservation of Forests    224
Price of Land  205
Pseudotsuga Douglasii  214
„    '            'a        Tables of strength  218
Pulp, Wood  14
Pumping by Steam for Irrigation  26
Purpura Hcemorrhagica    191
Page.
Q.
Quamichan      96
Quatsino  Ill
Queen Charlotte Islands  122
Quesnel  55
Quilchena      38
R.
Raspberry Root Borer    180
Read Island    Ill
Redonda Island    Ill
Red Spider   176
Reed, E. Baynes 14, 235
Regulations relating to Stock, Dominion    154
Revelstoke     67
Report of Inspector of Fruit Pests    161
Reports of Inspectors of Diseases of Animals .   .193
"      on Forest Fires        220
Ringworm    193
Richmond     77
Robertson, Prof. J. W., Ottawa       7
Rock Creek      18
Roots       5
Rot, Plum   172
Rose Caterpillar    179
Rules for Spraying      175
Rutherford, Dr. J. G., Ottawa       9
S.
Saunders, Dr. Wm   235
Saanich, North and South       95
Salmon Arm     32
Sahtlam     96
Salt Spring Island    119
Savory Island    Ill
Saturna     n         119
San Jose Scale Act    157
Savona     42
Scab of Apple and Pear    174
Scab, Sheep    193
Schizoneura lanigera    176
Scleropogon helvius 176,  177
Scrubs versus Pure Bred Bulls    199
Seymour     96
Selandria cerasi    176
Seed per acre    213
Sharp, T.  A   235
Sheep       8
«     Breeders   of   (omitted   by   mistake  from
page 203)   232
Shuswap      34
//      Lake     32
Shawnigan     96
Shutt, Prof. F. T., Ottawa 12, 235
Sidley      18
Similkameen     23
Sicamous     32
Sidney Island -   119
Soils, Analyses of      12
Soils, Alkali  208
Soda Creek     55
South side of Lower Fraser     71
South Vancouver     77
South Nanaimo    102
Sooke         93
Somenos     96
Specimens pf,Products        13
Spallumcheen     28
Spence's Bridge     42
Sphcerotheca mors-uvcc   174
Spraying, Five Rules      175 3 Ed. 7
Index.
A 243
Spider, Red    	
Squamish	
Stock, Plants poisonous to	
//     Dominion regulations relating to.
«     Shows, Fat	
/; it     Calgary      	
Stockmen, Meetings of	
Statistical Information	
Steam Boilers Inspection Act	
Stump Lake	
Stuart Lake	
Stewart, W. A., Toronto	
Stacks of hay, to measure	
Summerland	
Sugar Lake	
Surrey	
Sumas	
Swine	
Swine, Breeders of	
Page.
176
.13, 185
... 154
... 198
... 199
... 198
... 15
... 27
... 36
... 59
,... 126
.... 210
.. 24
.... 28
.... 71
.... 71
... 8
.... 202
T.
Tappen Siding	
Taylor, Rev. G. W	
Table of Imports	
Table of Strength of Fir	
Texada Island    .
Tetranychus telarius	
Ten-lined Bug	
Thompson River Valley	
Thompson Valley, Lower	
Thurlow Island	
Thistles, Laws relating to	
Thistle, Canada	
Thanks to Correspondents	
Ticks, Sheep	
Tobacco Plains	
Tolmie, Dr. S. F	
Tolmie, V. S., Report of Dr. S.
Travelling Dairy	
Travelling through country....
Trout Creek	
Tranquille	
Tuberculosis	
.... 32
..14, 235
.... 233
.... 218
.... 102
.... 176
176, 178
  34
.... 42
.... Ill
.... 151
.... 185
.... 235
.... 193
.... 63
.... 235
.... 193
.... 7
.... 16
.... 24
.... 34
.... 191
U.
Ucluelet	
Unsanitary Byres.
115
197
Page.
United States Department of Agriculture  235
«            Agricultural Colleges  235
Upper Mainland    18
a     Nicola  36
//     Fraser Valley    49
«     Columbia    »       60
V.
Vancouver, South  77
//         Island and adjacent Islands  93
w a     northern   part   and   adjacent
islands  Ill
a              n     West Coast  115
Valdez Island  Ill
Victoria  95
Vine Beetle, Black  179
W.
Water for Irrigation  13
a     Laws affecting  150
a     Hemlock  186
Weeds, Noxious     13, 185
West Kootenay  67
West Coast of Vancouver Island  115
Western Condensed Milk Factory, Report of.... 79
Western Ten-lined June Bug 176, 178
Wellington   102
Weevil, Grain  178
Pea    179
White Lake     23
White Valley  82
Williams Lake  55
Windermere  60
Withycombe, Dr. Jas., Corvallis  6
Wild Horses  182
Wild Mustard  185
Winter Fat Stock Shows  198
Wood Pulp  14
Wood Paving      216
Work of Department  16
Woolly Aphis  176
Wolves  183
Wyatt Island   Ill
Y.
Yale  77
VICTORIA, B. Or.
Printed by Richard Wolfenden, I.S.O., V.D., Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majestj-.
1903.