L'ART MUSICAL (1860-70; 1872-94), PROTOTYPE RIPM CATALOGUE AND KEYWORD-AUTHOR INDEX: AN ASSAY OF RIPM METHODOLOGY AND INTRODUCTORY STUDY OF THE JOURNAL By DIANA CHRISTINA SOPHIA SNIGUROWICZ t B.Mus., The University of British Columbia, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (School of Music) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1988 (c) Diana Christina Sophia Snigurowicz, 1988 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of °\X\Axt)JuC^ The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date ]2. ABSTRACT The musicological community has long recognized the need for restrospective peri-odical indexing. Previous attempts to develop a system to allow access to this monumental documentary resource, however, have not been successful. Realizing the importance of international cooperation and concensus in this effort, the Inter-national Association of Music Libraries (IAML) and the International Musicologi-cal Society (IMS) approved the creation of the Repertoire international de la presse musicale (RIPM) in 1981 and 1982, respectively. RIPM's initial task was to develop an internationally sanctioned system for cataloguing and indexing writings on music in 19th-century periodical literature. Over the past seven years, RIPM collaborators have developed a system employing computer technology and laser printing techniques for producing computer-generated catalogues and indexes in a camera-ready format. Throughout the develop-mental stages, the initially proposed indexing methodology has undergone revisions. Moreover, steps towards the utilization of an entirely personal computer-based sys-tem of operations—as opposed to the initial mainframe-based system—have been taken. The aims of this thesis are two-fold: (1) to test the RIPM system through the produc-tion of a prototype volume, consisting of an annotated title catalogue and a keyword-author index, and (2) to produce an introductory study of the prototype journal, L' Art musical (Paris, 1860-70; 1872-94). The production of the prototype RIPM volume served to test the system in the following ways: (1) to identify problematic areas in RIPM methodology and production techniques, (2) to assay the treatment of jour-nals with extensive publication runs generating large data bases, and (3) to attempt the first trial of an entirely PC-based system of operations. The introductory study of the prototype journal served: (1) to collate information of a biographical, histori-cal, and contextual nature about the journal, its founders and publishers, (2) to analyze the type of subject matter in L'Art musical, and (3) to identify the major con-tributors. The production of the RIPM prototype led to a comprehensive assay of the system. The following refinements in RIPM methodology and design resulted: (1) several cataloguing situations, not previously encountered, necessitated editorial clarifica-tion and the creation of new formats of data entry, (2) the extensive size of the data base led to modifications in the designs of the catalogue and index to reduce the size ii of computer-generated RIPM volumes, and (3) a standardization of editorial prin-ciples for French language RIPM volumes was effected. The introductory study of L'Art musical focuses on the journal's publishing history, format and frequency of publication, contents and type of subject matter, and iden-tifies the major contributors, with brief biographical sketches. The study also offers an analysis of review formats, an examination of both the commercial and sociologi-cal influences on the type of contents and views expressed in the journal, and a list-ing of the music supplements offered to subscribers (Appendix I). iii T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Abstract ii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Chapter I. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1 A . Sociological Overview of 19th-century Paris 3 B. Overview of 19th-century French Music Criticism 5 C. Aims and Format of Thesis 7 Chapter II. P R E P A R A T I O N S F O R I N T E R N A T I O N A L P R O D U C T I O N 9 A . The Necessity for Revisions in RIPMxix Methodology and Format 10 B. Alterations Effected in RIPMxix Methodology and Format 20 C. Standardization of Computer Technology Involved 25 D. Steps to International Collaboration 27 E . Selection of a Prototype Journal 28 F . Method of Operation Testing the Viability of R I P M Technology 30 Chapter III. C A T A L O G U I N G L'ART MUSICAL 32 A . Additions to the Computer Programmes 33 B. New Cataloguing Situations 36 C. Standardization of French Language Norms 51 Chapter IV. L'ART MUSICAL: T H E K E Y W O R D - A U T H O R I N D E X 54 A . Disadvantages in Design Specifications and Programming Capabilities of the Previous RIPMxix Keyword Index 55 B. Alterations Effected in the Design Specifications 59 iv C. Design and Programming Capabilities of the Author References in the Keyword Index 66 D. Pre-Editing L'Art musical 67 E. Post-Editing L'Art musical 70 F. Editing the Author References 71 Chapter V. L'ART MUSICAL: MUSIQUE, THEATRE, BEAUX-ARTS (1860-70; 1872-94): AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY 75 A. General Overview 75 B. Detailed Study of the Type of Contents 78 C. The Focus of the Journal as Determined by the Publishers' Interests 89 D. Identification of the Major Contributors 92 Bibliography 108 Appendix I. List of Musical Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities 112 PROTOTYPE RIPM CATALOGUE AND KEYWORD-AUTHOR INDEX Title Catalogue 1 Keyword-Author Index 791 v L I S T O F T A B L E S Table 1. List of contributors whose pseudonyms and variant forms of signature have been identified 73-74 Table 2. Reviews of works accompanied by citations from other journals 91 Table 3. Principal contributors: 1 s t period (1860-70) 103 Table 4. Principal contributors: 2 n d period (1872-82) 104-05 Table 5. Principal contributors: 3 r d period (1883-94) 106-07 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 13-14 Figure 2 16-17 Figure 3 18 Figure 4 19 Figure 5 21 Figure 6 24 Figure 7 38 Figure 8 40 Figure 9 40 Figure 10 41 Figure 11 41 Figure 12 42 Figure 13 43 Figure 14 43 Figure 15a 44 Figure 15b 45 Figure 16 45 Figure 17 46 Figure 18 46 Figure 19 47 Figure 20 47 Figure 21 49 Figure 22 49 Figure 23 49 Figure 24 51 Figure 25a 51 Figure 25b 51 Figure 26 57-58 Figure 27 61-62 vii Chapter I INTRODUCTION The Repertoire international de la presse musicale du dix-neuvieme siecle (RIPMxix),1 fourth in a series of internationally coordinated bibliographic projects (the other three being the Repertoire international des sources musicales, RISM; the Repertoire international de la litterature musicale, RILM; and the Repertoire international d'iconographie musicale, RIdIM), was proposed to the scholarly community at the 1980 annual conference of the International Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres (IAML) in Cambridge by H. Robert Cohen and Elvidio Sudan. The following year the creation of RIPMxix was approved at the IAML conference in Budapest, and in 1982, approval was granted by the International Musicological Association (IMS). Since its inception RIPM has been developed under the supervision of H. Robert Cohen. The project's aim is to provide access to a valuable but previously inaccessible documentary resource—the musical press.2 Because detailed indexing of 19th- and early 20th-century periodicals dealing with music is extremely rare, the scholar wishing to consult articles or iconography—or re-views, notices, advertisements or announcements-—dealing with a given subject must, in most cases, simply resign himself to turning literally hundreds if not thousands of pages to locate relevant documents. Clearly, gaining bibliographical control and consequently access to this exceptional source of information is a priority in music bibliography...3 The 19th-century musical press is a documentary source of primary importance, not only because of the factual information contained therein, but also because these contemporary writings can provide unique insights into the musical life of the time—the thoughts and mceurs of 19th-century musical culture. The epistomological stance governing RIPM is indicative of current trends in the continuing evolution of the nature and focus of musicological inquiry. Historical musicology is by no means a "static" discipline; since its recognition as an independent field of study in the 19th century, a gradual evolution in musicological epistomologies has been apparent. In the past 40 odd years a 'The original designation was RIPMxix, however, the suffix "xix" was subsequently removed as the temporal boundaries of this bibliographic project were extended to cover the latter years of the 18th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The term "musical press" is taken to mean any kind of periodical literature dealing entirely or in part with music or musical life (e.g., feuilletons, specialized music journals, cultural reviews). 3 H . Robert Cohen, Marcello Conati and Elvidio Surian, "Centres internationaux de recherche sur la presse musicale (CIRPM), Repertoire international de la presse musicale du dix-neuvieme siecle (RIPMxix): A Preliminary Report," Fontes Artis Musicae 28, Nos. 1/2 (January/June 1981): 105. 1 dramatic shift in the musicologist's perspective has occurred—from a genetic approach, implying progress or evolution to a higher goal, to an ontological approach, implying a study of the nature of the object itself.4 An ontological (or sociological) approach to historical musicology, in other words the study of music in context, necessitates the creation of new methods of historical inquiry. In the case of 19th-century studies more than a few scholars see the contemporary musical press as the documentary resource fulfilling the requirements for a contextual study of music.5 However, the utilization of the musical press as an archival tool is not without problems. As H. Robert Cohen explains, difficulties are due to various factors: One is the sheer mass of the material, which alone suffices to strike horror in the hearts of the most ardent dix-neuviemistes. A limited number of libraries possess the materi-als, and the enormous expense of purchasing the few commercially distributed reprints and microfilm reproductions is offputting... Then there is the problem of locating spe-cific information within a given journal, as detailed indexing is the exception rather than the rule throughout the century. One encounters further difficulty in identifying critics of merit (given their number) and of simply knowing who wrote what, thanks to the complicated web of pseudonyms by which they identified themselves. Finally, there is the simple matter of isolating, given the quantity of periodicals published, those journals worthy of examination.6 RIPM, via the systematic indexing of major 19th-century music journals, is attempting to fill this perceived lacuna in bibliographic research tools. A complete bi-partite RIPM publication would be comprised of a chronologically ordered, annotated Title Catalogue and Keyword-Author 4The opinions of two notable scholars illustrate this change in attitude. Leo Treitler, writing about methodologies of historical and stylistic analysis, states that a music historian's priority should not be a study of "music of the past, as a principle of selection, but music in the past, as a principle of knowledge. History is a discipline, not by virtue of a particular subject matter but by virtue of an epistemological stance. And the change in the formulation of the task of music history entails most centrally a change in epistemology, a shift of emphasis from the genetic to the ontological" ("'To Worship that Celestial Sound: Motives for Analysis," The Journal of Musicology 1, No. 2 [April 1982]: 154). Vincent Duckies echoes the same sentiment: "the advanced study of music should be centered not on music but on Man, the musician, acting within a social and cultural environment. This shift from music to Man, from product... to producer or participant, carries with it a shift of method. The traditional apparatus of historical inquiry is not designed to cope with a continuum of activities..." (The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, s.v. "Musicology" [XII, 836]). 5To cite a few names: H. Robert Cohen and Marcello Conati (Directors: Centres internationaux de recherche sur la presse musicale, College Park, Maryland and Parma, Italy); Michael Wolf, John S. North and Dorothy Deering (editors of the Waterloo Directory of Victorian Periodicals 1824-1900); Christian Goubault, who states: "Archives du quotidien, elles [la presse] constituent des documents d'une richesse considerable et la source la plus complete de l'histoire generale" (La Critique musicale dans la presse frangaise de 1870 a 1914 [Geneva: Editions Slatkine, 1984], 26); and Vincent Duckies, who writes: "When the story of 19th-century scholarship is told in full detail, that story will owe much to the evidence to be found in the contemporaneous musical press" ("Patterns in the Historiography of 19th-century Music," Acta Musicologica 42 [1970]: 78). 6 H . Robert Cohen, "The Nineteenth-Century French Press and the Music Historian: Archival Sources and Bibliographic Resources," Nineteenth-Century Music 7, No. 2 (Fall 1983): 136. 2 Index, directives for the use of RIPM volumes, as well as a short introduction to the journal treated. RIPM volumes are computer-generated, that is, a Catalogue and Keyword-Author Index are produced directly from data—the information from a particular journal, i.e., article titles, editorial commentary, author attributions, etc.—entered into a computer via a programme con-taining embedded typesetting codes. Two separate processing and printing programmes—one for the Catalogue and the other for the Keyword-Author Index—analyse, format and print the two parts of the RIPM publication in camera-ready copy. Due to the evolutionary nature of this project a viable methodology and manner of operation could only be applied after several practical applications of this system. The first prototype RIPMxix7 volume, treating La Chronique musi-cale, was completed in 1985.8 Numerous alterations have been made in the format, methodology and coding requirements since then; the basic principles as initially conceived, however, remain the same. * * * A . S O C I O L O G I C A L O V E R V I E W O F 1 9 T H - C E N T U R Y P A R I S To utilize fully the 19th-century musical press as a research tool, the musical press, itself a contemporary phenomenon, must be examined within its musical, sociological and historical contexts. To illustrate the complexity of this issue—the evaluation of the musical press—a brief sociological overview of musical life and criticism in 19th-century Paris is necessary. The second half of the 19th century was truly the "golden age" of the French press;9 the amount of periodical literature dealing wholly or in part with music and musical life published during that era was voluminous. For example, the annual revue, Les Annates du theatre et de la musique, lists for the year 1875 alone thirty-eight Parisian publications that regularly contained theatrical reviews (twenty-nine daily and weekly newspapers, five cultural revues, and four music journals).10 This proliferation of the musical press is indicative of the intensity of musical life in 19th-century Paris. As Goubault states: La multiplication des journaux et des revues, la diversite de leurs styles, de leurs 7 A distinction is made here between RIPM, the system as it currently stands, and RIPMxix, the system as it was originally conceived. As numerous alterations have been made in methodology, format and design, "RIPMxix" will serve to identify the previous system, and "RIPM" will indicate the present one. 8Donald G. Gislason, "Computer-Assisted Retrospective Periodical Indexing: La Chronique musicale, a Proto-type RIPMxix Catalogue" (M.A. thesis: University of British Columbia, 1985). 9According to Georges Weill, the period 1870 to 1914 was the golden age of the press in Europe. Le Journal: Origines, Evolution et Role de la presse periodique (Paris: La Renaissance du livre, 1934), 244. 10Edouard Noel et Edmond Stoullig, Les Annales du theatre et de la musique: 1875 (Paris: Charpentier, 1876), 645-48. 3 opinions, de leurs clientele, permettent l'ouverture des colonnes a toutes les expressions ... Dans le domaine musical, chaque journal ou revue s'attache les services de un ou plusieurs critiques musicaux ou dramatiques. L'abondance des creations lyriques et des concerts, l'animation remarquable de la saison parisienne justifient cet emploi. Ceux qui parlent de musique sont nombreux : feuilletonistes, « soirieristes >, courrieristes, chroniquers... [et] < programmistes > "Diversity" is the key word in the musical capital of the 19th century—diversity of musical life, diversity of music journals, diversity of music critics and journalists, diversity of musical thought and opinion—diversities which originated in the social stratifications inherent in Parisian society. As La Laurencie, a contemporary author writing on musical taste, notes: "Le peuple, la bourgeoisie et la noblesse s'enferment en autant de compartiments etanches au sein desquels des formes musicales ajustees a leur milieu naissent et se developpent ..."12 Chantavoine, in his observations on the public melomane, is of the same opinion: "II n'y a pas un public melomane homogene, il y a plusieurs publics d'origine sociale differente, de culture differente et appartenant a des generations differentes."13 From a sociological perspective all aspects of musical life in 19th-century Paris—amateur participation, professional performance, music education, writings on music, and musical opin-ions and criticism—were closely linked to class structure. As Bruyas writes, 19th-century Paris was "une societe a etages tres compartimentes," the three basic social classes—the nobility, the bourgeoisie and the lower class—being divided into various strata: (1) the rich nobility; (2) the "haute bourgeosie," who had made their fortunes through finance; (3) the "bourgeosie de robe et d'affaire" (merchants and magistrates) and the lesser nobility, who together comprised the upper middle-class; (4) the "bonne bourgeoisie," the middle middle-class (officers, doctors, professors, directors, engineers, businessmen, government officials, men of letters, artists of renown, property owners, lawyers); (5) the "petit bourgeosie," the lower middle-class (artisans, small businessmen, lesser government officials); (6) the lower class (workers employed in workshops and big manu-facturing firms, lesser commercial employees); and (7) the lowest class (street sweepers, water carriers, day workers).14 Needless to say by far the majority of the theatre- and concert-going public was composed of the first five of these social stratifications. Music was not an end in itself, as merely art for art's sake, but rather had been accorded diverse roles and functions: a symbol of prestige, a means of socialization, a symbol of industrial-ization, a commercial (and very profitable) industry, a symbol of the bourgeoisie ethic, etc. The increasing growth of Parisian society—both the population and the component social strata—and the concurrent expansion of musical life 1 5 resulted in an intensification of these extra-musical roles "Christian Goubault, op. cit., 26-27. 12Lionel de La Laurencie, Le Gout musical en France (Geneva: Slatkine reprints, 1970; Paris, 1905), 6. 1 3 Jean Chantavoine, La Romantisme dans la musique europeenne (Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 1955), 509. 14Florina Bruyas, Histoire de I'operette en France, 1855-1965 (Lyon: Emmanuel Vitte, 1974), 45. 15Within a 25-year period the population of Paris more than doubled: from 912,033 inhabitants in 1841 to 4 and functions. A remark made by Desessarts in La France musicale serves to illustrate this point: Les arts sont le seul point de cohesion possible entre tant de personnes de rangs divers et de fortunes difFerentes, qui se trouvent conviees aux memes fetes et y apportent la meme pretention de se distinguer. La musique est devenue une necessite et le talent un laisser-passer de bonne societe.16 A comprehensive study of music criticism/journalism in context must, of necessity, also be a sociological study, for, to quote Goubault again: "La critique impersonnele est une utopie ... Le lecteur d'un periodique exige du critique qu'il juge et apporte des arguments pour etayer ses appreciations, fasse preuve d'enthousiasme ou de severite."17 The area of socio-musicology is, of course, immense and would require detailed research and conjectural conclusions not appropriate to a master's thesis. The scholar must keep in mind, however, that class structure and sociological factors had an influence on the musical tastes of the professionals (composers, artists, impresarios, critics and journalists), as well as on the auditors and amateur performers. * * * B . O V E R V I E W O F 1 9 T H - C E N T U R Y F R E N C H M U S I C C R I T I C I S M The two general trends apparent in 19th-century French music criticism are a perfect example of sociological factors influencing musical taste. Goubault identifies two principle tendancies in 1,825,274 in 1866. In five-year increments the statistiques are as follows: 1841 912,033 1846 1,053,262 1851 1,053,897 1856 1,174,346 1861 1,696,141 1866 1,825,274 1871 1,851,792 1876 1,988,806 1881 2,269,023 1886 2,344,550 1891 2,447,957 Musical life and musical establishments also burgeoned rapidly. From 1807, when an imperial decree reduced the number of theatres to eight, until 1864, the number of theatres in Paris gradually increased to a total of twenty-three. However, the liberte des theatres in 1864 gave rise to a great number of establishments, many artistically worthwhile and many mediocre, as well as the great equestrian theatres (Cirque d'fbte, Cirque d'Hiver and Hippodrome). 1 6 A . Desessarts, "Silhouettes musicals: (II) La cantatrice de salon," La France musicale 3, No. 11 (15 March 1840): 116. "Christian Goubault, op. cit., 481. 5 existence between 1870 and 1914—conservative and innovative—occuring in variable proportions at any given instance: Jusqu'a la nn du XIXe siecle, elie [la presse] est dans ses grandes lignes conservatrice ... Respectueuse du passe et des traditions nationales, la critique conservatrice se mefie des initiatives nouvelles, juge les compositeurs trop compliques, ferus d'un systeme contre nature venu d'Outre-Rhin. Elie apprecie la simplicite, la clarte, la melodie chantante, les genres a leurs place. Elie s'indigne des exagerations, du « bruit > wagnerien, de la « deliguescence » debussyste. Dans cette categorie range des critiques comme Henri Blaze de Bury, Arthur Pougin, Oscar Comettant, Henri Moreno, Albert de Lasalle, Camille Bellaigue ... au debut du XX e [siecle], les forces novatrices semblent l'emporter ... La critique novatrice soutient tout ce qui est inventif et hardi, donne un son inedit, original. Elie se montre curieuse, attentive a la marche de l'art, mais elie ne cautionne pas toutes les tentatives. Son intuition lui permet de discerner les ceuvres viables.18 The conservative trend originated with the doctrines of several early 19th-century social philosophers, e.g., Henry Saint-Simon and August Comte. Their "utopian" vision of a unified and collective French culture, where "moral" and educational ideals could be embodied in music and used as a means to instruct, uplift and unite the labouring classes (by far the greatest per-centage of the French populace), greatly influenced musical thought. Their philosophies resulted in music with "ideal" characteristics—Goubault enumerates a few: simplicity, clarity, a singing melodic line, logical forms—and in schemes that had as their themes moral and educational amelioration of the labouring classes, e.g., the Orpheon movement.19 The quality of information available from the musical press was influenced not only by the sociological factors detailed above—general trends in music criticism, "utopian" philosophies, class structure—but also by the subjectivity (personal preferences, perspective, etc.) and status (education, musical training, occupation, literary output, etc.) of the individual writer,20 as well as the bias of the journal, if any. To evaluate the musical press as a documentary source— denning the perspective and validity of the information contained therein—three factors must be 18 Ibid., 483-84. 19Although these concepts and their far-ranging implications are beyond the aims and scope of this thesis, their mention serves to illustrate the necessity of viewing the 19th-century musical press within its sociological and historical contexts. Little research has been done in the area of 19th-century French social philosophies and their influence on contemporary music, viz., Jane Fair Fulcher, "Musical aesthetics and social philosophy in France 1848-1870" (Ph.D. dissertation: Columbia University, 1976), and Ursula Eckart-Backer, "Der Einfluss des Positivismus auf die franzosische Musikkritik im 19. Jahrhundert" in Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Musikkritik (Regensburg: Gustav Bosse Verlag, 1965). 2 0 Of course, the type of information to be found in the musical press is not solely critical opinion (which is subjective to a great extent, expressing collective trends and/or individual tastes); much material in music criticism is purely factual in nature (e.g., the retelling of the libretto, a listing of the pieces performed, biographical studies). 6 considered: (1) the general trends in music criticism and how they are reflected in the journal; (2) the subjectivity and status of the writers; and (3) the bias and commerical affiliations of the journal and/or publisher. The musical press is a largely unexplored field, both as a documentary source and as a spe-cialized area of research. Referring to 19th-century French music journalism, Goubault writes: "Une histoire exhaustive de la critique musicale n'a pas encore ete ecrite."2 1 To date, research in this field has focused on prominent individuals and contemporary musical life and moeurs as seen through their eyes, studies of general trends in music criticism, or compilations of the fac-tual data available through the resources of the musical press. 2 2 A much needed comprehensive study of music journalism/criticism would involve an intensive investigation of all aspects of the periodical press, i.e., the viewpoints and biases, writing styles, education and backgrounds of the various critics and writers, the general trends in musical thought and ideals (evolution and manifestations), and the commercial and sociological influences of the music publishing business. * * * C. AIMS AND FORMAT OF THESIS This thesis has two inter-related aims: (1) to produce a prototype bi-partite computer-generated R I P M volume, consisting of an annotated Title Catalogue and Keyword-Author Index, thereby detailing the final stages in the development of the RIPM system, and testing the viability of large-scale international production; 2 3 and (2) to produce an accompanying introductory study offering an analysis of the type and quality of the journal's contents as a resource for the historian. Accordingly, the structure of this thesis is also bi-partite. Chapters II through IV chronicle the various stages in the production of the prototype R I P M volume. Chapter II deals with the alterations in R I P M methodology and format as approved by I A M L in September 1985, the preparations necessary for international production, and the selection of a prototype journal. 2 1 Christian Goubault, op. cit., 7. 2 2The amount of research that has been done on the 19th-century French musical press is minimal: Arthur Pougin, "Notes sur la presse musicale en France," Encyclopedic de la musique et dictionnaire du Conservatoire, II, vol. 6 (Paris: Librairie Delgrave, 1913-31): 3841-59; Frederic Hellouin, Essai de critique de la critique musicale (Paris: Joanin et Cie, 1906); Armand Machabey, Traite de la critique musicale (Paris: Richard-Masse Editeurs, 1957); Dorothy V. Hagen, "French Music Criticism between the Revolutions, 1830-1848" (Ph.D. dissertation: University of Illinois, 1965); Ursula Eckart-Backer, op. cit.; and Christian Goubault, op. cit. 2 3 As this project is truly international in scope, a means had to be found and tested whereby collaborators outside of the research centres could participate (discussed in detail in Chapter II "Preparations for International Production"). 7 Chapter III discusses the production of the prototype Catalogue: the viability of the indexing methodology, any alterations and/or additions to the computer programmes for data analysis, processing and printing, and editorial considerations for any previously unencountered cataloguing situations. Chapter IV deals with the production of the prototype Key word-Author Index: pre-and post-editing, any additions and/or alterations to the computer programmes, and suggestions for presentation. Chapter V is the introductory study of the prototype journal. It provides informative and necessary data about the journal itself—publishing history, the journal within 19th-century mu-sical, journalistic and sociological contexts—and, of course, information pertaining to the type and quality of material found in the journal. Various sections within this chapter examine the journal within the contemporary publishing milieu (the general context, a detailed examination of the type of material covered in the journal, the type of music supplements and gratuities of-fered), the perspective and focus of the prototype journal (the general trends of criticism apparent, any commercial affiliations of the journal and/or publisher), and an identification of the major contributors (along with pertinent biographical data). 8 Chapter II PREPARATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION The plan envisioned by RIPM—spanning over several decades—is of international scope and magnitude. The project proposes that scholars in North America and Europe, working inde-pendently or within recognized groups, index major journals selected from the vast corpus of the 19th-century musical press according to internationally sanctioned norms. To this end two Centres Internationaux de Recherche sur la Presse Musicale (CIRPM) offices have been established—one in College Park, Maryland24 and the other in Parma, Italy—to direct and coordinate the project. In addition, a Commission Internationale Mixte, with members representing RIPM activities in 13 countries, has been created.25 The original RIPMxix26 project proposed two series: Series A and Series B. Series A, a title-oriented system, would be composed of a chronological annotated listing of journal titles (a Title Catalogue), two computer-generated indices—a Keyword Index and an Author Index—and an Iconography Appendix. Series B would attempt to provide more in-depth indexing by dealing with the detailed contents of the journal, along with bibliographic references to the Series A Title Catalogue. As yet no steps have been taken in Series B indexing. Internationally sanctioned indexing norms for Series A, developed and tested at the Vancouver Centre, would regulate indi-vidual and concerted cataloguing efforts. The first prototype RIPMxix volume—implementing and testing RIPMxix methodology, design and technological requirements—was produced in 1985.27 Throughout the course of this project, and the production of the present RIPM prototype, Series A indexing norms, RIPM format and design, as well as coding and technological requirements, have undergone significant alterations. This chapter will discuss the various developmental stages in RIPM methodology and format prior to the actual production of the present prototype volume. The stages outlined are as follows: (1) the necessity for revisions in RIPMxix methodology and format; (2) alterations effected in 24Located at the University of Maryland (College Park) as of September 1986; the previous North American CIRPM office was housed at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. The Commission Internationale Mixte is currently comprised of representatives from the following countries: Austria and Germany (Imogen Fellinger, Christoph-Helmut Mahling); Belgium (Paul Raspe); Canada (Maria Calderisi, Helmut Kallman); Denmark (Birthe Heien); France (H. Robert Cohen, Yves Gerard); Great Britain (Richard Andrewes); Hungary (Janos Ka.pa.ti); Italy (Marcello Conati, Alberto Gallo, Elvidio Surian); Norway (Kirsti Grinde); Poland (Kornel Michalowski); Sweden (Anders Lonn); United States (Gillian Anderson, Barry S. Brook). 2 6 As there are fundamental differences in format and methodology between RIPMxix (created and tested, 1982-84) and RIPM (approved and tested, 1985-87), the suffix "xix" will always serve to distinguish between the original conception and the revised system. 27Donald G. Gislason, "Computer-Assisted Retrospective Periodical Indexing: La Chronique musicale, a Proto-type RIPMxix Catalogue" (M.A. thesis: University of British Columbia, 1985). 9 RIPMxix methodology and format; (3) standardization of the computer technology involved; (4) steps towards international collaboration; (5) selection of a prototype journal; and (6) method of operation testing the viability of RIPM technology. * * * A. THE NECESSITY FOR REVISIONS IN RIPMxix METHODOLOGY AND FORMAT The completion of the RIPM Series A Guidelines28 in 1983 served to establish the fundamental structure of RIPMxix methodology. At that time a practical assay of a complete journal had not been attempted; the computer programmes for data entry and analysis, therefore, were yet to be written and the designs of the Title Catalogue and Indices were incomplete. The first essential step, selecting the periodicals for priority indexing, however, had already been taken by the Commission Mixte . 2 9 To test RIPMxix methodology, and to create the necessary design specifications and computer programmes for data entry, analysis and printing, 3 0 a complete four-part computer-generated RIPMxix volume (comprised of a Title Catalogue, Iconography Appendix, Keyword Index and Author Index) was produced. 3 1 The journal chosen was La Chronique musicale (Paris, 1873-76), one of the French periodicals selected for priority indexing. With a run of three years—July 1873 to June 1876, published bi-monthly—a total of 66 issues, 48 pages each, La Chronique musicale is a fairly short journal. The resulting structure and format of this first prototype RIPMxix volume was as follows: Title Catalogue (55 pages), Keyword Index (182 pages), Author Index (3 pages) and Iconography Appendix (10 pages)—a total of 250 pages. For a longer running periodical, and/or one of greater frequency, the size of the RIPMxix volume would be enormous. As many of the periodicals selected for priority indexing are of considerable length (50% of the journals have runs of 30 or more years), clearly, the element of size had to be taken into consideration. Thus, to reduce the dimensions of future RIPM volumes a number of alterations were required. 2 8 H . Robert Cohen, with the collaboration of Donald G. Gi'slason and Carla Biberdorf, RIPM Series A Guide-lines, 2 vols. (Vancouver: Centre international de recherche sur la presse musicale, 1983), hereafter referred to as Guidelines. 2 9The list of selected periodicals appeared in: "Periodicals Selected for Priority Indexing by Members of the Commission Internationale Mixte and the Commission for Bibliographical Research," Periodica Musica 1 (Spring 1983): 2-5. 3 0The programmes for data analysis and printing required for producing RIPMxix volumes in a camera-ready format were developed at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada by Frank Flynn of the Faculty of Arts Centre for Computing and Data Analysis, with the assistance of Peter van den Bosch and Paul Zablosky of the University Computing Centre. 3 1 Donald G. Gislason, op. cit. 10 In order to comprehend the alterations effected an understanding of initial RIPMxix methodology and format is necessary. (1) Initial Design of Title Catalogue A RIPMxix Series A Title Catalogue presented the contents of a journal chronologically, with information in four columns: a RIPMxix Number Column, a Title Column, an Author Column and a Page Number Column. RIPMxix numbers identified spatially defined "units"32 within the journal. The cataloguer assigned a number to each unit, beginning annually with "1," thus allowing the Author and Keyword Indices to refer to material in the Title Catalogue by means of the RIPMxix number, e.g., "77:35," "77" being the last two digits of the year (1877) and "35" being the number assigned to that unit . 3 3 Superscripts added to RIPMxix numbers indicated further information about the nature and contents of units, if required: " , c o " indicated the presence of iconography and referred the reader to the separate Iconography Appendix; " r " was indicative of review material; and " r / , c o " indicated the presence of iconography within a review unit. The Title Column presented a chronological listing of unit and sub-unit journal titles, along with editorial commentary, if journal titling was assessed as uninformative or inadequate. The titling hierarchy of the journal was represented by a four-level indentation pattern in the Title Catalogue: left-justified for unit titles; indented 0.7 cm. for sub-unit titles and 1.4 cm. for further divisions thereof; and indented 0.9 cm. for music examples within a sub-unit. 3 4 Titles of music examples were preceded by the music sigla "B." If music examples occurred within units or sub-units, their titles were recorded in the order in which they appeared in the journal, justified to the relevant unit or sub-unit indentation. Music examples occasionally oc-curred as independent units, in which case they were assigned separate RIPMxix numbers. If illustrations appeared within a unit or sub-unit, only the " , c o " superscript was necessary to in-dicate their presence (the title and other pertinent information was recorded in the Iconography Appendix). Independent units of iconography, however, were listed in the Title Column, preceded by the siglum indicating the presence of iconography "it." The Author Column indicated the names of the contributors as they appeared in the journal, opposite the titles of their contributions. Anonymous contributions were indicated by three as-terisks. Page references were placed in the Page Number Column opposite the relevant unit or 3 2 T h e various items in a journal—feature articles, illustrations, news columns, obituaries, review sections, music examples, advertisements, etc.—each occupying a graphically defined space, are referred to, for the purposes of cataloguing, as "units." Frequently, divisions within units are apparent; these interior divisions are referred to as "sub-units." The basic design of the Title Catalogue (the four column presentation, with identifying numbers for units) has not been altered. 3 4 A l l titled graphic divisions of a unit, i.e., sub-units and further divisions thereof, were recorded on a new and separate line, along with the appropriate page references. 11 sub-unit. Page references for sub-units were indented 0.3 cm. and were enclosed in parentheses. Repetitive single page references within units were omitted. Sub-unit titles immediately followed by further indented titling were not given page references. Hors-texte page references were indi-cated as follows: "(lOpp, 11/12)," the number of non-paginated pages, followed by the pages in the journal's normal pagination sequence between which the hors-texte insertion appeared—all enclosed in parentheses. The following sample pages (Figure 1) illustrate the initial design and format conceived for an RIPMxix Catalogue. 12 Figure 1 1874:22-30 RIPM* Titre Auteur Page Tome 3, No. 15 (suite) 22' 23 24 Conceit National [18 Janvier: Lalo, Con-certo pour violon. Sarasale. Dimanchc dernier: Albert Cahen. Jean le Precurseur, drame biblique en trois par-ties de L GalleL Mendelssohn. Athalie (fragment). Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots. La benediction des poignards.] • Baiaille de Marignan, musique de Clement Jannequin (1525), cboeur i 4 voix reduil pour le piano Concerts Dante [Jannequin. La Baiaille de Marignan. Rameau,/fippor>(e et Aricie (fragment)] Soriet* Classique [Salle Erard: Soiree de reouverture] London- Qua tuo r Concert de Mile [Adrienne] Mars [Salle Philippe Hen.) Concert de Mme Schwindt-Martin [Salle Erard.] Revue des theatres lyriques [Note aux lecteurs] Opera. - Don Juan [de Mozan] ltaliens. - La Cenerentola [de Rossini] Chronologie de l'annee 1874: Janvier Varia Fails divers Nouvelles Tome 3. No. 16 25 26 27j 28 29 30r ICO H. Marcello H. C H. M. H. H. C. C. E N. Arthur Heulhard A. P. O. Le Trioux [red.] Naissance et developpement des chants popu-laiies Le realisme dans l'opira-comique au XVUJe siecle nMicfael Haydn Michel Haydn 1737-1806 La musique a la Comedie-Fiancaise Revue des concerts Conceits du Conservatoire • Sicitienne de Boccherini, oanscrite pour le piano par J. Massenet •No. 2 Invocation [des] Erinnyes (Acte II). [par] J. Massenet •Na2 Divertissement [par] Lalo - 14 -Louis Lacombe Ch. Bartbelemy Edmond Neukomm Jules Boanassies Maurice Crista! (127- 29) (8pp. 128/29) (129-32) (132-33) (133) (134) 135-37 (135) (135-37) (137) 138-39 140-44 (140-42) (142-44) 15 1874 145-51 152-60 lp. 160/61 161-65 166-71 172-81 (172-77) <2pp. 176/77*) (2pp. 176/77*) (4pp. 176777*) 13 Figure 1 (continued) m 4:31-39 RIPM* litre Autenr Page Tome 3. No. 16 (suite) Concerts Populaires [Ten Brink, Suite (for- Henry Cohen chestre] Concert National [Massenet. Les Ehnnyes, H. Marcello musique pour une piece antique. 2e 'con-cert du 4e Serie: Th. Dubois. Suite Le Trioux. O.. 73:9.18.26.35.45.54.63.70.77. 86.93.100; 74: 9.16.24.32,42.47,50.60.69. 77.84.97.105.114.121r. 122.135.143.152. 158.165.168.176.185.193.198*. 200.207; 8T. 10v15.18.23r. 26.33.41.47\ 49.55. fff. 61.67T. 68.78.80.86.90.93.99.100,105vlll. 117,118,123.127,128,134.14L143, L47\ 148.1561.157.164.171; 7& 4 ~ i, W, 17.22. 26r. 27r. 28.34.38 Lebuys. A., 74:16 Lemaire. Theophile, 74; 12 M. V., 74: nr°. 174r Mandl. Docteur. 73: 24; 75;, 139 Marcello, 162. IW-.ltee.lS'.IOr.li Maret. H.. 75:131 Millaud. Albert. 73: 64 Monselet. Charles. 73: 7,64 Mulsane. E. 73: 33.84; 74: 56 Neukomm. Edmond, 73: 51.70.97 1 0 0; 74:2a 21r. 28.48r, 111^ 75: 2J01.107 NuitterCh..73:12™ 21™ 2ST.48100.a 68 .80.81 Pougto, Arthur. 73: 6 . 27.83; 74:19.23.38,41. 59.63.76.77.85.96.99.113.119"°. JJ3U34. 136.145.163.167.178.184.195.199.203"°. 206r; 75: 3.9.17\ 21 I B >. 25,38,40,4«. 52,65, 77r. 89.92.112.132,153.159.166.170 Pradines. A.. 75:158; 76: 3.13.19.25.30.36 Saint- Arroman, Raoul de. 74:153.169.180.186. 202; 75: 5A4T. 1631.169r; 76:7.16r. 2lina. IT, 33. 37T Saint-Victor. Paul deJ3:10 Seligman.P..75:152,C0 Soullier. Charles. 73:66; 74:135; 75:96,104.108 18 The Iconography Appendix was modeled after the design of the Title Catalogue, supplying bibliographic references (volume and issue number); the assigned RIPMxix number; the complete journal title, along with editorial commentary, if necessary; the name(s) of the artist(s); dimen-sions in cm. (height by width); and page references. The following example depicts the design of the Iconography Appendix. Figure 4 Appendict de rJconographie RIPM* Legende Dimensions Page Tome 1. NO. 1 nGeorge Hainl [portrait] nAutographe [de George Hainl] adresse a M. A. Heulhard [Paris, 6 mai 1873] Tome 1, No. 2 1 2ico •Une loge a la foire d'apres une estampe du temps et fac-simile d'une affiche (Archives de I'Opera) n[AfTiche de I'Opera-Comique de 1725] a [Une loge a la foire] Tome 1, No. 3 21 1 C O a Le peuple faisant fermer I'Opera le 12 juillet 1789 Tome 1, No. 4 29' ico •Dauberval et Mile Allard dans le second acte de Syivie (1767) n[Plan de la salle de spectacles des Tuileries et de la salle des Machines] Tome 1, No. 5 ico 38 48 ico 51 ico nChinois et Chinoise dansani dans VOperaieur chinas. 1748 (Archives de I'Opera) • [Chinois] n [Chinoise] aGretry traversant I'Acheron d'apres une eau-forte de Duplessis-Benaux (Archives de I'Opera) n[Guerriere allemande assise avec bouclier et massue. ecoutant les voix de la guerre] Tome 2, No. 7 60 .ico a Neptune dans Acts et Galatee (1749) et dans la Journee galante (1750) nThetis dans le prologue des Fttes de Thetis (1749) [d'apres des estampes du temps] 11.5 x 10 20x12 19 x 11.5 13.5 x 7.8 17.2 x 23.2 17.5 x 23 18 x 7.5 20.4 x 13.5 20.4 x 13.7 17 x 24.6 4.5 x 5.5 15 x 12J 15 x 12.3 Tome 2, No. 8 68 I C 0 a Decor de style italien dessin6 pour I'Opera par 20.4x28.5 Burnacini (XVlle siecle) lCTjuilktl873 30 31 lSjuUlef 1873 2pp. 64/65 la aoot 1873 lp.112/13* 15 aoot 1873 lp.160/61* 164 1873 r lp. 208/09 lp. 256/57 269 l " octoore 1873 lp. 32/33 lp. 32/33 15 octobre 1873 lp. 80/81 19 B . A L T E R A T I O N S E F F E C T E D I N R I P M x i x M E T H O D O L O G Y A N D F O R M A T The principal reason for the modifications in RIPMxix methodology and design was to reduce the potentially excessive size of RIPM volumes. The alterations approved by the I A M L sub-committee 3 5 in September 1985 will be discussed in the following sections: (1) the designs of the Indices; and (2) RIPMxix methodology and the design of the Catalogue. (1) Design of the K e y w o r d - A u t h o r Index By far the largest portion of the previous RIPMxix prototype treating La Chronique musicale was the Indices and Appendix; the annotated Title Catalogue itself was only about one-fifth of the total printed output. Several major alterations were made to the Indices to reduce their size: (1) keyword entries were shortened to a maximum of ten words before and after the highlighted keyword, rather than a reproduction of the entire unit; (2) identical recurring titles under the same lead term were not repeated; rather their format was changed to that used for the author references, composed solely of a listing of pertinent R I P M numbers;3 6 (3) the margins—left, right, top and bottom—were reduced considerably, as well as the internal spacing between keyword en-tries; and (4) the Keyword and Author Indices were combined, with varying fonts differentiating between keyword entries (bold capitals) and author references (regular capitals). The final mea-sure taken to reduce size was the elimination of the Iconography Appendix, incorporating that information into the Title Catalogue. Calculated roughly, the reduction in size achieved by these design changes was about 40%. The following sample page of an R I P M Keyword-Author Index (Figure 5) illustrates the alterations effected, and, consequently, the space saved. 3 5 T h e IAML sub-committee was composed of the following people: H. Robert Cohen, Lenore Corel, Barry S. Brook, Anders Lonn, Maria Calderisi, and Geraldine Ostrove. 3 6 This was one of the suggestions proposed by Donald G. Gislason, producer of the previous prototype: "First of all, considerable space might be saved in the Keyword Index if a frequently recurring title did not have to be repeated merely to indicate all the RIPM numbers with which it is associated..." op. cit., 100-01. 20 Figure 5 L'Art musical PESTH Emile Pessard. Brunette, melodie - Amours d'oiseaux, bluette - Requiem du coeur, chanson 92:30r § Emile Pessard : oeuvres diverses [Leduc 6d.] 85:174 Emile Pessard. Valte capricieuse - Valse Jantaisiste, pour piano 02:62r •Emile Pessard, Vingt-cinq pieces : (n° 6) « Valse reveuse», a Mademoiselle Eugenie Dhavernas 84:159 •Emile Pessard, Vingt pieces nouvelles : (n° 13) « Arlette » , a Monsieur et Madame 88:49 •Emile Pessard, Vingt pieces nouvelles : (n° 1) « Le Regiment qui passe » , a Monsieur Edouard 88:17 •Emile Pessard, Vingt pieces nouvelles : (n° 12) " thus leading the eye to the music examples and illustrations that follow. (14) Page references for hors-texte music or illustrations, no longer enclosed in paren-theses, are recorded in the following manner: "[lp] 1/2" or "[1-2] 1/2." (15) The "r" indicating review material is no longer a superscript. 23 Figure 6 L 'Art musical RIPM# Titre Auteur 1887: 118-131 Page Etranger / Allemagne; Angleterre; Autriche; Belgique; Espagne; Italie; Russie; Suisse. France 118 ; §[Partitions : Leduc ed.] Supplement k L'Art musical du 30 juin 1887 119 •P.-L. Hillemacher, Vingt mflodies : (n° 9) « Melodie arabe » , poesie de Eugene Adenis, a ,;Alphonse Leduc 120 !; Table [Vingt melodies de P.-L. Hillemacher] 96 [3p] 96/97 [lp] 96/97 Tome 26, h° 13 121 122 123r 124 125r 126r 127 Sommaire Causerie : chefs d'orchestre [de l'Opera : Habeneck, Valentino, Girard, Dietsch, Hainl, Altes, Vianesi] [Appreciation des directeurs Ritt et Gailhard aux artistes de l'Opera, sur la representation des Huguenots de Meyerbeer] [Remerciements du chef d'orchestre aux membres de l'orchestre de l'Opera] Revue theatrale Opera ISalvayre, La Dame de Monsoreau] Opera-Comique [projets de la reconstruction] ' Conservatoire de musique : concours a huis clos [resultats] Solfege des chanteurs. Solfege des instrumentistes. Harmonie. Fugue. Piano. Accompagnement au piano. Violon. Harmonie. t Orgue et improvisation Lettre de Belgique (Bruxelles, le 10 juillet 1887) Lettre de Londres [Concerts de Saint-Saens. Hotel Langham : Marie Rueff] Nouvelles diverses Etranger / Amerique; Angleterre; Hollande; Italie; Russie France / Correspondance particuliere de Nice [fetes du syndicat de la presse locale] Correspondance particuliere du Havre [concert dirige par Gabriel Marie a l'Exposition] 12X^vStTenor demande] A. Landely Ritt, Gailhard Vianesi A. Heler J. B. J. Muller [La redaction] * * * A. Cormon A. Gaetan 15 juillet 1887 97 97-98 98 98- 99 98-99 99 99- 100 ,129 M i ^ [Partitions : Leduc ed.) 100- 01 101 101- 04 101-03 103 104 104 Tome 26, n° 14 130 ' Sommaire • 131r f ; , Conservatoire de musique : coneonrR piililicw Contrebasse Violoncelle 645-A. I.nndi'ly 31 juillet 1887 105 10(1-01) 105 24 The alterations in RIPM methodology and format detailed above represent the state of the RIPM system after approval by the IAML sub-committee. The fundamental principles are, of course, the same, merely the design has been refined. A complete RIPM publication is now bi-partite, composed of a Title Catalogue, prepared according to the revised norms, and a Keyword-Author Index. The principal aim of this thesis is to produce a full two-part RIPM prototype testing the validity of these revisions in methodology and format and incorporating solutions to any further problems encountered. Proposed alterations in RIPM methodology and format resulting from the production of this prototype RIPM volume will be discussed in Chapters III "Cataloguing L'Art musicaF and IV "L'Art musical: the Keyword-Author Index." * * * C. STANDARDIZATION OF C O M P U T E R T E C H N O L O G Y INVOLVED The vast scope of the RIPM project—its international nature, as well as the volume of peri-odical literature involved—makes the standardization of all aspects of the computer technology employed imperative. When compared with previous methods of retrospective periodical index-ing, the use of computers saves both time and money, however, the fact that the production of a complete two-part RIPM publication is entirely dependent upon computer technology necessitates special considerations. The previous RIPMxix prototype was produced entirely on the University of British Columbia's mainframe computer: the journal data was entered via a terminal at U.B.C.; the data was pro-cessed on the mainframe and then printed in camera-ready format by the Xerox 9700 laser printer. The move to College Park, Maryland, however, and the subsequent transfer to a PC-based system necessitated a change in operations. (1) Conversion of Computer Programmes The original programmes for data analysis, processing and printing were written in "textform" and "spitbol," two computer languages utilized at some institutions but not widely accepted. The textform programme has been translated into "TfrX," a highly regarded, well-known personal com-puter (and mainframe) typesetting language. The implications of this undertaking are manifold: the translated computer programmes for data analysis, processing and printing would be able to function on any personal computer having the technological capabilities. The set-up at the North American Centre38 exploits the quality of independence inherent in the use of personal comput-ers; all data can be entered, processed and printed in camera-ready format completely in-house. 3 8 T h e North American Centre, located at the University of Maryland, College Park, is the main production 25 Collaborators working at the Centre would enter the data on IBMs (on 3^ in. diskettes), process, "preview"39 and edit the data, and then print the RIPM volumes in camera-ready format. (2) Method of International Collaboration If scholars working outside of the College Park Centre wish to participate—and indeed one of the goals of RIPM is to "offer an opportunity for those interested in working in this area, to do so within a clearly denned, internationally sanctioned structure"40—this mode of operation greatly facilitates their involvement. Collaborators, working independently or in recognized institutions outside of the North American Centre, have a choice of two working methods, both of which require access to a personal computer.41 They can enter the journal data into personal computers (recorded on 5\ in. or 3^ in. diskettes) directly from the microfilm or hardcopy of the journal itself. Or, if direct access from journal to personal computer is impossible, an intermediary step would have to be taken; collaborators would record the journal data on paper,42 and then simply transfer the information to floppy disks. They would then send the finished files (on diskettes) to the North American Centre; the files would be processed and printed, sent back to the collaborator for editing, who would then make the necessary corrections and send back the final copy (again on diskette). If, however, collaborators had the technological capabilities, i.e., a computer with a sufficiently large hard disk, the editing process could be greatly facilitated. The collaborators themselves could process, then print or "preview" their files in the actual Catalogue and Index formats, edit the files, and then submit the final product to the North American Centre, rather than requiring the resources of the Centre for these intermediary steps. An in-house PC-based system would appear to be the most efficient and ideal method for international collaboration. The complexity of the RIPM system lies in the necessity for complete standardization: standardization of the computer technology involved—all hardware and software must be compatible with that used at the North American Centre—as well as standardization of indexing norms and formats of data entry. * * * centre for the French, German, Italian, and English language RIPM volumes. Several IBM Personal System lis and various high quality laser printers will supply the necessary computer technology to prepare RIPM volumes in camera-ready format. 3 9 "Preview" is a programme available through PC-T^jX enabling the cataloguer to see the processed file on the monitor screen exactly as it would appear on the printed page, prior to the actual printing. 40H. Robert Cohen, "An Introduction to the Fourth 'R': Le repertoire international de la presse musicale du dix-neuvieme siecle (RIPMxix)," Periodica Musica 1 (Spring 1983): 1. 4 1 The personal computers must be IBMs or IBM-compatibles running PC-DOS. Files should contain only simple ASCII characters, each line being separated by a carriage return and a line feed (CR/LF). Special format codes specific to any word processing programmes used must be stripped out of the files. The 5 j in. floppy disks should be double density/double sided (40 tracks). 42Special forms have been designed by Sylvia L'Ecuyer and Helene Garceau in Montreal to facilitate this task. 26 D. STEPS TO INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION Four steps were necessary prior to large-scale production of RIPM volumes: (1) incorporation of the approved and possible future alterations into the existing two-volume Guidelines; (2) prepa-ration of a coding manual; (3) selection of a word-processing programme or text editor compatible with the RIPM system; and (4) production of a prototype two-part RIPM volume to test RIPM computer technology and methodology. Steps one and two—the revision of the Guidelines and the preparation of the coding manual—were considered complete only after the production of this RIPM prototype. The alterations in RIPM methodology and format approved by the IAML sub-committee have been incorporated into the existing two-volume RIPM Guidelines, now referred to as the RIPM Procedures.43 (1) Selection of a Word-Processing Programme or Text Editor It was necessary to select a word-processing programme or text editor to enter the data into the computer. Three word-processing programmes were examined: Word-Star, PC-Write and Microsoft Word. The initial word-processing programme used, Word-Star, was chosen for a variety of reasons. The programme is readily available, is IBM-compatible, and runs on PC-DOS. Word-Star is easy to use: the comprehensible "Help" menu and simple command instructions are readily available on the screen; and the ruler line and column numbers are always indicated on the monitor, making it significantly easier to enter data since the formats of data entry are regulated by column numbers. File length when using Word-Star is also unlimited, e.g., a file may be 30 or more pages in length (single-spaced), whereas files on PC-Write can only contain a maximum of 30 pages (double-spaced). The quantity of file space is an important consideration, since it is significantly easier to catalogue and process the contents of a journal year by year, with a complete year being recorded in one file, rather than having to divide the data in one year/volume between several files. The most important factor governing the selection of Word-Star, however, was the fact that non-document files—files in which formatting codes specific to the word-processing programme are not automatically inserted—can be created. This feature is not available on the two other word-processing programmes (PC-Write and Microsoft Word) examined. It is imperative to the RIPM system for computer processing reasons that files do not contain any special format codes specific to word-processing programmes. The text editor currently in use at the North American Centre is BRIEF (Basic Reconfigurable Interactive Editing Facility, version 2.0).44 The production of the RIPM Keyword-Author Index 4 3 H . Robert Cohen, with the collaboration of Donald G. Gislason, Carla Biberdorf and Diana Snigurowicz, RIPM Series A Procedures: Instructions to Contributors, 2 vols. (Vancouver: Centre international de recherche sur la presse musicale, 1987). The Procedures have been distributed to the associate RIPM team in Parma, Italy (under the direction of Marcello Conati) and to collaborators in Mainz, Germany (supervised by Christoph-Helmut Mahling, chairman of the Musicology Institute at Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat). 4 4 Although the essential functions of a word-processing programme (whose basic aim is to format data into 27 treating L'Art musical necessitated the selection of this editor as the size of the data files—both the original data file and the intermediary files created during processing—were simply too large to be edited through Word-Star. Furthermore, BRIEF was chosen for its many additional qualities and functions, e.g., speed, multi-window partitioning, search capabilities, and unlimited file space. * * * E. SELECTION OF A PROTOTYPE JOURNAL The production of the current two-part RIPM prototype is intended to: (1) test the revisions in RIPM methodology and format, proposing and incorporating solutions to any situations not encountered previously; (2) create formats of data entry and codes for any indexing situations not yet programmed for; and (3) most important, to test the technological capabilities and limits of the RIPM system on journals requiring large-volume data bases, i.e., journals with lengthy runs and/or greater frequency of publication. The journal selected—L'Art musical (Paris, 1860-70; 1872-94)—was chosen on the basis of the following criteria. It contains music supplements and advertising, situations not encountered in the previous prototype and, therefore, not dealt with in data entry and programming. Its lengthy run (33 years) combined with the frequency of publication (eight pages; weekly) would produce a formidable data base—one large enough to determine what kinds of technological, methodological and/or formatting problems, if any, could occur when dealing with large-volume data bases. L 'Art musicalis also of considerable historical importance; as one of the four major, i.e., longest running, Parisian music journals in the second half of the 19th century, it had been selected for priority indexing by members of the French national RIPM committee. These reasons are themselves sufficient justification to support the selection of L 'Art musical as prototype journal, however, the present author's interest was piqued by various references (or non-references, as the case may be) to L'Art musical found in diverse 19th- and 20th-century sources. L'Art musicalis not even mentioned in the discussion of 19th-century French music periodicals in the New Grove,45 and the following "fact" appears in Honegger's Dictionnaire de la musique: "Alphonse III... fonda la revue L'Art musican46 (Leon Escudier, a noted 19th-century publisher and journalist, founded the journal.) Arthur Pougin, a contemporary French critic, in his article presentable hard copy) and a text editor (whose function is solely to enter and/or modify data, programmes, etc.) are different, with respect to the RIPM system these distinctions are minimal, as the word-processing programme would never be used to format data. At the time, Word-Star was chosen because it was the programme most suited for use on a Tandy 1000. BRIEF can be used on all IBMs and IBM-compatibles, it, however, requires 192K RAM. i&The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, s.v. "Periodicals" (XIV, 415). 46Dictionnaire de la musique : les hommes et leurs oeuvres, vol. 2, s.v. "Leduc, Alphonse." 28 "Notes sur la presse musicale en France," writes that L 'Art musical disappeared sometime around 1880—a statement which is clearly false.47 Of further interest are the various criticisms of L'Art musical's subject matter and edito-rial policies: accusations of anti-Wagnerism, critical favouritism and promotionalism. According to Goubault, the general tone of L'Art musical was anti-Wagnerian: "Ernest Chausson rendra compte, pour L'Art musical de la premiere representation de Parsifal a Bayreuth, louant la par-tition du Maitre, alors que le ton de ce periodique etait plutot anti-wagnerien."48 However, in the review referred to above, of the premiere of Parsifal in 1882, it can be seen that Chausson recognized Wagner's importance and impact on the musical world: L'expression intense des sentiments divers qui s'agitent dans ce drame et le coloris eclatant de chaque scene font de Parsifal une des ceuvres les plus etonnantes de notre temps ... il est impossible de ne pas reconnaitre en Wagner une puissance extraordi-naire, une sorte de prodige resumant en lui les tendances a la fois elevees et maladives du genie moderne.49 According to Machabey, critical favouritism was prevalent in L'Art musical: Un autre aspect de la critique est fourni par L'Art musical, fonde, dirige et redige par un editeur de musique, Leon Escudier. Comme c'est n'est pas lui qui a publie Carmen, il ecrit le 11-3-1875: « Cet opera-comique devrait s'appeler L 'Amour a la castagnette... Voici longtemps que dure la plaisanterie des apotres de l'avenir: il faudrait y mettre un terme ... Carmen ... n'est pas depourvue de merite ... L'oreille y cherche vainement des chants qui la seduisent ... . Bizet est devenu lourd et souvent confus >.50 Pougin expounds on this aspect of favouritism also, stating that Escudier procured the services of Paul Scudo, music critic for the Revue des deux mondes, in order to stop Scudo's vitriolic attacks on Verdi: Leon Escudier etait precisement le proprietaire et l'editeur en France des ceuvres de Verdi, et l'on concoit que les attaques de Scudo contre ces ceuvres ne devaient pas lui plaire. Que fit-il? A l'aide d'un gros sacrifice d'argent, il reussit a museler le critique de la Revue des deux mondes en l'attachant a L'Art musical, et la Revue devint moins apre dans ses appreciations sur Verdi et sa musique.51 47Encyclopedic de la musique et dictionnaire du Conservatoire, II, vol. 6 (Paris, 1913-31): 3855-56. 48Christian Goubault, op. cit., 68. 49Ernest Chausson, "Parsifal (V: suite et fin)," L'Art musical 21, No. 34 (24 August 1882): 266. Armand Machabey, Traite de la critique musicale (Paris: Richard-Masse Editeurs, 1957), 193. 5 1 Arthur Pougin, op. cit., 3855. 29 The negative aspects implied by the previous citations are curious in light of: (1) the long run enjoyed by the journal, and, presumably, the large reader-public—in 1885, for example, sub-scribers numbered 4,000;52 (2) the wide range of topics L'Art musical covered;53 and (3) the great number of eminent writers that contributed to the journal, many very regularly. The contents of L'Art musical include reviews of theatrical, dramatic and lyric productions at a great variety of theatres; reviews of all types of concerts, soirees and matinees; reviews of musical literature; annual reviews of the examinations at the Paris Conservatoire, the Prix de Rome and other com-petitions; historical and biographical studies; information on contemporary events pertaining to musical life (both in Paris and elsewhere); and major correspondence from Russia, Belgium and London. Among the regular contributors to L'Art musical were Arthur Heulhard, Jean-Baptiste Wekerlin, Arthur Pougin, Raoul de Saint-Arroman, Ernest Thoinan, Alexis Azevedo, Paul Scudo, Edmond Neukomm, Paul Lacome, Gustave Chouquet and Oscar Comettant. Such seeming contradictions serve to illuminate the lacuna in research on the 19th-century musical press and the need for comprehensive studies of all aspects of music journalism/criticism. An initial investigation of L'Art musical will be attempted in Chapter V " L'Art musical: Musique, Theatres, Beaux-Arts (1860-70; 1872-94): An Introductory Study." * * * F. M E T H O D OF OPERATION TESTING T H E VIABILITY OF RIPM T E C H N O L O G Y The entire run of L'Art musical was catalogued directly from a microfilm reader onto 5^ in. floppy disks, using an IBM-compatible PC, the Tandy 1,000 (128K) manufactured by Radio Shack. The files created—one for each volume of the journal—were quite long; this posed no problem for Word-Star. For initial hard copy editing the files were transferred onto the U.B.C. mainframe54 for processing and printing. After the relocation of the North American CIRPM to 5 2This figure, although taken from L'Art musical itself, appears to be a realistic one when compared to print run statistics for specialized weekly periodicals in 1880—unfortunately, statistics for weekly music periodicals during the years 1880-85 were unavailable. The following statistics illustrate print runs of various specialized weekly periodicals for October 1880: Conseiller de I'Epargne, 7,500; Economiste francais, 2,600; Finance nouvelle, 3,458; Gazette agricole, 3,650; Journal d'agriculture pratique, 4,500; Manuel gal de I'Instruction primaire, 6,300; Monde parisien, 5,000; Revue politique et litteraire, 6,600; Semaine financiere, 6,434 (Documents pour l'histoire de la presse nationale aux XIXe et XXs siecles, by Pierre Albert, Gilles Feyel and Jean-Frangois Picard [Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Centre de documentation sciences humaines, 1980]). 53After working extensively with the journal throughout the indexing process the present writer feels qualified to make general comments with regards to content and subject matter in L 'Art musical. 5 4 A t this time the CIRPM was situated at the University of British Columbia (Vancouver, Canada) and the 30 College Park, Maryland, the method of operation was entirely PC-based. Corrections and editing were done on the files recorded on the floppy disks since the final copy was entirely processed in-house at the North American Centre. Trials were done by several collaborators outside of the North American Centre on various other personal computers. The complete run of Les Beaux Arts, a Canadian music journal cata-logued by Helene Garceau on a Philips Micom (the data was sent to Vancouver from Montreal on a floppy disk), was transferred, processed and printed on the U.B.C. mainframe, as well as a few volumes of La Gazzetta musicale di Firenze, catalogued on an IBM AT by the team working under Marcello Conati at the Parma CIRPM. The most recent trial was of Le Pianiste, catalogued by Donald G. Gislason on a PC-clone in Vancouver, then processed and printed at the College Park Centre. This method of operating—the utilization of personal computers—would appear to be an efficient and ideal means of assisting international cooperation for this undertaking. method of operation still required the mainframe which utilized the computer programmes written in "textform." Files were transferred from floppy disks to the mainframe via modem. 31 Chapter III CATALOGUING L'ART MUSICAL L'Art musical was catalogued55 in accordance with the revised RIPM methodology as set out in the second edition of the RIPM Procedures Manual.56 This edition incorporates the alterations and design changes approved by the IAML sub-committee in September 1985, as well as the other revisions in RIPM methodology (discussed in this chapter) effected during the production of this RIPM prototype volume. The alterations and design changes as approved by IAML (detailed in the previous chapter) were found to be effective, providing pertinent information in a more com-pact presentation. The manner of data entry is also easier for the cataloguer to handle, e.g., there are fewer indentation levels; the page references for sub-unit titles in a unit by one author do not have to be indicated; and the separate listing of iconography has been eliminated. Three types of cataloguing situations, however—whether editorial or technological—were encountered during the production of the L'Art musical prototype Catalogue which necessitated further considerations: (1) the previous prototype RIPMxix volume treating La Chronique musicale dealt only with cod-ing situations peculiar to the cataloguing requirements of that specific journal, therefore, codes for any cataloguing situations not previously encountered would have to be created and programmed; (2) many novel cataloguing situations, requiring either special editorial considerations or new cat-aloguing procedures, were encountered; and (3) for uniformity of presentation of the French RIPM volumes, French prose norms for capitalization and italicization were implemented.57 This chapter will discuss in detail the various problematic cases and the solutions effected within each of these three areas, illustrated with examples from the prototype journal. The following sections are titled, respectively: (1) additions to the computer programmes; (2) new cataloguing situations; and (3) standardization of French language norms. * * * S 5The annotated RIPM Title Catalogue treating L'Art musical was completed with the assistance of Diane Cloutier, who corrected French grammar and phraseology. 5 6 H . Robert Cohen, with the collaboration of Donald G. Gislason, Carla Biberdorf and Diana Snigurowicz, RIPM Series A Procedures: Instructions to Contributors, 2 vols. (Vancouver: Centre international de recherche sur la presse musicale, 1987). 5 7 Prose norms, although specified in the RIPM Procedures as following "modern principles governing the pertinent language," are to be determined and standardized by the specific national groups. The North American CIRPM, being the nucleus for the production of French RIPM volumes, regulated the French prose norms. 32 A. ADDITIONS TO T H E C O M P U T E R P R O G R A M M E S Five situations were encountered during the production of the L 'Art musical prototype Cata-logue that required programming of additional codes and formats of data entry:58 (1) the presence of supplements; (2) the presence of advertising; (3) indications of joint authorship (i.e., two or more signatures) for a unit or sub-unit; (4) indications for cross-referencing between units; and (5) the printing of French accents (on upper case letters) and French forms of punctuation. (1) Supplements Neither hors-texte nor paginated supplements had been encountered in the previous RIPMxix prototype Catalogue; specific formats of data entry to record the titles of supplements, therefore, did not exist. The presence of hors-texte music supplements in L'Art musical necessitated the establishment of two formats of data entry for supplemental titles, one for short titles and the other for lengthier ones. As well, several new content codes59—$6...%6 (for bold font), $7...%7 (for bold italic font), and $s...%s (for text that spans the width of the page)—were programmed. The format of data entry established for short titles of supplements requiring less than one line of text is as follows: 0 1 lSuppl/ement @a $7L'Art musical%7 $6du 8 mai 1884%6> > This format is the same as that used for bibliographic citations.60 However, since nothing is to be printed on the right-hand side of the page, a blank space must be retained in the second data field. Furthermore, as bibliographic citations are automatically printed in bold font, the newly programmed content codes, $7...%7 (for bold italics) and $6...%6 (indicating a return to regular bold font), must be inserted. If editorial, these short titles are, of course, enclosed in brackets. Lengthy titles of supplements, taking up one or more lines of text could not be transcribed in the previous manner. A new code and format of data entry was, therefore, devised. 5 8 As the RIPM Coding Manual (which explains the formats of data entry and various codes used in the production of this RIPM prototype, as well as the theoretical production of the computer-generated Index) is not an integral part of this thesis, the additional codes and formats of data entry that were implemented specifically for the L'Art musical prototype are discussed here. 59Content codes indicate to the printer how and where the text placed within the codes is to be printed, e.g., italics, bold font. A sign in conjunction with a specific number or letter opens a content code, and the sign in conjunction with that same number or letter closes that content code. 60When used for cataloguing bibliographic citations, the two data fields, each containing different information, e.g., "0 1 lVol. 7, n$5o%5 2>11 juin 1877>," format the page accordingly; the volume and issue number are left-justified and the date is right-justified. Data fields, delimited by the character ">," contain specific types of information and are programmed to typeset this information in the correct format, i.e., the data field containing article titles will print this information in the Title Column of the RIPM Catalogue, the data field containing names of authors will print them in the Author Column of the Catalogue, etc. 33 $s$6Suppl/ement @a%6 $7L'Art musical%7 $6du 30 juillet 1890. Deux morceaux pour piano de L. M. Gottschalk, illustr/e compositeur am/ericain~:%6 $7Fantaisie havanaise%7 $6et%6 $7Cappricio espagnole%7%s The whole title is enclosed by the newly programmed content code $s...%s (for printed text that spans the entire width of the page), with appropriate insertions of the codes for bold font and bold italic font. Unlike previous formats of data entry, where journal data is only recorded from column 17 to the end of the line, when entering titles of supplements enclosed by the content code $s...%s all lines begin in column 1 (on the monitor) and extend all the way across the screen. Music supplements are catalogued in the exact order presented in the bound copy of the journal the cataloguer is using—whatever disparities in chronology may be apparent. L'Art musical regularly offered music supplements (bi-monthly or monthly) to its subscribers throughout almost its entire run, however, in the microfilm copy used,61 the supplements were bound with the journal for only six volumes (volumes 23 to 28). At the time of binding these hors-texte music supplements were either inserted individually at the end of each pertinent issue, or all the supplements for one year were grouped together at the end of that volume. Titles of music supplements in L'Art musical are recorded in one of the formats detailed above, depending on the length of the title. The music supplements in volumes 23 and 24 are not indicated as supplements in the journal, therefore, short, concise headings supplying only the necessary bibliographic information are needed. These are modelled after titles of later supplements, but enclosed in brackets as they are editorial additions. Occasionally, if the music example is part of an album or collected edition, the table of contents of that album is included in the hors-texte supplement. This, of course, is catalogued as a separate RIPM number but included within the supplemental title. (2) Advertising The previous RIPMxix prototype did not deal with advertising as La Chronique musicale does not contain this feature. A siglum to indicate advertising, as well as the programming of a code to reproduce the siglum chosen, was needed. The siglum for advertising, specified in the original Guidelines as "0," was changed to "§." The code programmed to reproduce this advertising siglum was the backslash, "\." The copy of L'Art musical used to prepare this prototype RIPM volume was the microfilm at the University of British Columbia, obtained from the A.C.R.P.P. (Association pour la Conservation et la Reproduction pho-tographique de la presse), 4, rue Louvois, 75002 Paris. The issues missing from this microfilm copy (U.B.C.) were supplied from the hard copies at the Bibliotheque nationale, Paris and at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. The introduction to each RIPM volume will, of course, specify the copy, either microfilm or hardcover, of the journal used. 34 (3) Joint Attributions of Authorship La Chronique musicale does not contain articles jointly signed by two or more authors, there-fore, no provisions had been made if two or more names would have to be recorded for one unit or sub-unit. In L'Art musical occasionally units or sub-units are co-signed by two authors, or less frequently, by three or more authors. The following format of data entry, accommodating up to four names per unit or sub-unit,62 was devised: 1 "LAST NAME OF FIRST AUTHOR" > "FIRST NAME OF FIRST AUTHOR" > "LAST NAME OF SECOND AUTHOR">"FIRST NAME OF SECOND AUTHOR">"LAST NAME OF THIRD AUTHOR" > "FIRST NAME OF THIRD AUTHOR" > "LAST NAME OF FOURTH AUTHOR" > "FIRST NAME OF FOURTH AUTHOR" > This format automatically results in the printing of serial commas to delineate each author's name in the Catalogue, as well as the inclusion of the name of each contributor as an author reference in the Keyword-Author Index. If the first name of any of the contributors is not recorded, a blank space must be retained to substitute for the first name. "LAST NAME OF FIRST AUTHOR" > >"LAST NAME OF SECOND AUTHOR"> "FIRST NAME OF SECOND AUTHOR"> "LAST NAME OF THIRD AUTHOR"> "FIRST NAME OF THIRD AUTHOR" > "LAST NAME OF FOURTH AUTHOR" > > (4) Cross-Referencing Occasionally articles are encountered in L'Art musical which contain textual references to preceding or forthcoming articles, e.g., correspondence referring to a previous article. (The type of cross-referencing meant in this context does not include articles in a continuing series.) As there usually is no indication in the titling of these related articles to show continuity of subject matter, editorial cross-references were considered a helpful indicator for the reader. A standard format was devised to indicate this type of cross-referencing, "[voir 57:78]," it being simply a renvoie to the pertinent RIPM number(s). The data and codes entered to produce the above renvoie are as follows: "[voir $657%6:78]." 6 2The occurrence of units or sub-units co-signed by five or more authors is rare in L'Art musical, however, it does occasionally appear. Recording the authors' names in such cases requires editorial considerations. This will be dealt with in the following section "New Cataloguing Situations." 35 (5) French Accents and Forms of Punctuation For the previous prototype RIPMxix Catalogue the printing of French accents had only been programmed for lower case letters; the reasoning behind this was that in La Chronique musicale accents were not printed on upper case letters. In L'Art musical, however, there appeared to be no fixed policy with regards to the inclusion of accents on capital letters; the same words could be printed with or without accented upper case letters. The printing of accents in the RIPM volume was, therefore, standardized: all upper case letters that required accents were printed with them, whether or not accents actually appeared in the journal. The codes necessary for the printing of French accents on upper case letters were programmed, using the same character codes63 as for the lower case letters. One special French character that had not been programmed was the ligature. Occurring quite frequently in musical terminology, e.g., "chceur" and "ceuvre," the printing of this character was considered essential for a uniform presentation of French RIPM volumes. The character code "$M"64 was, therefore, created and programmed for both upper and lower case ligatures, e.g., "$MOEuvre" would be entered to print "(Euvre," similarly "ch$Moeur" would be entered to print "chceur." The utilization of French quotation marks and the French manner of printing the colon were also deemed necessary for a uniform presentation of the French language RIPM volumes. Quo-tation marks are coded as "$" and "%" to produce, respectively, « and >.65 Colons are always preceded by the code for the reserve space, to ensure that the anteceding word is not sepa-rated from the following colon, and that the required spacing is also retained. B. NEW CATALOGUING SITUATIONS The previous RIPMxix prototype treating La Chronique musicale did not cover all possible cataloguing situations; coding requirements and methodology were only considered for situations specific to that journal. During the production of the L'Art musical prototype Catalogue six "Character codes—where two characters combined, a symbol and a letter, result in the printing of a single accented letter—are required for the printing of accents specific to various languages. 6 4The character code $M differs from other character codes in that two symbols combined with two letters results in the printing of a single different character. 6 5This coding ensures that the required spacing—before and after the term enclosed in quotation marks—is automatically inserted, and also that quotation marks are not separable from the directly preceding and following words. 36 novel cataloguing situations, not previously confronted, required further consideration: (1) titling and editorial commentary in reviews of musical events; (2) cataloguing of miscellaneous/general news sections; (3) cataloguing of two types of "repetitive" units; (4) cataloguing of advertising; (5) recording the names of five or more authors per unit or sub-unit; and (6) transcription of punctuation. Each of these cases will be discussed in turn, presenting the problem(s) encountered and the solution(s) agreed upon, illustrated with numerous examples from the prototype journal. (1) Titling and Editorial Commentary in Reviews of Musical Events The titling of reviews of musical events in L'Art musical differs significantly from titling of reviews in La Chronique musicale. Review sections [in La Chronique musicale] are typically divided into a number of reviews, each of which is titled with either the name of a concert series, e.g., "Concert du Conservatoire," or with the location of an opera production or concert, e.g.,"Opera : La sonnambula." Each review may be by a different author or several authors may be responsible for one or more reviews each. In virtually every case the main title of the review section is followed by subtitling in the form of a content summary paragraph, indicating various kinds of programme information pertinent to the reviews in the section.66 The method of transcription for cases such as these is outlined clearly in the Guidelines: "When the information in content summaries significantly supplements that in sub-unit titling, the sup-plementary information may be added in square brackets after the sub-unit titles."67 However, the cataloguing of review sections in L 'Art musical—and about 70% of the journal can be classi-fied as review material—is not as clear-cut. The type of musical event reviewed and the format of the review determine the manner in which titling is transcribed and the editorial commentary required, if any. Three types of review formats can be identified in L'Art musical: (1) feature review articles;68 (2) recurring rubrics, where the word "revue" is always part of the title, e.g., "Revue theatrale"; and (3) miscellaneous reviews, e.g., "Courrier musical." 66Donald G. Gfslason, op. cit., 23. 6 7 H . Robert Cohen, in collaboration with Donald G. Gislason and Carla Biberdorf, RIPM Series A Guidelines, 2 vols. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1983), 15. 6 8 Feature review articles are review units of premieres, usually of theatrical works or of debuts of a particular artist. The unit deals with only one event, and the journal title supplies sufficient, often extensive information. The transcription of this type of titling does not pose any problems and does not require editorial commentary. 37 (a) Recurring Rubrics The recurring rubric review format is by far the most frequent type found in L'Art musical. This format deals with several individual events, from two to as many as fifteen, but a distinction between the two basic genres—theatrical and instrumental—is always maintained, i.e., concert review material is never mixed with theatrical review material. Four types of titling can be distinguished in the recurring rubric review format: (1) the unit title is followed by a content summary, with the unit itself separated graphically into untitled sub-units; (2) the unit title is followed by a content summary and there are no sub-unit divisions present; (3) the unit is divided into sub-units (which may or may not be sub-titled), but there is no content summary; and (4) the unit is not separated graphically into sub-units and there is no content summary. Transcription of titling in these four cases is dependant on two factors: (a) if there are sub-unit divisions present; and (b) if a content summary follows the unit title. Each of these four types will be discussed below, along with descriptive examples from the prototype journal. (i) Unit titles followed by content summaries (sub-unit divisions present) Unit titles followed by content summaries are found primarily in titling of theatrical review sections. If the unit is divided into untitled sub-units, the content summary is omitted, but the pertinent information contained therein, along with any other necessary information from the text, if required, is used for editorial sub-titles.69 Figure 7 54r Revue des theatres lyriques Raoul de Saint- 35-36 ; Arroman rVarietes : Offenbach, Le Docteur Ox (opera- 35 bouffe)] ' [Opera-Comique : Nicolo Isouard, Cendrillon] 35-36 [Theatre-Lyrique : De Flotow, Martha] 36 [Opera : representation en l'honneur d'Auberl In many cases the name of the composer is not indicated in the content summary and, therefore, has to be found by the cataloguer, either by scanning the text, or by consulting a reference 70 source. 6 9In this example (Figure 7), an indication of the composer and title of the work were sufficient to reflect the emphasis of the review material, the last sub-unit being an exception. 7 0The reference sources used in the preparation of this prototype RIPM Catalogue were: Felix Clement and Pierre Larousse, Dictionnaire des operas (Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1905; New York: Da Capo Press reprint, 1969); Harold Rosenthal and John Warrack, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1980); Charles Osborne, The Dictionary of the Opera (New York: Simon &; Schuster, 1983); L'Opera de 1597 a nos jours: dictionnaire chronologique, trans, from the Italian by Sophie Gherardi (Paris: Editions Ramsay, 1979); The New Grove Dictionnary of Music and Musicians, 6th ed. 38 As L'Art musical reviews a great many theatrical performances, e.g., comedies, vaudevilles, plays, dramas, as well as lyric works and ballets, an indication of the genre of the work was, at times, considered useful. The genre indication, placed in parentheses, is recorded directly after the title. Unnecessary formules de politesse, e.g., Mademoiselle, Mme, are not considered useful indications, and are omitted from editorial commentary.71 ( i i ) U n i t t i t les followed by content summaries (wi thout sub-unit d iv is ions) Unit titles that are followed by a content summary, in a recurring rubric which is not divided into sub-units, occur very infrequently. In such cases, however, the content summary would be transcribed after the unit title (this remained unchanged from the original RIPM Guidelines). If necessary, any required editorial commentary would be supplied by the cataloguer, in brackets, inserted in the appropriate places within the content summary. ( i i i ) U n i t t i t les wi thou t content summaries (sub-unit d ivis ions present) Unit titles not followed by a content summary, where the unit is divided into sub-units (which may or may not be titled), occur frequently throughout L'Art musical, in titling of concert reviews and, in volumes 24 to 33, for titling of theatrical reviews. Instructions for transcribing this type of titling existed in the Guidelines, however, difficulties were encountered with the prescribed editorial commentary as adequately presenting the subject matter discussed in the review. The editorial problems and solutions agreed upon are detailed in the following discussion. L'Art musical reviews three types of musical events: (1) concerts of performing groups, e.g., concert series or choral societies; (2) mixed genre and solo concerts; and (3) theatrical represen-tations. The emphasis accorded by reviewers to various aspects of these three musical events, however, is not fully accounted for in the original requirements for editorial commentary.72 do not fully account for the different aspects of the musical event emphasized in the respective review types. The editorial requirements, therefore, have been somewhat revised, in order to provide the reader with more information, as well as to reflect the principal emphasis of a particular review. 71Gottschalk performing in a solo recital would be recorded as "[Salle Erard : Gottschalk]." However, a concert given by M. and Mme Comettant would have to be catalogued as "[Institut musical : M. et Mme Comettant]." 7 2The original requirements for editorial commentary for various musical events as specified in the Guidelines (p. 37) are as follows: Opera Symphony concert Chamber concert Solo recital Mixed genre concert [Location: Composer, Title of Work] [Location: Name of orchestra] [Location: Name of group] [Location: Name of performer] [Location: Names of artists] 39 (iv) Revisions in editorial commentary Concerts of organized performing groups In reviews of concerts of organized performing groups primarily the music is discussed, ex-tensively or not, depending upon how many works the reviewer wishes to comment upon. Often the performance, of the entire group or of selected soloists, is also discussed. Given the emphasis placed on the music performed, the works that are discussed extensively should be indicated in editorial commentary. Composer(s) and the title(s) of their work(s) are listed, separated by semi-colons, after the name of the orchestra or performing group. If a particular artist is discussed extensively, the name is indicated after the pertinent work, enclosed in parentheses. (If two or more names are listed, they are separated from each other by commas.) [Location: Name of orchestra or performing group; Composer, Title of Work (Artist), Title of Work (Artist, Artist, Artist); Composer, Title of Work; etc.] Of course, the format and punctuation can be modified slightly if any of the required information is already part of journal titling, or if the cataloguer wants to include other information deemed important, for example, the indication "(fragments)" in Figure 8, or a listing of the individual artists that make up the string quartet in Figure 9. Figure 8 77r Revue des concerts Concerts populaires [de Pasdeloup au Cirque d'Hiver : Glinka, Kamarinskaia; Saint-Saens, Etienne Marcel (fragments)] [Salle Erard : Auzende] [Survol des concerts] Figure 9 382r Concert du Quatuor romain [Bazzini, Quatuor en re mineur; Pinelli, Quatuor; Verdi, Quatuor (Pinelli, Monachesi, Desanctis, Furino)] 60 Elie 60 Henry Cohen * * * A. Landely-Hettich 313-14 Mixed genre and solo concerts Reviews of mixed genre and solo concerts/recitals emphasize a discussion of the performance of the artist(s), rather than a discussion of the music itself. This situation had already been encountered by the cataloguer of the previous prototype. The solution reached was that "the 40 names of performers and musical works given substantial discussion, i.e., more than a few token sentences, were also added in square brackets if missing from the review title." 7 3 This technique is relatively effective, the only point against it is that no differentiation can be made between a review of a solo recital, and a review of a mixed genre concert which only discusses the principal artist. 7 4 Figure 10 47r Revue des concerts Association artistique [de Colonne au Chatelet Rubinstein, Le Demon (fragments); Max Bruch, Concerto pour violon (Camille Lelong)] [Matinee de Mme de Vandeul, Nathan, Bernis et Montardon] [Premier concert de l'Art retrospectif par la Societe du quatuor Sainte-Cecile a la salle Pleyel : Lulli, air < Enfin, il est en ma puissance > d'Armide, Marche triomphale de Thesee reduite pour piano] [Salle Philippe-Herz : Mile E. Leite, Planel et Kowalski] [Audition des nouvelles ceuvres de Boscowitz] [Salle Berlari : Alice Sydney Burvett] 36-37 Elie 36 Henry Cohen 36-37 37 If a performer is associated with an unusual instrument, or if the cataloguer wishes to indicate the instrument(s) played by the artist(s), the type of instrumentalist or the name of the instrument, placed in parentheses, can be recorded after the name of the performer. Figure 11 136r Revue des concerts [Marie Tayau. Marie Deschamps Salle Erard : Josephine Martin. Salon Pierre-Petit : Claude Jaquinot (violoniste). Salle Herz : Amelie Majdrowicz; Henri Herz, 6 e Concerto pour piano] Henry Cohen 98-99 These formats for editorial commentary can be combined. For example, in the last musical event discussed in the review depicted in the previous illustration (Figure 11), the principal artist; as well as the work she performed, are accorded extensive discussion. Both subjects— the performance of the artist and a discussion of the music—are considered important and are, therefore, noted. The composer and title of the work are separated from the name of the principal 73Donald G. Gislason, op.cit., 27. Omitting the names of artists not discussed extensively in reviews from editorial commentary is a viable option as the review itself does not provide much information about these performers, merely the fact that they were present. 41 artist by a semi-colon; by inference the reader knows that this is an orchestral concert, the principal artist being a pianist. Theatrical representations Reviews of theatrical representations can focus either on the work itself or the performers, to the exclusion of one another if the review is not of a premiere, or discuss both the music and the artists in varying proportions. If a performer is discussed extensively, as well as the work itself, the name of the performer is listed after the title of the work, separated from the title by a semi-colon. If more than one artist is recorded, the names are separated from each other by commas. If two or more works by the same composer are performed at the same event, the titles of the works are listed after the name of the composer, separated by commas.75 If the cataloguer wishes to record the name of an artist, it is listed after the pertinent work. [Location: Composer, Title of Work, Title of Work; Artist, Artist. Composer, Title of Work, etc.] Occasionally the editorial commentary for theatrical reviews must be based solely on the journal text. During the last decade of L'Art musicaPs run a recurring rubric type of review appears very frequently ("Revue theatrale"), in which each sub-unit, titled with the name of the theatre, deals with a different topic, e.g., reviews of various performances and artists, current events, directors and managerial aspects. If a sub-unit covers diverse or general topics, no editorial commentary is appended. If a specific performer within a production is extensively discussed the format used is generally "[Mme ... dans La traviata de Verdi]." If the last sub-unit, usually untitled, is a summary listing of performances at two or more theatres the editorial commentary used is "[Survol des theatres]." Figure 12 465r Revue theatrale [Opera-Comique : Defies, Les Notes de Fernande] [Vaudeville : Montjoye (piece)] [Varietes : Revue de l'annee de Blum et Toche] [Chateau-d'Eau : Gaston Marot et Delormel, Le Docteur Jackson (drame)] [Gymnase : La Dedicace. La Navette. Les Bottes du capitaine. Les Cascades] [Survol des theatres] 7 5One theatrical or dramatic work, e.g., an opera, is considered a single event and, therefore, separated by a period. However, to avoid repetition of the composer's name in the Index, as well as in the Catalogue, two or more theatrical/dramatic works by the same composer are separated by commas, even though they are considered individual events. If confusion results, semi-colons may be employed instead of commas. Jules Ruelle 380-81 380-81 381 42 (v) Unit titles not followed by content summaries (without sub-unit divisions) Recurring rubric reviews that consist of an undivided unit, i.e., no sub-units, titled solely with a unit heading, occur infrequently for concert reviews. In such cases the unit title is transcribed, followed by a single bracketed editorial commentary detailing, in the prescribed formats, all the events. Figure 13 98r Revue des concerts [Association artistique de Henry Cohen 75-76 Colonne au Chatelet : Niels W. Gade, La Fille du Rot des aulnes. Salle Erard : Jan Vermast (pianiste). Salle Erard : Marie Deschamps (organiste)l Correspondence can also be considered review material. During the last decade of L'Art musicaPs existence it contains a great deal of regular correspondence from three important musical centres, Brussels, London, and Saint-Petersbourg, the contents of which are primarily review material. Figure 14 illustrates the cataloguing of a letter from a frequent contributor—under the rubric "Lettre de Belgique"—which is recorded as per the above method. Figure 14 214r Lettre de Belgique (Bruxelles, le 11 decembre 1889) J. Br. 179-80 [Association des artistes musiciens : oeuvres de Pierne. Concert populaire : oeuvres de Grieg dirigees par le compositeur. Seance de musique de chambre de la maison Schott. Theatre de la Monnaie : Gounod, Faust; Mme Caron] (b) Miscellaneous Reviews Miscellaneous reviews are not exclusively concert and/or theatrical reviews; they cover an amalgam of events and/or subject matter. Often it is difficult to establish if this type of unit is actually review material, i.e., whether or not an "r" should be assigned. Appearing under the same rubric, e.g., "Courrier musical," in one issue the text could be musical gossip presented in an informal style, and in the next issue a detailed review covering one or more specific musical events. The editorial stance taken during the cataloguing of L'Art musical was the following:76 where review material constitutes 50% or more of the total unit, the whole unit is considered a review and catalogued as such; where a minimal percentage of the unit is considered review material, the 7 6 As every journal has its own design, format and characteristics this decision can only be applied to L'Art musical. 43 entire unit is classed as non-review material. In the latter case, however, any editorial commentary supplied for review sections is inserted in the appropriate formats. As in the recurring rubric type of review there are also four kinds of miscellaneous reviews: (1) the unit title is followed by a content summary, with the unit itself separated graphically into untitled sub-units; (2) the unit title is followed by a content summary, there are no sub-units; (3) the unit is divided into untitled sub-units, there is no content summary; and (4) the unit is not divided into sub-units, and there is no content summary present. If classified as reviews, the cataloguing of miscellaneous review sections follows the same procedures as those detailed previously for recurring rubric reviews. The following example is typical of the most problematic of these miscellaneous type reviews (a content summary follows the unit title and there are untitled sub-units present). Figure 15a is a photocopy of the journal title, while Figure 15b illustrates the cataloguing of this review unit. As more than 50% of the contents are review material this unit is classified as a review and catalogued accordingly. The informal content summary is omitted and editorial sub-titles, supplying the required information, are recorded on separate lines.77 Figure 15a (Ul HltlKIl MUSICAL Horim tui lulltni. — CtrloUt MarehUlo. - Un 4t*t MMMk — Utt* Mfcif improvMu. — tVAnilaU t It t*Ua Vtnudotir. — Un tlTMft pnjtl | im* court. — U oaaeoM» 4m 4ftnm»- «MtoaJPt» M »4fcNW«•ltilN*HlraMn> ,* , , Uurtud rl rointnctt. — U t 0>ui poaftU*. — BmM9 CkrH%hi%*. — On* CIIIUOIM-TIB. — Una polgu4« (to ooutdlui. — Hayd4k tn ItnNt. — Ont ntunt lituvrti. — CIIUMM divert**. — HUvwiro Nicutlt. Voua parlerai-je da lu ainguli6re reprlaentation de Jeudi dernier uu lalienV Puurquoi non? On donntil Numm. uu plutot un etp6rait lu tionner. Laaalle Atait cuinble, car I'afllche promettait la (larlotta Marobiiio, et I'uu wait ai elie encelle daua ce geure de muaique. Mat* 7 7The editorial sub-titles provide more concise and detailed information than the informally written content summary. 44 Figure 15b 380r Ccmrrier musical Ralph [Theatre-Italien : Bellini, Norma; Carlotta Marchisio] [Concours des eleves militaires au Conservatoire! [Beaux Cherubins, romance d'Emile Durand sur des paroles de Jules Bertrand] [Le Palaquin, romance d'Emile Durand sur des paroles d'Armand Renaud] [Salle Favart : Auber, Haydee] [Theatre de Marseille : Verdi, La traviata] [Theatre Saint-Germain : William Busnach, Les Peiits du premier] [Deces de Silvestro Nicosia] (2) Cataloguing of Miscellaneous/General News Sections Miscellaneous/general news sections in L'Art musical run the gamut of requiring simple tran-scriptions of unit titles to involved cataloguing of various levels of titling along with appropriate editorial commentary. In the first 20 odd years of L'Art musicaTs run every issue includes a miscellaneous/general news section, usually one to three pages long, entitled "Nouvelles," "Faits divers" or "Nouvelles diverses." Although never signed, these miscellaneous units have been com-piled by the editors from various sources, some identified (e.g., signed correspondence, extracts from other publications), but most are unsigned and untitled. Such being the case, the author for the entire unit is assumed to be "[La redaction]." Each unit is usually divided into two sub-units, respectively titled "Etranger" and "France." When one or two signed and/or titled sub-sections are present, the sub-unit titles—Etranger and France—are omitted, since the sub-sections that are recorded will supply adequate information. In the following example "Correspondance de Rome" is the only titled sub-section in the sub-unit "Etranger"; Etranger is, therefore, consid-ered redundant and omitted. Figure 16 150 Nouvelles diverses [La redaction] 118-19 Correspondance de Rome [Teatro Apollo : * * * 119 Verdi, Aida; rentree de Nicolini (7 avril)] If there are three or more signed and/or titled sub-sections within the miscellaneous unit the sub-titles "Etranger" and "France" are recorded (to prevent confusion), along with the other titled and/or signed sub-sections and any necessary editorial commentary. 45 9-12 9- 10 10 10- 11 11 11- 12 12 Figure 17 419 Nouvelles diverses [La redaction] 326-28 Etranger / Bologne [Goldmark, La Reine de * * * 326-27 Saba]; Trieste; Malaga; [Geneve, inauguration de I'Opera : Rossini, Guillaume Tell] France / [Le directeur du Conservatoire de Magin 327 Lyon est revoque de ses fonctions] (Lyon, 5 octobre) Frequently there are miscellaneous units supplying only news of foreign musical life, e.g., "Nouvelles de l'etranger" or "Chronique des theatres etrangers." These units are divided into sub-units—usually titled with the name of the city, but almost never signed—most of which are not extensive enough to be considered review material for the purposes of cataloguing (although they do deal with specific musical events). These units are catalogued as per the directives in the Procedures,78 however, if topics are discussed in great enough detail to warrant editorial commentary, the appropriate commentary in the required format is added. Figure 18 272 Chronique des theatres etrangers * * * 205-06 Londres [Mile Bloch. Her Majesty's Theatre : Verdi, Aida. Nouvelli]. Milan [Clementine de Vere. Teatro alia Scala. Teatro dal Verme : Scontrino, Matelda]. Trieste [Politeama : Verdi, Messe de Requiem]. Bahia. Genes. Pampelune. Padoue. Ferrare. Buenos-Ayres. Hambourg During the last ten-year period of L 'Art musical's run the miscellaneous sections grow in size and complexity. They are generally titled "Nouvelles diverses" or "Bruits qui courent." The latter rubric deals only with domestic news, and very few of the sub-units are signed and/or titled. These units are catalogued exactly as indicated in the Procedures. The first rubric "Nouvelles diverses," however, deals with general musical news from around the world. Although the compiler still is considered to be "[La redaction]," almost every sub-section is titled and many are frequently signed. Such units follow the cataloguing procedure described previously for three or more signed and/or titled sub-sections within a unit. 7 8 According to the Procedures "all rules pertaining to second level titling apply to news and miscellaneous sections. Note, in particular, that uninformative sub-unit titles frequently found in news sections are not transcribed..." (op. cit., 31). The names of cities are considered informative and, therefore, catalogued. Sub-titles are recorded in a continuous paragraph, separated by periods with further titled divisions of sub-units separated from the sub-title by a slash, and from each other by semi-colons. 46 Figure 19 49 Nouvelles diverses Etranger / Allemagne; Amerique; Angleterre; Autriche Belgique : correspondance particuliere de Liege [Concerts populaires de Sylvain (Ysaye)] Correspondance particuliere d'Anvers [Delibes, Laktne] Italie France / [Annonce d'une fete des arts organisee par la Societe des artistes francais] [Concerts de la quinzaine] Correspondance particuliere de Marseille [Association artistique et Grand-Theatre] [La redaction! * * * A. D. Stemilio * * * Auguste Vaudet * * * L. M. 37-40 37 38 39 "Nos correspondances," a miscellaneous section that is very frequent towards the end of L'Art musicaPs run, can be catalogued following the method used for Figure 19 since the format is the same: two sub-units, "Etranger" and "France," are further sub-divided into various titled (with the names of the cities) and signed sections. Dashes are used to indicate further divisions within a sub-section. Being exclusively correspondence, the authorship of all the sub-sections is accounted for, and an indication of a compiler for the entire unit is not necessary. Figure 20 128 Nos correspondances Etranger / Allemagne : Dresde [concert de la cour : Mmes Roger-Miclos et Albani-Gye] -Berlin - Francfort-sur-le-Mein - Carlsruhe -Leipzig - Munich Suisse : Geneve [concert d'abonnement dirige par Grieg] France / Angouleme; Lille Marseille Nantes [Theatre Graslin : Wagner, Tannhduser] Pau [hotel Gassion : concert de musique de chambre (Pugno, Debroux et Hollman)] Talon A. H. * * * Jean Mary B. S. • * « 109-10 109 109-10 (3) Cataloguing of "Repetitive" Units "Repetitive" units are very short units, usually untitled and unsigned, that in some cases appear very frequently, yet must be catalogued as independent units (with individual RIPM numbers) as they are graphically set off. Identifying these types of units in editorial commentary would take up as much space in the Catalogue as they occupy in the journal, therefore, a shorthand method of recording these types of independent units was implemented. 47 Two kinds of "repetitive" units are found in L'Art musical: (1) listings of the musical sup-plements sent to subscribers; and (2) announcements of forthcoming articles to be published in the journal, or, less frequently, announcements of the publication of works outside of the journal. Twice a month the musical supplements offered to subscribers are listed in independent units, often titled "Avis."79 Since an indication of the music supplements offered is the sole information appearing under this title, only the journal title "Avis" is recorded; if the unit is untitled, only the editorial commentary "[Avis]" is noted. The second type of "repetitive" unit in L'Art musical, announcements of forthcoming articles to appear in the journal, or new books, etc., published externally by journal collaborators, is never titled. The simple editorial commentary "[Commu-nique]" indicates announcements of forthcoming journal articles. The reader is not deprived of any information; if the article is published in a later issue, it is catalogued, and if the article is not published its announcement is redundant. However, if these announcements deal with literature or events outisde of the journal, a short and concise editorial commentary is necessary, e.g., "[Com-munique : La Musique en Danemark, nouvelle publication d'Oscar Comettant]." For both types of "repetitive" units ("Avis" and "Communique") the author is indicated as "[La redaction]," since the notices are directed to the subscribers by the directors/editors of the journal. (4) Ca ta logu ing of A d v e r t i s i n g Due to the nature of advertising in L 'Art musical the instructions in the RIPM Procedures for the cataloguing of miscellaneous advertising80 were slightly modified.' The Procedures state that miscellaneous advertising (this may be merely one advertisement, or several) one page or more in length is catalogued as one unit with a general editorial title, e.g., "[Publicite]" or "[Publications musicales]." Ninety-five percent of the miscellaneous advertising in L'Art musical, it being an organe de maison, is for music and musical literature which the Escudier and subsequent firms (Girod and then Leduc) published. The identification of this advertised material is considered important for two reasons: (1) it would be useful for the scholar searching for reviews of specific works to know if the music had been published by Escudier or, for that matter, Girod or Leduc; and (2) to give an indication of the contemporary repertoire (both amateur and professional). Since the identification of the music publications and literature advertised was considered important a method of cataloguing was devised. For units of advertising one page or less in length the most prominent title on the page is selected for cataloguing. This title may be shortened if necessary (see Figure 22). In some cases, units of advertising are composed of many small notices, thus, there is not one single journal title that accurately describes the contents of the whole unit. 7 9 Because the music supplements and gratuities were considered to be important journal components, both by the publishers and the subscribers, a separate listing of all the music supplements and gratuities sent to subscribers, whether or not the actual music is bound with the journal, has been compiled (Appendix I). Music supplements are bound with only six of the thirty-three volumes of the copy of the journal indexed. These are, of course, listed in the Catalogue with the appropriate sigla and RIPM numbers. 8 0 Miscellaneous advertising is the term used to denote advertising that does not exclusively contain prose texts. 48 A general editorial commentary is, therefore, supplied, e.g., "[Publications musicales]." If there are two units of miscellaneous advertising extending over a page or more, and their titles can be combined in a comprehensive manner, this may be done (see Figure 23). In all the preceding cases the name of the publisher, enclosed in brackets, is recorded after the title. Figure 21 112 §(Euvres d'Etienne Rey [Escudier ed.] 88 Figure 22 356 §Reve d'amour de D. F. E. Auber [Escudier ed.] 32 Figure 23 63 §Io traviaia de G. Verdi [et] arrangements divers 56 [Escudier ed.] If one or more advertisements for specific musical publications are repeated with other non-musical advertising that together extend over more than one page, the single editorial commentary "[Publicite]" is used to include all the advertisements. (5) Recording Five or More Authors per Unit or Sub-Unit As the computer programmes for analysis and printing are not capable of handling more than four authors' names per unit or sub-unit, in cases where there are five or more joint authors, editorial judgement has to be excercised. The cataloguer has three choices: (1) transcribe four names and summarize the others; (2) transcribe four names and omit the others; or (3) summarize all the signatures. If four names are transcribed and the others condensed, the four names that are deemed most important are recorded, while the others are either indicated by elipsis points or bracketed commentary noting their exclusion, e.g., "Adolphe Adam, Ambroise Thomas, Ch. Gounod, C. Saint-Saens [...]," "Adolphe Adam, Ambroise Thomas, Ch. Gounod, C. Saint-Saens [et al.]" or "Adolphe Adam, Ambroise Thomas, Ch. Gounod, C. Saint-Saens [et les autres membres de la Societe nationale]." Of these three preceding formats the last is preferred as the editorial commentary identifies the entity to which all the contributors belong. The second option, transcribing four names and omitting the others, is not a very viable solution in cases where the corpus of signatures belongs to a common group. Omitting the rest of 49 the names would only be done in cases where there is no unifying element among the contributors. Even then, an indication of continuing signatures, i.e., elipsis points or [et al.] is preferable. The third option, summarizing all the signatures, should only be employed if the number of signatures is extensive, none are well-known, and all are members of some committee or organization. The cataloguer can include all the names within one comprehensive descriptive editorial commentary, such as "[Les membres de l'orchestre de I'Opera]." (6) Transcription of Punctuation Transcription of punctuation in journal titles was another factor that required additions to the stipulations presented in the Procedures. A number of punctuation marks had predefined uses, therefore, use of these punctuation marks was restricted: (1) full-stop punctuation; this is already used to separate sub-unit titles from each other, as well as to separate content summaries from the directly preceding titles; and (2) semi-colons; these are used to separate further divisions of sub-units from one another. The aim in transcribing titling is to conserve the order—when reading from left to right, and top to bottom—with a minimum of alteration or addition to the existing punctuation, yet yielding a comprehensible prose style. For clarity the- cataloguer can occasionally add commas, colons, dashes, and semi-colons to journal titling. The following additional stipulations concerning punctuation have been decided upon. (1) Series indicators, such as "Chapitre I," "IX," "premiere partie," "n° 21," are always placed in parentheses, if apparent in the title itself, or in brackets, if added by the cataloguer. (2) A frequent type of punctuation used in L'Art musical and other contemporary journals is a period followed by a dash ".—" (used frequently when separating the individual items in a content summary). When transcribing this type of punctuation the cataloguer changes it to merely a dash. (3) Three-part titles can be hierarchical in nature, or all three phrases may be of equal value. In three-part titles of equal value, each part is separated by a dash. If the three-part title is hierarchical—the first two phrases forming an entity, with the second phrase describing or modifying the first, and the third phrase indicating specifically the topic of that particular article—the first and second phrases are joined together by a colon, and the third phrase is separated from the preceding by a period (see Figure 24). 50 Figure 24 157 Mes souvenirs : Les virtuoses. L. M. Gottschalk (II) Leon Escudier 193-95 [reproduction d'un chapitre du deuxieme volume] (4) Unlike article titles, where the transcription of titling does not deviate from the traditional order—left to right, and top to bottom—when cataloguing music examples and illustrations occasionally the titles were slightly rearranged so as to render the prose more fluent. Figure 25a is a photocopy of the title of a music supplement, and Figure 25b illustrates the manner in which it is catalogued. Figure 25a Figure 25b [Supplement du 31 juillet 1884] 155 •Georges Bachmann, Vingt-cinq pieces : (n° 1) < Serenade >, a Madame la generale Barry * * * C. STANDARDIZATION OF F R E N C H L A N G U A G E NORMS For a unified presentation of this prototype Catalogue, as well as for future Catalogues treating French journals, standardization of French language norms for capitalization, italicization, accents 51 and hyphenation was deemed necessary. Journal titles can never be transcribed exactly as they appear in the source. A great variety of fonts—sizes, prints, types, etc.—and various linear presentations and spacings, as well as differing methods of punctuation, are used for visual effect and graphic delineation. For instance, some titles are all in upper case, some titles are a mixture of upper and lower case, italics, small print, etc., and titles of musical and literary works are not necessarily in italics. The following norms of capitalization and italicization were adopted. (1) Capitalization of unit and sub-unit journal titles are regulated by the norms of modern French prose: the first letter of the first word is capitalized, as well as all other words that would normally be capitalized in modern French prose. (2) Literary and musical works are italicized and capitalized following the principles set out in Le Code typographique, A. Ramat's Grammaire typographique and Larousse's Dictionnaire des difficultes de la langue frangaise.81 The norms followed when cataloguing L'Art musical are summarized below: (a) For titles that do not form a complete phrase, i.e., without a verb, beginning with Le, La or Les, all the words up to and including the first noun are capitalized, e.g., La Petite Princesse. Any words following the first noun, however, are not capitalized, e.g., L'Elephant blanc. (b) If there are two subjects of equal value in the title they are both capitalized, e.g., La Cigale et la Fourmi. (c) If the title begins with Un or Une none of the words that follow are capitalized, unless, of course, they would be capitalized in normal prose, e.g., Une folie d Rome. (d) For titles that begin with a spelled out ordinal only the first letter of the first noun is capitalized. (e) For titles that are complete phrases (with a verb) only the first word is capitalized, even though the title may commence with Le, La or Les, e.g., Le roi I'a dit. (f) In order to avoid confusion, titles of individual works contained within a collected edition are placed within quotation marks when the title(s) of the individual work(s) and that of the collected edition are referred to in the same phrase. (g) Titles of journals are always italicized, and follow the rules of capitalization detailed above. (h) Titles of poems are enclosed in quotation marks, unless they are titles of epic literary works, in which case they are italicized. Titles of poems also follow the rules of capitalization detailed above. 8 1 P. Bonnefond, ed. Le Code typographique (Paris: Federation C.G.C. de la Communication, 1986); A. Ramat, Grammaire typographique (Montreal: Tour de la Bourse, 1984); Adolphe V. Thomas, Dictionnaire des difficultes de la langue frangaise (Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1971). 52 (i) Titles of illustrations are in regular font, and follow the rules of capitalization detailed above. Titles of recognized works of art are, of course, put in italics. (j) Titles of musical and literary works in languages foreign to that of the journal follow the rules of italicization and capitalization for those specific languages. (3) Indications such as n°, or 2e are always transcribed with the superscript characters. (4) For the reasons presented previously, accents are printed on all upper case letters that require them regardless of whether or not accents appear in the journal. (5) Nineteenth-century spellings are not altered. For example, "poeme" appearing in journal titling is transcribed as such, although the modern spelling is "poeme." This same principle applies also to hyphenation, e.g., the 19th-century spellings of compte rendu (compte-rendu) and opera-comique (opera comique) are retained when occuring in journal titling. In editorial commentary, however, spelling is modernized. 53 Chapter IV L'ART MUSICAL: T H E KEYWORD-AUTHOR INDEX The previous RIPMix prototype volume treating La Chronique musicale included two indices, a Keyword Index (182 pages) and an Author Index (3 pages), each being distinctive in design and format. The title-derivative KWOC (KeyWord Out of Context) design82 of the RIPMxix Keyword Index presented a format that offered access to all pertinent keywords, with abundant titling to judge the relevance of each entry, within a clear and attractive visual presentation. The last four pages of the RIPMxix Keyword Index consisted of a chronological listing of all the music examples in the journal, presented in the same design and format. The RIPMxix Author Index was not of the title-derivative type, but rather was an alphabetical listing of the authors' most complete names, with the RIPM number references following in a continuous paragraph after each author's name. The format and programming capabilities of the present RIPM prototype Index have altered significantly; the basic design, however—a KWOC (KeyWord Out of Context) type—remains the same. This chapter will discuss the alterations effected in the design specifications and the programming capabilities of the RIPMxix Indices, and the ensuing production of the current prototype RIPM Index treating L'Art musical.83 As the RIPMxix Keyword Index has been the principal focus of these revisions, i.e., the design of the author references has not changed, this chapter will deal primarily with the design and programming capabilities of the keyword refer-ences. The following topics will be discussed: (1) the disadvantages in the design specifications and programming capabilities of the previous RIPMxix Keyword Index; (2) the alterations effected in the design specifications and programming capabilities of the present RIPM Keyword-Author Index (the keyword references); (3) the design and programming capabilities of the author ref-erences; (4) pre-editing the RIPM prototype Index treating L'Art musical] (5) post-editing the RIPM prototype Index; and (6) editing the author references. 82There are three types of title-derivative indexes: (a) KeyWord in Context (KWIC); (b) KeyWord out of Context (KWOC); and (c) term co-ordination. KWIC indexes are arranged alphabetically, the keywords aligned centrally with as much titling context surrounding each keyword as will fit on a single line. There are no free-standing lead terms. This index design is used mainly for scientific subjects, where the keywords themselves are content-specific and do not require extensive titling to explain the subject matter. KWOC indexes present the pertinent entries beneath their free-standing lead terms, the lead terms being arranged alphabetically, usually left-justified on the column of the page. Each entry is composed of the whole title containing that particular keyword, with the keyword printed out in bold. Term co-ordination indexes present the co-occurrence of groups of significant words alphabetically arranged beneath free-standing lead terms printed in bold. The sub-entries may be a simple list of co-occurring terms, or include fragments of actual titling, with the keywords highlighted in bold. 8 3The production of the Key word-Author Index treating L'Art musical was aided immensely by Diane Cloutier who provided invaluable assistance in preparing the stop and equivalence lists. 54 * * * A. DISADVANTAGES IN DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND PROGRAMMING CAPABILITIES OF THE PREVIOUS RIPMxix KEYWORD INDEX Before proceeding with an examination of the disadvantages in design specifications and pro-gramming capabilites of the previous RIPMxix Keyword Index, it would be helpful to summarize the programming capabilities, as well as the layout specifications, of the previous prototype. An RIPM Keyword Index has been referred to as being "arguably the most powerful tool of the RIPMxix system, since it allows the scholar convenient access to subject matter, to the extent that subject matter is reflected in titling."84 The nature of titling in 19th-century art journals—tending towards the imaginative, often lacking terse content-specific terms, and thus requiring additional commentary—necessitated the selection of a title-derivative design for the Keyword Index. Title-derivative indexes work on the principle that significant words in titling indicate the subject matter of the text.85 Because the computer programmes that process the Index consider all punctuation marks and spaces between words as delimitors, the keywords in an RIPMxix Index were only single units, i.e., one word. For example, the term "Cirque-d'hiver" would be separated into its component parts, "Cirque-d" and "hiver," and listed in the Index under "C" and "H," respectively. The lay-out of the RIPMxix Keyword Index was in two columns with two running head identifiers: one running head in italics identifying the index—Index par mots-cles, right-justified on the recto side of the page—and the title of the journal—left-justified on the verso side of the page; and the other running head in regular font indicating the first and last keyword on the page, left- and right-justified, respectively. Keyword lead terms, in bold capitals, were left-justified in each column. Their order of priority was: (1) lead terms of alphabetical characters (i.e., words) arranged alphabetically; (2) lead terms composed of four-digit numerals (i.e., years) arranged in ascending order; and (3) the lead term "B" (the sigla indicating music examples), followed by a complete listing of all musical examples published in the entire run of the journal, arranged alphabetically by composer. The entries beneath each lead term were presented, left-justified with the keyword in each highlighted in bold, as reproductions of the title as it appeared in the Catalogue. The titles were reproduced on the basis of a telescoped hierarchical form: (1) if the keyword occurred in a unit title, only that title was reproduced regardless of any sub-unit titles which followed; (2) if the keyword occurred in any type of sub-unit titling the directly preceding sub-unit title to which it was subordinate, if any, and the unit title were reproduced. Entries under 84Donald G. Gislason, op. cit., 51. 85Keywords to appear in an index can be selected from the data base in one of two ways: via (a) a stop-list, a separate file in which are listed all the keywords to be excluded from the index; or (b) a go-list, again, a separate file in which are listed all the keywords to be included in the index. The RIPM indexing system employs a stop-list. 55 lead terms that were words or years were arranged chronologically, by the RIPMxix reference numbers that appeared right-justified at the end of each sub-entry. The listing of music examples at the end of the Index was treated differently: this was arranged alphabetically by composer, anonymous composers first, with the names highlighted in bold as if they were keywords. In order that all the musical examples were compiled at the end of the Index special codes were necessary: $0...%0 and $8...%8. Either of these codes placed around a composer's name caused that entry to be arranged at the end of the Index, the composer's name being the keyword, and, hence, highlighted in bold. An additional feature of the $8...%8 code was the suppression of the composer's name it enclosed in the Catalogue (but not in the Index). The latter code was used to avoid repetition of the same composer's name when several square-bracketed attributions to the same composer were necessary within a unit. Figure 26 illustrates two sample pages of the previous RIPMxix Keyword Index. 56 Figure 26 La Chronique musicale 1873-1874 1876 2 vol. in-24. - Paris. 1873. de Pottier de Lalaine. Librairie musicale 74:121r l'annee 1874 [liste] 74:137 Les instruments a archets a l'Exposition Universelle de Vienne, en 1873 [revue des luthiers d'Autricbe, de 1'Allemagne. du Belgique. de l'ltalie. des Etats- Unis et de la France] 75:151 1873-1874 Le mouvement musical aux concerts de musique dassique 1873-1874 74:74 1873-74 Varia Distribution des prix au Conservatoire de Musi-que - annee 1873-74 74:143 1874 Chronologie de l'annee 1874: Janvier 74:23 Chronologie de l'annee 1874 74:41 Revue des theatres lyriques Opera. - Cenueme a'Hamlet [d'Ambroise Tho-mas] .- 23 mars 1874 . 74:5f Chronologie de l'annee 1874 Chronologie de l'annee 1874 Chronologie de l'annee 1874 74:59 74:76 74:96 Bibliographic Traiti de 1'expression musicale: Accents, nuances et mouvements dans la musique vocale et instru-ment ale. par M. Mathis Lussy. - 1 vol. grand-in 8 °. Paris. - Heugel et C \ - 1874. 74:112r Chronologie de l'annee 1874: Juin 74:113 Festival d'Avignon: 18.19 et 20 juillet 1874 . 74:1171C0 Bibliographic La Comidie- Francaise, histoire administrative 0658- 1757X par Jules Bonnassies. - Paris. D i -dier. 1874. In-12 de 400 pages, avec un tableau. 74:121r Chronologie de l'annee 1874 74:134 Varia [Correspondance:] Ve Centenaire de la mon de Ptaarque: 18.19 et 20 juillet 1874 74:135 Palmares du Conservatoire de Musique pour Ecole de musique, religieuse: Palmares pour l'annee 1874 [liste] 74:142 Chronologie de l'annee 1874 74:167 Chronologie de l'annee 1874 74:184 Chronologie de l'annee 1874 74:199 Chronologie de l'annee 1874 75:9 Chronologie de l'annee 1875 Decembre 1874 75:25 L'Histoire en chanson: Annee 1874 75:44 1875 Chronologie de l'annee 1875 Janvier 1875 75:25 Chronologie de l'annee 1875 75:40 Chronologie de l'annee 1875 75:92 Ecole de musique religieuse. Palmares pour l'annee 1875 [liste] 75:110 Palmares du Conservatoire de Musique pour I'annfce 1875 [liste] 75:113 Revue des concerts. Cirque Fernando: Concerts modemes de musique dassique [du 3 et 10 octobre 1875] 75:140r Chronologie de l'annee 1875 75:170 Revue des theatres lyriques Theatre des Folies- Dramauques - 31 decembre 1875 [Herve. La Belle Poule] 76:7 Revue des theatres lyriques Opera 30 decembre 1875 [MUe Colombier] 76:7 L'Histoire en chansons: Annee 1875 76:31 1876 Revue des theatres lyriques Thttoe TaitbouL - 20 ffcvrier 1876 [La Petite comtesse] 76:7 Revue des thei tres lyriques Theatre des Folies- Dramatiques. • 1876. [Coed*. Fleur de Baiter] Revue des theatres lyriques Opera 24 ffcvrier 76:7 234-57 / Figure 26 (continued) Index par Mats-Cits MUS- ANON MUS- DESMARETS 20 fevrier 1876 [M. Boudouresque] 76:7 'Sotovei (Le rossignol), musique d'Alableff Revue des theatres lyriques Theatre de la Renaissance - 22 decembre 1876 [sic] [Lecocq.Lfl Petite Marine] 76:7 •MUSIQUE • Protiajnala, chanson russe du gouvemement de Simbirsk [anon] 73:57 • Nt kaukaichetchka bo tyrom borou.., chanson du gouvemement de Kalouga [anon] 73:57 • lekale kosake ta dounal ..„ chanson cosaque [anon] 73:57 • Vspomni mola lioubeznala.... [anon] 73:71 • Chanson russe. morceau favori de Mme Bosio [anon] 73:71 • Vniz po matouchkii po volghii..* chanson des haleurs du Volga [anon] 73:72 • Po oulitzi mostovoJ (Dans la rue pavee...). chan-son a danser [anon] 73:72 • Ne bouditt minia.... chanson a danser [anon] 73:72 • Bidou sobi kopyila.... chanson cosaque [anon] 73:72 Avril, chanson de Remy Belleau • Avril!. chanson pastorale du 16e siecle [anon] 74:62 • Ballet royale de la null, danse par S. M. Louis XIV le 23 fevrier 1653 [anon] 74:79 "Venise. barcarolle, poesie d'Alfred de Mussel [anon] 75:31 • Dolor!, melodie, poesie de Roger de Beauvoir [anon] 75:31 Chronologie de l'annee 1875 •II La Brine. Preparation au trille [anon] 75:170 Chronologie de l'annee 1875 • I Priere. Sons lies et Tiles [anon] 75:170 •Chant provencal, [dedie] a Madame Michel Carrt. poesie de Michel Carre [anon] 76:9 • Badinage Na 3 [de] 12 Petite* Pieces [de] Th. Dubois [nan] 76:10 73:71 Les airs a danser de l'ancienne ecole francaise 'Fortane de \zReine des Peris filbert - 1725) 74:109 Revue des concerts • Menuet at L'ArUstenne, extrait de la suite d'orchestre, compos* et arrange pour piano par Georges Bizet 75:39^ Revue des concerts • Sicilienne de Boccberini, transcrite pour le pia-no par J. Massenet 74:3u • Trio Italien Burlesque, compose par le Sieur Cambert. Maistre de la Musique de la feue Reyne Mere pour Le Jaloux Invisible, comedie de Brfcjourt (1666). Transcrit avec piano par J. & We-kerlia 75:149 Les fondateurs de 1'optaa francais (deuxihne arti-cle) • Air des Saliens [de] Hesione (Prologue - Some 1) pour orchestic reduit pour piano par P. Laco-me. Paroles de DancheL Musique deCampra (1700). 73:23 • Ail [de] Hesione (Arte DI - ScVne D)(1700). transcrit par P. Lacome. Paroles de DancheL Mu-sique de Campra. 73:43 mLa Rosiert Ripubllcalne (1794). opfaa en un acte. paroles de Sylvain Marechal. musique de Grfctry, scene, couplets du cur e avec choeur. reduits pour le piano par A. Coedes. [avec texte pour le 2e cou-plet] 73:49 • Canaries de VEurope Calante (Campra - 1697) 74:88 • Passepied de L'Europe Gatante (Campra 1697) 74:125 • Dtnys le Tyran (1794), open en un acte, paroles de Sylvain Marechal, musique de Gretry, couplets reduits pour le piano par A. Coedes [avec texte pour le 3e couplet] 73:50 Les fondateurs de 1'opera francais (deuxieme arti-cle) • Rfcit de Bacchus [de] Thetis tt Pdee (1689) (Acte V). Paroles de Fontcoelle. Musique de Ce-lasse. 73:23 •Rlgaudonsat Circe (Deamarets 1694) 74:128 - 235-58 The result was a 180 page title-derivative KWOC design RIPMxix Keyword Index, where keywords, consisting of single words only, were reproduced with their integral titling. The dis-advantages of this approach for RIPMxix Keyword Indexes were: (1) the extensive size; (2) the manual intervention required for selective editing; and (3) the lack of content-specificity in high-frequency keywords. Donald G. Gislason, the previous researcher, having recognized these problems, presented four topics for further refinement: First of all, considerable space might be saved in the Keyword Index if a frequently recurring title did not have to be repeated merely to indicate all the RIPM numbers with which it is associated... Secondly, space might also be saved in the Keyword Index if titles with more than one occurrence of the same keyword did not have to be printed as many times as the keyword occurred, but instead were printed once only, with all occurrences of the keyword highlighted in bold in the same title... A third topic for research involves the standardization of names of theatres and concert series in the Keyword Index... A fourth topic involves the sub-arrangement of large-use keywords such as "theatre" or "opera" into smaller sections... [As well] the production of this prototype inevitably required some manual intervention on the part of the cataloguer, viz., to edit out selectively certain unwanted titles from the Keyword Index while retaining others...86 B. ALTERATIONS E F F E C T E D IN T H E DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND P R O G R A M M I N G CAPABILITES The specific problems within each of the three areas identified above—extensive size, necessity for, manual intervention, and lack of content-specificity—will be examined in this section, along with the consequent alterations effected to the computer programmes and/or changes in design specifications. (1) Extensive Size of the Keyword Index Several factors contributed to the extensive length of the Keyword Index: (a) the reproduction of complete titles; (b) redundant titling; and (c) repetitive titling. The principal factor was the reproduction of the complete title preceding each keyword. For a journal of 30-odd years the size 86Donald G. Gislason, op. cit, 100-01. 59 of the resulting Keyword Index would clearly be unacceptable.87 As well, integral reproductions of titling in the Index would make the Catalogue virtually obsolete. The alterations effected to the computer programme to remedy this situation were as follows: (1) instead of reproducing the whole title, the entries under each lead term reproduce only partial titles—the portion encompassed by ten words before and after the highlighted keyword; (2) only the title containing the pertinent keyword—unit or sub-unit, but not both—is reproduced, rather than the complete title; (3) as a reproduction of the complete title is no longer necessary, the indentation pattern matching the one in the Catalogue is, therefore, not required (all the entries are now left-justified, saving some space). Further measures were taken to save additional space. The margins—right and left, top and bottom—have been considerably reduced, as well as the spacing between the lead terms and their entries. The third category of lead terms—the listing of all the music examples under the music sigla—were considered as superfluous and omitted.88 The following sample pages illustrate the current design and format of an RIPM Keyword-Author Index. 8 7If the ratio of about 1:3.5 is followed (47 pages of Catalogue: 182 pages of Index), the Index treating L'Art musical would be 28,000 pages long! 8 8This change renders the $0...%0 code obsolete; the $8...%8 code, however, is still necessary as its additional function, the suppression of a word in the Catalogue but not in the Index, is still required. 60 Figure 27 L'Art musical REVUE SANS TITRE R E V U E SANS-GENE Theatre des Menus-Plaisirs : La Revue Sam-Gene, en trois actes et neuf tableaux, par MM. Monreal, Blondeau 04:15r R E V U E SANS TITRE Semaine theatrale. Varietes : La Revue tan* titre, revue en deux actes, de M. Charles Monselet; On demande une femme honnete, com£die 78:441r R E V U E T H E A T R A L E Revue theatrale 74:442r; 76:192r, 451r; 77:6r, 16r, 332r, 352r, 361r, 371r, 379r, 418r, 447r, 455r, 465r, 475r, 486r, 509r, 520r; 78:6r, 28r, 38r, 50r, 69r, 79r, 99r, l l l r , 131r, 146r, 200r, 236r, 248r, 267r, 315r, 347r, 357r, 402r, 443r, 465r, 487r; 70i26r, 36r, 48r, 59r, 165r, 186r, 205r, 271r, 400r, 476r, 519r; 80:6r, 34r, 81r; 84:4r, 12r, 22r, 29r, 35r, 43r, 52r, 61r, 69r, 88r, lOOr, 106r, 113r, 119r, 126r, 131r, 139r, 148r; 85:15r, 23r, 32r, 38r, 45r, 53r, 61r, 70r, 87r, 95r, 105r, l l l r , 118r, 125r, 134r, 139r, 147r, 155r, 165r; 86:3r, l l r , 21r, 31r, 37r, 43r, 55r, 66r, 77r, 87r, 98r, 109r, 118r, 140r, 149r, 157r, 166r, 175r, 188r, 200r, 209r, 221r; 87:3r, 12r, 26r, 34r, 44r, 55r, 66r, 75r, 85r, 95r, 105r, 113r, 123r, 145r, 154r, 164r, 174r, 181r, 192r, 200r, 211r, 220r; 88:3r, l l r , 20r, 28r, 36r, 44r, 53r, 62r, 72r, 80r, 90r, 97r, 104r, 132r, 148r, 156r, 167r, 177r, 190r, 200r; 89:4r, 13r, 25r, 34r, 44r, 53r, 64r, 73r, 84r, 94r, 105r, 114r, 122r, 131r, 137r, 143r, 151r, 159r, 168r, 178r, 190r, 200r, 212r, 223r; 90:3r, lOr, 21r, 30r, 40r, 49r, 60r, 69r, 79r, 87r, 99r, 105r, 112r, 141r, 150r, 158r, 165r, 175r, 184r, 193r, 203r; 91:3r, 13r, 22r, 32r, 41r, 49r, 57r, 70r, 77r, 84r, 92r, 99r, 107r, 113r, 118r, 126r, 135r, 142r, 150r, 157r, 164r, 172r, 182r, 192r; 92:5r, 15r, 26r, 35r, 46r, 56r, 67r, 77r, 89r, lOlr, 112r Revue theatrale [Ambigu : Davyl, Les Abandonnes (drame). Survol des theatres] 78:191r Revue theatrale. Bouffes-Parisiens - Reprise de La Timbale d'argent [de Vasseur. A. Talexy, 78:177r Revue theatrale. Chateau-d'Eau : Le Soldat Rouvel, drame en cinq actes, de M. L. 78:500r Revue theatrale de Paris a Gand 77:78r Revue theatrale : Opera [artistes] 88:124 Revue theatrale : Ope'ra [artistes engages pour la saison a venir : Jerome, Saleza 88:116r Revue theatrale : Opera [extraits du rapport de Proust sur le budget des 90:126 Revue theatrale : Opera [Mile Lobstein. Paladilhe, La Patrie] 87:132r Revue theatrale : Opera [repertoire] 87:138r Revue theatrale : Opera [Verdi, Aida] 90:132r Revue theatrale : Opera [Verdi, Aida; Mme Durand-Ulbach] 90:120r Revue theatrale. Porte-Saint-Martin : Reprise du Tour du monde en 80 jours [de D'Ennery et Verne] - 78:217r Revue theatrale : premieres et debuts 88:138r REY, ETIENNE 74:147; 75:224 R E Y §40 Chants religieux pour les ceremonies [par Etienne Rey] 74:151 REYER §40 Chants religieux pour toutes les cMmonies, d'Etienne Rey [Escudier ed.] 74:111 §Compositions vocales d'Etienne Rey [Escudier ed.] 74:483 de L.-M. Gottschalk : Mile Clara Gottschalk [Georges Pfeiffer, Etienne Rey et Bonnehee aux salons Pleyel-Wolffi 74:6r de La Fontaine et de Florian raises en musique par Etienne Rey [reproduit du Soil] 73:108r Viti musical de Lisbonne [Rey Colacp. La troupe d'opera bouffe et Luisa RosseUi] 82:465 \Le astuae femminili de D. Cimarosa [et] Le Petit Soldat d'Etienne Rey [Escudier ed.] 74:63 le piano de L. M. Gottschalk [O'Kelly, Roger et Etienne Rey a la salle Herz] 74:27r Les jeudis de M. et Mme Comettant [Etienne Rey, Le Petit Soldat] 74:57r Nouvelle methode de chant, par Etienne Rey : (I) Preliminaires [reproduction de la preface] 75:224 §(Euvres d'Etienne Rey [Escudier ed.] 75:112; 76:423 Quarante chants religieux par Etienne Rey 74:147 Rat de ville et le Rat des champs d'Etienne Rey [Escudier id.] 73:27 Soiree chez le docteur Galezowski [Tamberlick, Telesinski et Etienne Rey] 74:48r [Soiree chez Yvon : Bonnehee, Etienne Rey et Mme Lagrange] 75:168r Suisse : Geneve [concert de Louis Rey] 94:189 R E Y - B A L L A directeur du Grand-Theatre. Concert de Capurro-Tophany. Le t£nor Audoin. Grand-Theatre : Rey-Balla, La Gitana. Cercle philharmonique : Mme Talvo-Bedogni et J. de S.] 64:73r REYER, ERNEST 73:188r; 74:259r; 75:153r; 76:151r; 85:9r, 179; 87:186 R E Y E R Belgique (Bruxelles, le 25 fevrier 1890) [parodies de Salammbo de Reyer] 90:32r Belgique (Bruxelles, le 28 Janvier 1890) [Preparatifs pour Salammbo de Reyer au theatre de la Monnaie. Seances de musique de chambre : Anthoni, Guide\ Poncelet, Merck, Neumans 90:13r Belgique (Bruxelles, le 28 octobre 1891) [Theatre de la Monnaie : Rossini, Le Barbier de Seville. Reyer, Salammbo. Camille Gurickx, Emile Agniez et Alphonse Gceyens nommes professeurs 91:159r Belgique : Bruxelles [theatre de la Monnaie : Reyer, Sigurd] 94:7 Concerts populaires [de Pasdeloup au Cirque d'Hiver : Reyer, Sigurd (fragments)] 76:409r Concerts populaires [de Pasdeloup au Cirque d'Hiver : Weber, Ouverture d'OfceVon; Reyer, Marche tsigane; Mme de Grandval, Concerto pour hautbois (Gillet); Schumann, Concerto 80:442r •de Dufreny » (1705) [de Quarante vieillet chansons, recueillies par Ernest Reyer] 85:180 l e r acte)] [avec un extrait des Notes de musique de Reyer] 87:45r 1754-61 Figure 27 (continued) RHAPSODIE Gustave Flaubert, paroles de CamUle du Locle, musique de Ernest Reyer (Bruxelles, le 11 fe"vrier 1890) 90:19r Les nouvelles nominations au Conservatoire [Delibes, Barthe et Reyer] 80:471 Les reformes necessaires [au Conservatoire : le feuilleton d'Ernest Reyer dans le Journal des debats] 81:321 Lettre de Belgique (Bruxelles, 28 octobre 1890) [Theatre de la Monnaie : Reyer, Salammbo. Alhambra : Concert Lamoureux] 00:168r Lettre de Belgique (Bruxelles, le 12 septembre 1888) [theatre de la Monnaie : Reyer, Sigurd; debuts de Chevalier et Gardoni] 88:133r Madame Grigoire [de Clapissonl; Les Deux Cadit [d'Ymbert); La Statue [de Reyer]; Au travers du mur [de Poniatowski]; Le Buisson vert [de Gastinel]; Le Neveu de Gulliver [de 78:314 M M . Jules Barbier et Michel Carre, musique de M. Ernest Reyer 61:127r •Muset (vers 1210) [de Quarante vieilles chansons, recueillies par Ernest Reyer] 85:182 Nantes (3 decembre) [Reyer, Sigurd] 93:180 Opera [distribution de Salammbo de Reyer] 92:101r Opera [Gounod, Le Tribut de Zamora. Reyer, repetitions de Sigurd] 85:38r Opera [Meyerbeer, L'Africaine; debute de Gibert et Bartet. Reyer, Sigurd] 93:145r Opera [Meyerbeer, L'Africaine. Distribution de Salammbo de Reyer] 92:89r Opera [Meyerbeer, L'Africaine; Gayarre. Reyer, Sigurd] 86:55r Opera [Meyerbeer, L'Africaine (premiere representation a prix populaires). Robert le Diable. Reyer, repetitions de Sigurd] 85:70r Opera [Reyer, Sigurd] 85:87r; 87:26r Opera [Reyer, Sigurd. Gounod, Faust] 91:118r Opera [Reyer, Sigurd. Repertoire] 88:90r paroles de M. Camille du Locle, musique de M. Ernest Reyer (premiere representation le lundi 16 mai 1892) 92:99r § Quarante vieillet chansons (du XII e au X V l i I e siecle) [recueillies par Ernest Reyer] 85:179 Quarante vieilles chansons (du XII e au XVIII e siecle) [recueillies par Ernest Reyer] [reproduction de la table des matieres et de la preface] 85:181 [Theatre de la Monnaie : Reyer, Sigurd] 87:6r Theatre national de I'Opera : premiere representation de Sigurd [de Reyer] 85:76r Theatre national de I'Opera : Sigurd [de Reyer] 90:157r Theatre royal de la Monnaie : Sigurd [de Reyer] (premiere representation) 84:3r Theatre-Lyrique imperial : reprises et debuts [Mozart, Les Noces de Figaro. Reyer, La Statue] 63:279r R H A P S O D I E Concerts du Chateau-d'Eau [de Lamoureux : Chabrier, Espana (rhapsodie pour orchestre)] 83:432r R H E I N G O L D Index par moU-clis et aaieurs . RICCI Etranger / Allemagne : Dresde [Wagner, Das Rhdngold, Die Walkure] - Berlin - Hambourg - Francfort-sur-le-Mein - Munich 94:225 Etranger / Rome [Teatro Apollo : Wagner, Das Rhdngold; Seild (chef d'orchestre), Mme Vigot, Lieban et la troupe Neumann]; [Invention 83:209 t&ralogie de Wagner : l l e lettre de notre correspondant particulier [Das Rheingold, Tannhduser, Lohengrin] (Bayreuth, 14 aout) 76:279r R H E N A N Aix-la-Chapelle [programme du 38e festival rheaan] 61:155 Creuznach, Prusse rbenane (ce 13 aout 1869) [concert organise par 1'administration des 69:239 et fetes musicales : Sophie Cruvelli (la comtesse Vigier)] (Kreuznach [Prusse rhenane], 12 juillet) 70:204r RHIN Belgique : correspondance particuliere d'Anvers {Soditi de musique : Benoit, Le Rhin] 89:109 « Le Rhin allemand » [d'Alfred de Musset] 70:220 Musard, directeur des Concerts-Musard, dit Champs-Elysees>Ch.>" would result in the author's name being listed under "M" in the Index as: Musard, directeur des Concerts-Musard, dit Champs-Elysees, Ch. In order to standardize the format of the author references the variant entries must be altered manually in the data. With respect to the Author Index treating La Chronique musicale—where the list of authors was one and a half pages long—standardization of the author references posed no great problem. The policy followed was the following: (1) all variant forms of an author's name were altered to the most complete or common form; and (2) qualifying information was deleted from data fields to produce more appropriate lead terms.93 Although the number of contributors to L'Art musical is extensive, it was felt that the time and effort required for the creation of an author equivalence list (complex programming, compiling and equating the references, etc.) did not warrant its utilization. The solution implemented will be discussed in the last section "Editing the author references." * * * D. PRE-EDITING L'ART MUSICAL The basic steps in pre- and post-editing an RIPM Keyword-Author Index are the same as for the previous prototype Indices. A brief precis of the essential features of the computer programme that compiles the Index is necessary to understand the utilization of the concatenating codes that have been added. The computer programme that compiles the keywords deals with two important factors: (1) "noise," trivial or unhelpful lead terms; and (2) "scattering," dispersal of similar information under differing lead terms. Keyword selection and the problem of "noise" are dealt with by means of an initial stripping process and the pre- and post-edit stop-lists. The stripping process removes the following from the data base: all data not in the Title Column of the Catalogue; all punctuation marks; all coding for accents, superscripts, italics, etc.; as well as the following 9 3The manual standardization that Gi'slason effected-—in an intermediary file that was created during processing— was as follows: (1) variant forms of a name were changed to conform to the most complete version ("Henry" was altered to "Henri" for "Henri Cohen"; "P. Foucher" was expanded to "Paul Foucher"; (2) initials were identified, e.g., "A.H." to "Arthur Heulhard"); and (3) the four cases of qualifying information producing inappropriate lead terms, e.g., "A. Gerard (ancien bibliothecaire), were manually deleted. 67 classes of character strings: (a) all single characters except the music and illustration sigla codes "#>" "=>" "{" a n Q "}"94 (namely, all Arabic numerals from 1 to 9 and all one-letter words having a purely grammatical function, e.g., "M." and "a"); (b) all character strings beginning with an Arabic numeral, except those of exactly four characters and those beginning with four characters and a hyphen; and (c) all Roman numerals from I to IX, both upper and lower case. The pre-edit stop-list of specific character strings—already formulated for the previous proto-type Keyword Index—contains the following groups: (1) forms of address, e.g., "Mme," "Mile"; (2) pronouns and possessives, e.g., "il," "nous"; (3) prepositions, conjunctions, etc., e.g., "et," "dans"; (4) spelled out ordinals, e.g., "deuxieme," "troisieme" (premier/premiere has been re-tained as useful for identifying first performances); (5) inflected verbs, e.g., "est," "dit"; and (6) other non-specific words, e.g., "suivre," "chapitre."95 The problem of "scattering" is dealt with by the equivalence list, which equates orthographic variations of the same word. The pre-edit equivalence list—already created for the previous prototype Keyword Index—is based on the following terms: (1) singulars and plurals, e.g., "con-cert/concerts"; (2) masculine and feminine, e.g., "vocal/vocale"; (3) similar terms in various languages, e.g., "centenaire/centenari"; and (4) words with the same roots and/or orthographic variations in spelling, e.g., "facsimile/fac-simile."96 The two other essential steps in pre-editing the Index treating L'Art musical were: (1) due to the implementation of the new concatenating codes a decision as to the types of composite keywords that would appear in the Index; and (2) subsequent to these decisions, the insertion of appropriate concatenating codes into the database. The eight high-frequency keywords in the Keyword Index treating La Chronique musicale, most derived from the titling of review sections, gave an indication as to what type of terms should be concatenated: The code produces the sigla for individual music examples; the code "=" produces "o," the sigla for individual illustrations; and the codes "{" and "}" print the sigla for collective titles of music and illustrations "v" The reason why the two latter codes produce an identical result is that originally "{" printed a black arrowhead and printed a blank arrowhead. 9 5 T h e stop-list is arranged alphabetically commencing with strings of characters/letters preceded by a symbol, then strings of characters composed of letters, and finally numerical strings, arranged chronologically. The list is entirely in lower case, with no codes for accents, the $M code for ligatures being the sole exception. Composite keywords, however, are entered exactly as they are written in the raw data, i.e., with the carat and dollar sign-punctuation codes. 9 6 T h e equivalence list is, also, alphabetical, listing pairs of character strings to be equated in the Index. Both strings of each pair are in lower case, separated by a comma. The first character string indicates the orthography of the lead term (which is printed out in bold capitals in the Index as a heading for the subsequent entries), requiring, therefore, the correct coding for accents. The second character string indicates the keyword which will appear under a particular lead term. As in the stop-list, the $M code must be inserted (for both strings in the pair), as well as the concatenating codes. CONCERTS THEATRE 196 titles 79 titles 68 REVUE OPERA 77 titles 76 titles MUSIQUE SALLE OPERA-COMIQUE MUSICAL 68 titles, after manual deletions 42 titles 33 titles 32 titles From the preceding list it appeared viable to concatenate names of theatres, buildings/locations, concert series, and continuing rubrics. With respect to the RIPM Index treating L'Art musical the categories of keywords that required concatenation are as follows: (1) Theatres: the complete name is concatenated irrespective of capitalization, e.g., "theatreAdeAlaAMonnaie," "TeatroAApollo." However, if a city is mentioned in conjunction with the theatre, the city is not linked with the theatre, e.g., "theatreAmunicipal de Rome." (2) Societies and associations: again, the name as it is indexed is concatenated irrespective of capitalization, e.g., "SocieteAdesAjeunesAartistesAduAConservatoire," "AssociationAdesAartistesAmusiciens," "SocieteAdesAconcertsAduAConservatore." (3) Concert series: only actual names of concert series are united, e.g., "ConcertsALamoureux," "ConcertsApopulairesAdeAmusiqueAclassique." (4) Buildings and locations: e.g., "ConservatoireAdeAmusiqueAetAdeAdeclamation," "salleAHerz." (5) Dramatic and theatrical works: their concatenation is governed by French indexing practices, which in this case are governed by capitalization. (The French rules of capitalization have been previously detailed). "UnAbalAmasque" is joined together, as is "LeAroiAl$'AaAdit," but the article is not included in cases such as "Les MousquetairesAdeAlaAreine" and "La DameAblanche." For two-part titles, separated by "ou," each part is joined together separately, e.g., "GuidoAetAGinevra ou la PesteAdeAFlorence." (6) Large-scale programatic instrumental works: those titles that are italicized are concatenated, e.g., "SymphonieAfantastique." (7) Songs: titles of songs are concatenated, according to the principles discussed above. (8) Journals: again, the name as it is indexed is concatenated irrespective of capitalization. Note that if the name of a city forms part of that journal title, the city is also joined together, e.g., "GazzettaAmusicaleAdiAMilano." (9) Continuing rubrics: these apply mainly to the titling of miscellaneous and review sections, e.g., "FaitsAdivers," "RevueAtheatrale" and "BruitsAquiAcourent." This provides the reader with access to the all the RIPM number references of a particular rubric in one convenient location. (10) Various other word groups where one or more of the words describe or modify the principal 69 noun, e.g., "correspondanceAparticuliere," "dix-neuviemeAsiecle," or when the word group is an entity in itself, e.g., "compte rendu," "chef-d'oeuvre." There are four types of keywords that are not concatenated in the Keyword Index treating L'Art musical: (1) two-part names; (2) generic titles of instrumental music; (3) titles of literary works (poems, books, dictionaries, theoretical works, treatises, etc.); and (4) names of churches, cathedrals, etc. Two-part names, e.g., "Mme Boutet de Monvel," are not joined together because the majority of these artists are little known and concatenating the two-part name would deprive the scholar of half the source in the Index. Generic titles of instrumental music and titles of literary publications are not joined together because, again, a large number of these works are little known, many of these titles are very long, and also the principal keyword could occur in the middle of the title. For example, if the hypothetical title, "L'Annee musicale d Bruxelles: opera, opera-comique et operette en 1876" was concatenated five very important keywords would be lost: "Bruxelles," "opera," "opera-comique," "operette" and "1876." However, if any of the composite keywords to be concatenated (see the list above) are found within titles of literary or instrumental works, those keywords are concatenated, e.g., "dix-neuviemeAsiecle" in the title "Compositeurs frangais du dix-neuvieme siecle.'" Names of churches, cathedrals, etc. should not be joined together as many of them are known by specific names, e.g., "Notre-Dame" or "Saint-Germain-des-Pres." * * * E. POST-EDITING L'ART MUSICAL After running the Index with the existing pre-edit stop and equivalence lists and the inserted concatenating codes, the Index had to be edited. Post-editing involved the deletion of extraneous and unwanted keywords and standardization of the lead terms. The size of the pre-edit Index was less than expected. The ratio of pre-edit Index to Catalogue had been estimated to be about 2:1; therefore, the Catalogue being about 800 pages, the Index was to have been about 1600 pages. The Index run with the pre-edit stop and equivalence lists was, however, only slightly over 1400 pages. The ideal ratio of post-edit Index to Catalogue had been estimated to be about 1.5:1, the ideal size of the final copy of the Index treating L'Art musical being circa 1200 pages. There are two methods of removing unwanted keyword entries from the Index: (a) by placing the specific word or phrase on the stop-list; or (b) by manual deletion at a certain step in the processing programme—after the raw data has been processed, but prior to printing. With respect to the type of keywords that were deleted from the Index, the following policy was followed: uninformative words; first names of people; spelled out numerals, except for ones like "centieme," 70 "cinquantieme," etc.; months and days, except for unusual ones like "brumaire;" dates97 and titles with the same keyword occurring more than once. Using whatever method was viable—the stop-list or the asterisk code (to suppress selected entries)—redundant, irrelevant and unwanted sub-entries were deleted from the Index. The problem of "scattering" is dealt with via the equivalence list. Simple scattering, i.e., equating singular and plural forms of the same word, etc., had already been partially done by the pre-edit equivalence list. This procedure was continued, of course, for the remaining key-words in the Index. The policy followed for simple scattering was the following. Ideally the lead terms should appear in the most concise form: (1) nouns as masculine, singular (unless, of course, a gender division is necessary, e.g., "DANSEUR" and "DANSEUSE," or "CHANTEUR" and "CANTATRICE"); (2) verbs as the past participle or infinitive (usually the former); and (3) adjectives and adverbs as masculine, singular. Variants in spelling are not equivalenced, e.g., "Slaviensky" and "Slavienski," or "Burvett" and "Burwett." Within editorial commentary, however, modern spellings are always utilized. A solution to the problem of complex scattering, where words or phrases having the same connotation are located in different areas of the Index, was not implemented as too great an expenditure of time and effort would have been involved. This problem was most obvious in the titling of institutions, theatres, societies, associations, concert series, etc. which usually had more than a few variants.98 As discussed previously, the creation of the concatenating codes, with their element of term co-ordination, ameliorated the problem somewhat. * * * F. EDITING THE AUTHOR REFERENCES The manual standardization of the author references presented a problem only because of the large number of contributors to L'Art musical, most of whom signed their names in several forms. For example, the regular contributor Louis-Adolphe Le Doulcet, Comte de Pontecoulant identifies himself with an almost infinite variety of appellations. If his name were not standardized in the Index it would appear in the following visually confusing format: Although dates were included in the previous RIPMxix prototype Index, it was decided that this chronological list was superfluous, serving no specific function, and, hence, the listing of years at the end of the Keyword-Author Index was suppressed in the present prototype. 98Given the large number of variant appellations for the many theatres, societies, associations, etc., the names utilized in editorial commentary were, obviously, standardized. 71 Under "P P., A. DE 64:97r P., AD. 64:119r P., AD. DE 64:303 P., C. AD. DE 63:92r Under "PONTECOULANT" PONTECOULANT 64:260r; 73:107 PONTECOULANT, A. COMTE DE 61:51 PONTECOULANT, A. VICOMTE DE 60:40 PONTECOULANT, AD. COMTE DE 61:296 PONTECOULANT, AD. DE 61:313; 75:292 PONTECOULANT, COMTE A. DE 63:287; 64:32, 168, etc. PONTECOULANT, COMTE AD. DE 60:25; 61: 176, 199, etc. PONTECOULANT, COMTE DE 61:12, 28, 37, 111, 118, etc. PONTECOULANT, CTE AD. 65:90r PONTECOULANT, CTE AD. DE 62:252; 65:53r, 161, 183, etc. PONTECOULANT, LE COMTE AD. DE 62:330; 64:78 PONTECOULANT, LE COMTE DE 63:188 PONTECOULANT, M. DE 69:134; 72:393 PONTECOULANT, MARQUIS 67:129 PONTECOULANT, MARQUIS A. DE 68:331; 73:369 PONTECOULANT, MARQUIS AD. DE 66:94r; 67:388 PONTECOULANT, MARQUIS DE 65:326, 349; 66:4, 382, etc. PONTECOULANT, MIS DE 67:122; 73:23, 74 Another related problem was the differing locations of author references referring to the same individual. Unlike La Chronique musicale, where the authors sign their names either as initials or in a more or less complete format (where the last name is indicated in its entirety), contributors to L'Art musical can be identified under many initials, incomplete signatures, pseudonymns, etc. For example, Leon Escudier signs himself as: "L. E.," "L. Es.," "Leon Es...," "L. Escudier" and "Leon Escudier"; his name would, therefore, occur in three different locations in the Index, under "E.," "Es." and "Escudier." The solution implemented with respect to L'Art musical was the creation of a unique and separate data file for the Index, identical in all respects to the original data file, save that the signatures in the author fields were manually standardized to the most complete or common form. 72 All appositives were deleted, as were titles of rank, affiliation, professional association, etc., and anonymous indications of authorship (the three asterisks in the Catalogue), as well as authorship that had been editorially attributed to the directors of the journal (indicated as "[La redaction]" in the Catalogue). All initials, incomplete signatures and pseudonyms that had been identified were, of course, altered to the most complete form so that these variant forms would appear under one author reference. Pseudonyms and initials that remained unidentified were not altered, the initials being indexed under the first letter, e.g., the unknown writer "A. B." would be found under "A." Such being the case, a table listing the contributors whose pseudonymns and initials had been identified was thought to be useful for scholars consulting the Catalogue and Index. The following is the one prepared for L 'Art musical." The most complete name of the contributor (this form does not necessarily appear in the journal) is indicated on the left, the varying forms of signature used in L'Art musical, on the right. Table 1. List of contributors to L'Art musical whose pseudonyms and variant forms of signature have been identified. CONTRIBUTOR VARYING FORMS OF SIGNATURE Adenis, Edouard Ed. Ad. Arming, Friedrich Wilhelm Fitz-Berth Auriac, E. Mathieu d' E. M. d'A. Azevedo, Alexis Docteur Aldo Brunet, J. J. Br.; J.-B. Chalarieu, Philibert Ph. de Ch. Chouquet, Gustave G. C. Comettant, Oscar 0. C ; William Steinberg Escudier, Gaston G. E. Escudier, Leon L. E.; Es.; Leon Es... Giaccone, L. L. G. Girod, Paul P. G. Gottschalk, Louis-Moreau L. M. G. Gregoir, Edouard Edouard Gregoire Hasselt, Ernestine E. V. H.; Mile Ern. V. H. Heler, A. A. H. Hess, Charles-Leon Ch. H. Irube, Pierre d' P. d'i. Krall, J.-B. J.-B. Kr. The published R I P M volume treating L'Art musical will offer this list of contributors with their variant signatures. 73 Table 1 (continued) Lacome, Paul P. L. Landely-Hettich, A. A. L.-H. Lespes, Leo Timothee Trimm Le Vrai, Jacques J. L. V. Mandl, Dr. Louis Dr. M... Mendes, Catulle C. M. Morel-Retz Stop Moszkowski, Moritz M. M. Neukomm, Edmond E. N.; Ed. N. Pontecoulant, Adolphe de A. de P.; Ad. P.; Ad. de P. Ruelle, Jules J. R. Scudo, Paul P. Sc.; P. Sc.; Sc.. Stradina, G. G. S. Syshuit, Paul Syxhuit Themines, Achille de Lauzieres de A. de L.; A. de Lauzieres; L. de T.; M. de T.; L. de Th.; M. de Th. Thoinan, Ernest Er. T. Villars, Franz de F. de V. Vizentini, Albert Jacques Sincere Wekerlin, Jean-Baptiste J.-B. Weckerlin 74 Chapter V L'ART MUSICAL: MUSIQUE, THEATRE, BE AUX-ARTS (1860-70; 1872-94) AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY The greatest strength in the utilization of the musical press as a documentary source, as well as its greatest drawback, is that the images reflected in its pages are not purely the result of reflec-tions on music: interwoven are strands of political intrigue, opinionated polemics, contemporary moral and aesthetic values, prejudice and personal taste, engrained philosophical viewpoints, com-mercial influences, etc. If a musical metaphor can be used, evaluating the musical press is akin to analyzing a complex fugue, separating, identifying and understanding each of these strands individually, as well as in context. Unfortunately, the following study of L'Art musical cannot hope to be comprehensive in this respect; a detailed analysis of all facets of the journal would, of necessity, make deep inroads into the realm of socio-musicology, requiring research and conjectural conclusions not appropriate to a master's thesis. The points examined in this chapter, therefore, are the salient features required of a preliminary investigation. The sections are as follows: (1) General overview of the journal; (2) Study of the type of contents in L 'Art musical; (3) Focus of the journal as determined by the publishers' interests; (4) Identification of the major contributors. A. GENERAL OVERVIEW As mentioned in Chapter II, L'Art musical was founded by Leon Escudier. Prior to this solo endeavor Leon and his brother, Marie-Pierre-Yves100 founded the weekly La France musicale in 1 0 0Leon (17 Sept 1821 - 22 June 1881) and Marie-Pierre-Yves (29 June 1819 - 7 April 1880) Escudier, born in Castelnaudary, France and educated in Toulouse, were active throughout their careers as journalists and writers. By 18, Marie had qualified as a lawyer, as well as having studied music and learned to play the violin. In Toulouse the brothers founded two periodicals—one literary, Le Gascon, and the other political, La Patrie. A few years later they moved to Paris, where Leon completed his classical education at the Sorbonne and studied music under Frangois Bazin at the Conservatoire. Together they founded a journal, Le Reveii, and also edited or contributed to a variety 75 1837. Their music publishing firm—developing as it were out their jointly founded journal— was established in 1842.101 Called first Magasin de musique, and thereafter Bureau central de la musique, the firm subsequently took the name Leon Escudier in 1853. Leon, being Verdi's exclusive publisher in France, and consequently promoting heavily his works, is credited with establishing Verdi as the Italian successor to Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti in France. In 1849 Marie became the sole director of La France musicale, and by November 1853 Leon had taken over full responsibility for the publishing firm. After a rift between the brothers in 1860, Marie split away from the publishing firm, taking La France musicale (which continued until 1870) with him. Thereupon, Leon, left without an organe de maison to advertise his publications, founded L'Art musical. The first issue was launched in December of 1860 with the collaboration of Oscar Comettant,102 who subsequently withdrew from active participation a few years later. Leon retained directorship (and contributed extensively) until his death in June 1881, when the journal and publishing rights to the Escudier stock were taken over by the Maison Girod.1 0 3 In December 1883, the music of other publications: Le Bon Sens, La Revue du dix-neuvieme siecle, La Revue de Nord, and Le Monde. From 1850 to 1858 they were the musical editors of the feuilleton of Le Pays. Between 1840 and 1856 the Escudier brothers collaborated on five books on musical subjects: Etudes biographiques sur les chanteurs contemporains, precedes d'un esquisse sur l'art du chant; Dictionnaire de musique d'apres les the'oriciens, historiens et critiques les plus celebres; Dictionnaire de musique theorique et historique; Rossini: sa vie et ses oeuvres, and Vie et Aventures de cantatrices celebres, precedees des musiciens de I'Empire, et suivies de la vie anecdotique de Paganini. Leon's two-volume work, Mes souvenirs (1863) and Mes souvenirs: les virtuoses (1868) is a collection of essays on contemporary composers and artists. These essays were serialized in L'Art musical prior to their publication. Leon also wrote a pamphlet, Les Pirates de la litterature et de la musique: Questions de propriete on an important issue of the time—musical copyright. 1 0 1 Since the inception of La France musicale it was their practice to give subscribers to the journal bi-monthly supplements consisting of other publishers' music. Shortly thereafter the Escudier brothers decided to venture into music publishing (the publishing industry was evidently a lucrative one), consequently offering their own editions as supplements to their journals. 1 0 2 (Jean-Pierre) Oscar Comettant (18 April 1819 - 24 January 1898) entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1839, studying harmony under Antoine Elwart, and counterpoint and composition with Carafa and Halevy. From 1844 onwards he was a popular salon pianist and composer. Among his numerous compositions are a chorus entitled La Marche des travailleurs, a septet for saxophones, a symphony Le Dernier Jour de Pompeii, an opera written under the pseudonym William Steinberg (in collaboration with Desessarts), and 150 pieces for piano, voice and other diverse genres. Comettant travelled extensively (Columbia, Brazil, the United States, etc.), incorporating his experiences into his numerous literary works: Trois Ans aux itats-Unis; L'Amerique telle qu'elle est; Le Nouveau Monde; La Gamme des amours; En vacances; Les Civilisations inconnues; La Vie d'un inventeur au XIXs siecle: A. SOT, Musique et musiciens; Le Danemark tel qu'U est; La musique, les musiciens et les instruments de musique chez les differents peuple du monde, archives completes de tous les documents qui se rattachent a I'Exposition international de 1867; Les musiciens, les philosophes et les gaitees de la musique en chiffres, and Francis Plante. Comettant contributed extensively to various journals, among them Le Musee des families, La Gazette musicale, La Melomanie, Le Menestrel, La France musicale, Le Luth francais, L'Almanach musical and Le Siecle, whose music critic he was since 1854. 1 0 3 Unfortunately, no biographical information on Paul Girod has been located. Paul and Andre Girod contributed extensively to the journal, as Leon Escudier had done. That the Maison Girod was a fairly successful music publishing firm is attested to by the fact that the works of a large number of composers were advertised, as well as a continuation of the music supplements and gratuities offered to subscribers. In 1882 the Maison Girod put the 76 publishing firm of Alphonse Leduc & Cie 1 0 4 took control. Alphonse Leduc II did not contribute to L'Art musical (as Leon Escudier and Paul Girod had before him), but, under his directorship, significant alterations were made to the frequency and contents of the journal. The redacteur en chef during this period was Henri Jahyer. Upon Leduc's death in June 1892, his widow, Emma Ravina-Leduc,105 succeeded him as director of both the journal and the publishing house. After an initial period as an advertising circular, the previous frequency of publication and type of contents (as under Escudier and Girod) were reverted to. In October of 1894, L'Art musical was absorbed by Le Guide musical (Brussels, 1855-1914; Paris, 1917-18), a weekly Belgian music periodical. The format of L 'Art musical remains fairly constant throughout the whole of its run, excluding the year when it was published as an advertising circular. Each issue is regularly eight pages long, the last page being reserved for advertising, which usually promotes the music of the publishing firm currently in possession of the journal. Comprised of four to eight main sections, each issue includes feature articles, review sections, correspondence from one or more foreign locations and miscellaneous/general new sections. The following chart provides a brief summary of the journal's publication dates and frequency, publishers and format. 6 Dec 1860 to 11 Aug 1870; 4 Jan 1872 to 2 June 1881 (suspension due to Franco-Prussian War) director and publisher, Leon Escudier weekly, 8 pp. 26 pieces of vocal or piano music and three annual musical gratuities 9 June 1881 to 29 Nov 1883 director and publisher, Paul Girod weekly, 8 pp. 26 pieces of vocal or piano music and three annual musical gratuities * * * Escudier stock up for sale and Heugel purchased a portion. 1 0 4 The firm of Alphonse Leduc &; Cie was an old and established one, founded in 1767 and run by successive gen-erations. Alphonse Leduc II (1844-92) assumed directorship of the firm in 1868, orienting publication to theoretical and pedagogical works. This orientation, consequently, is reflected in L'Art musicars advertising section, which promoted heavily the theoretical and pedagogical works Leduc published. The old Escudier stock, however, which had not been sold to Heugel presumably remained with the journal, as occasionally advertising attempting to sell the "ancien fonds Escudier" appears in the journal. In 1889 Ricordi purchased the remaining Escudier stock. 1 0 5Emma Ravina-Leduc, daughter of pianist Jean Henri Ravina (1818-1906), directed the firm until 1904, thereafter her son, Emile Alphonse III (1878-1951), assumed control. 77 6 D e c 1883 to 15 J u l y 1892 director and publisher, Alphonse Leduc 6 to 27 Dec 1883; weekly, 8 pp. Jan to March 1884; monthly, 8 pp. 15 April 1884 to 15 July 1892; bi-monthly, 8 pp. 12 pieces of vocal or piano music; no musical gratuities (however, selected music of-fered at reduced prices) * * * Oct 1892 to 27 Sept 1894 director and publisher, Emma Ravina-Leduc (widow of Leduc) Oct 1892 to July 1893; monthly, then quarterly, 4 pp. (advertising circular) no musical supplements or gratuities 14 Sept 1893 to 27 Sept 1894; weekly, 8 pp. (resumed previous format) 12 pieces of vocal or piano music; no musical gratuities (selected music offered at reduced prices) * * * B . D E T A I L E D S T U D Y O F T H E T Y P E O F C O N T E N T S L'Art musical provides an extremely well-documented record of the abundance of musical life, both professional and amateur, in Paris, as well as the rest of France, and in major musical centres in Europe and North America. As one of the four longest-running French music journals of the 19th century—the others being the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris (1828-70; 1871-80), Le Menestrel (1833/34-1914; 1919-40) and La France musicale (1837/38-70)—L'Art musical merits considerable attention as a chronicler of contemporary musical life. As its complete title implies, this journal covers a broad range of topics; its contents include: reviews of musical events and literature, extensive correspondence from numerous locations, e.g., Saint-Petersbourg, Brussels and London to name but three major cities, historical and biographical studies, commentary on music education, performance practice, national competitions and institutional examinations, as well as information on various aspects of contemporary musical life—copyright laws, subsidies, theatrical and concert management, and movement of artists. 78 The range of topics and musical events discussed remains fairly standard throughout the run of the journal (although the ratio of the various types of subject matter, e.g., review material to fiction, varies from decade to decade or publisher to publisher). The subject matter treated in L'Art musical can be classified into six categories: (1) specific musical events in Paris, e.g., concerts, lyric performances; (2) musical topics of general interest; (3) the contemporary musical situation in Paris; (4) music education and performance practice; (5) musical life outside of Paris; and (6) fictional and/or humourous material, e.g., anecdotes, memdires. The following discus-sion, encompassing these six categories, will deal with the standard type of contents found fairly continuously throughout L'Art musicaPs run, and any noteworthy considerations and differences of focus. (1) STANDARD CONTENTS (a) Reviews of Musical Events in Paris The percentage of review material in L'Art musicalis dependent, to a great extent, upon the current publisher, e.g., under Leduc's directorship, reviews of musical events are found in greater concentration than under Escudier. It can be safe to assume, however, that about 70% of the total contents of the journal discuss contemporary musical events.106 Throughout the entire run of L'Art musical various types of events—productions at particular theatres, specific concerts series and societies, certain exhibitions, contests and institutional examinations—are consistently reviewed. Performances at the following four theatres are reviewed regularly and more or less extensively throughout all of L'Art musical: (1) Opera-Comique: productions at this theatre appear to be reviewed most fre-quently; (2) Theatre-Lyrique: all the premieres are covered;107 (3) Opera: all new productions are reviewed, as well as a significant number of other performances;108 1 0 6This estimate would include the review material found in miscellaneous/general news sections (due to their expansive nature, and according to RIPM indexing procedures, the contents of miscellaneous/general news sections are not extensively detailed in RIPM Catalogues) and correspondence, which consists primarily of reports/reviews of musical events. 1 0 7This conclusion was derived from the table of performances at the Theatre-Lyrique compiled by Albert Soubies, Histoire du Theatre-Lyrique, 1851-1870 (Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1899). 108According to the table compiled by Albert Soubies, Soixante-sept ans a I'Opera en une page, du < Siege de Corinthe > a « La Walkyrie > (1826-1893) (Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1893). 79 (4) Theatre-Italien: the most popular works are reviewed sporadically, depending on the artists and/or composers.109 As well, a great variety of productions (e.g., operettas, plays, oratorios, vaudevilles, revues) at many other theatres are reviewed.110 The four major concert series that are consistently reviewed are: (1) Societe des concerts du Conservatoire;111 (2) Concerts populaires/Concerts Pasdeloup (conducted by Jules Pasdeloup, then by Benjamin Godard upon Pasdeloup's retirement);112 (3) Concerts Colonne/Association artistique/Concerts du Chatelet (conducted by Edouard Colonne);113 (4) Nouveaux-Concerts/Concerts du Chateau-d'Eau/Concerts Lamoureux (conducted by Charles Lamoureux).114 As well, a multitude of other concerts, recitals, soirees and matinees, not only of various other musical societies, associations, and institutions, but also of individual artists and performing 1 0 9From the table of productions at the Theatre-Italien compiled by Albert Soubies in Le Theatre-Italien de 1801 a 1913 (Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1913) it can be seen that coverage of performances at this theatre were most influenced by the predilections of the publisher, notably Escudier. This is discussed in greater detail in the section entitled "The Focus of the Journal as Determined by the Publishers' Interests". 1 1 0 A comprehensive compilation of these other musical establishments would be extremely lengthy; it is, however, unnecessary, as all these theatres are listed in the RIPM prototype Index. m T h e Societe des concerts du Conservatoire was founded on 5 February 1828 by Habeneck. Its six annual concerts were always given in the hall of the Paris Conservatoire. The orchestra was renowned for its precise execution and its predeliction for Beethoven. Later conductors included Girard, Tilmant, Hainl, Deldevez, Garcin, Taffanel and Marty. 1 1 2 The Concerts populaires de musique classique were founded by Jules Pasdeloup in 1861. These very inexpensive Sunday afternoon concerts were an unquestionable artistic and financial success, due to Pasdeloup's novel notion of making "classical" music accessible to the bourgeoisie and labouring classes. Pasdeloup went bankrupt in 1884, but the organisation was subsequently revived. This concept established itself in major cities in France (Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, Marseille, Lyon), as well as in the rest of Europe, e.g., London (Monday and Saturday Popular Concerts), Turin, Genes, Florence, Moscow, Madrid, Birmingham, and Brussels. This society was not Pasdeloup's sole venture: in 1853 he founded the Societe des jeunes artistes du Conservatoire, which was comprised of the best students of the Paris Conservatoire (but by 1861 this society had a large deficit); and in 1868 he founded the Societe des oratorios, which gave the first Paris performance of Bach's St. Matthew Passion. 1 1 3This concert series, established by fidouard Colonne and the music publisher Georges Hartmann, ostensibly was created to present new French works (although this series, along with the Concerts Lamoureux and Concerts populaires, was criticized by certain factions of the press for giving preference to Wagner's music in their program-ming). First named Concert national, the seances, conducted by Colonne, were given at the Odeon. In 1874, Hartmann having retired, the series assumed the title Association artistique des Concerts Colonne, and was held at the theatre du Chatelet. 1 1 4 The Societe des Nouveaux-Concerts was established in 1881 by Charles Lamoureux, again, like the Concerts Colonne, to present new works by French composers. It combined with the Concerts de l'Opera (1895-97) in 1897 to become the Concerts Lamoureux, which still continue today. 80 groups are discussed.115 It is to be noted that reviews of theatrical/dramatic representations outnumber those of instrumental, choral or mixed genre concerts by a ratio of about 2:1. Additional annual events that are regularly discussed include: (1) the annual examinations at the Paris Conservatoire (consistently reviewed in July/August throughout volumes 1 to 33); (2) the works of art having musical subjects at the annual Salon (art exhibition) at the Palais des Champs-Elysees and the Champs-des-Mars (discussed consistently throughout volumes 1 to 22); (3) the annual Prix de Rome, often referred to as the Concours de l'lnstitut (though not reviewed every year, coverage of this event is still frequent throughout the entire run of the journal); (4) the results and distribution of awards of the annual examinations at the Ecole de musique religieuse (these reports are found consistently, though not every year, throughout volumes 1 to 22); (5) the annual "Concours de chant choral, de theorie et de dictee musicales" of the Orpheons de la Ville de Paris (again, though not reviewed annually, this event is considered very important throughout volumes 1 to 22);116 and (6) the concerts spirituels de Vendredi saint put on by various concert series, most notably the Societe des concerts, Concerts populaires, Concerts Colonne and Nouveaux-Concerts (not reviewed annually, but still considered important). (b) Types o f R e v i e w Formats Within L'Art musical there are four main types of reviews of musical events, each with spe-cific formats conveying particular information or focusing on certain aspects of the event: (1) theatrical/dramatic performances; (2) concerts; (3) Orpheon festivals; and (4) Conservatoire and Institut (Prix de Rome) examinations. These four categories with their various sub-categories and the types of information they contain are discussed below. (i) T h e a t r i c a l / d r a m a t i c performances Four types of theatrical/dramatic reviews can be identified in L'Art musical: (a) feature review articles; (b) feature review articles focusing on the principal artist(s) in a particular performance; (c) review material under a continuing rubric, e.g., "Revue des theatres"; and (d) miscellaneous review material, also under a continuing rubric, e.g., "Courrier musical." 1 1 5 Again, a comprehensive listing of the various musical groups and performers would be extensive (to say the least), as well as unnecessary. Societies (e.g., Societe nationale des beaux-arts), associations (e.g., Association artistique), and concert series (e.g., Concerts d'Harcourt), would be found under their respective listings in the RIPM prototype Keyword-Author Index. A mention is made here of two choral societies with unusual names "La Trompette" and "La Concordia," and the conference-recitals entitled "Une Heure de Musique," given at the Theatre-d'Application. 1 1 6 The Orpheon movement throughout France is focused on extensively throughout the first two decades of L'Art musical. 81 Feature review articles Feature review articles are searching reviews of from one to three works (frequently premieres). Journal titling for these reviews is generally very lengthy, supplying extensive information if the work is a premiere, e.g., "Theatre imperial de l'Opera-Comique : Premiere representation [de] Lara, opera en trois actes, paroles de MM. de Cormon et Michel Carre, musique d'Aimee Maillart," or else supplying the pertinent elements (composer, title of work and name of theatre). The formula utilized by music critics writing in L'Art musical is basically the same: if of a premiere, the review begins by a retelling of the libretto (about 70% of the review); followed by an indication of the notable selections in the work; then a brief discussion of the performance of the artists; followed by commentary on the orchestra and execution; then a discussion of the mise en scene, costumes, decor; and concluding with a general evaluation of the work. Of course the exact proportions of this formula may vary according to the predilections of the writer, e.g., often the retelling of the libretto is combined with programmatic commentary on the notable numbers, or, if the writer is musicologically inclined, biographical notes on the composer and/or other historical details about the work may be included. If the work is not a premiere, then an extensive retelling of the libretto is unnecessary, and the review focuses on other elements, notably the performances of the artist(s) and the orchestra. These latter type of reviews are generally shorter than reviews of premieres. Feature review articles of principal artist(s) Feature review articles of principal artist(s) in theatrical/dramatic works can be identified by the inclusion of the name(s) of the singer(s) in the title, e.g., "Academie imperiale de musique: reprise de Pierre de Medicis pour les debuts de M. Faure." Frequently these are debuts. As expected, the performance of the artist(s) is discussed in detail, often including extensive historical and biographical features. Continuing rubric reviews Continuing rubric reviews are identified by a common type of titling, e.g., "Revue des theatres" or "Revue dramatique." Often the title is followed by a content summary supplying incomplete information, e.g., only the names of the theatres discussed.117 Reviews of this type are usually not of premieres and, therefore, are less restricted in their format, i.e., the libretto is not retold and the critic can expound more or less on what he wishes. This type of review is very common in volumes 23 to 33. Within each review unit various theatres are discussed, including not only opinions/evaluations of productions, but also information about future performances, theatrical management and subsidies, movement of artists, etc. 1 1 7 As detailed in Chapter III "Cataloguing L'Art musical," titling, both journal and editorial, for reviews must supply certain pertinent information to be of any use. For example, the journal title "Revue theatrale" followed by a content summary that only lists the names of the theatres is not very useful, since no indication of the works performed or of the composers is given. 82 Miscellaneous reviews Miscellaneous reviews, identified by general rubrics such as "Courrier musical" or "Propos harmonique," deal with various subject matter—theatrical/dramatic works, concerts, musical literature—usually in an informal manner. Often written in a chatty style (though the stylistic aspect is dependent on the individual writer), no set formula with regards to subject matter is followed. The nature of the information tends to be more subjective and opinionated than the previously detailed review types. (ii) Concerts Concert reviews of various types of events, e.g., symphony concerts, chamber music, solo recitals, mixed genre concerts, are generally of two kinds: feature reviews, and continuing rubrics. The focus of the review is the same in both these types—the works performed, the artists, and their performance—merely more extensively discussed in feature reviews. Feature reviews of symphonic concerts, usually of the four concert series mentioned previously (the Societe des concerts du Conservatoire, Concerts populaires, Concerts Colonnes and the Concerts Lamoureux), are more prevalent during the third decade of L 'Art musical. (iii) Orpheon festivals Orpheon festivals were usually termed "fetes" and held in towns outside of Paris. The annual "Concours de POrpheon de la Ville de Paris" was held in Paris. The format of these reviews is generally the same: after introductory comments the works performed are discussed, as well as the festivities, e.g., banquets, toasts. (iv) Concours du Conservatoire and the P r i x de R o m e The results of the annual "Concours du Conservatoire" are treated in two ways: (1) a straight-forward listing of the participants and their standing within each of the instrumental classes (unac-companied by critical commentary); and (2) an extensive commentary on each of the participants, including an evaluative judgement of their performance, within each of the classes. Needless to say, the latter type is the longer of the two, and is, of course, considered review material (indicated by an "r" appended to the RIPM number), unlike the first type. The listings of the participants and their standings are indicated by the editorial comment "[resultats]" recorded after the journal title. In the same manner, commentary on the annual "Concours de l'Institut (Prix de Rome)" may be considered review material or not. 83 (c) Articles on Musical Topics of General Interest Topics of general interest focus on: historical and biographical studies; contemporary artists and composers; general music history; histories of theatres; the concepts of progress and decadence in music; exotic music; various genres; military music; biographies and memoires of performers, composers, etc.; contemporary and historical chronicles of musical life; general musical knowledge and theory; and instruments and instrument manufacturing. (d) The Contemporary Musical Situation in Paris Articles of this type focus on such topics as: theatrical direction and subsidies, construction of new theatres; reforms necessary in the commerce and industry of music; reports of society meetings, discussion of new societies; announcements of competitions; copyright issues; the de-centralization of music; cost of tickets; theatrical repertoire; universal expositions; governmental decrees and edicts concerning music; discussions of music criticism; and reports on funerals of important musical personages (these are usually accompanied by reprints of the eulogies). (e) Music Education and Contemporary Performance Practice Articles discussing music education and performance practice include: reviews of educational material, most notably method and instructional books; articles on music education itself, includ-ing compulsory music education, the reforms necessary, and new performing techniques (most frequently vocal). (f) Information on Musical Life Outside of Paris Information on musical life outside of Paris, usually in the form of correspondence, is mainly from Belgium, England, Russia, Italy, Spain, Germany, the United States and various locations in France. Letters from regular and occasional contributors provide information on specific musical events, as well as on general musical life and celebrities. Reports on the Orpheon movement (competitions, festivals, seances, etc.) throughout France are numerous throughout volumes 1 to 22. 1 1 8 The following discussion encompassing the remaining categories of subject matter in L'Art musical will indicate the general type of topics to be found in each category. Because pertinent articles and their locations in the journal can be easily found in the Index, citations are not included. 84 (g) F i c t i o n a l M a t e r i a l / A n e c d o t e s / M e m o i r e s This category, which is more or less self-explanatory, includes serialized "nouvelles" (novelettes centered around musical personages, past or present) and "portrait-cartes" (humourous literary sketches of artists). L'Art musical, it appears, was designed to appeal to a broad range of the bourgeosie and upper classes, its contents combining a mixture of reviews and commentary on musical events and personages, with a wide variety of subject matter that is both informative and amusing. (2) N O T E W O R T H Y C O N S I D E R A T I O N S A N D D I F F E R E N C E S O F F O C U S The following discussion focuses on notable features within the previously identified categories. To facilitate this examination the contents of the journal have been divided into three periods: (1) first decade (1860-70); (2) second decade (1872-83); and (3) third decade (1884-94). (a) F i r s t and Second Decades: volumes 1-10 (1860-70) and volumes 11-22 (1872-83) Prior to the 1864 declaration la liberte des theatres allowing for the existence of more theatres in Paris, the theatres focused on are the Opera-Comique, Theatre-Lyrique, Bouffes-Parisiens, Opera and Theatre-Italien. With volume 11 (1872) the review rubric "Revue dramatique" also treats representations of spoken drama. When Escudier assumes directorship of the Theatre-Italien in 1876 this theatre is reported on extensively, being mentioned in almost every issue from April 1876 until its demolition in December of 1878. All performances there, whether theatrical or instrumental, are reviewed.119 As well, the financial and managerial situation at the Theatre-Italien is heavily emphasized. Beginning with volume 6 (1865/66) there is an abundance of fictional/humourous material: serialized "nouvelles" on musical themes, e.g., "L'air de Lucia," "La derniere scene A'1 Aida," literary caricatures, e.g., "Portaits-cartes...," and various other anecdotes and memoires, e.g., "Rossini aux Champs-Elysees." That is not to say more serious topics are neglected. Notable are the two series on music and musicians at the Universal Exposition of 1867 (by Pontecoulant and Lacome), and the discussion of both educational methods at the Paris Conservatoire (reports from various commissions, etc.) in volume 10 (1870) and the reforms necessary in vocal studies, 1 1 9 From 1876 onwards Leon suffered a severe decline in the activity of his publishing firm; that same year he assumed directorship of the Theatre-Italien. He produced the Paris premiere of Verdi's Aida on 22 April 1876 at a cost of 120,000 francs, as well as the Paris premieres of Verdi's Requiem and string quartet. These performances were heavily promoted and, fortunately, were very successful; further enterprises, however, were not. In June 1878 the Theatre-Italien was forced to close, in August of that year Leon abandoned his brief career as impresario, and in December the Theatre-Italien was demolished. The extensive coverage given to this theatre, therefore, was discontinued. 85 e.g., the series by Charles Delprat in volumes 12 and 13 (1872 and 1873). Notable in volume 17 (1878) is the coverage given to examinations at various conservatories outside of Paris: Lyon, Nantes, Marseille and Toulouse. Also given extensive coverage in that volume are the concerts of the Universal Exposition in Paris (1878), in particular the expositions of various instrument makers. Notable in volume 18 (1879) is the fact that Verdi's Aida, wherever it is performed, is reviewed. Serialized articles appear to be the favoured medium (perhaps to give readers continuous subscription incentive). They range from serious studies by Ernest Thoinan (e.g., on Ockeghem and Maugaurs) and biographical articles (e.g., on Weber, Donizetti, Haydn, Pedrotti, Zingarelli, and Pergolesi) to historical accounts such as Lasalle's "Memorial du Theatre-Lyrique" and lighter historical-biographical articles (e.g., "Mes souvenirs" by Leon Escudier, "La musique a travers les ages," and "Causerie musicale: Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn"120). Other diverse fare includes series such as "Ethnographie musicale" by Paul Lacome, "Repertoire anecdotique des instruments composants le musee du Conservatoire," "Ephemerides musicales" and Gaston Es-cudier's "Les fetes populaires: types et physionomies des saltimbanques." Occasionally there are extracts from outside publications, e.g., serialization of Liszt's Chopin, and Comettant's La Musique de la Garde republicaine en Amerique, as well as of a humourous musical dictionary by Dr. Aldo (a pseudonym used by Alexis Azevedo). Correspondence is from a great variety of locations, primarily from London (notable are the reports on the instrument manufacturers at the London Exposition of 1862), Italy (Rome, Naples, Milan, etc.), Germany (Bayreuth), Belgium, especially Brussels (prior to and including the per-formance of Verdi's Requiem there), Holland (Anvers and Amsterdam), Vienna (music at the International Exhibition of 1873), Spain, and the United States ("Souvenirs d'un voyage d'un pianiste," correspondence communicated by Gottschalk while he was touring). With the change of directorship after Escudier's death in June 1881 a broadening perspective is apparent in subject matter, perhaps because Girod was trying to appeal to a larger public. An entirely new type of rubric appears, "Bulletin financier" (later changing to "Causerie financiere"), dealing, as the name implies, with financial matters. This rubric continues throughout 1882 and 1883 (volumes 21 and 22). The amount of fictional material—serialized "nouvelles" and other stories having musical themes—increases. Surprisingly, the sculpture and painting divisions of the Prix de Rome are reviewed, as well as, of course, the composition competition. These fine art reviews continue throughout 1882 and 1883 (volumes 21 and 22). Under Girod, foreign correspondence appears to broaden also: there is a long and extensive series of letters on music in Portugal, as well as an increase of correspondence from Belgium (Brussels, Anvers, Angers, etc.). "Courrier de Vienne" and "Chronique de Barcelone" are also important contributions. Occasional news from Italy, Spain (Lisbonne), Monte-Carlo, Belgium, etc., is found under "Nouvelles et correspondances." 1 2 0 The title of this series by A. Landely-Hettich is somewhat misleading, as he never gets past discussing Schubert. 86 There are more feature reviews of the three major concert series (Concerts populaires, Nouveaux-Concerts, and the Concerts du Chatelet), as well as separate programme listings of their forthcom-ing concerts under the rubric "Concerts du dimanche." With the exception of volume 19 (1880) the Orpheon movement throughout France is regularly reported upon until volume 23 (1884). (b) Third Decade: vols. 23-33 (1884-94) When Leduc assumes directorship at the end of 1883, the focus of the journal and frequency of publication alter substantially. Publication is monthly for the first three issues (January to March), thereafter changing to bi-monthly. The subject matter is much more standardized than in the previous two decades, with review material constituting about 90% of the journal's contents. In almost every issue throughout the concert and theatrical season there are two standard rubrics "Revue theatrale" and "Revue des concerts," and one, or, at times, two feature review articles of theatrical performances. "Revue theatrale" always covers the three principal theatres—the Opera, the Opera-Comique and the Theatre-Italien (in that order)—as well as performances at other less prestigious theatres. Again reviews of dramatic works are included. This rubric also includes much non-review material, e.g., information on the contemporary musical situation, subsidies and management of theatres. "Revue des concerts" always covers the four prominent concert series (Concerts du Conservatoire, Concerts Pasdeloup, Concerts Lamoureux and Concerts Colonne), and usually continues with reviews of a variety of other societies, institutions, solo recitals and mixed genre concerts. This is not to say that feature review articles are excluded; notable are reviews of productions at the theatre royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and the theatre royal in Anvers. During this last decade there are three very regular long-running correspondence series: "Lettre de Russie" from the correspondent in Saint-Petersbourg, L. Giaccone;121 "Lettre de Belgique" by J. Brunet; and "Lettre de Londres" by J.-B. Krall. There are also occasional letters from Barcelona, Milan, Angers, Brittany, Florence, and Spa. Feature articles of general musical interest decrease considerably; those that are published, however, are much more serious in tone, for example, "Etude sur la restauration dans sa purete primitive du plain-chant de l'Eglise catholique," "Danses sacrees: souvenirs de l'Indo-Chine," "Le renouveau theatral." In keeping with the change in character of the journal, fictional and humourous articles are no longer included; this exclusion continues until 1894 (volume 33). The Orpheon movement is not reported on any longer. The continuing rubric "Bibliographie" deals largely with educational material published by Leduc. Music at the Universal Exposition of 1889—especially the performance of Russian music (Leduc has exclusive publishing rights to quite a few contemporary Russian composers, e.g., Cui, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Liadov)—is reported on extensively. Notable in volume 31 (nos. 1-11) is the lack of articles on topics of general musical interest; instead, articles on composers and works that the Leduc firm had the publishing 1 2 1 Giaccone occasionally reviews the "raout-concerts" (mixed genre concerts) given by a certain "M. G.," corre-spondent to a foreign journal; presumably he is referring to himself. 87 rights to abound (e.g., "Musique russe"). However, this concentrated focus often deteriorates into overt promotionaJism (most noticable under the rubric "Bibliographie" which almost exclusively "reviews" works published by Leduc). With Leduc's death in July 1892 the journal is temporarily transformed into an advertising circular, the complete title being L'Art musical: bulletin periodique de nouveautes musicales, paraissant tous les 3 mois. This four page circular appears every three months, promoting the Leduc firm's new publications, with short commentaries for each of the works advertised. These compostions, usually by "lesser known" French contemporaries, are mainly vocal or piano music. There is quite a lot of educational literature; the preface of Durand's Abrege du cours d'harmonie is even reproduced. The last issue (no. 15) in this four page format is not an advertising circular; it deals entirely with the annual examinations at the Paris Conservatoire, reviewing the student examinations in the same format as found in previous volumes. With volume 32, no. 16 (October 1893) the journal is restored to its original conception— eight pages, published weekly, comprised of an homogeneous mixture of all six categories of articles. Review material is contained under the rubrics "La semaine theatrale" and "Revue des concerts." The first rubric reviews both lyric and dramatic representations in a slightly ad hoc manner, that is, the theatres discussed do not appear to have any set pattern; a large number of theatres are dealt with, but none are reviewed as consistently as in volumes 23 to 31. The latter rubric, "Revue des concerts," focuses on the four major concert series (Concerts du Conservatoire, Concerts d'Harcourt, Concerts Lamoureux, and Concerts Colonne). "Spectacles de la semaine," a listing of theatrical/dramatic representations for the coming week, is included in every issue. "Les premieres a venir," an informal rubric discussing theatrical/dramatic premieres, appears occasionally throughout 1893. There is usually one article of general interest in every issue. The subjects focused on are contemporary Russian and French composers and their music (e.g., "L'auteur de l'hymne national russe," "De la musique russe moderne...," Cesar Cui, Antoine Rubinstein, Charles Lefebvre, Chabrier, Ch.-M. Widor, Alfred Bruneau) and historical topics (e.g., "La musique des Gardes franchises," "L'editeur Ballard contre Campra," "Le magasin de decors de l'Opera, rue Richer: son histoire" and "Le magasin de musique a l'usage des fetes nationales"). There are very few feature articles pertaining to the contemporary musical situation as most of this information is contained under the rubric "Semaine theatrale." An interesting section is "Petits et grands proces" which deals with lawsuits involving theatres, composers, artists, etc. The three major correspondence series ("Lettre de Belgique," "Lettre de Russie" and "Lettre d'Angleterre") continue, though not as frequently. Occasionally these letters are included in the regular rubric "Nos correspondances" which is very extensive, appearing in every issue and dealing with cities throughout France and Europe. The last issues in volume 33 (nos. 33-39), prior to L'Art musicals merger with Le Guide musical, are more diffuse, perhaps indicative of the journal's approaching demise. 88 C. THE FOCUS OF THE JOURNAL AS DETERMINED BY THE PUBLISHERS' INTERESTS An identification of the commercial interests and/or musical predilections of the respective publishers of L 'Art musical is essential for a realistic evaluation of the journal. The two principal publishers—Leon Escudier and Alphonse Leduc—each brought their own perspective to L'Art musical, Escudier focusing on Italian opera, and Leduc on pedagogical material and contemporary Russian and French composers. As a commentary on Escudier's directorship Leduc had written: Ennemi acharne de la musique allemande moderne et de tout ce qui s'y rattachait, severe pour les compositeurs francais, mais enthousiaste pour tout ce qui venait d'ltalie, Leon Escudier se trouva presque toujours en opposition avec la plupart de ses confreres. L 'Art musical fut alors, en quelque sorte, le moniteur de l'Ecole ital-ienne en France, sa feuille officielle. La passion s'en mela, et nous nous rappelons certains articles contre de grands compositeurs non italiens, qui affligerent meme des amis devoues du redacteur. C'etait pousser trop loin le fanatisme pour une seule ecole. L'exclusivisme n'est jamais une bonne base de redaction.122 Escudier's marked promotion of Italian composers is notable but not surprising, since the firm published Italian opera and was Verdi's exclusive publisher in France. From the Keyword-Author Index it can be ascertained that Escudier did indeed heavily promote Italian composers (first and foremost Verdi, but also the Ricci brothers, Cagnoni, Pedrotti, and other lesser known Italians, e.g., Venzano, Villate), as well as various French composers (Poniatowski, Rey, Billema, Prudent, Boulanger, Godefroid, Rummel, Thomas, Gottschalk and Auber). The emphasis accorded to composers that Escudier had the publishing rights to is best exemplified in the coverage given to productions at the Theatre-Italien. Verdi's works were always reviewed. However, works that were performed as, or more frequently, but which the Escudier firm did not publish, e.g., Donizetti's Don Pasquale and Lucia di Lammermoor or Bellini's Norma and Sonnambula, were reviewed sporadically. This commercial bias is most noticable in works that were performed infrequently at the Theatre-Italien. For example, since Escudier did not publish Donizetti's Anna Bolena or Maria di Rohan these productions were not reviewed, whereas Cagnoni's Don Bucefalo or Poniatowski's La contessina (which the Escudier firm had the rights to) were reviewed.123 That the perspective of the publisher would colour, to some extent, the focus and viewpoints of the journal was taken as a matter of course, as is evident from the following statement by Escudier: 122Alphonse Leduc, "Ce que sera L'Art musical," L'Art musical22, No. 49 (13 December 1883): 385. 123Statistics on the frequency of works performed at the Theatre-Italien were obtained from the table compiled by Albert Soubies, Le Theatre-Italien de 1801 a 1913, op. cit. 89 M. Ruelle dit que, la huitieme page de L'Art musical contenait l'annonce de la musique de M. Giorza, que nous avons editee, et qu'il n'est pas etonnant que dans le meme numero nous ayons fait l'eloge de cette musique. Ce qui ne laisse pas que d'etre tres-logique. C'est le contraire qui aurait dri veritablement etonner les lecteurs. Voyez-vous l'editeur de la musique de M. Giorza la decrier dans ses articles!124 Even a cursory survey of Escudier's critiques reveals the same commercial bias operating on a personal level. If the work was not successful Escudier would blame the performance, as is illustrated in the following passage taken from a review of Verdi's Rigoletto: L'on a compris, dimanche soir, ce que referme de veritables beautes cette partition de Rigoletto, que, par defaut d'une bonne execution, on avait cru si inferieure a celle d'i/ trovatore... On ne se doute pas de l'importance de l'execution pour l'appreciation d'une ceuvre musicale.125 The subsequent publisher, Girod, dealt mainly with lesser known contemporary French com-posers (e.g., Jonas, Dubois, Puget, Duvernoy, the Hillemacher brothers) and pedagogical works. Alphonse Leduc advertised himself as the exclusive editor in France of several contemporary Russian composers (Cui, Borodin, etc.) as well as Gabriel Pierne. He also promoted heavily ped-agogical works (for various subjects: piano, theory and harmony, mandoline, voice, and solfege) and the music of several lesser known French contemporaries (e.g., Pessard, Hue, Pfeiffer, the Hillemacher brothers, and Desormes). The commercial interests and/or musical predilections of the respective publishers influenced the focus and perspective of L 'Art musical. This is illustrated in the three ways the journal was used as an advertising medium: (1) direct advertising; (2) the preference and favourable reviews accorded to works of composers the respective firms published; and (3) the musical supplements and gratuities offered which, of course, consisted of the music of these composers. Direct advertis-ing is exemplified in the last page of each issue. Reserved for publicity, this page usually advertised new musical publications of the current publisher; works sold by other publishing houses were rarely signalled. In the last decade of the journal's run, advertising for non-musical products appeared, for example, train tickets for various railway companies. The inclusion of citations from reviews of other journals (dailies or music periodicals) is one notable aspect of L'Art musical which shows a decided bias and promotion of certain works. This was only done in cases where the work reviewed was published by the firm currently in possession of the journal, and the production received extensive favourable reviews. The intention, perhaps, was to give subscribers of L'Art musical added incentive to buy the music or to attend the 1 2 4Leon Escudier, "Quelques mots au Messager des theatres,7' L'Art musical 4, No. 15 (10 March 1864): 116. 1 2 5Leon Escudier, "Le Theatre-Italien. Reouverture — La traviata — Rigoletto," L'Art musical 3, No. 47 (22 October 1863): 372. 90 performance. These works were most often, but not always, theatrical works. The following chronologically ordered table (listing volume number, year, theatre, composer, title of work, and publisher) indicates reviews of works which are accompanied by extensive citations from other journals. Table 2. Reviews of works accompanied by citations from other journals Vol • # Theatre: Composer, Title of Work Publisher 1 0 L861) Theatre-Italien: Verdi, Un ballo in maschera Escudier 2(] L862) Exposition de Londres: Verdi, Hymne des nations Escudier 7 0 L867) Covent Garden: Verdi, Don Carlos Escudier 8 0 L868) Opera-Comique: Auber, Le Premier Jour de bonheur Escudier 9 0 L869) Fantaisies-Parisiennes: Federico Ricci, Une folie d Rome Escudier 9 0 L869) Athenee: Carlo Pedrotti, Les Masques Escudier 10 (1870) Opera-Comique: Auber, Reve d'amour Escudier 10 (1870) Athenee: Verdi, Les Brigands (I masnadieri) Escudier 10 (1870) Athenee: Ferdinand Poise, Les Deux Billets Escudier 10 (1870) Lille: Verdi, Les Brigands Escudier 11 (1872) Athenee: Guiraud, Madame Turlupin Escudier 12 (1873) Opera-Comique: Leo Delibes, Le roi I'a dit Escudier 13 (1874) San Marco, Milan: Verdi, Messe de Requiem Escudier 13 (1874) Opera-Comique: Verdi, Messe de Requiem Escudier 14 (1875) Lille: Verdi, Messe de Requiem Escudier 14 (1875) Theatre de la Monnaie, Bruxelles: Verdi, Messe de Requiem Escudier 15 (1876) Theatre-Italien: Verdi, Aida Escudier 16 (1876) Theatre de la Monnaie: Verdi, Aida Escudier 16 (1876) Theatre-Italien: Donizetti, Lucia di Lammermoor Escudier 16 (1876) Theatre-Italien: Gaspar Villate, Zilia Escudier 19 (1880) Lyon: Verdi, Aida Escudier 20 (1881) (??): Charles Bruneau, Genevieve (cantate) Girod 21 (1882) Renaissance: Emile Jonas, La Bonne Aventure Girod 24 (1885) Opera: Emile Pessard, Tabarin Leduc 25 (1886) Theatre de la Monnaie: P. et L. Hillemacher, Saint-Megrin Leduc 25 (1886) Bordeaux: Gabriel Pierne, Fantaisie-Ballet (pf & orch) Leduc 26 (1887) Toulouse: Verdi, Aida Leduc 30 (1891) Theatre de Spa: Gabriel Pierne, Le Collier de saphirs Leduc In keeping with its role as an organe de maison, L'Art musical regularly offered music sup-plements and gratuities—select vocal and piano pieces published by the respective firms—to its subscribers. That these music supplements were intended for the amateur bourgeosie market is 91 illustrated by the fact that the music offered is of two types, vocal and piano, the media that were the most popular among amateurs.126 In addition, the level of difficulty of this music—suited to the performing ability of the average amateur—appears to be in accordance with its prospective clientele.127 * * * D. IDENTIFICATION OF T H E M A J O R CONTRIBUTORS The contents and quality of reviews, or, for that matter, any writings on music can be in-fluenced to a great extent, not only by the musical tendencies of the publishers, but also by the views, tastes, education, etc. of the writers and critics themselves. These latter influences are impossible to examine comprehensively in this study, however, the major contributors to L'Art musical have been identified below, with brief biographical sketches wherever possible.128 The most prolific contributors are indicated by asterisks. This compilation is alphabetical; the variant signatures, pseudomyns, etc. used in L'Art musical are indicated within parentheses after the name of the contributor, which is given in the most complete form available. The three tables following this list serve to indicate the annual frequency of contributions of the identified writers. The tables follow the divisions previously defined, i.e., Table 3 (1860-70); Table 4 (1872-83); and Table 5 (1883-94). Two asterisks recorded for a specific year indicate that an author's contributions can be found frequently throughout that whole year. One asterisk, placed either to the left or to the right, indicates frequent contribution for, respectively, the first half of that year or the last half. Adenis, Edouard (Ed. Ad.) Arm, J . d' Arming, Friedrich Wilhelm (Fitz-Berth) 1 2 6 The middle class were gaining in prosperity and wanted status symbols indicative of the fact. A piano was de rigeur in bourgeosie households, as was musical instruction. 1 2 7 A n examination of the musical works that have been bound with the journal puts them at approximately a seventh to eighth grade level, according to Royal Conservatory of Toronto standards. 128These biographical sketches have been compiled from the following sources; GDU, Grand Dictionnaire Uni-versel; GE, Grande Encyclopedic, F, Fetis, Biographie universelle des musiciens; Fs, Supplement to the Biographie universelle des musiciens; Gr, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians; H, Honegger's Dictionnaire de la musique; R, Riemann's Musik-Lexicon; ST, Stieger, Opernlexicon. 92 * A u r i a c , E . M a t h i e u d ' (Mathieu d'Auriac; E. M. d'A.) * A z e v e d o , A l e x i s (Docteur Aldo) (1813-75) Music critic and journalist who collaborated with numerous journals—Le Siecle, La France musicale, La Presse, and L'Opinion nationale (he was their music critic from 1859-70)—and author of many books on musical subjects. He was quite opinionated: fanatical about Rossini and Felicien David, but very unsympathetic to-wards Gounod, Wagner, Meyerbeer, Halevy, Fetis and Scudo. [Fs; GDU; R; ST] * B o d m i n , P i e r r e Bodmin was the author of "Causerie financiere," the weekly financial column which lasted from 1881-83. *Bois jos l in , G . de (G. de B.) • B r u n e t , J . (J. Br.; J.-B.) Author of the regular and long-running correspondence series from Brussels entitled "Lettre de Belgique." * C h a l a r i e u , P h i l i b e r t de (Ph. de Chalarieu; Ph. de Ch.) Chasles , Ph i l a r e t e (1798-1873) Writer and literary critic, whose numerous publications embraced socio-logical, biographical and historical subjects from the 16th to the 19th centuries (e.g., La Litterature et les mceurs en Angleterre au XIXe siecle, Psychologie sociale des nou-veaux peuples, Charles I : sa cour, son peuple et son parlement, Virginie de Leyva, ou l'interieur d'un couvent de femmes en Italie au commencement du XVIF siecle). Chasles also occupied the position of professor of language and foreign literature at the College de France (from 1841). [GDU; GE] Chausson , Ernes t (1855-99) A composer who studied with Massenet and Cesar Franck, Chausson's mu-sic has a distinct style in which the beginnings of impressionism can be seen. [R] *Chouque t , Gus tave (G. C ; G. ?) (1819-86) Twice winning the Prix Bordin for publications on music history (in 1864 for a work dealing with the 14th to 18th centuries, and in 1868 for Histoire de la musique dramatique en France depuis ses origines jusqu'a nos jours, Gustave Chouquet is probably most noted for being the keeper of the Musee instrumentale du Conserva-toire (from 1871), as well as for compiling its extensive catalogue raisonne (1875). 93 [Fs; Gr; H; R] * C o h e n , H e n r y / H e n r i (H. C. ?) (1808-80) Composer of various genres (though unsuccessful in his operatic attempts), Cohen was employed as bibliothecaire of the cabinet de medailles at the Bibliotheque nationale. He wrote numerous books on numismatic and bibliographic topics, as well as on music theory, and collaborated with several music journals. [Fs; GE; R] *Col igny , Char les * Come t t an t , Oscar (0. C ; William Steinberg) (1819-98) See the biographical details at the beginning of this chapter. [Fs; GDU; Gr; H; R] C r i s t a l , M a u r i c e (1825/27?-??) Writer on mainly musical topics, he was music critic for Le Corre-spondant and La Revue contemporaine, as well as contributor to various other music journals. [Fs; GDU] C u r z o n , H e n r i de D e l p r a t , Char l e s (1803-88) Parisian singing teacher, he wrote L'Art du chant et l'ecole actuelle (1870) and a brochure on the Conservatoire (1872). [Fs; R] * D e v i l l e z , L o u i s - H e n r i (L.-H. Devillez) (1855-??) Belgian-born sculptor and writer on art whose works were exhibited at the annual "Salon" in Paris (1879, 1881, 1884, 1885, and 1887). [GDU] * E l i e (Elie Fargel ?) E l w a r t , A n t o i n e (A. Elwart) (1808-77) Composer and pedagogue, he won the Prix de Rome in 1834, and became professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatoire in 1840. Most important among his publications are theoretical and pedagogical works. [GDU] *Escudie r , G a s t o n (G. E.) Presumably a relative of Leon Escudier it was noted in L 'Art musical that Gaston lost his fortune and had to resort to his talents as a magician. 94 *Escud ie r , L e o n (L. Escudier; L. E.; L. Es.; Leon Es...) (1821-81) See the biographical notes at the beginning of this chapter. [F; GDU; Gr; H; R] * E y m i e u , H e n r y (H. Eymieu; H. E. ?) F i t z - G e r a l d , A . - L . • F r a n c k , Francis (F. F. ?) •F rene , H e n r y / H e n r i (H. F. ?) * G . , Ch. (?) * G a m m a (?) * G a r v i l l e , M a u r i c e de G a u t i e r , Jean-Frangois-Eugene (Eugene Gautier) (1802-78) Writer, violinist, professor (teaching harmony and music history at the Conservatoire), and composer, Gautier also contributed to various journals (e.g., Le Menestrel, Le Constitutionnel). [H] *Giaconne , L . (L. G.) Giaconne was the author of the regular and long-running correspondence series from Saint-Petersbourg titled "Lettre de Russie." Apparently, he also hosted an annual musical event (a "raout-musical," presumably a mixed genre type concert), referring to himself as "G., le correspondant des journaux etrangers." G i r o d , A n d r e • G i r o d , P a u l (P. G.) • G o t t s c h a l k , L o u i s - M o r e a u (L. M. Gottschalk; L. M. G.) (1829-69) The noted New Orleans born pianist and composer toured extensively— France, Switzerland, Spain, North America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Mar-tinique, etc. (1845-54), and throughout North and South America—performing mainly his own compositions. His series of articles "Souvenirs d'un voyage d'un pianiste," as well as several other contributions, appeared in L'Art musical. [Fs; Gr; R] 95 * G r e g o i r / G r e g o i r e , E d o u a r d (1822-90) Prolific Belgian-born composer, music critic and writer. As a pianist he toured with the Milanollo sisters (1842), but later turned his attention to composition and music criticism. His works comprise various genres, dramatic as well as instrumen-tal. He contributed to numerous journals and wrote many books on musical subjects, several on topics of Flemish and Belgian interest. [Fs; GDU; R] *Hassel t , A n d r e V a n (A. Van Hasselt) (1806-74) Belgian writer and poet, whose views on the necessity for reforms in lyric texts were met with complete indifference in his native land. [GE] *Hassel t , E rnes t ine V a n (E. Van Hasselt; Mile Ern. V. H.; E. V. H.) • H e l e r , A . (A. H.) *Hess , Cha r l e s -Leon (Ch.-L. Hess; Ch. H.) (1844-??) French pianist and composer of various genres, son of J.-Charles Hess, a piano teacher. [Fs] Hess , J . -Cha r l e s (J.-Ch. Hess) H e u l h a r d , A r t h u r (1849-??) After a short-lived career in political journalism he turned his attention to music. He contributed to several music journals, was the music critic for L'Evenement for a year, and published numerous books on musical and literary topics. He founded the prestigious La Chronique musicale (1873-76), to which he contributed extensively. [F; GDU] H u t i n , M a r c e l Imber t , Hughes (1842-1905) After an early administrative career Imbert commenced his very prolific vocation as music critic. He collaborated with various journals, wrote numerous books (mostly about musical personalities), and from 1900 was editor-in-chief of Le Guide musical the Belgian music journal with which L'Art musical merged). [H; R] Indy, W i l f r i d d ' (1821-??) Uncle to Vincent d'Indy, Wilfrid was himself a composer. He contributed many interesting music reviews to Le Correspondant (1869-73). [Fs; GE] 96 *Irube, Pierre d' (P. d'i.) •Jacques Le Vrai; J . Le Vrai; J . L. V . (?) Perhaps this is another pseudonym for Albert Vizentini. Jahyer, Henri/Henry •Krall, J.-B. (J.-B. Kr.) The London correspondent writing "Lettre de Londres." *Lacome-d'Estalenx, Paul (Paul Lacome; P. Lacome; P. L.) (1838-1920) Though known primarily as a composer of diverse genres, he also edited several collected works of popular songs and dances, and contributed extensively to various journals. [Fs; H; R] •Landely, A. (A. L. ?) •Landely-Hettich, A. (A. L.-H.; A. Landely ?) *Lasalle, Albert de (1833-86) French music critic and historian, he collaborated with various journals (music critic for Le Monde illustre since 1857), often writing under the pseudonyms of Double-We, Halbeer, etc. He published many volumes on French music history and various musical institutions, e.g., the Opera, Theatre-Lyrique, Bouffes-Parisiens. [Fs; GDU; GE] Lavoix (fils), Henri (1846-97) Collaborated with various journals (among them La Revue et gazette mu-sicale and La Chronique musicale), and published many important monographs on music history. [Fs; GDU; R] *Lepeudry, Auguste (Aug. Lepeudry; A. L. ?) Lespes, Leo (Timothee/Timothy Trimm) Mandl, Louis (Dr. Mandl; Dr. M...) (1812-84) An Hungarian-born doctor (M.D.) who specialized in maladies of the larynx and respiratory system. He was very interested in music, making his salon a rendez-vous for eminent artists. He published many articles and books on his specialty, and taught a course at the Paris Conservatoire on the hygiene of the voice. [Fs; GDU] 97 Mansour, A. *Marenna, L. de (De Marenna) Marius, Tedeschi Italian correspondent for L'Art musical, writing "Lettre d'ltalie" during the years 1893-94. Meris, Andre (Mens; Andre M... ?) *Monglave, Diane de Author of the lengthy series on music in Portugal. *Montgarde, Armand de Morel-Retz (Stop) Morneval, L. de *Moszkowski, Moritz (M. Moszkowski; M. M.) (1854-1925) Polish-born pianist and composer of various genres, Moszkowski fre-quently contributed letters from Berlin entitled "Lettre d'Allemagne" to L'Art musical. [R] •Neukomm, Edmond (Ed. N.; E. N.; N. ?) (1840-??) Nephew of the famous German organist and composer Sigismond Neukomm. In addition to contributing to various musical and political journals, and writing several books on musical topics, the French-born Edmond is credited with writ-ing solid studies on several German composers, among them Weber, Moscheles and Mendelssohn. [Fs; GE] ""Ordinaire, Raoul (1843-??) Composer of diverse genres, critic and writer on music, notably a satire entitled Marius et les Teutons. [Fs] Oudalle, Gaston d' *Pagnerre, Louis (L. Pagnerre) 98 *Pe t i l l eau , George /Georges London correspondent for L 'Art musical during the years 1893-94. *P ie r r e , Cons tan t (1855-1918) French musicologist whose interest was the music of the French Revolu-tion. He wrote many books on this topic and contributed to various music journals, as well as being a bassoonist in several orchestras and vice-secretary to the Paris Con-servatoire (from 1881). [H; R] * P o l k o , E l i s e •Pon tecou lan t , A d o l p h e de (Comte Ad. de Pontecoulant; A. de P.; Ad. de P.; Ad. P.; A. Vi comte de Pontecoulant; Marquis de Pontecoulant) (1794-1882) After an eventful military career, he returned to Paris in 1831 and devoted himself to the study of music and acoustics. He collaborated with various journals, and published a number of books on instruments and instrument making. [GDU; R] * P o u g i n , A r t h u r (1834-1921) Namesake of the pseudonyms Paul Dax, Fanfan Benoiton, Maurice Gray and Octave d'Avril, Pougin gave up initial activities as violinist and conductor to pur-sue his prolific literary career. He collaborated with various journals (writing about politics, music, fine arts, news, etc.), edited the music articles in Larousse's Diction-naire universel, edited the supplement to Fetis' Biographie universelle and re-edited Clement and Larousse's Dictionaire des operas. Pougin was music feuilltonist for Le Soir, La Tribune, L'Evenement and Le Journal officiel, and was editor-in-chief of Le Menestrel (1885-1914). His many writings on historical topics—more than 50 books and monographs—established him as "one of the pioneers of French musicology." [Fs; GDU; Gr; H; R] Prevos t , H i p p o l y t e (Hipp. Prevost) • R a l p h ; R . (?) • R o q u e t , An to ine -Ernes t (Ernest Thoinan; E. Thoinan; Er. Thoinan; E. T.; Er. T.) (1827-94) French musicologist known solely by his pseudonym "Ernest Thoinan," his interest in music and art history led him to collect an extensive library specializing in French music. His many serious musical studies established him, along with Pougin, as "one of the pioneers of French musicology." He also collaborated with numerous 99 music journals, among them La Chronique musicale and La France musicale. [Fs; GDU; R] * R u e l l e , Ju les (J. Ruelle; J. R.) A French music critic and journalist, Ruelle was editor of Le Messager des theatres for a period, secretary to the Theatre-Lyrique and l'Athenee, as well as director of the former theatre (succeeding Martinet). [Fs] *Sagy, R e n e (R. S.) * S a i n t - A r r o m a n , R a o u l de *Saubens, M a r c e l Correspondent in Toulouse during the years 1893-94. • S c u d o , P a u l (P. Scudo; P. Sc.; Sc..) (1806-64) The famed and often opinionated music critic of La Revue des deux mon-des (1851-64?) was renowned for his extreme conservatism; he preferred 18th-century music, idolizing Mozart and hating Wagner, Liszt, Berlioz and Verdi. It has been said that Escudier engaged Scudo at some expense to write for L'Art musical (1861-64, until Scudo's commitment to an insane asylum), to stop his vitriolic attacks on Verdi. Scudo collaborated with other journals, and published annual reviews of Parisian mu-sical life (1860-63), as well as two novels based upon musical themes. [GDU; Gr; R] • S o u l l i e r , Char les (1797-1878) Writer, publicist and composer, he founded numerous journals, pub-lished much poetry and fiction, and translated five lyric works into French (Rossini's Semiramide and La Pie voleuse, Cimarosa's Le Mariage secret, Weber's Oberon, and Bellini's L'Etrangere). [GDU] *Sims London correspondent (1861). • S t e m i l i o Correspondent in Anvers (1889-90). • S t r a d i n a , G . (G. S.) •Su t t e r , D a v i d 100 (1811-80) A Swiss painter and writer, Sutter published works on the philosophy and aesthetics of fine arts. [GDU] S y s h u i t / S y x h u i t , P a u l T a l b e r / T a l b e r g , Jacques de • T a l o n German correspondent during the years 1893-94. • T h e m i n e s , A c h i l l e de Lauzieres de (Achille de Lauzieres; A. de Lauzieres' A. de L.; M. de Themines; M. de T.; M . de Th.; L. de Th.; L. de T.) (1818-??) Although of French nationality Themines was born and lived in Italy until 1853. He founded and contributed to several Italian political journals. In Paris, he collaborated with various journals, was music critic for La Patrie for a period, and was a translator of many opera librettos from French to Italian (and vice versa). [GDU] • V i l l a r s , Franqois de (Frantz de Villars; F. de Villars; F. de V.) (1825-79) An amateur painter and musician (he studied flute, then harmony with Deldevez), de Villars was musical feuilltonist to L'Europe for a time. He also pub-lished several books on musical subjects. [Fs] • V i z e n t i n i , A l b e r t (A. V.; Jacques Sincere; Sincerus ?) (1841-1906) After playing solo violin with various orchestras (Bouffes-Parisiens, Theatre-Lyrique, Pasdeloup's Concerts populaires), conducting and directing at several the-atres (Gaite, Porte-Saint-Martin, and Saint-James's, Princes's and the Lyceum in London), Vizentini attempted the resurrection of the Theatre-Lyrique. Despite many successful productions his reestablishment of this French national theatre lasted only twenty months (1876-78). Throughout his performing and directing career he also collaborated as a music critic with various journals (Charivari, L'Entr'acte, Grand Journal, Paris-Magazine, L'Evenement illustre, L'Eclair), founded a short-lived the-atrical journal Le Telegraphe (1872), and published books on musical subjects. As a composer he wrote several operettas and music of various genres. [Fs; GDU; R] • W e k e r l i n / W e c k e r l i n , Jean-Bapt i s te -Theodore (J. B. Wekerlin) (1821-1910) Having studied under Elwart (harmony) and Halevy (composition), this composer wrote a great number of comic operas and operettas, as well as music of various other genres. He published many books and studies on musical topics (Histoire de la contrebasse, Histoire de I'impression de la musique en France, Chansons popu-101 laires de France, Chants et Chansons populaires du printemps et de I'ete), even being awarded a medal by the Academie des beaux-arts for his Histoire de Instrumentation depuis le seizieme siecle jusqu'd I'epoque actuelle. Wekerlin is probably most well-known for serving as bibliothecaire of the Bibliotheque du Conservatoire (1876-1909), and for the catalogue raisonne of its holdings he compiled. [Fs; GDU; R] Ymbert/Imbert, Th. (Th. Ymbert; T. Ymbert) 102 Table 3 PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS: I s' PERIOD (1860-70) WRITER 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1861 ESCUDIER, L. ** ** ** ** * * * ** ** ** COMETTANT ** ** * * * * PONTECOULANT ** ** ** ** ** * ** * * GOTTSCHALK * * * * * * * SIMS * 1862 SCUDO ** ** ** RALPH ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** GAMMA ** ** * D'OUDALLE ** NEUKOMM ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 1863 CHOUQUET ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * DE VILLARS ** * ** ** * ** * 1864 COLIGNY * * * * THOINAN * * * * 1865 POUGIN * * * * * * LACOME ** ** ** ** ** ** LAUZIERES DE * ** ** ** ** THEMINES VIZENTINI * ** ** ** ** CHASLES * * * 1866 ORDINAIRE * * ANDRE M. * 1868 LAVOIX fils * AZEVEDO * * WEKERLIN * * * 1869 HEULHARD * 1870 LEPEUDRY * 103 Table 4 PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS: 2 n d PERIOD (1872-83) WRITER 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1872 ESCUDIER, L. ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** * ESCUDIER, E. ** ** ** ** * LACOME * * * ** ** * * DE MONTGARDE * * LEPEUDRY * * * * HEULHARD * LAUZIERES DE ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** THEMINES WEKERLIN * * * COHEN * * ** ** ** ** ** ** * POUGIN * ** COMETTANT * ** ** * GAMMA * * CHASLES * ELWART * * DELPRAT * * * 1873 LE SPHINX * * SALAMMBO * SINCERUS * * AZEVEDO * D'INDY * PONTECOULANT * * CHOUQUET * * NEUKOMM * ** * * DE GARVILLE * ** 1874 TRIMM ** FITZ-GERALD ** DE VILLARS * DE TALBERG * LE VRAI ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** STRADINA * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 1875 FRANCK RUELLE ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** * 104 Table 4 (continued) WRITER 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1876 DE MARENNA DE LASALLE SAINT-ARROMAN MANDL ** * * * * * * 1877 HESS, J.-CH. * SOULLIER * * D'AURIAC * * * * LANDELY- * ** HETTICH 1878 VAN HASSELT, A. * * * * VAN HASSELT, E. ** ** ** ** * ELIE * ** ** * * 1879 GREGOIRE ** ** ** ** ** D'ARM * * SUTTER * 1880 CRISTAL * * HESS, CH.-L. ** * 1881 DE MONGLAVE ** ** ** DEVILLEZ * ** * GIROD, P. ** ** ** MANSOUR * BODMIN ** ** ** FITZ-BERTH * DE CHALARIEU * ** ** MERIS * ** ** 1882 CHAUSSON 1883 DUBREUIL GIROD, A. * ** * ** 105 Table 5 PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS: 3 r d PERIOD (1883-94) WRITER 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1884 SAINT-ARROMAN * POUGIN * HELER ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** RUELLE ** * * ** DE CHALARIEU * CH. G. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** D'AURIAC ** * LAUZIERES DE * THEMINES GAUTIER * GIACCONE * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** 1885 CUI * * PAGNERRE * * * * MOSZKOWSKI ** * 1886 P. G. * ** LANDELY ** ** ** ** ** ** HESS, CH.-L. * * BRUNET * ** ** ** ** ** ** 1888 GREGOIRE * 1889 KRALL ** ** ** ** 1890 CH. H. ** ** DE MORNEVAL * * * 1891 FARGEL * SIMPLICE * 1893 HUE JAHYER HUTIN DE CURZON HIRSCH ADENIS * ** * * * * 106 Table 5 (continued) WRITER 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1893 PETILLEAU * ** MARIUS * SAGY * ** EYMIEU * ** IMBERT * ** FRENE ** ** PIERRE ** ** DE BOISJOSLIN ** ** 1894 BRANCOUR KREISLER * * 107 BIBLIOGRAPHY Albert, Pierre, Gilles Feyel, and Jean-Frangois Picard. Documents pour l'histoire de la presse na-tionale aux XIXs et XX6 siecles. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Centre de documentation sciences humaines, 1980. Bailbe, Joseph-Marc. "Le Bourgeois et la musique au XIXe siecle." Romantisme 17-18 (1977): 123-36. Bernard, Elisabeth. "Jules Pasdeloup et les Concerts populaires." Revue de musicologie 57 (1971): 150-78. . "L'Evolution de public d'Opera de 1860 a 1880." Regards sur l'Opera: du ballet comique de la Reine a I'opera de Pekin. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1976. Bonnefond, B., ed. Le Code typographique. Paris: Federation C.G.C. de la Communication, 1986. Bruyas, Fiorina. Histoire de I'operette en France, 1855-1965. Lyon: Emmanuel Vitte, 1974. Chantavoine, Jean, and Jean Gaudefroy-Demombynes. Le Romantisme dans la musique europeenne. Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 1955. Chausson, Ernest. "Parsifal (V: suite et fin)." L'Art musical 21, No. 34 (24 August 1882): 265-66. The Chicago Manual of Style. 13th edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. Clement, Felix, and Pierre Larousse. Dictionnaire des operas. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1905; New York: Da Capo Press reprint, 1969. Cohen, H. Robert."An Introduction to the Fourth 'R': Le Repetoire international de la presse musicale du dix-neuvieme siecle (RIPMxix)." Periodica Musica 1 (Spring 1983): 1. . "On the Structure of the Repertory: RIPMxix Series A and Series B, Archival Sources and Bibliographical Resources." Fontes Artis Musicae 30, Nos. 1/2 (January/June 1983): 65-72. . "The Nineteenth-Century French Press and the Music Historian: Archival Sources and Bibliographical Resources." Nineteenth-Century Music 7, No. 2 (Fall 1983): 136-42. Cohen, H. Robert, with the collaboration of Donald G. Gislason, and Carla Biberdorf. RIPMxix Series A Guidelines. 2 Vols. Vancouver: Centre international de recherche sur la presse musicale, 1983. Cohen, H. Robert, with the collaboration of Donald G. Gislason, Carla Biberdorf, and Diana Snig-urowicz. RIPM Series A Procedures: Instructions to Contributors. 2 Vols. Vancouver: Centre international de recherche sur la presse musicale, 1987. Cohen, H. Robert, and Marcello Conati. "Le Repertoire international de la presse musicale." Acta Musicologia 59 (1987): 308-24. Cohen, H. Robert, Marcello Conati, and Elvidio Surian. "Centres internationaux de recherche sur 108 la presse musicale (CIRPM), Repertoire international de la presse musicale du dix-neuvieme siecle (RIPMxix): A Preliminary Report." Fontes Artis Musicae 28, Nos. 1/2 (January/June 1981): 105-106. Combarieu, J., and R. Dumesnil. Histoire de la musique: des origines a nos jours. Vol. 2, Courants et tendances au XIXs siecle. Paris: Librairie Armond Colin, 1955. Cooper, Jeffrey. The Rise of Instrumental Music and Concert Series in Paris, 1828-1871. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1983. Croston, William L. French Grand Opera: An Art and a Business. New York: King's Crown Press, 1948. Desessarts, A. "Silhouettes musicals: (II) La cantatrice de salon." La France musicale 3, No. 11 (15 March 1840): 116. Dictionnaire de la musique: les hommes et leurs oeuvres. S.v. "Leduc, Alphonse" (II, 618). Duckies, Vincent. "Patterns in the Historiography of 19th-century Music." Acta Musicologia 42 (1970): 75-82. Eckart-Backer, Ursula. "Der Einfluss des Positivismus auf die franzosische Musikkritik im 19. Jahrhundert." Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Musikkritik. Regensburg: Gustav Bosse Verlag, 1965. Escudier, Leon. "Quelques mots au Messager des theatres." L'Art musical 4, No. 15 (10 March 1864): 116. . "Le Theatre-Italien. Reouverture — La traviata — Rigoletto." L'Art musical 3, No. 47 (22 October 1863): 372. Fellinger, Imogen. Verzeichnis der Musikzeitschriften des 19. Jahrhunderts. Regensburg: Gustave Bosse Verlag, 1968. Fetis, Francois-Joseph. Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographic generate de la musique. 2nd ed. 8 Vols. Paris: Firmin Didot Freres, 1866-70. Fulcher, Jane Fair. "Musical Aesthetics and Social Philosopy in France, 1848-70." Ph.D. disserta-tion: Columbia University, 1976. . "The Orpheon Societies: 'Music for the Workers' in Second Empire France." In-ternational Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 10 (1979): 47-56. Gislason, Donald G. "Computer-Assisted Retrospective Periodical Indexing: La Chronique musicale, a Prototype RIPMxix Catalogue." M.A. thesis: University of British Columbia, 1985. Goubault, Christian. La Critique musicale dans la presse frangaise de 1870 a 1914- Paris: Editions Slatkine, 1984. La Grand Encyclopedic du XIXe siecle: inventaire raisonne des sciences, des lettres et des arts. Paris: Societe Anonyme de la Grande Encyclopedic, n.d. Hagan, Dorothy Veinus. "French Music Criticism between the Revolutions, 1830-1848." Ph.D. dissertation: University of Illinois, 1965. 109 Hellouin, Frederic. Essai de critique de la critique musicale. Paris: A. Joanin & Cie, 1906. La Laurencie, Lionel de. Le Gout musical en France. Paris: 1905; Geneva: Slatkine reprints, 1970. Larousse, Pierre, ed. Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe siecle. Paris: Administration du Grand Dictionnaire Universel, 1865. Leduc, Alphonse. "Ce que sera L'Art musicaV L'Art musical 22, No. 49 (13 December 1883): 385-86. Machabey, Armand. Traite de la critique musicale. Paris: Richard-Masse Editeurs, 1957. Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. S.v. "Zeitschriften." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. S.v. "Criticism" (V, 36-50);"Escudier" (VI, 245-46); "Musicology" (XII, 836-63); "Periodicals" (XIV, 407-535). Noel, Edouard, and Edmond Stoullig. Les Annates du theatre et de la musique: 1875. Paris: Charpentier, 1876. L'Opera de 1597 a nos jours: dictionnaire chronologique. Trans, from the Italian by Sophie Gher-ardi. Paris: Editions Ramsay, 1979. Osborne, Charles. The Dictionary of the Opera. New York: Simon &: Schuster, 1983. "Periodicals Selected for Priority Indexing by Members of the Commission Internationale Mixte and the Commission for Bibliographical Research." Periodica Musica 1 (Spring 1983): 2-5. Pistone, Daniele. La Musique en France de la Revolution a 1900. Paris: Honore Champion, 1979. Pougin, Arthur. Dictionnaire historique et pittoresque du theatre et des arts qui s'y rattachent. Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie, 1885. . "Notes sur la presse musicale en France." Encyclopedic de la musique et de dictio-nnaire du Conservatoire II, Vol. 6. Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1913-31, pp. 3841-3859. , ed. Supplement et complement a la Biographic universelle des musiciens et bibli-ographic generale de la musique. 2 Vols. Paris: Firmin Didot Freres, 1878-80. Ramat, A. Grammaire typographique. Montreal: Tour de la Bourse, 1984. Riemann, Hugo. Musik-Lexicon. 12th ed. edited by Wilibald Gurlitt. Mainz: B. Schott's Sohne, 1959-67. Rohozinski, L., ed. Cinquante ans de musique frangaise de 1874 a 1925. 2 Vols. Paris: Librairie de France, 1925. Rosenthal, Harold, and John Warrack. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera. 2nd edition. London: Oxford University Press, 1980. Soubies, Albert. Histoire du Theatre-Lyrique, 1851-1870. Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1899. . Soizante-sept ans a l'Opera en une page, du < Siege de Corinthe > a < La 110 Walkyrie > (1826-1893). Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1893. . Le Theatre-Italien de 1801 a 1913. Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1913. Soubies, Albert, and Charles Malherbe. Histoire de l'Opera Comique; la seconde salle Favart, 1840-1887. Paris: Librairie Marpon et Flammarion, 1892; Geneva: Minkoff reprint, 1978. Stieger, Franz. Opernlexicon. 11 Vols. Tutzing: Schneider, 1975. Supicic, Ivo. Musique et Societe: perspectives pour une sociologie de la musique. Zagreb: Institut de Musicologie, 1971. Thomas, Adolphe V. Dictionnaire des difficultes de la langue jranqaise. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1971. Treitler, Leo. '"To Worship that Celestial Sound': Motives for Analysis." The Journal of Musicology 1, No. 2 (April 1982): 153-70. Weber, William. "Mass Culture and the Reshaping of European Musical Taste, 1770-1870." Inter-national Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 8 (June 1977): 5-21. . "The Muddle of the Middle Classes." Nineteenth-Century Music 3 (1979): 175-85. . Music and the Middle Class: The Social Structure of Concert Life in London, Paris and Vienna. London: Croom Helm, 1975. I l l Appendix I LIST OF MUSIC SUPPLEMENTS AND GRATUITIES OFFERED TO SUBSCRIBERS OF L'ART MUSICAL 112 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities The titles of music supplements and gratuities are arranged alphabetically, by composer, with the pertinent volume and issue no. indicated on the right. The original titles and genre indications as they appear in L'Art musical have been retained. Music supplements that have been bound with L'Art musical are indicated by the music siglum •. Asterisks indicate musical gratuities—albums of collected works (either piano, vocal, or dance music), by one composer or several—that were offered as annual premiums. Authorship of a collected edition by various composers has been attributed to "COLLECTIF." Titles in square brackets indicate an album of collected works that the preceding music example belongs to. AGUILAR, D' Les Etoiles (romance) III, 31 ALI-BEN-SOU-ALLE Chanson gaelique (melodie, paroles de Sir Walter Scott) IV, 25 ANONYME Quadrille sur les motife de l'operette Chrysocale de De Sivry (piano) XIV, 10 Le Tango americain (chanson Creole, paroles de Gustave Chouquet) III, 23 Souvenir de Raincy (polka-mazurka pour piano) XXII, 9 ANTHIOME, EUGENE Plage bretonne (Souvenir de Trebeurden) (impression musicale pour XXXIII, 14 piano) ARBAN, JOSEPH-JEAN-BAPTISTE-LAURENT *La Contessina (valses pour piano) [Les Perles des salons] IX, 4 Correspondancia (polka-mazurka pour piano) XXI, 14 *Marche armenienne (piano) [Concerts de Paris] VI *Les Marionnettes (quadrille pour piano) [Les Marionnettes] I Polka sur des motifs de Macbeth de Verdi (piano) VI, 1 Polka sur des motifs de l'opera-comique Reve d'amour d'Auber X, 34 (piano) Polka-Mazurka sur des motifs de l'opera-comique Reve d'amour X, 26 d'Auber (piano) Quadrille sur des motifs du ballet La maschera de Giorza (piano) IV, 49 Quadrille sur des motifs de l'opera bouffe Les Masques de Pedrotti X, 9 (piano) *Quadrille sur des motifs de l'opera-comique Le roi Va dit de Leo XIII Delibes (piano) [Les Bals de Paris] Quadrille sur des motifs de l'opera-comique Une fete a Venise de XI, 14 Federico Ricci (piano) Refrains de Milan, quadrille sur La Milanaise, air populaire de IV, 11 Giorza (piano) - 113-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Salut a Saint-Petersbourg (marche pour piano) * Viv' M'sieu I'Maire (quadrille pour piano) [Album de piano] ARDITI, LTJIGI Le Cavalier noir (ballade, paroles de Leon Escudier) ARJOU, MARIE D' Le Carillon (caprice pour piano) ARMINGAUD, JULES Guitare (pour piano, extrait du recueil Pieces de divers caracteres) AUBER, DANIEL-FRANCOIS-ESPRIT *Doux re'veil (melodie) [Les Perles des salons] L'Hirondelle, romance de l'opera-comique La Fiancee du roi de Garbe *Reve d'amour (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) Romance du Reve d'amour AUZENDE, A. Nivose (melodie, poesie de Jean Richepin) AZEMAR, D' Gavotte (piano) BACHMANN, GEORGES Adieux (extrait du recueil Vingt-cinq Pieces, op. 38, piano) •Laendler (n° 13 de Vingt-cinq Pieces, op. 38, piano) •Mazurka-Reveuse (n° 2 de Vingt-cinq Pieces, piano) •Menuet en sol majeur (extraite de Vingt-cinq Pieces, piano) Plainte (piano) •Serenade (n° 1 de Vingt-cinq Pieces, fantaisie originale pour piano) BANEUX, G. Le Mouton de Betzy (chansonnette spirituelle, paroles de E. Bourget) BATAILLE, CHARLES Chant du crepuscule (melodie) BAZIN, FRANQOIS La Fleur (melodie) Psaume de David (a quatre voix, compose pour les funerailles d'Halevy) BAZZONI, GIOVANNI Basquinette (romance, paroles de E. Pierson) Farfala (valse pour piano) -114-XXII, 17 VIII VII, 14 II, 33 XXIX, 22 IX, 4 VIII, 14 XI X, 7 XX, 36 XXI, 26 XXVIII, 18 XXVII, 18 XXVII, 18 XXIV, 6 XXV, 2 XXIII, 11 V, 25 V, 43 IX, 26 II, 18 VI, 43 XI, 5 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities La Fille de Thotesse (ballade, paroles d'Hippolyte Lucas) VIII, 40 Frele esquif (barcarolle, paroles de A. Flamant) VI, 11 L'Hirondelle (romance, paroles d'Hippolyte Lucas) VII, 45 Lagrima d'addio (reverie pour piano) XI, 18 Mon Bel Enfant (romance, paroles d'Alfred Albert) IV, 47 Le Naufrage (romance) IX, 52 La Puissance de Dieu (melodie, paroles d'Hippolyte Lucas) IX, 30 // rimprovero (romance pour piano) XIII, 36 Seules au monde (romance, paroles de May) VIII, 52 Le Sommeil de I'enfant (romance, paroles de Reine Garde) II, 39 Void la neige (romance, paroles d'Alfred Albert) I, 17 * Yvonne au cceur de marbre (melodie) [Les Sirenes] IV BEDRABAD, E. DE Valse de salon (piano) XXII, 21 BEETHOVEN, LUDWIG VAN *Ballet des Chevaliers (piano) XIII *Les Ruines d'Athenes (partition piano et chant) VII BEMBERG, HERMAN •Rosette (idylle, poesie de Georges Boyer) XXIV, 8 BEUST, COMTE DE La Tarentelle-Valse (piano) XVIII, 22 BIAGGINI, E. Domina (melodie) XXIX, 16 BILLEMA, CHARLES *Le Camelia bleu (polka-mazurka pour piano) [Les Marionnettes] I *Valse sur des motifs de l'opera bouffe Don Bucefalo de Cagnoni VI (piano) [Concerts de Paris] Valse sur des motifs de Simon Boccanegra de Verdi (piano) XIII, 52 BILLEMA, RAPHAEL *La Noce du village (piano) [Les Enchantements] IV BISCARRI, J. Habaneras (piano) XXI, 28 BLANC, ADOLPHE *Les Deux Billets (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) II, 13;15;17;19 BOIELDIEU, ADRIEN Amour de mere (melodie, paroles d'Hippolyte Guerin de Litteau) II, 51 Douce pensee (melodie, paroles de Roger de Cluzeau) XII, 7 - 115-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities BONAMICI, FERDINAND Luisa (melodie pour piano) BORODINE, ALEXANDRE Intermezzo (extrait de la Petite Suite, piano) La Reine de la mer (melodie, paroles de C. Grandmougin) BOULANGER, ERNEST *Don Mucarade (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) Rondo de l'opera-comique L 'Eventail (piano) BRANCOUR, F. RENE La Vieille Fenetre (melodie, poesie de Felix Frank) BRISSON, FREDERIC Ldstitia (valse pour piano) BRUNEAU, ALFRED * Genevieve (scene lyrique, partition piano et chant) CAGNONI, ANTONIO *Don Bucefalo (opera bouffe, partition piano seul) CAMPANA, FABIO *Fleurs italiennes (Fiori italiano) (six melodies) CARMAN, M. •Romance de Nichette de l'opera-comique La Servante de Ramponneau CARVALHO, RICARDO F. DE A Mimosa (caprice pour piano) CASTRO, E. Pense a mot (melodie, paroles de Marc Constantin) CAZANEUVE, EDOUARD Ballade (chanson, poesie d'Albert Delpit) Chanson bretonne (paroles d'Albert Delpit) La Serenade du bohemien Joseph (chanson, poesie de Jules Truffier) CHOPIN, FREDERIC * Nocturnes pour piano (edition complete) [Sans titre] (melodie transcrite pour chant avec paroles franchises) CIMAROSA, DOMENICO VIII, 38 XXX, 6 XXX, 12 XV 1,5 XXII, 15 VI, 23 XXII XV XXV, 16 XXI, 35 VIII, 26 XXI, 33 XXI, 41 XXII, 31 VII XXI, 48 116 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities *Le astuzie femminili (opera, partition piano seul) XIV CLAPISSON, LOUIS *Les Mysteres de Dieu (chanson) [Les Sirenes] IV CCEDES, A. * Une drole de soiree (valse humoristique pour piano) [Les Bals de XIII Paris] COHEN, HENRY Coeur jaloux (romance espagnole, paroles d'Octave Lebesque) XVIII, 18 La Valse du printemps (melodie, paroles de Am. Burion) XIII, 13 COHEN, JULES Aurora (romance pour piano) IX, 46 Lelia (romance pour piano) IX, 42 Menuet (piano) III, 29 Poeme d'amour (etude pour piano) X, 14 Le Rossignol (melodie-etude pour piano) XI, 50 COLLECTIF * Album de piano VIII *Les Bals de Paris (album de piano) XIII *Les Bengalis (album de chant) V *Brises du printemps (album de piano) II * Concerts de Paris (album de piano) VI *Les Enchantements (album de piano) IV *Les Gerbes d'or (album de piano) V *Keepsake des pianistes (album de piano) III *Les Joies de I'hiver (album de danse) III *Les Maitres du piano (album de piano) VII *Les Marionnettes (album de danse) I *Les Perles des salons (album de chant et piano) IX * Perles d'ivoire (album de piano) I *Les Sirenes (album de chant) IV *Six (Euvres pour le piano (album de piano) XV *Les Veillees des pianistes (album de piano) X COMETTANT, OSCAR Adieux au Danemark (mazurka pour piano) IV, 27 La Comete de 1861 (melodie d'Emile de La Bedolliere, I, 37 accompagnement de Comettant) *L'Inconstance (valse de salon pour piano) [Perles d'ivoire] I Les Nuits de Boheme (piano) IV, 7 Que le jour me dure (nocturne a deux voix, paroles de J.-J. VIII, 18 Rousseau) COQUARD, ARTHUR *Douze Melodies (album de chant) XX Absence - 117-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Adieux a Suzon Les Aigles Berceuse Guitare Halt Luli Helas! Si jeune encore Lucie Mimi Pinson Pourquoi? Si j'etais jeune fille Sur la haute montagne CORNEDE, GUSTAVE Les Bracelets d'or (valse pour piano) VII, 27 COTTIER, R. Air de l'opera-comique Simone XXII, 19 Arioso pour soprano de Simone XXII, 3 CRAMER, JOHANN BAPTISTE Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Zilia de Villate (piano) XVII, 47 CRESSONNOIS, J. *Le Cavalier et I'Echo (melodie) [Les Sirenes] IV Demande et Reponse (melodie) VIII, 22 Esperance (melodie, paroles d'Adolphe de Pontecoulant) IV, 17 Extase (melodie, poesie de Victor Hugo) XIII, 28 Que le jour me dure (melodie, paroles de J.-J. Rousseau) XIV, 48 CROISEZ, ALEXANDRE Fantaisie sur des motifs des Vepres siciliennes de Verdi (piano) XV, 28 CRUVELLI, SOPHIE Le Livre de la vie (melodie, paroles de A. de Lamartine) VII, 49 Souvenir de bal (polka chantee) X, 16 CUI, CESAR L'Etoile (melodie) XXXII, 16 Mai (melodie, extraite du recueil Vignettes musicales) XXX, 8 La Mere et I'Enfant (melodie, extraite de Vignettes musicales) XXXI, 8 Le Petit Cog (melodie, extraite de Vignettes musicales) XXXI, 8 Le Petit Lievre (melodie, extraite de Vignettes musicales) XXX, 4 Petite Valse (piano) XXX, 14 Te souvient-il encore (melodie) XXXIII, 27 CUNIO, A. La Belle Vendangeuse (chanson pour piano) III, 51 DAL VESCO, ANGELO Danse havanaise (fantaisie pour piano) - 118 -XXI, 2 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities DANTY, L. Ivresse d'oiseaux (melodie) DAVID, FELICIEN Couplets dans le 3° acte de l'opera-comique Le Saphir « En galant chevalier », air du Saphir *Le Saphir (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) DELIBES, LEO Duet de l'opera-comique Le roi Va dit *Le roi Va dit (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) Serenade pour soprano de Le roi Va dit DESGRANGES, EMILE Mazurka sur des motifs de l'opera-comique La Fiancee du roi de Garbe d'Auber (piano) *Polka sur des motifs de l'opera bouffe Crispino e la comare des freres Ricci (piano) [Concerts de Paris] Polka-Mazurka sur des motifs de l'opera bouffe Don Bucefalo de Cagnoni (piano) DOAT, EDOUARD Chanson populaire DOLMETSCH, VICTOR Air languedocien (extrait du recueil Quinze Pieces, piano) • Caprice (n° 10 de Quinze Pieces, piano) DONIZETTI, GAETANO L'Attente (melodie) Leonore (romance) Le Pauvre Exile (romance) DONJON, JOHANNES Jadis (gavotte pour piano) DUBOIS, THEODORE A Vaube (n° 1 de Vingt Pieces nouvelles, piano) L'Aveu (melodie, paroles de Ed. Blau) • Chanson d'ete (n° 11 de Vingt Melodies, poesie de Mme la baronne F. de La Tombelle) Chanson de printemps (melodie) •La Fee Jeunesse (n° 9 de Vingt Melodies, poesie de E. Rostand) Jeanne (melodie, paroles de Ed. Blau) •Madrigal (n° 7 de Vingt Melodies, poesie d'Armand Silvestre) *Le Paradis perdu (oratorio, partition piano et chant) •Poeme de mai (n° 14 de Vingt Melodies, poesie d'Armand Silvestre) - 119-XXVII, 9 XXI, 16 XXI, 24 XXII XIII, 41 XVIII XII, 40 VIII, 28 VI VI, 5 VIII, 44 XXIX, 14 XXIII, 15 V, 51 V, 47 V, 31 XXI, 18 XXII, 49 XX, 48 XXIII, 17 XXIX, 8 XXVII, 24 XX, 40 XXIII, 21 XXI XXIII, 2 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities [Sans titre] (fragment de ballet pour piano) [Sans titre] (n° 5 du recueil Sous bois, vingt melodies) * Vingt Melodies (chant et piano) DUFILS, LEON *Caquet (polka pour piano) [Les Bals de Paris] Polka sur des motifs de 1'opera-comique Le roi Va dit de Delibes (piano) DUPREZ, GILBERT Le Grillon (melodie) Jeune Femme (melodie) DURAND, EMILE Bonheur du passe (melodie, paroles de Gustave Chouquet) Chanson du mois de mat (melodie, paroles de Gustave Chouquet) Le Palanquin (chanson, paroles d'Armand Renaud) Le Reve dore I Le Rive etoile (?) (melodie, paroles de Jules Bertrand) DUVERGES, J. Bebe (polka pour piano) DUVERNOY, ALPHONSE •Ischl (n° 8 du recueil Voyage ou il vous plaira!) * Voyage ou il vous plaira! (15 pieces pour piano) ELWART, ANTOINE Ave maria (melodie pour soprano) ESCUDIER, LEON et MARIE * Dictionnaire de musique theorique et pratique, 5* edition ESCURY, BARON D' La Folie (galop pour piano) ESPADERO, N. R. Polka de salon (piano) [Sans titre] (morceau pour piano) Souvenirs d'autrefois (piano) FIORAVANTI, VALENTINO Regrets (melodie, paroles d'Edouard Duprez) FISSOT, HENRI *Douze Pieces de Piano Appassionato Blue Devils - 120-XXXIII, 31 XXX, 20 XXIII XIII XIII, 23 II, 5 IV, 1 V, 7 V,7 V, 21 V, 17 XII, 45 XXVI, 18 XXIII II, 27 XII II, 49 IV, 3 IX, 33 I, 31 IV, 51 XXI List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Le Chant du chewier Chant funebre Confidence Impromptu Meditation 1" Nocturne Nocturne Phantasie Stuck Quasi tempo di marcia Souvenance GABRIELLI, COMTE NICOLO Polka siamoise (piano) GAILLARD, LEOPOLD La Jeune Fille et I'Echo (romance) GALEOTTI, C. Soiree d'automne (piano) GALLOIS, LE BARDE La Marche des hommes d'Harlech (chanson, paroles d'Alfred Erny) GANDON, JOANNY Fedora (polka pour piano) GARCIA, AURELIO Curapaity (valse pour piano) GARIBOLDI, GIUSEPPE Femme et Fleur (melodie) GARNIER, EDOUARD •L 'Adieu (n° 8 de Vingt Sonnets, chanson, paroles d'Eugene Manuel) Amphion (sonnet pour chant) GASTINEL, LEON Arioso (piano) La Fee des eaux (chanson) *Heures de reverie (album de chant) L'Absence (romance) Ce qui plait au village (ariette) Je suis beau seigneur de Seville (bolero) Le Matin et le Soir (fantaisie) La Rose (ballade) Une nuit (scene) GAUTIER, L. L 'Extase (valse pour piano) - 121 -I, 51 III, 35 XXXIII, 5 IV, 9 XXII, 5 VIII, 46 IV, 29 XXV, 12 XXIX, 12 I, 19 XVIII, 46 I XXVII, 9 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities GHYS, HENRY En chemin (piano) XXIX, 6 Evelina (polka pour piano) XI, 37 •La Joyeuse Auberge (fantaisie pour piano, n° 7 du recueil XXV, 14 A I'aventure) Une source (piano) XXIX, 6 GIORZA, PAUL Le Galop des Cartes du ballet La Maschera (piano) VIII, 8 Polka-Comique de La Maschera (piano) IV, 31 Polka-Mazurka de La Maschera (piano) IV, 19 Valse tiree du ballet Bianchi e neri (piano) III, 9 GLUCK, CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD *Alceste (partition piano et chant, accompagnement de E. II Vauthrot) « Divinites du Styx», air final du premier acte (VAlceste I, 49 (accompagnement pour piano de E. Vauthrot) GODARD, BENJAMIN Confidence (piano) XXIX, 10 Petit Canon (piano) XXIX, 10 •Rococo (n° 3 de Vingt Pieces, piano) XXVI, 6 •Scherzetto (n° 4 de Vingt Pieces, piano) XXVI, 2 Valse villageoise (extraite de Vingt Pieces, piano) XXVII, 10 GODEFROID, FELIX *Souvenir de bal (piano) [Les Perles des salons] IX, 4 GOLDBERG, PASQUALE Appelez-moi toujours ma soeur (melodie) VI, 3 GORDIGIANI, LUIGI La capitolazione (melodie) III, 19 En bateau (melodie, paroles d'Emile Deschamps) IX, 35 Le Lodi del sabato (melodie) III, 7 Ma soeur (melodie, paroles d'Emile Deschamps) IX, 39 Nocturne (duet pour soprano et contralto) III, 45 Nocturne (duet pour soprano et contralto VI, 47 Le Plus Beau Nom (melodie, paroles d'Edouard Duprez) II, 9 Til n's de mes larmes (melodie, paroles d'Edouard Duprez) II, 35 Une incredule (melodie) II, 47 GOTTSCHALK, CLARA Echo de la Floride (piano) IX, 10 GOTTSCHALK, LOUIS-MOREAU Ave Maria (melodie) - 122 -XIV, 7 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Berceuse (piano) III, 21 Le Chant du martyr (caprice religieux pour piano) XVIII, 27 *Charme du foyer (piano) XVI *La Chute des feuilles (piano) [Les Enchantements] IV * Colombia (piano) XVI L 'Extase: Pensee poetique (piano) X, 30 Fantome de bonheur (caprice pour piano) I, 5 *Gitanilla (piano) [Perles d'ivoire] I Jeunesse I Orfa (?) (mazurka pour piano) XII, 34 Mazurka rustique (piano) XIV, 5 *(Euvres de Concert (recueil de 16 morceaux pour piano) XX La Bamboula (danse negre) Le Banjo (caprice americain) Columbia (caprice) La Gitanilla (caprice) God save the Queen Grand Scherzo Hymne bresilien (fantaisie) Impromptu La Jota aragonesa (caprice espagnol) Manchega (etude) Marche de nuit Marche funebre Minuit a Seville (aubade) Printemps d'amour (mazurka) Souvenir de La Havane (caprice) Tremolo (etude) * (Euvres de Salon (recueil de 25 morceaux pour piano) XIX Pensez a moi (melodie) XVIII, 5 Le Poete mourant (piano) XIV, 22 Souvenir de Cuba (mazurka pour piano) XIII, 18 Suis-moi (caprice de salon pour piano) III, 13 *Suis-moi (piano) XVI Les Yeux Creoles (piano) V, 13 GOUGELET, A. [Sans titre] (melodie) XXII, 41 GOUNOD, CHARLES Romance de la Suite concertante (reduite pour piano par Pierne) XXVIII, 10 GRAZIANI, MAXIMILIEN Les Cascades (valse pour piano) III, 41 L 'Indienne (polka pour piano) III, 1 GRIMAL, A. La Rouennaise (polka-mazurka pour piano) XVII, 49 GRUBER, EMILE La Musique au salon (chansonnette) XI, 32 - 123-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Regret et Chariie (melodie) XIII, 42 Souvenir (melodie) XII, 48 GUERCIA, ALFONSO II ne m'aimait pas (Non m'amava) (melodie) XI, 45 Je Vaimais (Reponse a II ne m'aimait pas) (melodie) XI, 50 GUIRAUD, ERNEST Entr'acte de l'opera-comique Madame Turlupin (piano) XII, 6 La Romance et le Chceur de la Retraite de Madame Turlupin XIV, 30 La Ronde des Comediens de Madame Turlupin XII, 10 HALEVY, FROMENTHAL Blanche (melodie, paroles de De Saint-Georges) IX, 8 *La Magicienne (opera, partition piano et chant) I 0 Salutaris (chanson) VII, 33 HASSENHUT, J. L 'Etoile du soir (chanson, paroles de Duchemin) XIX, 34 Farandole (caprice pour piano) XX, 13 HAYDN, FRANZ JOSEF *Les Douze Premieres Symphonies (piano seul) XXII HEFTRICH, G. Hilda-Polka (piano) IX, 24 Polka des roses (piano) VIII, 34 HEMERY En se balangant dans un fauteuil (n° 7 du recueil Huit Pieces) XXXI, 10 HENON, ALEXANDRE Agnus Dei (chanson) XXII, 11 HERZ, HENRI Fantaisie sur le Galop de l'opera Gustave d'Auber (piano) XVIII, 7 HESS, CHARLES LEON Au loin (chanson, paroles de A. Landely-Hettich) XVIII, 24 Fantaisie variee sur God save the Queen (piano) XVII, 34 Ronde de nuit (caprice pour piano) XXI, 6 Sarabande (piano) XX, 34 * Trois Duos (pour soprano et mezzo-soprano, paroles de A. Landely- XX Hettich) Nuit etoilee Regrets Reveil - 124-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities HILLEMACHER, PAUL * Quinze Pieces (album de piano) HILLEMACHER, PAUL et LUCIEN XXIII •A travers champs (tire de Quinze Pieces, piano) Air de Joyeuse de l'opera-comique Saint-Megrin Au pieds de Dieu (chanson) •Aveu (n° 2 de Vingt Melodies, poesie d'Armand Silvestre) •Barchetta (n° 13 du recueil Vingt Pieces nouvelles, caprice pour piano) • Cortege (n° 1 de Vingt Pieces nouvelles, extrait de la suite d'orchestre La Cinquantaine) •Entr'acte de l'opera-comique Saint-Megrin (piano) •Fabliau (a deux voix egales, chante par Isabelle et Colombine dans l'opera-comique Une aventure d'Arlequin) Ici-bas (melodie) Ideal (melodie) *Loreley (legende symphonique, partition piano et chant) • Melodie arabe (n° 9 de Vingt Melodies, poesie d'Eugene Adenis) •« Mignonne, allons voir si la rose » du 3* acte de l'opera-comique Saint-Megrin (odelette de Ronsard) Petit Roi (extrait de Vingt Melodies, 2' volume) •Retraite (tiree des Equisses musicales, piano) •Separation (melodie, poesie d'Andre Chenier) Serenade (piano) Si mes vers avaient des ailes (melodie, extraite du 2' recueil) Deuxieme Valse en sol (reduction pour piano seul, extrait d'une serie de Trois Valses a quatre mains) HUE, GEORGES Chanson d 'exile (extraite du recueil Vingt Melodies) • Chant des noces (n° 14 de Vingt Melodies, poesie d'Henry Greville) • Chant grec (n° 12 de Vingt Melodies, poesie de A. Ocampo) Enchantement (melodie) Introduction de la pantomime Coeur brise (piano) •Premiere Melodie (tiree du recueil Six Melodies, paroles de L'Intermezzo d'Henri Heine) •Romance d'Ulric de l'opera-comique Les Pantins Serenade (pour piano) Violettes (melodie, paroles d'Armand Silvestre) HUNTEN, FRANCOIS Betty (Echo des montagnes) (piano) En avant! (rondo militaire pour piano) La Vivandiere (rondo pour piano) INDY, VINCENT D' Lac vert (n° 4 du recueil Tableaux de voyage, piano) Paturage (extrait de Tableaux de voyage, piano) - 125 -XXIV, 10 XXV, 4 XXXI, 4 XXIII, 9 XXIII, 19 XXVII, 14 XXV, 6 XXVII, 8 XXIV, 20 XXVIII, 12 XXIII XXVI, 12 XXV, 8 XXIX, 24 XXIV, 14 XXVII, 4 XXIII, 3 XXVIII, 20 XXXII, 19 XXIX, 20 XXVIII, 8 XXVIII, 4 XXXII, 23 XXX, 22 XXV, 20 XXVII, 12 XXXIII, 23 XXX, 24 VI, 45 I, 43. I, 39 XXXI, 6 XXX, 2 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities La Poste (n° 6 de Tableaux de voyage, piano) IPPOLITO, LOUIS Adieux a Paris (polka pour piano) JAELL, ALFRED *Quatuor a cordes de Verdi (transcrit pour piano) Salut a Calsrad (bagatelle pour piano) La Sirene (melodie pour piano) Tarentelle sur des motifs d' Un hallo in maschera de Verdi (piano) JERVIS, E. S. Illusions de bonheur (romance) KARREN, N. Invocation! (meditation poetique, paroles de Lamartine) KETTEN, HENRY •Habanera (n° 4 de Vingt Pieces posthumes, piano) Tcherkess-valse (piano) KETTENUS, ALOYS Chanson de la reveuse (melodie, paroles d'Andre van Hasselt) KETTERER, EUGENE * Chant elegiaque (piano) [Les Perles des salons] *Margellina (tarentelle pour piano) [Album de piano] *L'Odalisque (melodie pour piano) [Concerts de Paris] Sous les lilas (mazurka pour piano) KOHLER, EMILE Dix-huit Printemps (mazurka pour piano) KONTSKI, ANTOINE DE Ismailia (nocturne pour piano) Pourquoi douier? (romance pour piano) KOWALSKI, HENRY L'Etoile d'amour (melodie) KRUGER, WILHELM *Chceur des Scythes et Ballet d'Iphigenie en Tauride de Gluck (transcription pour piano) [Les Perles des salons] *Les Cloches du soir (piano) [Perles d'ivoire] Fantaisie-transcription du Choeur et Trio final de l'opera Attila de Verdi (piano) Intermezzo (piano) XXXI, 6 VIII, 1 XVIII VI, 49 I, 27 . II, 11 VIII, 10 XXII, 1 XXIII, 1 XXIX, 2 IV, 41 IX, 4 VIII VI VII, 12 XXI, 39 XII, 14 XIX, 28 XVIII, 12 IX, 4 I II, 5 VII, 16 - 126 -List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities *Nuit en mer (piano) [Album de piano] *La Religieuse (caprice-transcription pour piano d'une melodie de Schubert) [Concerts de Paris] *Le Tilleul et la Richesse (piano) [Les Enchantements] KUHE, WILHELM Le Murmure du ruisseau (nocturne pour piano) LA BEDOLLIERE, EMILE DE La Comete de 1861 (chanson, accompagnement de Comettant) LACK, THEODORE • Chanson-Valse (n° 9 du recueil Album du souvenir, piano) Le Furet (extrait d'Album du souvenir, piano) •Petite Chanson (n° 4 d'Album du souvenir, piano) Petite Histoire (extraite d'Album du souvenir, piano) LACOME, PAUL Deux Mazurkes caracteristiques (piano) •Inspire-moi (melodie hebraique a deux voix egales, Psaume CHI, n° 5 de Douze Psaumes) N'esperons plus, mon ame (choral a une voix, extrait de Douze Psaumes des lyriques francais) Trois Valses (piano) Trois Valses caracteristiques (piano) Valse de concert (piano) LAGOANERE, O. DE Isabella (marche triomphale pour piano) LA GRAVELIERE, ALBERT DE Le Crieur de ville (nocturne, paroles d'Albert de la Graveliere) LAJARTE, THEODORE DE •Menuet danse par les deux arlequins Coraline et Nerine dans le ballet Les Jumeaux de Bergame (piano) LALANNE, J. M. DE Sots heureuse (melodie, paroles de Victor Hugo) LAMOTHE, GEORGES Le Chemin des violettes (valse pour piano) Reverie d'automne (fantaisie pour piano) *Succes melodiques (douze fantaisies pour piano) Toujours a toi (valse pour piano) LAURENS, EDMOND Chanson! (melodie, poesie de Victor Hugo) - 127 -VIII VI IV VI, 31 I, 37 XXVII, 22 XXIX, 18 XXVIII, 2 XXIX, 18 VIII, 24 XXIII, 5 XXVIII, 16 V, 23 XV, 21 VI, 13 XIV, 15 XII, 28 XXV, 10 II, 23 XXII, 29 XX, 42 XVII XXI, 46 XX, 44 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Si mes vers avaient des ailes (melodie) XX, 24 LAURENT DE RILLE, FRANCOIS-ANATOLE Couplets du Charme de l'opera-comique Babiole XXII, 7 LAVAINNE, FERDINAND Le Chant du cavalier (etude pour piano) XX, 38 L'Exile (lied pour piano) XX, 50 Sonnet (melodie, poesie de Jules Voituriez) XXII, 27 LEBEUF, D. Reverie-Valse (piano) XXI, 31 LE BORNE, FERNAND Pourquoi t'aimer (melodie) XXXIII, 18 LE CARPENTIER, ADOLPHE-CLAIR Au bord de la mer (piano) IX, 37 Quadrille sur des motifs de Violetta (La traviata) de Verdi (piano) IV, 9 LE COUPPEY, FELIX Esquisse (piano) IX, 14 Trois Morceaux (piano) IX, 18 LEITE, ERNESTINE Chanson indienne (paroles de Santa Anna Nery) XVIII, 31 LEROUX, XAXIER Scherzando (piano) XXXII, 28 LEYBACH, IGNACE Fantaisie sur I due foscari de Verdi (piano) XIX, 51 Fantaisie brillante sur Dom Sebastien de Donizetti (piano) XVII, 46 LHUILLIER, EDMOND Bonheur des champs (pastorale, paroles de Lhuillier) VII, 29 Le Cotillon (chansonnette, paroles de Lhuillier) IX, 20 Le Depart pour les eaux (chanson, paroles de Lhuillier) X, 5 Le Discret (chansonnette, paroles de Lhuillier) XIV, 39 Le meilleur ne vaut rien (chanson, paroles de Lhuiller) VI, 25 Nelly (pastorale helvetique, paroles de Lhuillier) XIII, 47 Nos danseurs (chansonnette, paroles de Lhuillier) VII, 18 Nos danseuses (chansonnette, paroles de Lhuillier) IV, 11 Le Pigeon blesse (melodie, paroles de Lhuillier) XI, 14 Le P'tit Cousin (chansonnette, paroles de Lhuillier) IX, 44 Pourquoi? Parce que (chansonnette, paroles de Lhuillier) VII, 25 Quatre Betes dans une (chansonnette, paroles de Lhuillier) XI, 41 Le Supplice d'un maitre de maison (chanson, paroles de Lhuillier) VI, 33 - 128-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Les Trois Lettres d'un soldat (chanson, paroles de Lhuillier) XI, 18 LIADOFF, ANATOLE Premiere Mazurka en sol (pour piano) XXXI, 2 Tempo di valse en ut majeur (extrait du recueil Biroulki Ueux XXX, 10 d'enfants], piano) Vivace en si majeur (extrait de Biroulki [Jeux d'enfants], piano) XXX, 10 LILLE, GASTON DE Avec entrain (polka pour piano) XXVII, 9 LIPPMANN, AD. Le Declin du jour (melodie, paroles d'Alfred de Musset) IX, 48 Reverie (melodie, paroles de V. Mohler) VII, 3 La Tombe et la Rose (melodie, paroles de Victor Hugo) VIII, 48 LISZT, FRANZ // y avail autrefois un roi (lied de Beethoven transcrit pour piano) II, 29 Joie et Tristesse (lied de Beethoven transcrit pour piano) II, 29 Mignon (lied de Beethoven transcrit pour piano) II, 21 Le tambour qui bat (lied de Beethoven transcrit pour piano) II, 21 *Valse d'apres Schubert (piano) [Perles d'ivoire] I Valse d'apres Schubert (piano) XI, 23 Valse d'apres Schubert (piano) XIII, 44 LITOLFF, HENRI •Sous les tilleuls (n° 2 du recueil Idylles et Aquarelles, piano) XXVIII, 6 LONGPERIER-GRIMOARD, COMTE ALFRED DE Chanson du commandeur de Farfara (romance, paroles de A. de X, 24 Kermainguy) Loic le Pecheur (romance, paroles de De Longperier-Grimoard) XIX, 26 0 Salutaris (chanson) VI, 17 Petits enfants, ne grandissez jamais (romance, paroles de X, 20 Langeleau) La Plus Belle Fleur (romance, paroles de Rene de Rovigo) III, 43 Les Portraits (romance, paroles de De Longperier-Grimoard) XI, 5 *Les Regrets d'Albert (chanson) [Les Sirenes] IV Sub Tuum (chant religieux) VII, 41 LOUIS, EMILE Ne me devinez pas! (valse chantee) XII, 15 MACHINSKI, MADAME LA PRINCESSE Dartagnan (quadrille pour piano) VIII, 50 MAGER, CH. AMEDEE Nuit en mer (melodie, poesie de Gaston Cremieux) XXII, 37 - 129 -List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities MAGNUS, DESIRE (dite MAGNUS DEUTZ) La Marche des Mandarins (caprice pour piano) I, 7 Salut au Havre (marche solennelle pour piano) XI, 41 MANSOUR, A. Mazurka de salon (piano) XXII, 35 MARMONTEL, ANTONIN La Chanson de Marie (romance) I, 13 *Deux Chansons slaves (piano) [Album de piano] VIII * Chant de I'alouette (etude pour piano) [Les Enchantements] IV .En avant! (chanson, poesie de Deroulede) XIV, 19 *Fleurs de bruyeres (trois caprices melodiques pour piano) [Concerts VI de Paris] Hymne d'amour (melodie, paroles d'Octave de Santa Cruz) VI, 29 Reveil! (chanson, poesie de Deroulede) XIV, 19 Trois Reveries (piano) VII, 5;7 Le Soldat! (chanson, poesie de Deroulede) XIV, 19 * Souvenir d'Espagne (piano) [Les Perles des salons] IX, 4 Souvenir de la Camargo (gavotte pour piano) XII, 2 *Speranza (6e nocturne pour piano) [Perles d'ivoire] I MARMONTEL, CONRAD Aubade (melodie, paroles de Victor Hugo) X, 36 Barcarolle (piano) XII, 19 Heroide (piano) XII, 19 Menuet (piano) XII, 19 MARTIN, GEORGES La Derniere Serenade (chanson, paroles de De La Couture) XIX, 19 MARTIN, JOSEPHINE Nuit etoile (berceuse pour piano) V, 19 La Reine des fleurs (melodie, paroles de Gustave Chouquet) IV, 21 MARX, AD. Quadrille sur les motifs de l'opera-comique Le roi Ta dit de Leo XIV, 44 Delibes (piano) MARX, H. *Les Adieux (valse pour piano) [Les Bals de Paris] XIII * Casino-Polka (piano) [Les Bals de Paris] XIII Cecile (polka-mazurka pour piano) XII, 39 *Soirees du Jardin Mabille (piano) [Les Bals de Paris] XIII MASSENET, JULES Ballade de David Rizzio (cantate, paroles de Gustave Chouquet) IV, 5 Ballade ecossaise de David Rizzio XVIII, 2 - 130-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities *La Grand'Tante (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) *Dix Morceaux de Piano (1) Nocturne (2) Marche (3) Barcarolle (4) Rigadon (5) Elegie (6) Saltarelle (7) Vieille Chanson (8) Legende (9) Fughetta (10) Carillon MASSET, J. J. *Une nuit de mai (melodie) [Les Sirenes] MATHIAS, GEORGES Melodie-Mazurka (piano) MATON, AD. Fiorella (valse pour soprano) MAZZONI, A. A une soeur (romance) Ne me regardez plus (romance, paroles de F. d'Azevedo) MEILLIER, M. DE Chant de la brise (melodie) MELA, VINCENT Un reve de carnaval (melodie) MELANT, CHARLES •Aout (melodie, extraite des Mois, poesie de Francois Coppee) • Janvier (melodie, extraite des Mois, poesie de Francois Coppee) MELLIER (?), A. DE Le Paradis des oiseaux (romance, paroles de De Mellier) MEUGE, GEORGES La Croix de Geneve (melodie, paroles de Bessomb) MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY, FELIX La Derniere Rose d'ete (fantasie pour piano) ' MENNECHET DE BARIVAL, MADAME XXII XXI Ninon (etude pour piano) Rosine (etude pour piano) IV VIII, 16 III, 27 VIII, 36 VI, 51 I, 33 VI, 21 XXVII, 16 XXVI, 16 III, 11 XXI, 12 XII, 11 VIII, 32 VIII, 42 131 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities MERCADANTE, FRANCESCO SAVERIO Valse chantee de l'opera Leonora MERIS, ANDRE S'il est vrai que les morts vont vite (melodie, poesie d'Armand Silvestre) MERTENS, H. DE •Sa majeste bebe (chanson, paroles de Gaston Bastit) MEUNIER, MARGUERITE Forward (quadrille pour piano) MEY, AUGUSTE Polka sur des motifs de l'opera bouffe Don Bucefalo de Cagnoni MEYBERTHAL, P. Adieu (chanson Creole, paroles d'Emile Durand) Hat Luli (melodie russe, poesie de X" de Maistre) Si vous saviez!... (melodie) MIRAMONT Nos bons portiers (scene comique, paroles de Miramont) MISSA, EDMOND •Entr'acte de l'opera-comique Juge et Partie (piano) •« N'est pas plaisir charmant», duo entre Ines et Ottavio de Juge et Partie •Romance de Gaston « Si vous pouviez savoir combien je vous aime », de l'opera-comique Le Chevalier iimide MONET, M. La Nuit (melodie, paroles de De Beaumont) MONSIGNY, PIERRE ALEXANDRE Romance tiree Aline, reine de Golconde (transcrite par Henry Cohen) Romance tiree d'On ne s'avise jamais de tout (transcrite par Henry Cohen) MORENO, PONS *Les Malaiesta (opera, partition piano et chant) MOZART, WOLFGANG AMADEUS Cain (scene dramatique) *Don Juan (partition piano et chant, arrange par Vandenheuvel) *Don Juan (partition piano seul) La Serenade de Don Juan - 132 -V, 3 XXII, 23 XXIV, 24 XIII, 38 VI, 9 XX, 28 XXI, 41 XX, 32 XIII, 16 XXV, 22 XXV, 24 XXVI, 20 XII, 2 XVI, 50 XVI, 50 XXI XIX, 50 III XVIII II, 31 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities MUSARD, PHILIPPE Les Diablotins (polka pour piano) Isabella (valse pour piano) Patti-Polka (piano) Polka des patineurs (piano) Quadrille sur des motifs d'Alceste de Gluck (piano) Quadrille sur des motifs de L'Eventail, opera-comique de Boulanger (piano) Quadrille sur des motifs de La forza del destino de Verdi (piano) *Rosinette (polka-mazurka pour piano) [Les Marionnettes] Les Sonnettes, polka sur des motifs d'Au travers du mur, opera-comique de Poniatowski (piano) Vive la Hongrie! (quadrille pour piano sur des moths hongrois) MUTEL, ALFRED Amebee (valse pour piano) Clair de lune (melodie, paroles de Louis Bouilhet) [Sans titre] (melodie) Le Sommeil de l'enfant (melodie, paroles de Paul Saintive) Sous les charmilles (idylle pour piano) MUZIO, EMANUELE Les Deux Soeurs (valse chantee par Adelina et Carlotta Patti, paroles d'Edouard Duprez) NAGHI, R. II, 37 I, 23 III, 17 I, 25 II, 3 I, 15 III, 33 I I, 35 II, 7 XXI, 22 XXI, 37 XXII, 33 XXI, 8 XX, 30 IV, 13 La Chrysantheme (melodie, paroles de C. Chaigneau) NIBELLE, ADOLPHE XX, 52 Tout est fauche (chanson, paroles d'Emile Thierry) NOLLET, E. Autrefois (piano) Etude de salon (piano) * Quinze Pieces de genre pour le piano O'KELLY XXII, 43 XXI, 50 XXII, 39 XXII Menuet de la Reine (piano) ORDINAIRE, RAOUL Scherzo et Intermezzo (piano) PAISIELLO, GIOVANNI *Le Barbier [II barbiere di Siviglia] (opera bouffe, partition piano et chant) PALMIERI XXII, 13 VIII, 20 IX La Vie amoureuse (polka-mazurka pour piano) - 133 -XXII, 47 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities PANOFKA, HEINRICH Ave maria (chanson pour soprano ou tenor) I, 25 La Venitienne (melodie, paroles d'Edouard Duprez) IV, 33 PEDROTTI, CARLO La Chanson de la Fleuriste de l'opera bouffe Tutti in maschera (Les VIII, 6 Masques) *Les Masques (Tutti in maschera) (opera bouffe, partition piano IX seul) *Les Masques (partition piano et chant) X PERRIER, EMILE J'etais aime (melodie) XXIV, 4 PERNY, P. * Chant populaire italien (fantasie pour piano) [Concerts de Paris] VI *Giorgina (valses brillantes pour piano) [Les Marionnettes] I PERONNET, GUSTAVE A une jeune fille (romance) I, 13 PESSARD, EMILE Andalouse (caprice pour piano) XXIV, 18 •Arlette (n° 13 de Vingt Pieces nouvelles, piano) XXVII, 6 Brunette (melodie) XXXIII, 36 • Chanson enfantine pour faire dormir les bebes en carton (melodie, XXVII, 20 paroles de Raymond Hell) Mignonne (odelette de Ronsard) XXIII, 13 •Mutinerie (n° 12 de Vingt Pieces nouvelles, piano) XXVI, 10 •Pas de deux du ballet Tabarin (piano) XXIV, 2 Premiers Rayons (melodie) XXX, 16 •Le regiment qui passe (n° 1 de Vingts Pieces nouvelles, piano) XXVII, 2 Sonnet pour chant du ballet Tabarin XXIV, 2 • Valse-Reveuse (n° 6 de Vingt-cinq Pieces, piano) XXIII, 7 * Vingt-cinq pieces (album de piano) XXIII PIERNE, GABRIEL •Air de Banscha de la legende-dramatique Les Elfes XXVI, 24 Chanson de la Grand'Maman (piano) XXIV, 22 Connaissiez-vous mon hirondelle (melodie) XXIX, 4 Entr'acte de l'opera-comique Le Collier de saphirs (piano) XXX, 18 •Feuillet d'album (n° 14 de Quinze Pieces, piano) XXVI, 14 Petite Gavotte (piano) XXVII, 9 Ritournelle (melodie) XXVIII, 24 Le sais-iu bien? (melodie, poesie de Blanchecotte) XXII, 51 •La Veillee de I'ange gardien (n° 3 d'Album pour mes petits amis, XXVI, 22 op. 14, piano) - 134-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities PISANI, B. Adieux aux hirondelles (melodie, paroles de Gaston Cambronne) XVI, 23 Avril, chanson de Belleau, 1540 (melodie) XIII, 21 Danse arabe (piano) IV, 43 Les Ondes du Bosphore (piano) IV, 45 POISE, FERDINAND • « Quand je le rencontre et le vois » , ariette de l'opera-comique Joli XXVI, 8 Gilles PONIATOWSKI, PRINCE JOZEF MICHAL Couplets de l'Alouette de l'opera-comique Au travers du mur I, 29 Bolero (piano) II, 45 Circe (scene pour mezzo soprano, paroles de J. J. Rousseau) I, 41 *77 etait la! (romance) [Les Sirenes] IV Ma cinquantaine (romance, paroles de Clovis Michaux) III, 3 La Marguerite (melodie) VIII, 30 Nocturne varie de l'opera La Contessina X, 5 *Pierre de Medicis (opera, partition piano et chant) I PROUST, M. Ce que j'aime le mieux (romance, paroles de De la Chauviniere) I, 45 PRUDENT, EMILE *Etudes melodiques (six morceaux pour piano) XII (1) Heureuse Jeunesse (2) Chers Regrets (3) La Fuite (4) La Melee (5) Reve (6) Marche des compagnons * Fabliau (piano) [Perles d'ivoire] I *Les Genies du foyer (piano) [Les Enchantements] IV Heureuse Jeunesse (etude pour piano) V, 49 PUGET, PAUL En revenant de la mer (melodie, paroles de Mery) VI, 15 * Vingt Melodies XXI A Juana A Saint-Blaise, a la Zuecca A une etoile Au bord de la mer (duo) Ce n'est pas vous, non, Madame Chanson de pirates La Chanson du fou Comment, - disaient-ils L 'Esclave L 'Etranger La Fleur et le Papillon La Fuite (duo) - 135-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Hier, la nuit d'e'te Infidelite J'ai dii a mon coeur Lamenio Lise Madrid 0 mes lettres d'amour Souvenez-vous de moi R. M., PRINCE Tu es mon reve! (melodie, paroles d'Edouard Duprez) RAIMO, ALBERTO Destinations (melodie, paroles de Xavier Aubryet) RAVINA, HENRI *Douze Etudes artistiques, op. 82 (piano) REICHARDT, ALEXANDRE Reine des fleurs (melodie, paroles de J. B. Penaud) REINECKE, CHARLES Pensees fugitives, 1" livraison (piano) Pensees fugitives, 2' livraison (piano) Pensees fugitives, 3e livraison (piano) RENARD, AMELIE La Chanson de Giroflee (paroles de E. de Laboulaye) REVILLON, F. Stella (lied pour piano) REY, ETIENNE Le Baiser (Le Poutou) (melodie, extraite des Soirees du midi) *Fables de La Fontaine et de Florian (1" et 2' recueils de chansons) *Fables de Florian et de La Fontaine (3e recueil de chansons) (1) Le Milan et le Rossignol (2) Le Rossignol et le Prince (3) Le Perroquet (4) Le Renard et les Raisins (5) Le Mort et le Bucheron (6) Le Renard et la Cigogne *Fables de Florian et de La Fontaine (4e recueil de chansons) (1) La Jeune Poule et le Vieux Renard (2) L'Habit d'Arlequin (3) Le Chat et les Rats (4) L 'Ecureuil, le Chien et le Renard (5) Le Hibou, le Chat, I'Oison et le Rat (6) Le Combat des Rats et des Belettes Le Rat de ville et le Rat des champs (chanson) I. 21 XII, 21 XXIII X, 28 VI, 35 VI, 37 VI, 41 IX, 12 XXII, 25 XV, 34 XIII XV XVI V, 35 - 136-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Sonnet a la Vierge (chanson, tiree des Soirees du midi) REYER, ERNEST • Chanson du menestrel Colin Muset, vers 1210 (extraite du recueil Quarante Vieilles Chansons) •Petite Chanson de Dufreny, 1705 (extraite de Quarante Vieilles Chansons) RICCI, FEDERICO *Antonine (valse pour piano) [Album de piano] Ballade de l'opera-comique Une fete a Venise Barcarolle de l'opera bouffe Le Docteur Rose La Chanson d'Arlequin de l'opera bouffe Une folie a Rome Couplets du Docteur Crispin (Crispino e la comare) Melodie du Docteur Rose Romance d'Une folie a Rome *[Sans titre] (melodie) [Les Perles des salons] *Une fete a Venise (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) RICCI, LUIGI Cavatine de l'opera-comique La Petite Comtesse (paroles de Gaston Escudier) *La Petite Comtesse (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) La Valse de La Petite Comtesse (arrangee par Georges Lamothe) RICCI, LUIGI et FEDERICO Couplets du Savetier du Docteur Crispin * Crispino e la comare (opera bouffe, partition piano seul) Polka-Mazurka de Crispino e la comare (arrangee pour piano par E. Desgranges) RICORDI, GIULIO L 'appassionata (mazurka pour piano) RITTER, THEODORE Marche nocturne (piano) ROSELLEN, HENRI Deux Meditations (piano) ROSSINI, GIOACHINO *Le Barbier de Seville (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) ROTA, GUISEPPE Priere alsacienne (chanson) RUBINSTEIN, ANTON •Mazurka (n° 10 de VAlbum Peterhof, piano) Nocturne en sol (extrait du recueil op. 69, piano) - 137-XVII, 50 XXIV, 15-16 XXIV, 12 VIII XI, 27 XI, 10 X, 12 VI, 39 XI, 23 IX, 16 IX, 4 XII XV, 10 XVI XV, 15 VII, 37 VI V, 27 VIII, 12 I, 47 XIII, 50 VIII XIII, 8 XXV, 18 XXVIII, 14 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities RUMMEL, J. L 'Adieu (romance pour piano) I, 11 Barcarolle (piano) III, 25 Caprice-Mosa'ique sur des motifs de l'opera I puritani de Bellini XVI, 29 (piano) *Cent Melodies naiionales (transcrites pour piano) IV Cordonia (romance pour piano) V, 5 Fiorina (polka-mazurka pour piano) VI Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Le astuzie femminili de Cimarosa XIII, 11 (tire de Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Le Caid d'Ambroise Thomas (tire IX, 28 de Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Dom Sebastien (tire de Perles VI, 19 enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Don Juan de Mozart (tire de VI, 27 Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Euryanthe de Weber (tire de V, 37 Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Gustave ou Le Bal masque VII, 23 d'Auber (piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera 77 matrimonio segreto de V, 29 Cimarosa (tire de Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Le nozze de Figaro de Mozart V, 33 (tire de Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera / puritani de Bellini (tire de V, 45 Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera Le Sacrifice interrompu de Winter VII, 1 (tire de Perles enfantines, piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera La Somnambule de Bellini XV, 6 (piano) Morceau sur des motifs de l'opera bouffe Tutti in maschera de IX, 22 Pedrotti (tire de Perles enfantines, piano) Mosai'que sur les motifs de l'opera Norma de Bellini (piano) XV, 48 * Polonaise brillante (piano) [Album de piano] VIII Preludes melodiques, 1" cahier (piano) III, 45 (N° 1) Le Ruisseau (N° 2) Caprice (N° 3) Le Mystere Preludes melodiques, 1" cahier (piano) III, 49 (N° 4) Etude (N° 5) Le Papillon Deux Preludes melodiques, 2m e cahier (piano) IV, 39 Trois Preludes melodiques, 2°" cahier (piano) V, 15 Serenade (piano) V, 1 Transcription d'une melodie d'Euryanthe de Weber (tiree de X, 22 Bonbonnieres des pianistes) fS, ALBERT DE Le Conscrit de Montastruc (chansonnette, paroles d'Albert X, 32 Letilhac) - 138-List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities RUPES, GEORGES * Vingt Melodies (album de chant) SABLON, EDOUARD Je suis toute a mon berger (melodie, paroles de Paul Chasteau de Balyon) SALOMON, HECTOR •Recit et Romance de Pietro de l'opera Bianca capello SCHATTE La Ballade du Page, tiree de la comedie Troisieme Larron de Jacques Normand SERVEL, ED. Dieu, notre pert! (cantique) SIDOROWITCH, C. DE J'aime I'heure silencieuse (romance, paroles de Roger de Galard-Bearn) SINOIR, CHARLES Berlurette (fantaisie-polka pour piano) STIEHL, HENRY Impromptu a la russe (fantaisie pour piano) Moment heureux (piano) On Wings of Love (melodie pour piano) STELLO, MARC Les Ramiers (romance, paroles de Roger de Cluzeau) STRAUSS (FILS), JOHANN *Les Oiseaux d'or (polka pour piano) [Les Marionnettes] Quadrille sur des motifs de l'opera-comique Reve d'amour d'Auber (piano) Valse sur des motifs de Reve d'amour d'Auber (piano) THALBERG, SIGISMUND *Romance dramatique (piano) [Les Enchantements] TALEXY, ADRIEN Polka-Mazurka sur des motifs d' Une folie a Rome de Federico Ricci (piano) TEN BRINK, JULES Divertissement mauresque (transcrit pour piano) - 139-XXIII XXI, 20 XXVI, 4 XIV, 13 II, 43 XVI, 35 XXI, 10 XX, 26 XXI, 43 XX, 46 XII, 52 I X, 18 XI, 10 IV IX, 50 XXII, 45 List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities THOMAS, AMBROISE *Couplets de La Chanteuse [Les Perles des salons] IX, 4 *Mina (opera-comique, partition piano et chant) XIV *Raymond ou Le Secret de la reine (opera-comique, partition piano XVII et chant) La Tonelli (valse pour piano) VIII, 4 VARROC, MADAME E. P. DE Gavotte en sol mineur (piano) XVI, 8 VERDI, GIUSEPPE *Le Bal masque (opera, partition piano et chant) XIX La Ballade du Bal masque (transposed pour mezzo-soprano) III, 15 La Barcarolle de l'opera Un ballo in maschera I, 9 Le Brindisi de Violetta (La traviata) II, 1 *Les Brigands (opera, partition piano seul) XI *La forza del destino (opera, partition piano seul) XVI * Harold (opera, partition piano et chant) V * Jeanne d'Arc (partition piano et chant) IV *Macbeih (opera, partition piano et chant) VI Prelude a'Aida (reduit pour piano) XXVIII, 22 La Priere du Bal masque (melodie pour soprano) V, 39 *Quatuor a cordes (transcrit pour piano par Jaell) XVIII Romance des Vepres siciliennes III, 39 *Le Soleil couchant (chanson) [Les Perles des salons] IX, 4 Tarentelle des Vepres siciliennes (piano) III, 37 VIDAL, PAUL Eioiles filantes (melodie) XXXIII, 1 Temps perdu (melodie) XXXIII, 9 VIGIER, MADAME LA BARONNE (voir CRUVELLI, SOPHIE) VILLANOVA, R. Deux melodies d' Un ballo in maschera de Verdi (transcrites pour II, 41 piano) VILLATE, GASPARD Donnez, enfants (melodie, paroles de Jules Ruelle) XIV, 34 Huit Valses pour Piano XV, 40 (1) Le Reve d'un ange (2) Pan's (3) Carmen (4) L 'Etincelle (5) Les Feux Follets (6) Diane ou La Charmante Inconnue (7) Le Postilion d'amour (8) Reve adore Je t'ecoutais (melodie, paroles de Jules Ruelle) XIV, 25 - 140 -List of Music Supplements and Annual Musical Gratuities Melodies de l'opera Zilia (transcrites par Cramer) XVII, 47 Le Petit Mousse (romance) XVI, 17 Pourquoi! (melodie, paroles de Leon Labarre) XV, 52 Le Reve d'un ange (valse pour piano) XIII, 30; XV, 40 Trois Mazurkas (piano) XVII, 39 WACHMANN, EDOUARD La Barque nuptiale (romance, paroles de Joseph Autran) IV, 37 WARTEL, TH. *Legons ecrites sur les sonates de Beethoven XXII WEBER, CARL MARIA VON *Douze Lieder VII, 9;10;21 Six Melodies XIX, 10 Valse de Sylvana (piano) XXI, 4 WECKERLIN, JEAN-BAPTISTE La Berceuse de la Vierge (cantique populaire du Moyen Age) IX, 4 WOLFF, EDOUARD L'Adieu (piano) V, 41 * Agitato (piano) [Album de piano] VIII *Apotheose a la memoire de Rossini (piano) [Les Perles des salons] IX, 4 .La Ballade de l'opera-comique Une fete a Venise de Federico Ricci XI, 27 La Chanson du chasseur (piano) XI, 32 La Chanson du petit mendiant (piano) XI, 32 Chanson havanaise (piano) XVIII, 15 La Coquette (melodie caracteristique pour piano) VII, 31 La De'sesperee (melodie caracteristique pour piano) VII, 47 Les Diablotines (polka pour piano) XI, 45 Eleonora I Alexandra (?) (valse pour piano) IV, 15 Les Eoliennes (valses pour piano) IX, 6 La Gracieuse (melodie caracteristique pour piano) VII, 43 Mariana (chanson polonaise) XI, 27 Deuxieme Meditation (piano) IV, 35 Premiere Meditation (piano) IV, 23 Pensee poetique, 1" (piano) XII, 25 Pensee poetique, 2' (piano) XII, 31 La Reveuse (piano) VII, 35 La Sentimentale (melodie caracteristique pour piano) VII, 39 Souvenir d'Auvergne (bourree pour piano) XIII, 6 La Voyageuse (melodie caracteristique pour piano) VII, 51 YUNG, M. Au printemps (chanson, paroles de A. Gandrey) XI, 37 - 141 -