THE KALEVAN KANSA COLONIZATION COMPANY, LIMITED: A FINNISH-CANADIAN MILLENARIAN MOVEMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA B. A., University of British Columbia, 1972 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Anthropology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October, 1978 (c) Allan Henry Salo, 1978 ALLAN HENRY SALO In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements f o r an advanced degree at the University of Brit ish Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available f o r r e f e r e n c e and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying o f this thesis f o r scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head o f my Department o r by his representatives. It is understood that c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f this thesis f o r financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Anthropology The University of Brit ish Columbia 2075 W e s b r o o k P l a c e V a n c o u v e r , C a n a d a V6T 1W5 Date 6 October 1978 A b s t r a c t T h i s t h e s i s i s p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h the a c t i v i t i e s o f a group o f Finnish-Canadians i n B r i t i s h Columbia. They attempted to found an U t o p i a n community on Malcolm I s l a n d between 1901 and 1905• The a c t i v i t i e s o f these people, the Kalevan Kansa or descendants o f K a l e v a , an a n c i e n t F i n n i s h m y t h o l o g i c a l f i g u r e , were m i l l e n a r i a n i n n a t u r e . During t h i s p e r i o d there were d i s t i n c t changes i n t h e i r s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s and t h e i r new undertakings p r e d i c t e d the a r r i v a l of a d i f f e r e n t and more i d e a l form of s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . The content of t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n was r e v e a l e d to them by t h e i r l e a d e r , M a t t i K u r i k k a , who proposed t o make a j o i n t - s t o c k company the b a s i s o f the new community. The subsequent settlement scheme was known as the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d . I n d i c a t i v e of t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n s , K u r i k k a and h i s f o l l o w e r s named t h e i r new community S o i n t u l a , the p l a c e o f harmony. In o r d e r t o explore more f u l l y the m i l l e n a r i a n a c t i v i t i e s t h i s t h e s i s a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e s t h e i r r o o t s i n the h i s t o r i c a l development o f F i n n i s h i d e n t i t y and the a b i l i t y o f F i n n s t o f u l f i l l those p e r c e p t i o n s i n day to day a c t i v i t i e s . In a d d i t i o n , the t h e s i s focuses on the r e l a t e d problems concerning i d e n t i t y encountered i n the aftermath o f the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company by those s e t t l e r s who remained a t S o i n t u l a . i i i i i The a c t i v i t i e s which were undertaken i n the r e l a t i v e l y b r i e f p e r i o d between 1901 and 1905 r e p r e s e n t e d a r a p i d c o a l e s c i n g of i d e a s and a s p i r a t i o n s i n t o a c t i v i t i e s . Among the Vancouver I s l a n d F i n n s who were p r i m a r i l y c o a l miners the new s o c i e t y appeared immanent. To them and to o t h ers who came from v a r i o u s p a r t s o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s , Canada and Europe the v i s i o n of the j o i n t - s t o c k company encompassed r e c o g n i z a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a more i d e a l form o f s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . As such the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company p r o v i d e s an e m p i r i c a l l y accountable and d i s t i n c t i v e aspect of the Kalevan Kansa movement. From i t s d e s c r i p t i o n and aims i t i s p o s s i b l e t o make suggestions about the i n t e l l e c t u a l and c h a r i s m a t i c appeal of M a t t i K u r i k k a and about some of the a s p i r a t i o n s of the p a r t i c i p a n t s themselves. However, the fundamental nature o f the energy r e l e a s e d by the U t o p i a n v i s i o n l a r g e l y remains t o be i n f e r r e d . The f i r s t chapter of the t h e s i s p r e s e n t s a b r i e f ethnographic i n t r o d u c t i o n t o the a c t i v i t i e s of the Kalevan Kansa d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . In a d d i t i o n , i t proposes some r e l e v a n t m e t h o d o l o g i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e f l e c t i v e o f the content of m i l l e n a r i a n s i t u a t i o n s . These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n f l u e n c e the d i r e c t i o n and content of the f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s . The approach which i s taken remains open ended inasmuch as the a c t i v i t i e s o f the Kalevan Kansa are seen as p a r t of a much broader h i s t o r i c a l p r ocess which i s r e f l e c t i v e o f the ethnographic s i t u a t i o n as w e l l as of c e r t a i n more u n i v e r s a l iv anthropological problems. The method adopted cannot provide an explicit account of why the acti v i t i e s took the direction they did nor why they occurred at a particular time. However, i t does focus on the dynamics inherent within a continuing set of problems and contradictions to be resolved. As such i t has permitted a form of discussion which has not been totally bound to the contingencies of the situation. Yet, the character of the Utopian activity of the Kalevan Kansa remains significant i n terms of i t s a l l consuming nature and i t s attempt to institute an i d e a l i s t i c social order. As such, i t was clearly religious i n nature and represented a societal r i t e of passage. The second chapter i s primarily h i s t o r i c a l . By taking into account the historical background of the Kalevan Kansa, further light i s shed onto the goals and acti v i t i e s of the group. The past has provided only a partial answer to questions of origin since the movement i n many aspects remained independent of i t s histor i c a l legacy. However, i t provided a point of departure. Inasmuch as the method employed and suggested by the content and focus of this chapter remains applicable to other situations i t i s anthropological. The third chapter explores the Utopian acti v i t i e s in detail. Chronologically, the discussion moves from a point where the Finns were regarded as being morally and materially inferior to others. From there the chapter moves to a discussion about the redefinition of power and the V nature of individual obligations articulated by the chosen leader, to the eventual attempt to realize the new way of being i n terms of appropriate social relationships. Progressively i t was apparent among the Kalevan Kansa that the vision of the joint-stock company could not provide the emotional and intellectual unity which could overcome individual and ideological differences. As increasing numbers of the participants began to ignore their obligations without sanction the energy of the movement was consumed by conflicting interests. The activities of the Kalevan Kansa can, however, be differentiated from the more mundane forms of p o l i t i c a l and economic unrest among disparate groups by the sudden emergence of emotional and moral passion focused and activated by their leader, Kurikka. The f i n a l chapter looks at Sointula during an active period of socialist p o l i t i c s after the failure of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited. In conjunction with these ac t i v i t i e s which were largely group-oriented, the chapter also focuses on the content of individual experiences among a particular group within the community. Insights are derived from fieldwork interviews and from a thematic and structural analysis of a corpus of narrative songs. Throughout the thesis the focus remains on the central issues of identity and the moral implications that i t s varying definitions have implied. The ethnographic detail provides an indication of how a particular group of people v i chose to c o n f r o n t the problem and o f how i t s c o n s t i t u e n t s were r e f o r m u l a t e d through a s e r i e s o f encounters i n a h i s t o r i c a l time span. In t h i s s e r i e s the m i l l e n a r i a n a c t -i v i t i e s o f the Kalevan Kansa were the most unique and profound i n t h e i r i n t e n s i t y and a p p e a l . A comprehensive b i b l i o g r a p h y of r e l e v a n t sources i n E n g l i s h and F i n n i s h f o l l o w s the t e x t . The t h e s i s a l s o c o n t a i n s s i x appendixes. The f i r s t i s my t r a n s l a t i o n of M a t t i Halminen's f i r s t hand account of the U t o p i a n a c t i v i t i e s a t S o i n t u l a and h i s r o l e i n them. The next f o u r appendixes c o n t a i n c o p i e s of documents r e l e v a n t t o the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d . The l a s t appendix i s a c o l l e c t i o n o f F i n n i s h song t e x t s r e c o r d e d a t S o i n t u l a i n 1973. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i i List of Tables ix List of Diagrams x Acknowledgement x i Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 The Accumulation of Traditions and Experience: The Legacy of Finnish Society on i t s Emigrants, 1870-1903 31 Chapter 3 Traditions, Experience and Circumstance Combined in the Quest of an Utopian Community: Bffatti Kurikka and the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 0 4 72 Chapter k Expectations Modified: Sointula After the Collapse of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited, 190^-19^0 160 Selected Bibliography 218 Appendix I Matti Halminen, Sointula: Kalevan Kansan .ia Kanadan Suomalaisten Historia [Sointula: The History of the Kalevan Kansa and Finnish v n Appendix II Canadians!] trans. Allan H. Salo 231 This Agreement made the twenty-ninth day of November, A. D. 1901, Between HIS MAJESTY THE KING, represented by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, of the f i r s t part, and "THE KALEVAN KANSA COLONIZATION COMPANY, LIMITED," hereinafter called ?the Company," of the second part. 400 Appendix III Articles of Association of "Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited." 402 Memorandum of "Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited." 405 Agreement between the "Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited" and "the settler". 406 Finnish-Canadian Songs Collected at Sointula, B. C , 15 August 1973 by Allan H. Salo. Transcribed i n 197^ by Allan H. Salo. 408 Appendix IV Appendix V Appendix VI LIST OF TABLES Table I L i s t o f Dramatis Personae and a Concordance of T h e i r A t t r i b u t e s 19^ i x LIST OP DIAGRAMS Diagram 1 A R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the Semantic C a t e g o r i e s and the R e l a t i o n s h i p s Between Them 198 Diagram 2 Thematic S t r u c t u r e o f the Corpus 200 x Acknowledgement For the support and encouragement which assisted me i n the completion of this thesis I am indebted. Primarily, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. K. 0 . L. Burridge. His continued interest i n students and in this project in particular, has been unfaltering. Throughout the various facets of this research his provocative questioning, considered criticism and direction has proven to be invaluable. Thank you. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee who have contributed their time and resources. Specifically, I would like to acknowledge Dr. J. Powell for his spontaneous commentary and enthusiasm and Dr. Michael Kew for his support and discussion at a time when they were most needed. I would like to recognize the i n i t i a l contribution made by Dr. E l l i Kongas Maranda. Assistance was also given to me by the University of British Columbia and the Department of Anthropology and Sociology i n the form of scholarships and assistantships j by the provincial government of British Columbia through grants for fieldwork and translation and by the National Museum of Man for an i n i t i a l opportunity to undertake fieldwork. The archivists at the British Columbia Provincial Archives assisted me i n finding obscure yet relevant x i x i i materials as did the staff of the Special Collections Division of the University of British Columbia Library. The support of fieldwork informants who gave of their time and of themselves has been fundamental. The debt to my colleague and friend, Linda Hale, remains immeasurable in a l l ways. To everyone who has given me assistance, including my parents, John and Bertha Salo, and my great grandfather, Oscar Johnson, who recognized the importance of learning and of their heritage and my friend, Reg Raby, with whom I have shared talks and ideas, I offer my sincere thanks. The efforts of everyone concerned have enriched this thesis, while i t s shortcomings are, of course, attributable to me. Chapter 1 Introduction In the five years between 1900 and 1905 a group of Finnish-Canadians set about creating an i d e a l i s t i c community on Malcolm Island on the coast of British Columbia.1 During this period they thought of themselves as the Kalevan Kansa. a people descended from Kaleva, an ancient mythological figure associated with the genesis of Finnish culture. The settlement they started under the guidance of their charismatic leader, Matti Kurikka, was called Sointula or place of harmony. Although the community was formally organized on the principle of a joint-stock company, registered as the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited; i t s character was determined more by elements drawn from Finnish tradition, Christianity and the experience of immigrant l i f e i n early British Columbia. This thesis attempts to focus not only on the scope of the Kalevan Kansa activity but also on the accumulated legacy of Finnish history which formed the early experience of Finnish immigrants and determined to a degree the goals of the movement. In addition, the f i n a l chapter i s concerned with how the legacy of experience including the Kalevan Kansa activity was reconciled with the necessities of obtaining a livelihood after the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited collapsed. 1 2 The Kalevan Kansa movement brought together a collection of ideas about the nature of society and these were trans-lated into ac t i v i t i e s intended to bring about and eventually define an Utopian community. The goals as well as the means proposed to obtain them stood apart from the pursuits of Finnish immigrants elsewhere Under the visionary leadership of Matti Kurikka the Kalevan Kansa undertook to redefine the basis of their ethnic character by participating i n the formation of an i d e a l i s t i c community. In their enthus-iasm to create a more equitable social order they simul-taneously advocated a way of l i f e which would require the refashioning of individual personalities. It remains d i f f i c u l t to articulate with certainty a l l the origins of the strength and ideals of the movement. However, i t can be suggested that, while the act i v i t i e s which occurred during the four years appeared enigmatic, they were uniquely drawn from "the experiences of being Finnish and of being an ethnic minority. In the mining camps at Wellington, Extension, Ladysmith and Nanaimo, and later i n the new settlement on Malcolm Island, the Kalevan Kansa set out to form a society whose principles were engendered by the legacy of their indigenous culture, their recent familiarity with revivalist forms of Christianity, the stress on education, nationalism and socialism i n Finland, and the d i f f i c u l t i e s of immigrant and frontier l i f e i n western British Columbia. The popularity of the vision of a better society into which these elements were combined 3 attracted participants from Finland, Australia and the United States. From these reservoirs of content the Kalevan Kansa proposed to establish the moral guideposts for a society which could exploit the natural wealth of the environment to the spiritual and material advantage of i t s members. It i s unlikely that single theoretical explicans can account for a l l the varying features the the Kalevan Kansa activity.-^ Rather than dogmatically relying on the structures of specific explanatory paradigms i t appears more f r u i t f u l to concentrate f i r s t on the act i v i t i e s them-selves. In this context a relevant discussion encompasses some consideration of events prior to the rise of the Kalevan Kansa movement and subsequent to i t s collapse. The ac t i v i t i e s then appear as a process where ideas and experiences are accumulated, acted upon and modified. In this investigation the event (the Kalevan Kansa movement 1900-1905) i s constituted not only by the activites themselves but also by the discussions and orations about them.^ That collection of information i s expanded by placing i t into the more elaborate context of Finnish history and cultural development. S t i l l other facts are revealed by exploring the relationship between conditions current i n British Columbia at the turn of the century and the Finnish immigrant's sense of tradition, history and identity. The i d e a l i s t i c projections of the Kalevan Kansa were reflections of how that relationship was perceived and eventually translated into a set of founding principles for ordering community l i f e . The experiences of Sointula residents after the failure of the Utopian scheme not only highlight i t s shortcomings but they focus on the enduring aspects of some of their aspirations which continued to influence their relationships with contemporary society elsewhere. The members of the Kalevan Kansa did not inherit an understanding of their tradition and history which was unique from other Finns. However, i t was among these individuals that specific aspects of their heritage were discussed, re-evaluated and eventually incorporated into a vision of an i d e a l i s t i c society. The majority of the early participants who formed the core of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited, readily accepted the visionary ideas articulated by their leader, Kurikka. Later, on the basis of the ideas being expressed, the following grew to D include prospective settlers from elsewhere. The appeal of Sointula was not bound solely to local economic disadvantages or even to the ethnic peculiarities which helped to generate i t . Instead, the impetus was lodged i n the question of identity. The Utopian ideals expressed a social context i n which i t appeared possible to recognize the moral delineations by which people could become individuals of worth. 9 Espousal of the new principles of order put forth by Kurikka i n his conception of an egalitarian community demanded the appraisal of contemporary notions of moral responsibility. As such, the Kalevan Kansa movement shared characteristics with other social phenomena which attempt to question and alter epistemological paradigms. 1 0 Despite i t s popular appeal, even among some non-Finns, the origins of the Kalevan Kansa movement cannot be isolated from the legacy of Finnish experience. It would be short-sighted to discuss the energy and prio r i t i e s assumed by the Kalevan Kansa without reference to the historical growth of Finnish identity and sovereignty i n Europe. 1 1 Placed i n this context, the ac t i v i t i e s of the Kalevan Kansa f a l l into a broader category of concern. In the brief four year period of Utopian activity on Malcolm Island the Kalevan Kansa attempted to consolidate a gamut of ideas about society and people into a coherent functioning community. The residual question hinged on organization. How could the desired egalitarian relationships among i t s members be fostered within a social setting i n which the values of a hierarchical society were increasingly intruding? How could the socialist aspirations of some of the participants be f u l f i l l e d within a capitalist framework like the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited? How might the individual obligations which defined i t s organization be manipulated so that they would continue to express the identity of a l l the participants concerned i n a meaningful way? In the historical sequence outlined above the Kalevan Kansa activity of 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 0 5 appeared as one of a series of attempts, albeit unusual in i t s strength and imagination, at 12 coming to terms with the question of identity. Of this 6 series at least three instances warrant discussion. The f i r s t predates the Kalevan Kansa acti v i t i e s i n British Columbia and centres around Lonnrot 's publication of the Kalevala. a series of narratives about Finland's mythical 13 past. -'The second encompasses the act i v i t i e s of Matti Kurikka and the Kalevan Kansa on Vancouver Island and later at Sointula. The third arises from the content of a corpus of song texts collected from a Sointula singer which reflect the experiences of some of the members of the community after the demise of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited.1**" In the following discussion of the Kalevan Kansa's U t o p i a n i d e a l s and t h e i r a t tempted i m p l e m e n t a t i o n into a viable form of social organization,: the terms egalitarian and hierarchical correspond to the categories of oppositions which Burridge has categorized under the headings of subsistence and complex.1-* He argues that i n situations where one series i s dominant factors w i l l arise which evoke consideration of the other. The applicability of this i s clearly evident i n the 392 and 395-396. 2 7 For a discussion of this change in emphasis as expressed i n the European context see R.. Palmer and J. Colton, History of the Modern World (New York, 1965), pp. 259-288. For a detailed discussion of the importance of •evidence' see ibid., p. 276. J. S. Slotkin, 1965, pp. 80-174 provides a good account of the sci e n t i f i c foundations of ethnography and ethnology. 28 For a discussion concerning the relationship of Christianity and indigenous beliefs in Europe see R. R. Lund et a l . , eds., A History of European Ideas (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), pp. 105=Tk~T' 2 9 E. Jutikkala and K. Pirinen, A History of Finland, trans. P. Sjoblom (New York, 1974), pp. 140-177 and 180-184. 30 Ibid., p. 138. 31 For a discussion of the relationship between the natural laws of science and the laws of human organization see Palmer and Colton, 1965, pp. 270-277. J J. Locke, Two Treatises on C i v i l Government (1690; reprint ed. London, 1884) as cited in Slotkin, 1965, pp. 172-174. The following quotation i s taken from Locke's discussion about the difference between an Englishman and a person of a different origin, "the exercise of his f a c i l i t i e s were bounded within the ways, modes and notions of his country and never directed to further inquiries." Ibid., p. 173. 33 Montesquieu, De 1'esprit des l o i s (1748; reprint ed, Cinncinati, 1873 trans, by T. Nugent) as cited in Slotkin, 1965, pp. 395-396. In the section entitled "Of Laws as Relative to the Nature of the Climate" Montesquieu sets the following qualities as typifying individuals from cold climates: vigorous; strong of heart; courageous; frank and superior in strength, warfare, hunting, travelling and drinking wine. 3^ For a ready although somewhat superificial l i s t i n g of the Kaleva characters and their attributes see the section "Glossary of Proper Names" by Magoun i n Lonnrot, 1849; 1963, pp. ^85-406. For articles written by non-Finns which describe Finns as physiologically suited to exploit the northern wilderness of British Columbia see, for example Daily Colonist, 29 August 1899 and ibid., 29 November 1899. For an open letter to the provincial government from Kurikka emphasizing the a b i l i t y of Finns to do hard labour and therefore become desirable settlers and citizens, s;ee ib i d . 8 September 1901. 35 ibid., See also ibid., 29 August 1899 and i b i d . , 29 November 1899. 36" see, for example, Halminen's reference to the Ox pamphlet, p. 6. 3 7 "The Kalevan Kansa L i m i t e d , " D a i l y C o l o n i s t . 2 November 1901. 38 See W. A. Wilson, 1976 , pp. 2 1 - 2 3 . 40 3 9 Lund et a l . , 1962, pp. 248-263 and 265. I b i d . , and W. A. Wilson, "Herder, F o l k l o r e and Romantic N a t i o n a l i s m , " J o u r n a l of Popular Culture 4 (1973): 8 1 9 - 8 3 5 . See a l s o S l o t k i n , 1 9 6 5 , pp. 285-293": 41 J . G. Herder, Ideas Toward a Philosophy of Mankind. (1784-1791) as c i t e d i n Lund et a l . , 19627 p. 263 and A. I Arwidsson, Tutkimuksia .ia k i r . i o i t e l m i a l R e s e a r c h e s and A r t i c l e s J p a r t I I I Suomalaisuuden syntysano.ja LThe B i r t h of F i n n i s h I d e n t i t y J ( H e l s k i n i , 1909) as c i t e d i n W. A. Wilson, 1976, p. 3 5 . "'We must r e t u r n t o the f u r t h e s t r o o t s of a l l i t s n a t i v e power, s t r e n g t h and energy; to the pure s p r i n g of poetry. Everything must be b u i l t upon a n a t i v e foundation." 42 G. Castren, S a l l s k a p e t Aurora. 2 v o l s . , and M. G. Schybergsson, Hendrick G a b r i e l Porthan: Lefbnadstechning. as c i t e d i n W. A. Wilson, 1976, pp. 23-26. 43 J The s u b s t a n t i a l number of emigrants from F i n l a n d was of concern t o the Russian a u t h o r i t i e s . P e r i o d i c a l l y they favoured making p o l i t i c a l concessions w i t h i n F i n l a n d which were not popular among the a r i s t o c r a c y t h e r e . See Hoglund, 1 9 7 5 , PP. 40-47. , ^ Lonnrot's Master o f A r t s t h e s i s , f i n i s h e d i n 1827, was e n t i t l e d "De Vainamoine, priscorum fennorum numine" [Vainamoinen: a D i v i n i t y of the F i n n s j . A l l copies of the t h e s i s were destroyed i n a f i r e l a t e r i n 1827 at Turku U n i v e r s i t y . ^5 For a condensed E n g l i s h language t r a n s l a t i o n of a biography of Lonnrot, see Magoun " M a t e r i a l s f o r the Study of the K a l e v a l a , " i n Lonnrot, 1849; 1 9 6 3 , PP. 3 ^ 1 - 3 6 2 . Lonnrot's t h e s i s f o r h i s M. D. at H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y i n I 8 3 2 was e n t i t l e d "Om Finnarnes magiska medicin" LThe Magical Medicine of the F i n n s J . I t was p u b l i s h e d i n 1842 i n Finska L a k a r e s a l l s k a p e t s Handlingar [Transactions of the F i n n i s h Medical S o c i e t y ] 1 (imz): 179=244. ^ For a d e s c r i p t i o n of the K a l e v a l a and the works which lead to i t s p u b l i c a t i o n see Suomen K i r . i a l l i s u u s [ F i n n i s h L i t e r a t u r e ] 3 , p. 139 as c i t e d i n W. A. Wilson, 1 9 7 6 , pp. 30-44. **7 W. A. Wilson, 1976, p. 40. ^ J . H. Wuorinen, Nationalism i n Modern F i n l a n d (New York, 1931), P. 1 5 9 . See a l s o K a l e v a l a . t r a n s . M. A. Castren ( H e l s i n k i , 1841) as c i t e d i n W. A. Wilson, 1976 67 p. 43 and Jacob Grimm, "Om det Pinska Epos." Fosterlandskt Album 2 (1845): 60-102 as cited i n W. A. Wilson, 1976, pp. 43-44. The Kalevala was translated into German and Swedish and even before the translation was complete Grimm lectured on i t s significance. Passages of the Kalevala were fused into a l l aspects of Finnish education, W. A. Wilson, 1976, p. 40. 49 y The a b i l i t y of Lonnrot to articulate the require-ments of the situation and to bring together the interests of the various groups within Finnish society can be apprec-iated throughsthis published works and accomplishments. 1827 Master of Arts thesis at Turku University "De Vainamoine, priscorum fennorum numine" [Vanamoinen: a Divinity of the Ancient Finns] 1829- published his collection of songs i n 4 fascicles I83I as Kantele [The Harp] 1831 f i r s t secretary of the Suomen, later Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura [Finnish Literature Society] 1832 M. D. from Helsinki University, thesis "0m Finnarnes magiska Medicin" [The Magical Medicine of the Finns] 1833 published Alku-Kalevala [Proto-Kalevala] 1834 published a Finnish translation of Gustafva Schartau's pamphlet Hyvantahtoisia neuvoia katovuosina [Well-intentioned Advice i n Crop-Failure Years] 1835 published the Old Kalevala founded the f i r s t Finnish language periodical Mehilainen [The Bee] which was intented to publish different kinds of traditional poetry and articles (appeared 1836-37 and 1839-40) 1837 serialized Von Becker's translation of a history of antiquity; Juhana Fredrik Cajan's history of Finland and a history of Russia adapted by Gustav Ticklen and others 1839 adapted Carl Nordblad's Sundheta-larobok for menlge Man [Health-Manual for the Common people] to Suomalaisen talonpo.ian koti-laakari [The Finnish~Peasant's Home Doctor] 1840 published Kanteletar [The Spirit of the Harp] contributed to the Helsingfors Morgonblad [Helsingfors Morning Journalj established the scholarly and patriotic periodical Suomi [Finland] 1842 published Sanalaskut [Proverbs] 1844 published Arvoitukset [RiddlesJ contributor to Maamiehenystava [The Farmer's Friend] contributor to Saima 1847 undertook the preparing of Ruotsin, suomen ja sakan tulkki [A Swedish, Finnish and German Interpreter] undertook the preparing of the Finnish part of Agathon Meurman's Russian-Swedish dictionary 68 1847- e d i t e d w i t h S n e l l m a n , L i t t e r a t u r b l a d f o r a l l m a n 1849 m e d b o r g e r l i g B i l d n i n g [ l i t e r a r y J o u r n a l f o r G e n e r a l C i v i c C u l t u r e ] 1849 p u b l i s h e d the New K a l e v a l a 1852 a c c e p t e d t h e c h a i r a t H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y f o r F i n n i s h Language and L i t e r a t u r e 1852- e d i t e d the O u l u Wiikko-Sanomat [The Weekly News] 1853 I853 d e f e n d e d h i s t h e s i s "Om d e t N o r d - T s c h u d i s k a s p r a k e t " [The N o r t h Tschud Language] became p r o f e s s o r o f F i n n i s h Language and L i t e r -a t u r e , r e t i r e d 1862 p u b l i s h e d Ueber den E n a r e - l a p p i s c h e n D i a l e k t [The I n a r i - L a p p D i a l e c t J ~" 1857 p u b l i s h e d Neuvoja e r a s t e n i a k a l a i n k a v t t a m i s e s t a r u u a k s i [ A d v i c e on U s i n g C e r t a i n L i c h e n s as F o o d ] 1859 p u b l i s h e d M i n k a t a h d e n c u o l e e Suomessa n i i n p a l . i o n l a p s i a e n s i m m a i s e l l a i k a v u o d e l l a n s e ? [Why Do So Many C h i l d r e n i n F i n l a n d D i e i n T h e i r F i r s t Y e a r ? ] 1860 p u b l i s h e d F l o r a F e n n i c a : Suomen k a s v i s t o [The F l o r a o f F i n l a n d J I863 t r a n s l a t e d Johan P h i l o p P a l m e n ' s L a * i n o p i l l i n e n k a s i k i r . i a y h t e i s e k s i s i y i s t y k s e k s i I J u d i c i a l Handbook f o r G e n e r a l E n l i g h t e n m e n t ] 1866- p u b l i s h e d i n 14 p a r t s S u o m a l a i s - r u o t s a l a i n e n 1880 s a n a k i r . i a [ F i n n i s h - S w e d i s h D i c t i o n a r y ] 1872 p u b l i s h e d Suomalainen v i r s i k i r . i a v a l i a i k a i s e k s i t a r p e e k s i LA F i n n i s h Hymnal f o r Temporary U s e ] 1880 p u b l i s h e d Suomen kansan m u i n a i s i a l o i t s o r u n o . i a [ O l d M e t r i c a l Charms o f the F i n n i s h P e o p l e ] 1881 p u b l i s h e d T u r o , kuun ,ia a u r i n g o n p e l a s t a j a . I n k e r i n k a n s a r u n o i s t a kokoon s o v i x t a n u t E l i a s L o n n r o t L T u r o , S a v i o r o f the Sun and the Moon. From I h g r i a n Songs c o n c a t e n a t e d by E l i a s L o n n r o t ] 1887 pos thumously p u b l i s h e d r e a r r a n g e d and expanded v e r s i o n o f K a n t e l e t a r F . P . Magoun p r o v i d e s more d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t L o n n r o t ' s p u b l i c a t i o n s , f i e l d w o r k and academic p o s i t i o n s i n L o n n r o t , 1849; 1963, p p . 341-382. 5 0 The number o f F i n n i s h language newspapers i n c r e a s e d f r o m one i n 1835 t o o v e r 90 by the t u r n o f the c e n t u r y . I n a d d i t i o n , the papers r e p r e s e n t e d a u n i f o r m v i e w c o n c e r n i n g F i n n i s h n a t i o n a l i s m . See b e l o w . The number o f e n t r i e s w i t h i n the a r c h i v e s o f the F i n n i s h L i t e r a r y S o c i e t y i n c r e a s e d f o u r f o l d d u r i n g the same p e r i o d . See W. A . W i l s o n , 1976, p p . 47-51. " ' I n terms o f what i s to come, i t LThe K a l e v a l a j i s f o r us a p r o p h e t i c s e e r o f the h i s t o r i c a l f u t u r e , f o r s u c h a n a t i o n t h a t has o r i g i n a l l y l i v e d under the i n f l u e n c e o f t h i s k i n d o f p o e t i c power cannot be d e s t i n e d t o d i s a p p e a r w i t h o u t a , t r a c e from t h e f i e l d s o f h i s t o r y . * " " K a l e v a l a , " K a r i a l t a r , 6 March 1885 as c i t e d i n W., A . W i l s o n , 1976, p p . 48-49 . " ' T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e K a l e v a l a marks the t u r n i n g p o i n t i n our n a t i o n a l l i f e : our n a t i o n a l l i f e o n l y b e g i n s a t t h a t p o i n t . I n the K a l e v a l a the F i n n i s h n a t i o n l e a r n e d t o 69 know i t s e l f and to trust i t s e l f . . . . »" "Kalevalan juhlat," Raumon Lehti. 28 February 1885 as cited in W. A. Wilson, 1976, p. 48. In addition there was a rapid increase i n public education. For a discussion of these events see N. Liakka, Vappa .ia Vapaaehtoinen Kansansiyistysto Suomessa [Free and Voluntary Public Education i n Finland] (Jyvaskyla T 1942) as cited i n W. A. Wilson, 1976, pp. 45-49. See also J. H. Wuorinen, 1931, PP. 155-165. In 1870 the epic was adopted as a textbook for a l l elementary schools and in 1876 the primary reader Maammekir.ia [About Our Country] based on excerpts from the Kalevala earae into use. The following information indicates the rapid changes occurring within the Finnish educational system during this period. The f i r s t Finnish language secondary school was founded i n Jyvaskyla in 1858, a state supported primary school system came into being i n 1866 and a teacher training college in 1873. By 1874 nearly 16,000 students were being given instruction and by 1900 the number of students educated solely in Finnish outnumbered those being taught in Swedish. In 1904 there were 3,678 schools giving instruction to 125,870 students. In addition, a number of adult educational f a c i l i t i e s were established to give instruction i n economic, practical affairs (agriculture, medicine, etc.) and nationalism. Centermost within a l l these educational endeavours was the study of the Kalevala. For a discussion of adult education see "Kansavallstus Seura," [The Society for Public Enlightenment], in N. Liakka, 1942 as cited i n W. A. Wilson, 1976, pp. 45-49. 5 1 Jutikkala and Pirinen, 1974, p. 212. 5 2 Hoglund, 1975, PP. 37-38. 5 3 Orta, 1975, PP. 22-23. 5^ 55 56 Ibid., p. 31. Ibid., p. 33. Ibid., p. 3 .^ 5 7 C. Erickson, "The Impact of Push and P u l l , - Nordic Emigration Reseach Conference i n Uppsala, 1969. Proceedings, Uppsala, 1970, pp. 26-28, as cited i n Orta, 1975, p. 22. 5 8 orta, 1975, p. 33. 5 9 Ibid., p. 30. 6 0 Ibid., p. 26. ^ 1 Burridge, New Heaven New Earth, pp. 4-8. 6 2 Orta, 1975, PP. 23-24 and Annual Report of the 70 P r o v i n c i a l Governor of Kuopio fo r 1880, Papers of the former o f f i c e of the Secretary of Finland, St. Petersburg Public Archives, H e l s i n k i , Finland as c i t e d i n i b i d . , p. 27. 6? ^ See, f o r example, sawmilling; sawyers, cutters, f l o a t e r s , drivers and loaders. Each of these were then further d i f f e r e n t i a t e d into s k i l l e d , semi-skilled and labourers. Workers were remunerated according to the d i s t i n c t i o n s created by t h e i r occupations. AL Apart from the changes i n labour organization implied by a change to grain and c a t t l e farming there i s a further consideration. Both grain and c a t t l e are r e a d i l y quantified and c a t t l e l i k e money have an inherent incremental q u a l i t y . Anthropology Lecture by K. 0. L. Burridge, University of B r i t i s h Columbia, 6 February 1975. 65 66 67 Orta, 1975. P« 32. Ibid., p. 33. Hoglund, 1975. PP. 48-49. 68 Jutikkala and Pirinen, 1974, pp. 227-228. The a s s i m i l a t i o n program began with a u n i f i c a t i o n of the Finnish postal system, exchange system and l e g a l system with Russia. The authority formerly granted to the Finnish Diet was revoked. In addition, Russian administrators imposed t h e i r language into the courts and t h e i r curriculum into the educational system. 6 9 Ibid., p. 227. See also, "Settlers for the Island," Daily Colonist. 29 November 1899. 7 0 "Finns f o r the Coast," i b i d . , 23 August 1899; "The Finns Delegation," i b i d . , 27 August 1899; "An Important V i s i t , " i b i d . , 29 August 1899; "Finnish Immigration," i b i d . , 2 February 1901; "An Immigration Scheme," i b i d . , 2 February 1901; "Russian Finns Seek Home," Vancouver Province, 9 A p r i l 1901. Canadians expressed an i n t e r e s t i n obtaining suitable immigrants to develop the northern areas. It was believed that since Finns were used to a cold climate and to hard work, they would make i d e a l s e t t l e r s . From the s t a r t the emphasis was l e s s on integrating Finnish s e t t l e r s into the general mi l i e u of the English speaking population and more on using t h i s p o t e n t i a l work force to s e t t l e the wilderness or to Iprovide employees f o r the national r a i l r o a d . See also, Halminen, 1936, pp. 6-7. 7 1 Abo Underrattelser, Sweden, 1887, p. 1 as c i t e d i n Orta, 1975. p. 34. 7 2 Oberg, 1928. See also, J . D. Wilson, 1973-74. 71 73 J Some of my fieldwork informants r e c a l l that Tyomies was distributed to North America and that i t was often the only reading available to Finns i n remote areas. 74 ' Oberg, 1928, p. 5« Among the popular stories about Kurikka was one about his birth. Reportedly his mother had a dream that her son would some day stand astride a church building while tearing shingles from i t s roof and casting them to the wind. The dream was related as a metaphor for Kurikka's desire to tear apart the old order and to restore a more natural and inherently just form of society. 7 5 J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, pp. 53-54. 76 Halminen, 1936, p. 18. 7 7 Hoglund, 1975. PP. 48-50. 78 Paiva Lehti (Helsinki), 5 March 1890. 7 9 Uusi Aura (Turku, Finland), 5 March 1899. 80 Hoglund, 1975, PP. 40-45. O-i „. , J N Pfrgl-sy°mf?S5?- (Helsinki), 10 July 1891; Kaiku (Oulu, Finland), 18 July 1891 and ib i d . , 24 February 1897!: Vasan Lehti (Vasa, Finland), 8 December 1881 and ibid., 18 June 1881. See also Suomalainen (Jyvaskyla, Finland), 1 April 1892. 8 3 Kaiku, 8 September 1893. E. Narju, "Kirje Amerikasta" [Letter from America], Hengellinen Kuukaus-lehti 8 (1895): 118-119 and M. Tarkkanen, Poytakir.iaj .ioka tehtiin 8;ssa yleisessa pappiskokouksessa Turussa heinakuun 27-29 paivina 1897 LMembership Li s t Which Was Made At the Meeting or the Clergy.at Turku, July 27-29, 1897J (Uusikaupunki, 1897). PP. 85-87 as cited i n Hoglund, 1975. P. 43. 8 5 See Hoglund, 1975, P. 43. See also Panelius, Wuoskertomus antanot Suomen merimes lahetysseuran iohtokuntaa, 1889-LAnnual Report of the Finnish Seaman's Directorship, I W ] (Helsinki, 1889), as cited i n Hoglund, 1975, p. 43. Chapter 3 Traditions, Experience and Circumstance Combined in the Quest for an Utopian Community: Matti Kurikka and the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited, 1880-1904 This chapter i s concerned with the rise of the Kalevan Kansa movement, i t s subsequent acti v i t i e s and i t s eventual decline. Chronologically the events proceed from the middle 1880s to 1905. Within this time span there are three less distinct although significant periods, each characterized by specific kinds of a c t i v i t i e s . The f i r s t stretches from the 1880s to the turn of the century. In the intervening years a small number from among the Finnish miners became increasingly concerned about the social ambiance around them and about their role within i t . Their efforts to improve the situation led to the founding of two temperance societies and the expansion of their small reading and social c i r c l e along with the formation of a Finnish marching band. In their search for a central guidepost by which individual ac t i v i t i e s and behaviour could be evaluated they became increasingly involved with fundamentalist Christianity and the traditional lore and mythology of their Finnish background. Although they did not articulate clear goals for themselves or for the other 72 F i n n s i n the a r e a they were aware o f a need f o r change. They a l s o b e l i e v e d t h a t the changes they had experienced amongst themselves might e v e n t u a l l y be extended beyond t h e i r small c i r c l e . The second p e r i o d began with the a r r i v a l o f M a t t i K u r i k k a and s t a r t e d t o d i s s i p a t e when the Kalevan Kansa s e t about b u i l d i n g S o i n t u l a . To the F i n n i s h miners K u r i k k a r e p r e s e n t e d the f u l f i l l m e n t of t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n s . He was a r t i c u l a t e i n h i s speeach and d e f i n i t e i n h i s manner. He manipulated the contemporary Vancouver I s l a n d s o c i e t y i n a manner the others o n l y m a r g i n a l l y understood. Yet, he shared w i t h them a p a s t h i s t o r y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h a r d s h i p s and d e f e a t s , and by h i s own example he i n d i c a t e d t h a t those experiences c o u l d be transformed i n t o a p e r c e p t i o n o f s o c i e t y which was meaningful and powerful i n i t s appeal and apparent s u c c e s s . H i s r e v e l a t i o n of the j o i n t - s t o c k company which would become the b a s i s of t h e i r new community seemed to i n c o r p o r a t e both the appeal o f a s u c c e s s f u l f i n a n c i a l venture and the l u r e of a s o c i e t y based on a more e q u i t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of wealth. During t h i s time K u r i k k a i n c r e a s i n g l y assumed the d u t i e s o f l e a d e r s h i p and r e i n f o r c e d h i s e a r l i e r n o t i o n s about an i d e a l i s t i c community formed on the p r i n c i p l e s o f a j o i n t - s t o c k company by founding the A i k a newspaper on the same premise. He encouraged the p a r t i c i p a n t s i n the emerging movement by constant r e f e r e n c e s t o a shared sense of the past, t o the t r a n s f o r m i n g q u a l i t y o f t r u e C h r i s t i a n l i v i n g and brotherhood and to the l e g a c y of greatness embodied i n t r a d i t i o n a l F i n n i s h mythology and l o r e . For a s h o r t time i t appeared t h a t the e n t h u s i a s t i c e x p e r i e n c i n g of comradeship among the Kalevan Kansa would o v e r r i d e the s t r u c t u r a l d i s t i n c t i o n s i n h e r e n t i n the a f f a i r s and i n t e r e s t s of i n d i v i d u a l people. The t h i r d p e r i o d encompassed the m a j o r i t y of the a c t i v i t i e s o f the Kalevan Kansa a t S o i n t u l a on Malcolm Island, the s i t e o f t h e i r proposed Utopia. The experience o f communitas was s h o r t - l i v e d . As soon as the Kalevan Kansa began to d e a l w i t h the s p e c i f i c requirements of forming t h e i r new community they were e m b r o i l l e d i n c o n f l i c t s of p e r s o n a l i t y and i n matters of s e l f i n t e r e s t . The e n t i r e event can be viewed as a s o c i e t a l r i t e o f passage. For a time K u r i k k a was able t o move h i s f o l l o w e r s from the c h a o t i c y e t s t r u c t u r e d ambiance of l i f e i n the Vancouver I s l a n d communities i n t o a l i m i n a l s t a t e . He f a i l e d , however, t o p r o v i d e the necessary guidance which would see them i n t o the s t r u c t u r e of a more e q u i t a b l e and workable s o c i e t y . The i n e v i t a b i l i t y o f conforming t o the apparatus of s t r u c t u r e took p l a c e b e f o r e the Kalevan Kansa had f o r m a l l y embarked on founding S o i n t u l a , There was no s u b s t a n t i a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of b e i n g among the membership, and the s p i r i t of brotherhood q u i c k l y d i s i n t e g r a t e d as the p a r t i c i p a n t s i n c r e a s i n g l y began t o i n t e r p r e t the s i t u a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r p r i v a t e i n t e r e s t s . No e x a c t - f i g u r e s are a v a i l a b l e f o r the number o f 7 5 Finnish immigrants who arrived in British Columbia i n the latter decades of the nineteenth and the f i r s t decade of the twentieth centuries. 1 However, information obtained from a variety of sources indicates that Finnish immigrants began to arrive i n this part of Canada i n substantial numbers as early as the 1880s. A few Finns moved south from the area of the Aleutian Islands when Russia forfeited her claim to Alaska in 1867. However, the majority came later, attracted by the expansion of the logging and mining i n -dustries in the western United States and into British Columbia.^ s t i l l others came to British Columbia from the prairies and Ontario as construction and maintenance workers with the Canadian Pacific Railway. These early Finnish immigrants were primarily single men and they tended to follow employment opportunities across the country. When the work ended on the transcontinental railway, many of them drifted toward the coal mines on Vancouver Island to seek jobs. 5 For a few of these early Finnish immigrants, l i f e i n North America provided an opportunity to carry on a manner of l i f e similar to what they had known i n rural Finland.^ But among those who settled i n the more urban centres and in the company settlements around mining communities on Vancouver Island, the daily routine was arduous and i t s 7 pace seemed to be beyond the control of individual members. The vision of prosperity, self-sufficiency and ethnic identity offered by emigration remained elusive. Neither of these alternative ways of gaining a livelihood was able 76 t o b r i n g about the measure o f w e l l - b e i n g which they had e n v i s i o n e d and which had served as a c a t a l y s t f o r t h e i r e m i g r a t i o n . The c o n d i t i o n s o f e a r l y immigrant l i f e a t the c o a s t a l mining communities l i k e Nanaimo, W e l l i n g t o n and E x t e n s i o n were not conducive to e a r n i n g and accumulating money or t o p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t r a d i t i o n a l c u l t u r a l u n d e r t a k i n g s . F u r t h e r , the l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s d i d not f a c i l i t a t e the f u l f i l l m e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l p e r c e p t i o n s o f what a descendant o f a K a l e v a l a F i n n ought to be. Elsewhere, the o p p o r t u n i t i e s seemed s l i g h t l y c l o s e r a t hand, e s p e c i a l l y i n the s t a t i c and more coherent a g r i c u l t u r a l l y based F i n n i s h communities i n Saskatchewan and On t a r i o i n which i n d i v i d u a l s and f a m i l i e s Q c o u l d remain l a r g e l y s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t . However, i n the mining communities where the m a j o r i t y of workers were immigrants," 1' 0 r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e by t h e i r d i v e r s e t r a d i t i o n s and languages, d a i l y r o u t i n e appeared t o be more complex. 1 1 Apart from f a i l i n g t o cope w i t h the c o m p l e x i t i e s i n h e r e n t w i t h i n a s t r o n g l y money o r i e n t e d s o c i e t y i n which moral o b l i g a t i o n s appeared t r a n s i t o r y , these immigrant workers were s u b j e c t to m a n i p u l a t i o n and s c r u t i n y a c c o r d i n g 12 to the whims of employers, landowners and p o l i t i c i a n s . T h i s dominance was accentuated i n the Nanaimo d i s t r i c t where one of the p r i n c i p a l employers (James Dunsmuir) was a l s o a major landowner and a prominent p o l i t i c i a n . For many o f the F i n n i s h workers i n the mines around W e l l i n g t o n the c e n t r a l q u e s t i o n s which had made i d e n t i t y an i s s u e i n F i n l a n d were y e t t o be answered i n a new environment which e n t a i l e d a d d i t i o n a l burdens. D e s p i t e the moral condemnation i n F i n l a n d d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t those who wished t o emigrate, there remained some sense o f homogeneity which breached : t h e i r economic and c l a s s d i f f e r e n c e s . T h i s d i d not e x i s t i n North America. I n the mining communities on Vancouver I s l a n d F i n n s were c l e a r l y a m i n o r i t y and, i n the view of some segments of the p u b l i c , a m a r g i n a l l y d e s i r a b l e one a t t h a t . T h e i r r e p u t a t i o n as hard workers was o f t e n o f f s e t by r e p o r t s o f t h e i r rowdiness and b r a w l i n g w i t h i n the s e t t l e m e n t . 1 3 L o c a l employers and p o l i t i c i a n s r e c o g n i z e d i n the i n f l u x o f immigrants a v i t a l r e s ource which c o u l d be used t o develop the n a t u r a l wealth of the p r o v i n c e . ^ To them, Finns appeared t o be a p r e f e r a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e t o other r a c i a l 1 - * and e t h n i c g r o u p s . 1 ^ They would p r o v i d e the needed hardy stock o f s e t t l e r s who c o u l d e x p l o i t and e v e n t u a l l y s e t t l e the f r o n t i e r . 1 ' ' Furthermore, they would not arouse the emotional t u r m o i l which surrounded the use o f A s i a n and n a t i v e I n d i a n l a b o u r e r s . Throughout the 1880s and i n t o the next decade a t t i t u d e s t o F i n n i s h immigrants and t h e i r proposed l a r g e s c a l e s e t t l e -ment i n B r i t i s h Columbia remained ambiguous. The v a r i o u s sentiments were r e f l e c t e d i n p u b l i c o p i n i o n and i n govern-ment p o l i c y . 1 8 At times F i n n s were r e c o g n i z e d as esteemed workers, capable e x p l o i t e r s o f the p r o v i n c e ' s r e s o u r c e s ; competent and b i o l o g i c a l l y and h i s t o r i c a l l y s u i t e d s e t t l e r s f o r the remote a r e a s . 1 9 A d d i t i o n a l l y , they were o f t e n thought t o be w e l l educated, w e l l v e r s e d i n f i n a n c i a l and t e c h n o l o g i c a l matters, and a m u l t i - l i n g u a l and c u l t u r e d people f o r c e d t o abandon t h e i r p r o g r e s s i v e homeland by the 20 tyranny of the Ru s s i a n T s a r . In o p p o s i t i o n t o these l a u d a t o r y c l a i m s designed t o arouse p a s s i o n and p u b l i c i n t e r e s t i n support of Caucasian immigrants were the r e a l i t i e s o f the immigrant e x p e r i e n c e . The F i n n i s h immigrants who a r r i v e d i n B r i t i s h Columbia seldom had s k i l l s a p a r t from those a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e i r a g r a r i a n background. They o f t e n had o n l y l i m i t e d knowledge about f i n a n c i a l m a t t e r s . They were r a r e l y m u l t i - l i n g u a l and l e s s o f t e n competent i n E n g l i s h . As such, the t r a n s i e n t workers tended t o gat h e r i n areas where ot h e r F i n n s were employed, farmed or owned boarding houses. In the worker s e t t l e m e n t s of the predominantly urban communities on Vancouver I s l a n d , 21 they were noted f o r t h e i r f i g h t i n g and o f t e n gained the 22 dubious d i s t i n c t i o n o f b e i n g "bad Russian F i n n s " . E q u a l l y c o n f u s i n g were the number o f r e p o r t s i n d i c a t i n g the s c a l e o f F i n n i s h i m m i g r a t i o n . 2 3 Among the p u b l i c and more r e l u c t a n t l y among the members of the p r o v i n c i a l govern-ment i t was h e l d t h a t l a r g e numbers of F i n n i s h immigrants 24 would be an a s s e t t o the p r o v i n c i a l economy. Newspapers on Vancouver I s l a n d were q u i c k t o note t h a t F i n n s were i d e a l l y s u i t e d t o s e t t l e i n the o u t l y i n g areas o f the B u l k l e y V a l l e y and the n o r t h e r n t i p o f the i s l a n d , not i n the c u r r e n t c e n t r e s of p o p u l a t i o n . 2 5 They maintained t h a t u n l i k e a l a r g e i n f l u x o f t r a n s i e n t workers from the U n i t e d S t a t e s the F i n l a n d e r s would e s t a b l i s h permanent s e t t l e m e n t s which would endure beyond the immediate i n t e r e s t s o f the 26 r e s o u r c e companies. I n i t i a l l y , they argued, the F i n n s c o u l d p r o v i d e a l a b o u r f o r c e f o r the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway and subsequently they c o u l d s e t t l e i n the o u t s k i r t s of the towns to h a r v e s t the r e s o u r c e s and to grow a g r i -27 c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s . From the s t a r t p o l i t i c a n s and mine owners looked upon the F i n n s as a guaranteed and p o t e n t i a l l y renewable supply of l a b o u r . Many o f the new immigrants who came t o Vancouver I s l a n d found work i n the mines abhorrent. Working i n the mines e n t a i l e d constant danger and c o n s i d e r a b l e h a r d s h i p . Lax enforcement of s a f e t y r e g u l a t i o n s , u t i l i z a t i o n of men u n s k i l l e d i n c o a l mining and the inadequate mining technology of the p e r i o d a l l c o n t r i b u t e d t o c r e a t i n g numerous mining 29 a c c i d e n t s r e s u l t i n g i n permanent d i s a b i l i t i e s or death. Furthermore, work underground and l i f e i n the company town-s i t e s was g e n e r a l l y a l i e n t o the c u l t u r a l experience of 30 these f o r m e r l y r u r a l people and t o t h e i r e x p e c t a t i o n s , J A d d i t i o n a l l y , these i n d i v i d u a l s who had been educated and i n d o c t r i n a t e d about t h e i r F i n n i s h n e s s and t h e i r h e r o i c p a s t i n the K a l e v a l a came to North America w i t h a sense o f z e a l and a n t i c i p a t i o n . 3 1 The need to express a sense o f s e l f as a r e f l e c t i o n o f s u p e r i o r e t h n i c i t y became more emphatic as the o p p o s i t i o n to e m i g r a t i o n grew i n the home-l a n d , i n North America, the descendants o f Kaleva thought t h a t they would be a b l e t o s t r i v e f o r and e x e r c i s e t h e i r i n h e r e n t t a l e n t s and c a p a b i l i t i e s t o p r o v i d e the p h y s i c a l and s o c i a l circumstances needed f o r exemplar m a t e r i a l and p s y c h i c w e l l - b e i n g . D e s p i t e t h e i r i n i t i a l enthusiasm, the means t o b r i n g about the d e s i r e d s t a t e o f a f f a i r s i n these communities remained e l u s i v e . The m a j o r i t y o f Finns who worked i n the mines a t W e l l i n g t o n and E x t e n s i o n had come from s m a l l s u b s i s t e n c e farms or from the r e c e n t l y burgeoning urban c e n t r e s i n Finland.3 2 As such they were f o r the most p a r t people w i t h s o c i a l conventions r e f l e c t i v e of a s u b s i s t e n c e environment where i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and worth was p r i m a r i l y reckoned by how w e l l immediate r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s were d i s c h a r g e d among others who shared t h e i r narrow perspectives.33 However, l i f e i n the mining communities r e q u i r e d p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a s o c i a l ambiance which was e s s e n t i a l l y h i e r a r c h i c a l and a l i e n . There, d e f i n i t i o n s o f community and p e r s o n a l worth engendered by the p r a c t i c e s around them appeared complex and ambiguous. Old c r i t e r i a based on q u a l i t y o f l a b o u r and exchanges c l a s h e d w i t h the p r e s e n t circumstances where r e l a t i o n s h i p s between employer and employees as w e l l as among themselves seemed non-r e c i p r o c a l . 3^ F i n n i s h n e s s was not r e c o g n i z e d as an e s p e c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e a t t r i b u t e i n r e l a t i o n t o other Caucasian ethnicies .35 Hard and c o n s c i e n t i o u s work brought minimal ac c e s s t o money and m a t e r i a l goods which were fundamental i n d e f i n i n g the value o f i n d i v i d u a l s and t h e i r t a s k s . 81 Without the s e c u r i t y o f a c e n t r a l c u l t u r a l g u i d e p o s t - ^ by which i n d i v i d u a l a c t i v i t i e s and v a l u e s c o u l d be judged, l i f e i n the e t h n i c community was ambivalent. Drunkenness, braw l i n g , f a c t i o n a l r i v a l r y - ^ and n e g l e c t o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s toward f a m i l y and f e l l o w workers d i d not r e s u l t i n o s t r a -c i z a t i o n nor d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . - ^ 8 i n s t e a d , these p r a c t i c e s were o f t e n r e i n f o r c e d and rewarded by the employers who by t h e i r p o s i t i o n a t the t o p o f the h i e r a r c h y ought t o have e x e m p l i f i e d •proper' m o r a l i t y . Rather, the employers r e g u l a r l y brought d e l i v e r i e s of a l c o h o l t o the work areas t o m a i n t a i n a g e n e r a l s t a t e o f d i s u n i t y and indebtedness. The s m a l l wages accrued from work were o f t e n q u i c k l y con-sumed and c r e d i t was extended by employers who wanted t o be Jin sure o f a c o n t i n u i n g source o f l a b o u r . Among a group w i t h immediate r o o t s i n a s u b s i s t e n c e background the s i t u a t i o n appeared p a r t i c u l a r l y c h a o t i c . On the one hand, the c r e d i t r e l a t i o n s h i p r e i n f o r c e d n o t i o n s about exchanges which c o u l d be c h a r a c t e r i z e d as (A*EEKB) but on the other hand the employer was f r e e to manipulate the s i t u a t i o n by mo d i f y i n g h i s o b l i g a t i o n s w i t h money and the power i n h e r e n t i n i t s p o s s e s s i o n . For many of the F i n n s i t seemed an im p o s s i b l e t a s k t o d i s c e r n c o r r e c t l y the r u l e s o f the e x i s t e n t s o c i a l s e t t i n g . Without a meaningful c e n t r a l o b j e c t i v e by which the c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n c o u l d be ev a l u a t e d and r a t i o n a l i z e d , the r o u t e t o p e r s o n a l i n t e g r i t y remained e l u s i v e . ^ I n a s e t t i n g where v a l u e s appeared t o be t r a n s i t o r y the r i g h t avenues 82 were not c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from the wrong. The d a i l y f a r e o f immigrant workers and t h e i r f a m i l i e s viewed i n r e l a t i o n t o t h a t of others around them who b e t t e r understood the c o m p l e x i t i e s of the s i t u a t i o n appeared so d i f f e r e n t t h a t the F i n ns almost d e s p a i r e d of comprehending the p r i n c i p l e s of o r g a n i z a t i o n . The seeming complexity was i n h e r e n t i n the s i t u a t i o n i t s e l f . The m a j o r i t y of these immigrant workers were caught i n the midst of two c o n t r a d i c t o r y p e r c e p t i o n s o f order r e p r e s e n t e d , on the one hand, by the experience o f r u r a l s u b s i s t e n c e F i n l a n d and the i d e a l i s t i c d e s i r e t o extend t h a t experience i n t o the f u t u r e and, on the other hand, by the n e c e s s i t y t o ' p a r t i c i p a t e i n the v a l u e s and commerce o f Lo a moneyed s o c i e t y on Vancouver I s l a n d . The i n t e r a c t i o n of these opposing experiences drew to the f o r e f r o n t q u e s t i o n s which concerned i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y and worth, community o r g a n i z a t i o n and human na t u r e . J In t u r n , these q u e s t i o n s o f man's nature and worth r e t u r n e d t o money. Money, i t s a c q u i s i t i o n and use, pr o v i d e d the c r i t e r i a by which t o s u b s t a n t i a t e the va l u e of each i n d i v i d u a l . For the m a j o r i t y of these e a r l y F i n n i s h workers, the means to o b t a i n s u b s t a n t i a l amounts of money were r e s t r i c t e d . Even i n the most c o n s e r v a t i v e e x i s t e n c e s , the s m a l l wages o f $1.50 t o $3.00 per day p a i d t o the miners were q u i c k l y consumed by the n e c e s s i t i e s o f food, c l o t h i n g and s h e l t e r , most o f t e n purchased or l e a s e d from the company.^ In a d d i t i o n t o these d i f f i c u l t i e s t here was no form o f job s e c u r i t y . ^ Furthermore, without adequate 83 f a c i l i t y i n E n g l i s h and i n l e g a l matters, there was v e r y l i t t l e p o s s i b i l i t y of s t r i k i n g out from the s e c u r i t y o f some form o f employment. The modest s a v i n g s which were a c q u i r e d by a few o f the workers were l o s t i n the purchase o f a l c o h o l 46 or they became m i s a p p r o p r i a t e d by o t h e r means. The indebtedness and l a c k o f o r g a n i z a t i o n among the workers p l a c e d them i n a c o n t i n u i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e i r employers which was d i f f i c u l t t o evade. Entr e p r e n e u r s l i k e James Dunsmuir r e c o g n i z e d and u t i l i z e d the miners* i n a b i l i t y t o 47 handle money other than as a t r e a s u r e a r t i c l e . They c l e a r l y c a p i t a l i z e d on the l o n g e v i t y of r e l a t i o n s h i p s based on c r e d i t . Seen from the p e r s p e c t i v e of these immigrant workers, proper m o r a l i t y r e f l e c t e d i n the a c t i o n s o f the w e l l - t o - d o and p o l i t i c a l l y powerful w i t h i n these communities appeared t o hinge on the a b i l i t y t o break r e l a t i o n s h i p s and o b l i g a t i o n s a t w i l l . A c t i o n s which f o r m e r l y would have r e s u l t e d i n s o c i a l o s t r a c i z a t i o n and r e t r i b u t i o n were l e f t u n c h a l l e n g e d . ^ 8 The degree o f d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n among F i n n s i n the mining community and the extent of the a u t h o r i t a r i a n a t t i t u d e s h e l d by the employers was c l e a r l y r e f l e c t e d i n matters c o n c e r n i n g homes. Few immigrants c o u l d accumulate s u f f i c i e n t money t o buy l a n d or t o b u i l d t h e i r own d w e l l i n g s . Company housing, when a v a i l a b l e , was v i r t u a l l y u n i n h a b i t a b l e . ^ 9 I f r e p a i r s t o company owned accommodation were needed t h e r e was no recompense or a s s i s t a n c e and sometimes the mine owner r e q u i r e d t h a t the e n t i r e community move t h e i r l o d g i n g s 84 to a site nearer to a more productive mine or i n response to other arbitrary decisions.^° When there were discussions about common interests among the miners, employers were willing to shut down entire mines as a reminder to the workers of their power.^1 The alternative of venturing into the hinterland as single individuals or as families was most often not feasible due to a lack of capital, inappropriate s k i l l s , poor f a c i l i t y i n English and a lack of familiarity with p o l i t i c a l and legal matters pertaining to land acquisition.^ 2 Additionally, the desired renaissance of Pinnishness could not come to flower among solitary settler families scattered in remote areas. Throughout the 1880s there was a gradual decline i n the well-being of Finnish workers i n the mining communities, particularly at Extension and Wellington. Popular recog-nition of the value of Finns as an ethnic group decreased. As an outcome of the declining perception of self, matters of individual integrity and ethnic identity expressed in terms of community acceptability became more prominent among the group of miners. Their concern about the dis-integration of values and individual relationships within the immigrant settlements was influential i n preparing a foundation for change. F i r s t , i t separated them as a group from others and reinforced the inherent feeling that Finns had qualities which set them apart. Second, by setting themselves apart i t was possible to recognize that they, as a group, not as individuals, were divorced from the 85 avenues to material well-being and the opportunity to become individuals of worth within the community. Beyond labouring as modestly or poorly paid wage-workers, the Finns had not been able to realize and participate in activities which could validate perceptions of what a successful man ought to be, either in terms of their traditional perspectives or the values of the present society. In a social setting established on principles of hierarchy determined by race, ethnicity and wealth the Finns as a group f e l t themselves to be increasingly ignored and despised by both the Anglo-Saxon population and the Oriental and native groups who represented the polarities of the social continuum.5-^ Those who held positions of authority and wealth looked upon the Finnish immigrants as an available commodity. Among the Oriental population Finns were often seen as a threat to 54 their opportunities for employment and housing.-' In the fifteen years after 1880 Finns in the mining communities of Vancouver Island increasingly began to think of themselves as a minority. However, i t was not u n t i l the middle of the 1890s that this awareness grew into a more coherent understanding defined by objectives. Without adequate f a c i l i t y in English and an understanding of the principles of organization within these new Canadian communities, Finns had remained without access to p o l i t i c a l power and representation. They had been and to a large extent remained powerless to alter their working conditions, their l i v i n g circumstances and subsequently their position within 86 the g r e a t e r s o c i e t y . At the W e l l i n g t o n and E x t e n s i o n mines they were a l l o t t e d arduous and dangerous tasks which had p r e v i o u s l y been done by the Chinese and o t h e r A s i a n w o r k e r s . 5 5 In t u r n , t h i s work which t r a d i t i o n a l l y should have been rewarded on l y r e a l i z e d the poorest of housing vacated by the > a 57 Chinese m i n e r s 5 ^ and the lowest amounts of pay g i v e n to 'white* workers. Without f i r m commitments t o c o l l e c t i v e c u l t u r a l endeavours among the Finns or p a r t i c i p a t i o n w i t h i n the broader community, there were no measures by which i n d i v i d u a l a c t i v i t i e s c o u l d be e v a l u a t e d other than by money. As Halminen p o i n t s out, i n these mining communities the immed-i a t e a c q u i s i t i o n and d i s p e r s a l of money was the focus of a t t e n t i o n . 5 8 W i t h i n t h i s ambiance, i n t e r - p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n -s h i p s and v a l u e s were c o n t i n u a l l y s u b j e c t to r e d e f i n i t i o n and n o t i o n s of what c o n s t i t u t e d proper behaviour i n a g i v e n circumstance appeared impossible t o p r e d i c t . ^ 7 However, the growing r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t Finns were a d i s t i n c t m i n o r i t y , a l b e i t a d i s r e p u t a b l e one, w i t h i n these communities tended t o s h i f t the focus away from money. C o n t r a d i c t i n g the i n t r u s i o n o f moneyed v a l u e s onto people u n f a m i l i a r w i t h i t s nature and i t s s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s was a growing sense o f togetherne ss. The r e v i t a l i z e d i n t e r e s t i n themselves as a d i s t i n c t group was r e f l e c t e d i n the meetings which were h e l d a t the homes of v a r i o u s i n d i v i d u a l s a t the mining camps.^° These meetings were o f t e n devoted t o vague d i s c u s s i o n s about the need f o r brotherhood and c o m r a d e s h i p 6 1 87 which i n t u r n were connected t o idea s about s o c i e t y and i t s members. Among these Finns d i s c u s s i o n p i v o t e d around thoughts r e l a t e d t o s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . On the one hand, they wanted a f e e l i n g o f e t h n i c b r o t h e r h o o d D , c and, on the oth e r hand, they d e s i r e d t o guarantee f o r themselves the m a t e r i a l w e l l -being and p o l i t i c a l power from which they had been excluded. These e a r l y a s p i r a t i o n s toward a more e q u i t a b l e form o f s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n than t h a t which p r e s e n t l y e x i s t e d were r e f l e c t e d i n the fo r m a t i o n o f the marching bra s s band and the v a r i o u s temperance s o c i e t i e s . 6 3 Each enhanced the s p i r i t of commonalty while s i m u l t a n e o u s l y p r o v i d i n g avenues f o r i n d i v i d u a l e x p r e s s i o n s o f idea s and achievements. For the Finns a t W e l l i n g t o n and p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r those who were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the marching band and the temperance s o c i e t i e s , the d i r e c t i o n appeared t o l i e i n the s y n t h e s i s o f t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u e s and a s p i r a t i o n s w i t h the present circum-stance, i n the welding t o g e t h e r o f brotherhood and economic p r o s p e r i t y . The d e s i r a b i l i t y o f the c u l t u r a l l e g a c y o f the K a l e v a l a and the e g a l i t a r i a n mode o f t r a d i t i o n a l F i n n i s h r u r a l l i f e was g i v e n f u r t h e r impetus by the renewed i n t e r e s t AL i n f u n d a m entalist C h r i s t i a n i t y . Among t h i s s m a l l group any r e c o g n i t i o n from other F i n n s and e s p e c i a l l y from w i t h i n the g e n e r a l p u b l i c was seen as v a l i d a t i o n o f the process o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n which was thought to be o c c u r r i n g . 6 ^ T h e f o r m a t i o n o f a temperance group, f o r example, was viewed f a v o r a b l y by those Nanaimo r e s i d e n t s b e l o n g i n g t o l o c a l s o f s e v e r a l a c t i v e temperance groups i n the t o w n . 6 6 The changes 88 which were t a k i n g p l a c e were not s o l e l y motivated by economic disadvantages but a l s o drew t h e i r i n s p i r a t i o n from the h i s t o r i c a l p a s t o f the Finns and t h e i r c u r r e n t enthusiasm w i t h r e l i g i o u s m a t t e r s . When the Utopian a c t i v i t y o f the Kalevan Kansa began t o occur i n 1900 i t was generated from a s y n t h e s i s o f c o n t r a d i c t o r y n o t i o n s . T r a d i t i o n a l v a l u e s and experience were juxtaposed a g a i n s t the p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n which tended to promote p e r c e p t i o n s o f s o c i a l order i n p r i m a r i l y economic t e r m s . 6 7 Although the a c t u a l Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t y d i d not take p l a c e u n t i l 1900 there were e a r l i e r i n d i c a t i o n s o f the g o a l s which would become paramount. By the mid 1890s a rudimentary awareness of a need f o r change had s t a r t e d i n the community o f F i n n i s h miners a t W e l l i n g t o n . The former s i t u a t i o n o f having s i n g u l a r i n d i v i d u a l s or f a m i l i e s a c t i n g 68 a g a i n s t or competing w i t h one another was changing. I n c r e a s i n g l y t h i s group o f F i n n s saw themselves u n i t e d i n t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n to e x t e r n a l a u t h o r i t i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o those who appeared to e x e r c i s e c o n t r o l over t h e i r moral v a l u e s as w e l l as t h e i r economic circumstances. These u n d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were most o f t e n a s s o c i a t e d 69 d i r e c t l y w i t h powerful i n d i v i d u a l s l i k e James IDunsmuir. 7 Among the Finns these a u t h o r i t a r i a n f i g u r e s grew to be u n s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y regarded as r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f an o b j e c t -i o n a b l e form of otherness. The g e n e r a l m i l i e u , i n which i n d i v i d u a l disagreements, squabbles and r i v a l r i e s among the F i n n i s h workers had a l r e a d y decreased, now took on s p e c i f i c 89 o r i e n t a t i o n as the s i t u a t i o n f u r t h e r c o a l e s c e d i n t o b i n a r y camps. In the next two decades these d i v i s i v e sentiments even prevented many F i n n i s h workers from a c t i v e l y p a r t i c -i p a t i n g i n the f o r m a t i o n o f unions, u n l e s s they were c l e a r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f F i n n i s h i n t e r e s t s . 7 0 From a m i l i e u which had presented seemingly endless avenues and d i r e c t i o n s f o r d i s c h a r g i n g i n d i v i d u a l a f f a i r s the p e r c e p t i o n o f a we-they s i t u a t i o n brought i n t o c o n s i d -e r a t i o n thoughts which were more c o n c r e t e . These most o f t e n d e f i n e d the we by a s s o c i a t i n g them with ways o f day t o day i n t e r a c t i o n which c o u l d be d i f f e r e n t i a t e d from the behaviour found o b j e c t i o n a b l e w i t h i n the present s i t u a t i o n . Although 71 t h e r e were no concrete p l a n s i t was g e n e r a l l y f e l t t h a t v a l u e s more r e f l e c t i v e of an e g a l i t a r i a n community would be p r e f e r a b l e . 7 2 In d a i l y a f f a i r s the d i s t i n c t i o n s engendered by wealth, p r o p e r t y and p o s s e s s i o n s should be subsumed by a s p i r i t o f brotherhood and w e l l - b e i n g f o r a l l . 7 ^ S e l f -r e l i a n c e and p r o d u c t i o n w i t h i n an e t h n i c community should take p r i o r i t y over working f o r others and the pu r c h a s i n g o f d a i l y r e q u i r e m e n t s . 7 ^ In t u r n , l i f e i n a u n i f i e d s e t t l e m e n t focused toward common concerns and g o a l s would f u r t h e r i n s t i l the needed p r i s t i n e v a l u e s which would take precedence over the m u l t i f a r i o u s e x p r e s s i o n s o f m o r a l i t y c u r r e n t w i t h i n the mining communities. Once these v a l u e s were c l e a r l y apparent they would a t t r a c t others t o the community which :they d e f i n e d . These ki n d s of thoughts about community remained i n t i m a t e l y l i n k e d w i t h two a s p e c t s o f s o c i a l l i f e w i t h i n the F i n n i s h mining communities, the marching bra s s band and the temperance s o c i e t y . 7 - * The i n t e r e s t and enthusiasm surrounding these groups spread beyond t h e i r memberships. In the l a t e 1880s the band was an a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t i n v a r i o u s c e l e b r a t i o n s on Vancouver I s l a n d . 7 6 i t gathered r e c o g n i t i o n among both F i n n s and n o n - F i n n s . 7 7 In h i s book Halminen r e c a l l s the p r i d e and j u b i l a n c e he f e l t as he observed the band a t a Nanaimo temperance r a l l y . 7 8 For him and other F i n n s , e s p e c i a l l y those who had a l r e a d y been a c t i v e i n temperance c i r c l e s , the band's presence a t the v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s promoted a sense o f immediacy and t o g e t h e r -ness. I t symbolized a c o l l e c t i v e s p i r i t and an a c c e p t a b l e e x p r e s s i o n o f F i n n i s h n e s s . As such i t drew a d d i t i o n a l people i n t o the c i r c l e o f miners i n t e r e s t e d i n improving t h e i r s i t u a t i o n . The p r i d e and acceptance w i t h which the F i n n i s h band was viewed helped t o a t t r a c t and to b r i n g t o g e t h e r s i n g l e and otherwise unattached men w i t h i n the mining communities. For the f i r s t time i t p r o v i d e d a s u b s t a n t i v e focus o f common i n t e r e s t , r e f l e c t i n g and t o a degree g l o r i f y i n g t h e i r e t h n i c i t y . The a s s o c i a t i o n formed by i t s members and f o l l o w e r s grew t o i n c l u d e f u r t h e r o b l i g a t i o n s among f e l l o w workers. The a c t i v i t i e s surrounding the f o r m a t i o n of the temper-ance s o c i e t i e s both complimented and r e f l e c t e d the s p i r i t o f comradeship a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the band. The Lannen Rusko and A a l l o t a r s o c i e t i e s were founded a t North W e l l i n g t o n and 91 t h e i r memberships grew s t e a d i l y . 7 9 At the meetings, h e l d i n i t i a l l y a t p r i v a t e homes 8 0 and l a t e r a t the meeting h a l l s , 8 1 F i n n i s h miners and o t h e r s gathered t o d i s c u s s r e l i g i o u s and s e c u l a r matters and to p a r t i c i p a t e i n forms of s o c i a l i n t e r -a c t i o n d i s t i n c t l y d i v o r c e d from the debauchery they saw around them. The F i n n i s h language l i b r a r y e s t a b l i s h e d i n the meeting h a l l c o n t a i n e d m a t e r i a l on p o l i t i c s , economics, h i s t o r y , F i n n i s h customs and l o r e and r e l i g i o n . Halminen's account i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t was w e l l used by the members as a forum which encouraged f u r t h e r s p e c u l a t i o n about s o c i a l problems. 8-^ A d d i t i o n a l l y , the s t r o n g l y P u r i t a n v a l u e s and a t t i t u d e s expressed by the core group of temperance men p r o g r e s s i v e l y d e f i n e d the v a l u e s which would become fundamental among the Kalevan Kansa. Ap a r t from the r u d i -mentary d i s c u s s i o n s concerning p o l i t i c s and r e l i g i o n the meetings pr o v i d e d a forum i n which a g e n e r a l i z e d f e e l i n g of a f f e c t i o n and r e c o g n i t i o n o f common concerns outweighed Oh i n d i v i d u a l i n t e r e s t s . The a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o moral i s s u e s i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h f u n d a m e n t a l i s t C h r i s t i a n i t y c r e a t e d a powerful impetus f o r change, combining i d e a l i s t i c s e c u l a r s p e c u l a t i o n w i t h r e l i g i o u s f e r v o u r . S i n c e i t was u r g e n t l y agreed t h a t the p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n which e x i s t e d i n l a r g e segments of the F i n n i s h community was unacceptable, thoughts and t a l k s were foicused toward an immediate f u t u r e which would p r o v i d e a p r e f e r a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e . The d i s c u s s i o n s a t the meeting h a l l never reached the stage o f f o r m a l i z e d p l a n s o f a c t i o n . 0 Instead, they 92 remained as i n t u i t i v e l y f e l t n o t i o n s about m o r a l i t y expressed i n terms o f i n d i v i d u a l a c t i v i t y and behaviour. They took t h e i r d i r e c t i o n p a r t l y from the s i t u a t i o n i t s e l f . Changes i n i n d i v i d u a l s e l v e s , as d e f i n e d by a temperate way of l i f e i n o p p o s i t i o n to t h a t o f the p r i o r s i t u a t i o n , were transposed i n t o the realm of s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s . A t the c e n t r e , the nature of s e l f , p r o p e r l y d e f i n e d and a r t i c u l a t e d through behaviour would p r o v i d e the f o o t i n g f o r an e q u i t a b l e s o c i a l o r d e r . The f e e l i n g was f u r t h e r enhanced by two a d d i t i o n a l sources of i n s p i r a t i o n . The f i r s t o r i g i n a t e d from the C h r i s t i a n example of metanoia, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y a p a r t of f u n d a m e n t a l i s t and r e v i v a l i s t a c t i v i t i e s . The second arose from a s t r o n g renewal o f i n t e r e s t i n the essence of 87 e t h n i c i d e n t i t y , p r i m a r i l y encountered through the K a l e v a l a . The C h r i s t i a n example p r o v i d e d the avenue by which one k i n d of people c o u l d become another while the r e l i a n c e on t r a d i t i o n a l c u l t u r e p r o v i d e d the essence of what would c o n s t i t u t e the proper F i n n . That these f e e l i n g s came i n t o prominence i n the l a t e 1800s i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o the e x i s t e n c e o f the band and the temperance s o c i e t i e s . Apart from the i n s t r u c t i o n t h a t these a s s o c i a t i o n s might have spread among t h e i r f o l l o w e r s , they epitomized a s t a t e of u n s t r u c t u r e d togetherness t e m p o r a r i l y a l l o w i n g f o r the e x p r e s s i o n o f c o l l e c t i v e i n t e r e s t s while i g n o r i n g or a s s i m i l a t i n g i n d i v i d u a l i t y . From the b e g i n n i n g the band and the temperance meetings brought and h e l d Finns together by p l a c i n g a sense of 93 immediacy and moral importance upon t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . The a l l consuming nature of the enthusiasm c o n f e r r e d upon the a c t i v i t i e s a r e l i g i o u s s i g n i f i c a n c e . I n d i v i d u a l shortcomings and divergences were t o l e r a t e d because the nature o f the change which was f e l t t o be a t hand remained a t the l e v e l o f awareness r a t h e r than as an a r t i c u l a t e d d o c t r i n e . A d d i t i o n -a l l y , the a c t i v i t i e s o f the band and the s o c i e t i e s promoted an image of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and r e s p e c t a b i l i t y i n the eyes o f the n o n - F i n n i s h s o c i e t y on Vancouver I s l a n d . They p r o v i d e d f o r t h e i r members, and t o a l e s s e r degree to the F i n n i s h community as a whole, an enduring e x t e r n a l r e c o g n i t i o n of worth which, i n t u r n , i n c r e a s e d the p o p u l a r i t y of b e i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h such a c t i v i t i e s . In the past decades such r e c o g n i t i o n had been revoked as o f t e n as con-f e r r e d . Now, however, temperance a c t i v i t y r e p r e s e n t e d an avenue of reform understood by the community a t l a r g e and oo q u i c k l y gained popular support. T h i s f a v o u r a b l e a t t i t u d e toward F i n n s on the p a r t of the l a r g e r community was heightened by the F i n n i s h C o n s c r i p t i o n C r i s i s o f 1899 which 8< was s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y r e p o r t e d i n the l o c a l i s l a n d newspapers. On the b a s i s of the example p r o v i d e d by t h i s core group of miners a d d i t i o n a l F i n n i s h immigrants were encouraged to 90 come to B r i t i s h Columbia.- 7 The number of F i n n i s h immigrant workers i n the raining communities o f Vancouver I s l a n d continued t o i n c r e a s e through the l a s t decade o f the n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . Canada was eager to a t t r a c t new immigrants and B r i t i s h Columbia 94 was among s e v e r a l p l a c e s w i t h i n the Dominion where they were Ql encouraged to s e t t l e . 7 R e p r e s e n t a t i v e d e l e g a t i o n s o f F i n l a n d e r s were welcomed t o the p r o v i n c e as spokesmen f o r a c l a s s o f • d e s i r a b l e * i m m i g r a n t . 9 2 By 1900 the number o f emigrants l e a v i n g F i n l a n d was r e a c h i n g i t s h i g h e s t l e v e l , 9 3 and many of them had t r a v e l l e d t o d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f the QL world, o n l y t o leave a g a i n . Since America, which i n c l u d e d Canada as w e l l as the Un i t e d S t a t e s , was c o n s i d e r e d t o o f f e r the b e s t o p p o r t u n i t i e s , some of the emigrants who had gone elsewhere e v e n t u a l l y came to North America. 9-* Among such t r a v e l l e r s were a group o f men who had accompanied M a t t i K u r i k k a t o A u s t r a l i a i n 1899,96 and who subsequently a r r i v e d a t W e l l i n g t o n i n 1900. U n l i k e some o f the others who had fo l l o w e d K u r i k k a i n h i s attempt t o b e g i n a col o n y away from 97 F i n l a n d these men s t i l l h e l d him i n v e r y h i g h r e g a r d . * When they came i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h M a t t i Halminen and oth e r temperance men a t W e l l i n g t o n they i n t r o d u c e d these miners to 98 some of the r e c e n t w r i t i n g s and i d e a s o f Kurikka.- 7 Although many of the miners i n B r i t i s h Columbia were a l r e a d y 99 f a m i l i a r w i t h K u r i k k a * s r e p u t a t i o n and e a r l i e r w o r k s 7 7 the presence o f the former members of h i s e x p e d i t i o n t o A u s t r a l i a p r o v i d e d an immediate and t a n g i b l e l i n k between themselves and K u r i k k a who appeared t o them as a f i g u r e l a r g e r than life.100 In the s p r i n g o f 1900 t h i s group of approximately twenty temperance men e l e c t e d t o have Halminen correspond w i t h K u r i k k a i n A u s t r a l i a . I t seemed t o them t h a t K u r i k k a 95 a r t i c u l a t e d s o l u t i o n s t o many o f the problems w i t h which they had been concerned and they consequently encouraged him to come t o B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . 1 0 1 Since Kurikka's p l a n s f o r an A u s t r a l i a n s e t t l e m e n t had d i s i n t e g r a t e d , and he was i n i l l h e a l t h and without f i n a n c e s , he r e a d i l y agreed t o t r a v e l , i f p r o v i d e d passage. 1 0- 5 He a r r i v e d i n Nanaimo i n 1901 and s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r began a s e r i e s of speaking engagements i n the v a r i o u s Vancouver I s l a n d communities where th e r e were 104 groups of F i n n i s h workers. Upon l i s t e n i n g t o K u r i k k a speak on those occasions about h i s thoughts concerning a new s e t t l e m e n t , Halminen r e c a l l s t h a t i t was as i f suddenly the i d e a s w i t h which they had w r e s t l e d became c l e a r and appeared p r a c t i c a l and w o r k a b l e . 1 0 5 K u r i k k a ' s r a p i d l y r i s i n g p o p u l a r i t y w i t h i n the F i n n i s h community arose from s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . P r i m a r i l y , he was found a c c e p t a b l e and t h r u s t i n t o the d u t i e s of l e a d e r s h i p because someone wit h i d e a s and p e r s o n a l a t t r i b u t e s l i k e h i s was needed and i n t h i s sense a n t i c i p a t e d . H i s presence confirmed the a s p i r a t i o n s which Halminen and the o t h e r s a l r e a d y had. The changes t h a t had o c c u r r e d i n t h e i r l i v e s , and to a l e s s e r extent i n the mining communities as a r e s u l t o f the temperance a c t i v i t i e s , needed to be taken a s t e p f u r t h e r by someone who c o u l d expand the breadth o f the changes. The i d e a s and f e e l i n g s which had been generated i n the e a r l i e r d i s c u s s i o n s r e q u i r e d someone who c o u l d by h i s own example g i v e them a u t h o r i t y . K u r i k k a presented h i m s e l f as such an i n d i v i d u a l . He appeared to be a person who 96 g e n u i n e l y shared t h e i r concerns. F u r t h e r , he was someone immediately capable o f e x e r c i s i n g the necessary d e c i s i o n s r e q u i r e d t o f u l f i l l the e x p e c t a t i o n s i n day to day a f f a i r s . S e c o n d a r i l y , h i s f o r t h r i g h t c h a r a c t e r and s u c c e s s f u l accomplishments were i n keeping w i t h the e x p e c t a t i o n s o f what a K a l e v a l a F i n n ought to be. He appeared capable i n f i n a n c i a l , l e g a l and p o l i t i c a l matters, even i n an E n g l i s h speaking w o r l d . 1 0 6 H i s a c t i o n s i n d i c a t e d t h a t he c o u l d r e a d i l y d i s c e r n the c o r r e c t avenues of behaviour and a c t i o n s from the wrong thereby g i v i n g credence t o the b i n a r y d i s -t i n c t i o n the miners r e c o g n i z e d between themselves and o t h e r s . He p r o f e s s e d a w i l l i n g n e s s to s t r i v e f o r the p e r f e c t i o n which f o l l o w i n g the c o r r e c t avenues was assumed t o p r o v i d e . To h i s audiences a t the mining communities and elsewhere, the s t r e n g t h of h i s c h a r a c t e r seemed capable of moulding circum-107 stances t o f i t i t s demands. ' Yet, the h e r o i c a s p e c t s o f h i s b e i n g were tempered by a l i f e h i s t o r y which appeared as a s e r i e s of p e r s o n a l d e f e a t s and t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , not u n l i k e those experienced by the temperance men, but as one which •I f\Q had progrssed f u r t h e r i n i t s i n s i g h t s . K u r i k k a ' s presence on Vancouver I s l a n d was a fundamental determinant i n the r i s e o f the Kalevan Kansa and the founding of S o i n t u l a . The success and subsequent shortcomings of the a c t i v i t i e s which were undertaken were s u b s t a n t i a l l y a t t r i b u t a b l e to h i s a b i l i t i e s . H i s f o l l o w e r s r e c o g n i z e d i n him q u a l i t i e s which they understood t o be p a r t of themselves. In a d d i t i o n to these a t t r i b u t e s r e f l e c t i v e o f o r d i n a r y 97 i n d i v i d u a l s , Kurikka's experiences endowed him w i t h q u a l i t i e s which s e t him a p a r t . In Weber's terms he appeared to have " ' s p e c i f i c g i f t s o f body and m i n d ' " 1 0 9 which h i s f o l l o w e r s r e c o g n i z e d as a v a l i d b a s i s f o r embarking on "'an e x t r a -o r d i n a r y programme of a c t i o n ' " 1 1 0 w i t h him. The community of F i n n i s h miners and l a t e r others saw i n h i s p e r s o n a l i t y , experiences and w r i t i n g s aspects of an i d e a l k i n d of F i n n , f r e e d from b u r e a u c r a t i c domination and the g e n e r a l c o n f u s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e i r l i v e s . 1 1 1 Although the members of the Kalevan Kansa gave t h e i r a l l e g i a n c e t o the man K u r i k k a , they were p r i m a r i l y a t t r a c t e d by the power which seemed t o 112 r e s i d e i n h i s p e r s o n a l a t t r i b u t e s and a c t i v i t i e s . Much o f the i n i t i a l appeal of K u r i k k a arose from the ambiguity which surrounded h i s l i f e . Repeatedly he had been separated s o c i a l l y and temperamentally from those i n h i s immediate c i r c l e . Yet, he was a b l e to remain a t the f o r e -f r o n t of p u b l i c r e c o g n i t i o n and t o a f f e c t a t l e a s t modest changes around him. H i s empathy w i t h the d i s i l l u s i o n m e n t experienced by groups of people d e p r i v e d of the b e n e f i t s of the e x i s t e n t m i l i e u s o f which he was a p a r t a t t r a c t e d o t h e r s . They became h i s supporters and f o l l o w e r s when he denied the v a l i d i t y of the p r e s e n t , when he was able t o t r a n s l a t e t h e i r shared experiences i n t o v i s i o n s of more a p p r o p r i a t e ways of b e i n g . As h i s v a r i o u s p e r c e p t i o n s o f a b e t t e r way of being f a i l e d t o be r e a l i z e d i n day to day a c t i v i t i e s , he was r e j e c t e d . K u r i k k a t r a n s l a t e d t h i s s e r i e s of a f f i r m a t i o n s and r e j e c t i o n s i n t o a p e r s o n a l charisma 98 which a s s o c i a t e d the f a i l u r e s not w i t h h i m s e l f or w i t h the id e a s but w i t h those who opposed him. When K u r i k k a began t o organize the miners a t W e l l i n g t o n i n t o the core group o f Kalevan Kansa members they were c l e a r l y aware of h i s r e p u t a t i o n . 1 1 3 However, with K u r i k k a ' s h e l p they saw i n themselves and i n the present circumstances q u a l i t i e s which would enable them to e n v i s i o n and b r i n g i n t o b e i n g an i d e a l community where others had f a i l e d . The complexity o f Kurikk a ' s l i f e added t o the i n t r i g u e which drew people t o him. He was born o f F i n n i s h farming parents i n e a s t e r n F i n l a n d near P e t r o g r a d , R u s s i a , i n I863. Although the land t r a d i t i o n a l l y worked by h i s f a m i l y was s t i l l p a r t o f Sweden-Finland, numerous p o l i t i c a l changes had a l t e r e d t h e i r p a t t e r n o f l i v e l i h o o d i n the p r e c e d i n g y e a r s . 1 1 - * Formerly h i s f a m i l y had been prosperous and l a n d -owning. However, the westward occ u p a t i o n o f t e r r i t o r i e s l o s t i n the war between Sweden-Finland and R u s s i a r e s u l t e d i n the f a m i l y becoming l a n d l e s s l a b o u r e r s . Oberg d e s c r i b e s Kurikka's c h i l d h o o d as t h a t o f a "common b o y " 1 1 6 who l i v e d i n the v i c i n i t y o f those persons who K u r i k k a r e f e r r e d t o as the d e s p i s e d Inguland Finns whom "Charles X I I o f Sweden had 117 l e f t on the o u t s k i r t s o f P e t e r the Great's c a p i t a l . " D uring h i s c h i l d h o o d the l a n d worked by h i s f a m i l y was a l t e r n a t e l y under the c o n t r o l o f the Swedes or the Novgorodians. I t was co n s i d e r e d f o r t u n a t e f o r c h i l d r e n o f h i s g e n e r a t i o n and l o c a l i t y not t o be pressed i n t o compulsory m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g by the encroaching powerful R u s s i a n s . 99 U n l i k e most c h i l d r e n o f i s o l a t e d r u r a l f a m i l i e s , K u r i k k a r e c e i v e d a len g t h y e d u c a t i o n . D e s p i t e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y , d u r i n g h i s e a r l y s c h o o l y e ars he f e l t d i s t a n c e d from both h i s country and i t s people o u t s i d e the c a p i t a l o f H e l s i n k i . 1 1 8 In h i s b r i e f u n i v e r s i t y c a r e e r which he i n t e r r u p t e d t o f o l l o w an i n t e r e s t i n the f o r m a t i o n o f c o - o p e r a t i v e s , 1 1 9 he was p r i m a r i l y occupied by the study o f p h i l o s o p h y . There he a c q u i r e d a f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the w r i t i n g s o f T o l s t o y , S a i n t -Simon, Owen, F o u r i e r , Hegel, Herder and numerous F i n n i s h 120 f o l k l o r i s t - h i s t o r i a n s . H i s l a t e r w r i t i n g s r e f l e c t e d the i n f l u e n c e s o f these w r i t e r s as w e l l as the idea s o f V o l t a i r e and Rousseau and he was fond of q u o t i n g C h r i s t i a n , Buddhist 121 and Moslem t e x t s . H i s l a t e r views on s o c i a l i s m a l s o r e f l e c t e d h i s e d u c a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y h i s fondness f o r T o l s t o y 122 and C h r i s t i a n i d e a l i s m . A f t e r l e a v i n g u n i v e r s i t y he married i n t o the F i n n i s h a r i s t o c r a c y and became an a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t i n the a c t i v i t i e s o f the upper c l a s s of H e l s i n k i s o c i e t y . 1 2 3 During these years p r i o r t o 1890 he t r a v e l l e d e x t e n s i v e l y i n Germany and Denmark w i t h h i s w i f e ' s f a m i l y . There he became c a p t i v a t e d by the i d e a s o f s o c i a l i s t w r i t e r s and l a t e r he t r a n s l a t e d •I oh some o f t h e i r works i n t o F i n n i s h . S t i l l l a t e r he departed from t h e i r i d e a s and sought t o f o s t e r a more s p i r i t u a l and b r o t h e r l y form of s o c i a l i s m . J In 1890 he became the e d i t o r , a shareholder and e v e n t u a l l y the owner o f the popular F i n n i s h newspaper V i p u r i n S anomat. 1 2 6 While e d i t o r h i s i n t e r e s t i n l a b o u r 100 matters continued t o grow and he was e l e c t e d p r e s i d e n t o f a 127 labour s o c i e t y . H i s moderate advocacy of change i n matters r e l a t i n g to workers and the l a n d l e s s t r a n s i e n t s i n F i n l a n d q u i c k l y expanded i n t o a l i f e - l o n g c o n f r o n t a t i o n and b i t t e r n e s s w i t h the c l e r g y . With i n c r e a s i n g rancour he argued t h a t the church had no comprehension o f the p l i g h t o f the working c l a s s and the l a n d l e s s . H i s e d i t o r i a l s and pamphlets lambasted church o f f i c i a l s , a c c u s i n g them o f being a n t i q u a t e d , power hungry, arrogant and r e a c t i o n a r y . However, i n h i s w r i t i n g s and t a l k s he was c a r e f u l to d i s t i n g u i s h between church o f f i c i a l s and t r u e C h r i s t i a n i t y . He argued t h a t t r u e C h r i s t i a n i t y , based on the t e a c h i n g s of C h r i s t , should be the supreme guide i n human a f f a i r s . C h r i s t , he observed was the f i r s t and most e n l i g h t e n e d o f a l l s o c i a l i s t s . T h i s avenue f o r v o i c i n g h i s c r i t i c i s m s c l o s e d i n 1894 as he f o r f e i t e d ownership o f the V i p u r i n Sanomat and the m a j o r i t y of h i s p o s s e s s i o n s as a r e s u l t o f 129 a l c o h o l i s m and poor f i n a n c i a l management. y In B r i t i s h Columbia t h i s d i s t a n t aspect of h i s c a r e e r i n t i m a t e l y t i e d h i s experience to t h a t of many of the men i n the temperance s o c i e t y . When K u r i k k a p r o s t e l i t i z e d the need t o embark on a "new p a t h " away from the debauchery of s a l o o n l i f e , h i s audience r e c o g n i z e d the v a l i d i t y o f the i d e a i n h i s own example. 13° T 0 them, K u r i k k a r e p r e s e n t e d the s u c c e s s f u l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f being which they sought to accomplish f o r themselves, and r e a f f i r m e d h i s s u p e r i o r s t a t u r e as w e l l as h i s humanity. 101 During the 1890s temperance and theosophy were primary m o t i v a t i o n s i n Kurikka's l i f e . He maintained a keen i n t e r e s t i n the a c t i v i t i e s o f the newly r i s i n g and l a r g e l y d i s p o s s e s s e d working c l a s s i n F i n l a n d . 1 3 1 H i s zealous advocacy on b e h a l f o f these concerns l e d to h i s e v e n t u a l o s t r a c i s m from the s o c i a l m i l i e u o f upper c l a s s H e l s i n k i . With the p u b l i c a t i o n o f h i s p l a y , Tower o f Babel, h i s c a r e e r as a p o p u l a r p l a y -wright came t o an e n d . 1 3 2 I t s harsh p o r t r a y a l of the r e l i g i o u s and p o l i t i c a l h i e r a r c h i e s and t h e i r a l l e g e d decadence and l a c k o f s o c i a l conscience e x i l e d him from the m i l i e u which had n u r t u r e d him. L i k e many of the members o f the Kalevan Kansa who had s u f f e r e d the condemnation of church o f f i c i a l s f o r t h e i r d e c i s i o n t o emigrate, K u r i k k a was o u t c a s t and s t r i p p e d o f moral s t a t u r e . Subsequently, he and many o f the immigrant workers a t W e l l i n g t o n and e l s e w h e r e 1 3 3 had chosen t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n more immediate and funda-134 m e n t a l i s t forms of C h r i s t i a n a s s o c i a t i o n . J For K u r i k k a , i n d i v i d u a l and c o l l e c t i v e emancipation r e q u i r e d freedom f o r the human s o u l t o express i t s e l f . To him, C h r i s t ' s t e a c h i n g s were not simply examples of outdated 135 s c r i p t u r e . Rather, they were the i d e a s of a man J J endowed w i t h supreme v i s i o n and understanding. R e l i g i o n , K u r i k k a maintained, c o u l d o n l y be understood by p r a c t i c i n g i t i n day to day a f f a i r s . I t i s the moral duty o f a l l men t o seek the essence of G o d l i n e s s i n t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h others and i n t h e i r c r e a t i o n s . People must attempt to s t r i p away the outer garments o f d o c t r i n e s and creeds u n t i l they are a b l e 102 to grasp at the genuine idea. Since this understanding was to be intuited rather than reasoned, f e l t rather than articulated, i t could most readily be perceived away from the confines of an ignorant, unsympathetic and structured society. 1- 5 6 These ideas developed into a consuming passion i n Kurikka's thinking during the time he edited a small news-paper in eastern F i n l a n d , ^ and later, when he travelled extensively i n Scandinavia and northern Europe as a representative for a l i f e insurance firm. 1- 5 8 m his travels he came into contact with a variety of people who were impoverished, disfranchised and, from his perspective, denied the benefits which a more ideal form of social l i f e could provide. When he took over the editorship of the influential newspaper, Tyomies, he had an opportunity to express these 1 T O 140 views. J y Here he renewed his contact with A. B. Makela, 141 a firm supporter of Minna Canth, a prominent suffragette, 142 and a group of more materialistically oriented reformers. Although this was the most energetic period of his career, the majority of his fellow workers and organizers regarded him as an unreliable dreamer. 1^ He subsequently f e l l into 144 disfavour with those who advocated more radical upheaval. After his resignation from the Tyomies in 1898, he continued to expound his thoughts on prohibition, religion, censorship and nationalism. 1** 6 For his vehement stand against Russia during the February Manifesto on Russification in 1899 he was deserted by the majority of his fellow 103 s o c i a l i s t s . ^ 7 K u r i k k a was c l e a r l y a l i e n a t e d from the l e a d e r s o f the working c l a s s as w e l l as from the upper c l a s s e s . However, h i s image among the workers themselves had taken on q u a l i t i e s of martyrdom, and he was c e l e b r a t e d i n ' t h e t r a d i t i o n a l medium of f o l k songs. 7 H i s p o p u l a r i t y among these people continued t o grow as he became more prominent i n h i s advocacy of e m i g r a t i o n and c r i t i c i s m o f the present s i t u a t i o n i n F i n l a n d . During t h i s p e r i o d he began to formulate h i s i d e a s about i d e a l i s t i c s o c i e t i e s . However, they were l a r g e l y i g n o r e d as was the d e s c r i p t i v e t i t l e Kalevan Kansa which he proposed t o c a l l these a l t r u i s t i c F i n n s . 1-*° In 1899. a f t e r having gained some encouragement from the A u s t r a l i a n government, 1^ 1 he l e f t F i n l a n d w i t h a group o f s e t t l e r s t o found a colony. The attempt ended i n f a i l u r e as the group q u i c k l y disbanded. 1-* 2 In A u s t r a l i a , K u r i k k a was not o n l y separated from the v a r i o u s groups which had f o r a time supported him i n F i n l a n d but a l s o from h i s homeland. With R u s s i f i c a t i o n and severe c e n s o r s h i p seemingly a t hand i t appeared to him i m p o s s i b l e to r e t u r n t o attempt to c r e a t e a b e t t e r s o c i e t y . 1 ^ 3 L i k e many of the immigrants who had gone to North America, he f e l t c u t o f f from h i s homeland but not from the l e g a c y o f i t s c u l t u r e . When he a r r i v e d a t the F i n n i s h s e t t l e m e n t s around Nanaimo h i s t a l k s about the i n j u s t i c e s i n the c u r r e n t s o c i e t y a l o n g w i t h the s o l u t i o n s he proposed t o use t o c o r r e c t them s a t i s f i e d the i n t u i t i v e a s p i r a t i o n s of h i s audience. He had only scanty knowledge about the h i s t o r i c a l background and s o c i a l circumstances p a r t i c u l a r t o Vancouver I s l a n d , but he was a b l e t o share h i s experiences of o p p r e s s i o n w i t h the miners, and he encouraged t h e i r a s p i r -a t i o n s with p l a n s f o r an Utopian community. He t o l d them t h a t , as the descendants o f Vainamoinen 1-^ and the o t h e r h e r o i c c h a r a c t e r s of the K a l e v a l a , they had the unique a b i l i t y t o b r i n g about the d i f f i c u l t task o f c r e a t i n g a new s o c i e t y which would e v e n t u a l l y reform those around them.1-*-* Throughout h i s i n i t i a l s t a y on Vancouver I s l a n d , K u r i k k a i n s p i r e d an a b s o l u t e sense o f c e r t a i n t y and success through h i s own a c t i o n s . I n t e r e s t and support f o r the proposed community seemed forthcoming from a l l d i r e c t i o n s 1*56 i n c l u d i n g the g e n e r a l p u b l i c and the p r o v i n c i a l government. ^ By the confidence he d i s p l a y e d i n h i s w r i t i n g s and meetings w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the community a t l a r g e he r a i s e d the confidence o f h i s f o l l o w e r s and s u p p o r t e r s . 1 - * 7 At these meetings he was personable and encouraged a sense of excitement. Members o f the audience r e c a l l t h a t on h i s speaking t o u r s to d i f f e r e n t communities " • i n t e r r u p t -i o n s were s i l e n c e d and c r i t i c i s m ceased while the h e a r e r s l i s t e n e d t o the f i e r y ( s i c ) minded t a l l man, w i t h the l o n g b l a c k h a i r and f l a s h i n g dark e y e s . ' " 1 ^ 8 He was a man o f i r r e s i s t i b l e p e r s u a s i v e a b i l i t i e s , capable o f r e c k l e s s l y a t t a c k i n g e v e r y t h i n g he d i s l i k e d . Yet he was a l s o a sympathetic i n d i v i d u a l capable of s i n c e r e compassion f o r 105 those he f e l t were oppressed. 1-* 9 H i s o r a t o r y was o f t e n p r o v o c a t i v e and r h e t o r i c a l . " 1 ' 6 0 I t s e v a n g e l i s t i c f e r v o u r was a p p e a l i n g and f a m i l i a r to an audience experienced w i t h r e v i v a l i s m and temperance a c t i v i t y . He would b e g i n h i s t a l k s s l o w l y , pondering and s e a r c h i n g f o r the proper words u n t i l he appeared to be c a r r i e d a d r i f t by the s t r e n g t h of h i s s u b j e c t . 1 6 1 The image of the new s o c i e t y which he p o s t u l a t e d u l t i m a t e l y would u n i t e a l l segments of the p o p u l a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g non-Finns, i n t o a t r u e s t a t e o f C h r i s t i a n brotherhood s e t on a b o l i s h i n g s u b s e r v i e n c e . The t a l k s , which brought together l a r g e groups of F i n n s , i l l u s t r a t e d h i s i d e a s about a s e t t l e m e n t through songs, r e a d i n g s and i n s p i r e d a d d r e s s e s . 1 6 - 5 The key to p e r f e c t i n g s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s r e s i d e d i n the improvement of each i n d i v i d u a l ' s moral c h a r a c t e r . Consequently, K u r i k k a encouraged h i s audience to b e g i n the process toward eman-c i p a t i o n from moral and s o c i a l bondage by changing t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l o u t l o o k s . As Oberg r e c a l l s , K u r i k k a d e f i n e d t h i s process as s o c i a l i s m from "the head" and the h e a r t , not from the "stomach" as was advocated by Marx and F i n n i s h 16k s o c i a l i s t s o f the time. The new way of b e i n g a n t i c i p a t e d by many of the F i n n i s h temperance men was d e s c r i b e d by K u r i k k a i n h i s d i s c u s s i o n s about the j o i n t - s t o c k company which he proposed to c a l l the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company. He conceived o f i t as a form o f c o - o p e r a t i v e i n which the c o l l e c t i v e p r o d u c t i v i t y of the members would p r o v i d e the requirements of m a t e r i a l 106 w e l l - b e i n g as w e l l as s p i r i t u a l n e e d s . 1 6 5 In order t o b r i n g the d e s i r e d s t a t e o f brotherhood and p r o s p e r i t y i n t o e x i s t e n c e i n a c a p i t a l i s t ambiance, the company's f u t u r e members would be r e q u i r e d t o make a s i z e a b l e i n i t i a l i n v e s t -ment. The o b l i g a t i o n c o u l d be d i s c h a r g e d p r e f e r a b l y by a cash payment or otherwise through communal l a b o u r . L a t e r , the p a r t i c i p a n t s c o u l d simply r e l y on t h e i r c o l l e c t i v e t a l e n t s , i n h e r i t e d a b i l i t i e s and s p i r i t u a l t o getherness f o r continued p r o s p e r i t y and s e c u r i t y . For a time the c o n f u s i o n which surrounded the d e s c r i p t i o n s o f the j o i n t - s t o c k company and the Utopian scheme appeared t o present a s y n t h e s i s . In i t the c o n f l i c t i n g a s p i r a t i o n s of the c a p i t a l i s t s and the s o c i a l i s t s w i t h i n the Kalevan Kansa seemed t o be e n j o i n e d i n common purpose. S p i r i t u a l s t r e n g t h as i t was conceived o f by K u r i k k a was r e v e a l e d i n the bonds o f comradeship which u n i t e d i n d i v i d u a l s i n common p u r s u i t s , i n the i n n a t e q u a l i t i e s of oneness i n the u n i v e r s e , and i n the p e r f e c t i o n and g r e a t -ness o f the F i n n i s h h i s t o r y r e v e a l e d i n the K a l e v a l a s t o r i e s . 1 6 7 For Ku r i k k a , f a i t h i n the supremacy o f s p i r i t u a l i t y was the cornerstone o f C h r i s t i a n i t y . I t s workings had f a c i l i a t e d the changes a l r e a d y experienced by the temperance men i n themselves and i t would guide the a c t i o n s o f the Kalevan Kansa. Cont r a r y t o the op i n i o n s o f the m a j o r i t y o f h i s c r i t i c s i n North America, K u r i k k a was not a n t i - C h r i s t i a n . O f f i c i a l s i n the e s t a b l i s h e d Lutheran congregations were eager t o 107 denounce and d i s c r e d i t him f o r h i s a t t i t u d e s toward the e s t a b l i s h e d c l e r g y whom he f e l t t o be t a r d y i n t h e i r r e c o g n i t i o n o f the C h r i s t i a n imperative to r e f o r m . 1 6 8 The i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d church would not have a p a r t i n the f o r m a t i o n of the i d e a l i s t i c community. C o n t r a r y to the o p i n i o n of the c l e r g y , K u r i k k a maintained t h a t the a c t i v i t i e s o f the Kalevan Kansa would r e f l e c t the t r u e meaning o f l69 C h r i s t ' s t e a c h i n g s . 7 The new s o c i e t y would operate i n the s p i r i t of harmony and everyone would share e q u a l l y i n the rewards o f f e r e d by s o c i a l l i f e l i v e d i n the s p i r i t o f brotherhood. The achievements of c i v i l i z a t i o n would not need to be abandoned, except f o r those a s p e c t s which c o n t r i b u t e d t o o p p r e s s i o n . For K u r i k k a these i n c l u d e d a l l aspects of s o c i a l l i f e which he understood t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n d i v i d u a l s . 1 7 0 C u r i o u s l y , the b a s i s o f t h i s new community, the j o i n t - s t o c k company, encompassed i n i t s concepts many of the i n h e r e n t e v i l s K u r i k k a and the others r e c o g n i z e d elsewhere. I t d i s t i n g u i s h e d c l a s s e s o f membership, v a l u e s a t t r i b u t e d to d i f f e r e n t forms o f labour and s o c i a l worth determined by sex and e t h n i c i t y . The v i s i o n o f the i d e a l s e c r e t e d i n K u r i k k a J s t a l k s about the j o i n t - s t o c k company r e v e a l e d a s o c i e t y which, on the s u r f a c e , was an a n t i t h e s i s t o the b l i g h t s of moral, mental and p h y s i c a l d e g e n e r a t i o n g e n e r a l l y a t t r i b u t e d by the miners to c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y . K u r i k k a p o s t u l a t e d t h a t i n the new community people would work a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s k i l l s and the needs of t h e i r f e l l o w r e s i d e n t s . They would be 108 rewarded not o n l y by r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h one another f r e e o f o u t s t a n d i n g o b l i g a t i o n s but by cash d i v i d e n d s . L a t e r , the reformer's z e a l and Utopian i d e a l i s m was c a r r i e d f u r t h e r by the i m a g i n a t i o n of o t h e r s . A. B. Makela, the company's s e c r e t a r y , f o r i n s t a n c e , e n v i s i o n e d a p r o s p e r i n g a g r a r i a n township w i t h t r e e d s t r e e t s , parks, s c h o o l s , p l a c e s o f i n d u s t r y and i d y l l i c s e t t i n g s f o r human and animal l i f e . 1 7 1 K u r i k k a and h i s f o l l o w e r s remained convinced t h a t such a community c o u l d not be e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h i n the s o r d i d ambiance of s e t t l e d Vancouver I s l a n d . I t c o u l d be r e a l i z e d o n l y by withdrawing from the e x i s t i n g s o c i e t y and b e g i n n i n g a f r e s h i n v i r g i n t e r r i t o r y r i c h i n i t s n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . There i n the midst of nature, away from the c o m p e t i t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of other s e t t l e m e n t s , t r u e C h r i s t i a n harmony i n h e r e n t i n the h e a r t s of the p a r t i c i p a n t s would f l o u r i s h . There the Kalevan Kansa c o u l d hew from nature the necessary m a t e r i a l requirements, and from t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s the d e s i r e d s p i r i t u a l v a l u e s . However, i f ;the community was not too remote, they proposed to make use of e x i s t i n g s h i p p i n g l a n e s to take t h e i r s u r p l u s commodities t o market. Through-out, t h e i r a s p i r a t i o n s and a f f a i r s were c o n t i n u a l l y embroiled i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n s which were i n h e r e n t i n the venture i t s e l f . The appeal of f a s h i o n i n g a community from the wilderness, among a people with an immediate s u b s i s t e n c e and a g r a r i a n background, was f u r t h e r heightened by c a s t i n g onto p r a c t i c a l 172 manual work a redeeming q u a l i t y . ' The euphoria engendered by these e a r l y d i s c u s s i o n s was maintained because the p a r t i c i p a n t s saw themselves i n a redeeming r o l e not u n l i k e t h a t o f the e a r l y C h r i s t i a n s . 1 7 3 Although few i n number, they f e l t themselves t o be n e a r i n g a new way o f b e i n g which would b r i n g t o g e t h e r e n l i g h t e n e d i n d i v i d u a l s . Q u e s t i o n s about s p e c i f i c d e t a i l s remained t o be asked, and the necessary c o m p l i c a t i o n s a r i s i n g from i n d i v i d u a l c l a i m s and p e r s o n a l i t i e s were not y e t f a c t o r s t o be d e a l t w i t h . As a r e s u l t , the f e e l i n g o f f r a t e r n i t y continued t o grow among a g r e a t e r number o f f o l l o w e r s . By the autumn o f 1900 s p e c i f i c attempts were undertaken by K u r i k k a and the others t o a c q u i r e s u i t a b l e l a n d . 1 7 ^ Numerous t r i p s were made t o V i c t o r i a , government o f f i c i a l s were c o n s u l t e d and c o a s t a l maps and d i a r i e s were s t u d i e d . From the s t a r t K u r i k k a ' s s e t t l e m e n t p l a n s a t t r a c t e d a t t e n t i o n and gained support w i t h i n the l a r g e r s o c i e t y as w e l l . He met most o f the c u r r e n t e x p e c t a t i o n s o f what a 176 "good c l a s s o f immigrant" would be. He was conversant i n E n g l i s h , w e l l r e a d , and knowledgeable about p o l i t i c a l and economic matters. The immigration scheme he proposed would i n c r e a s e the p o p u l a t i o n o f Vancouver I s l a n d without 177 t a x i n g the prese n t w e l l - b e i n g o f i t s r e s i d e n t s . In the i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d to l o c a l newspapers he suggested t h a t the m a j o r i t y o f the:newly a r r i v i n g F i n n i s h immigrants would be e q u a l l y competent as he i n these matters and t h a t they were p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n d e v e l o p i n g the p r o v i n c e ' s a g r i c u l t u r e and l u m b e r i n g . 1 7 8 Although some o f the immigrants might i n i t i a l l y want t o work i n the mines they would not endanger the s e c u r i t y o f those a l r e a d y employed there by a c c e p t i n g s m a l l e r wages as some other r a c i a l and e t h n i c groups had d o n e . 1 7 9 Furthermore, he suggested t h a t the a d d i t i o n a l F i n n i s h immigrants a t t r a c t e d t o B r i t i s h Columbia by the settlement plans would h e l p Vancouver I s l a n d to r i s e to a dominant economic and c u l t u r a l p o s i t i o n . I t would q u i c k l y assume the same r e l a t i o n s h i p to the r e s t o f Canada as England had to Europe and Japan had to A s i a . 1 8 0 H i s e v a l u a t i o n o f F i n n i s h immigrants was supported by a r e p o r t from the Dominion Immigration Commissioner who c h a r a c t e r i z e d F i n n s as i n d u s t r i o u s , f r u g a l , hard working, 181 e a s i l y contented and d e s i r o u s o f peace. The r e p o r t s t a t e d t h a t as many as 2,000,000 F i n n i s h immigrants might a r r i v e i n Canada t o escape the tyranny o f R u s s i a and the -1 O p imperialian o f the Greek Orthodox Church. In the midst of a predominantly p r o t e s t a n t and Anglo-Saxon p o p u l a t i o n both the Russians and the Greek Orthodox Church were regarded as o p p r e s s i v e . The re a d e r s o f Vancouver I s l a n d newspapers took an i n t e r e s t i n the p r o p o s a l o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a settlement founded upon a j o i n t - s t o c k company. To s a t i s f y the demand f o r more i n f o r m a t i o n among F i n n s and non-Finns a l i k e , K u r i k k a submitted h i s p r e l i m i n a r y i d e a s t o the D a i l y C o l o n i s t f o r p u b l i c a t i o n . I n h i s a r t i c l e he suggested, among oth e r things?,, t h a t a l l aspects of d a i l y l i f e would be t r e a t e d c o - o p e r a t i v e l y ; a l l the members would be p a i d e q u a l l y although the d u r a t i o n o f time a l l o t t e d t o the v a r i o u s t a s k s I l l might vary; the company would assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the maintenance o f the c h i l d r e n , the s i c k and the aged; and the company would iprovide food, c l o t h i n g and s h e l t e r f o r i t s members as p a r t o f t h e i r w a g e s . 1 8 3 He f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e d t h a t an i n i t i a l investment o f $200.00 would be r e q u i r e d from a l l members and t h a t persons o f a l l n a t i o n a l i t i e s would be 184 welcome. H i s pla n s p r o j e c t e d a l a t e r d i v i d e n d o f 5$ to be p a i d t o each member, who was i n t u r n expected t o c o n t r i b u t e one h a l f o f t h a t sum to a fund f o r e d u c a t i o n , music and common b e n e f i t . 1 8 - * T h i s d e s c r i p t i o n r e a s s u r e d l o c a l b u s i n e s s -men and p o l i t i c a n s t h a t the P i n l a n d e r s had i n t e r e s t s and a s p i r a t i o n s i n some r e s p e c t s s i m i l a r t o t h e i r own. Non-F i n n i s h workers viewed the scheme as a d e s i r a b l e , i f not v i a b l e o p t i o n . Support f o r the settlement p l a n s from the g r e a t e r community was encouraging t o the Finns as w e l l . When i t became apparent t h a t the F i n n s were p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n o b t a i n i n g l a n d i n an u n s e t t l e d area the former o p p o s i t i o n 186 to a f r e e l a n d grant t o p r o s p e c t i v e newcomers dwindled. A f t e r a d d i t i o n a l t r i p s t o V i c t o r i a t o c o n f e r w i t h v a r i o u s government o f f i c i a l s about p o s s i b l e areas o f s e t t l e m e n t , K u r i k k a and the oth e r s chose Malcolm I s l a n d l o c a t e d about 150 m i l e s n o r t h o f Vancouver i n the v i c i n i t y o f the a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g community o f A l e r t Bay.187 T h e i r d e c i s i o n was determined by the a v a i l a b l i t y , the r e s o u r c e s and the p h y s i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f the i s l a n d . The i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n the p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t s prepared by government surveyors p a r t i a l l y 112 c o i n c i d e d w i t h d e s c r i p t i o n s o f North Farm i n the K a l e v a l a -i go n a r r a t i v e s . In the n a r r a t i v e the m y t h i c a l descendants o f Kaleva transformed the gloomy area o f North Farm i n t o a prosperous V i k i n g s e t t l e m e n t by c o n s t r u c t i n g a magic w i n d m i l l (Sampo) which p r o v i d e d g r a i n , s a l t and g o l d . 1 8 9 i n B r i t i s h Columbia, K u r i k k a and the Kalevan Kansa proposed to t r a n s -form the bleak and p r e v i o u s l y u n i n h a b i t a b l e i s l a n d i n t o a p l a c e of harmony w i t h the a i d of the j o i n t - s t o c k company. 1 9 0 As the s e t t l e m e n t a c t i v i t e s gained i n momentum among Kur i k k a and h i s f o l l o w e r s , the K a l e v a l a n a r r a t i v e s p l a y e d an i n c r e a s i n g l y prominent r o l e i n t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . The Kalevan Kansa thought t h a t they would become the new people o f K a l e v a . 1 9 1 At the meetings and r a l l i e s where K u r i k k a spoke he reminded h i s audiences o f t h e i r d i s t a n t f o r e -f a t h e r s ' accomplishments a t the time of K a l e v a . Repeatedly they were t o l d o f Vainamoinen, the most popular, s t e a d f a s t and g i f t e d s i n g e r and musician? o f I l m a r i n e n the e t e r n a l smith who f o r g e d the v a u l t o f heaven and who c r e a t e d a g o l d and s i l v e r b r i d e f o r h i m s e l f ; and of Leminkainen the 192 r e c k l e s s , e r o t i c and handsome man w i t h a f a r - r o v i n g mind. As the sons and daughters o f a g r e a t F i n n i s h t r a d i t i o n , K u r i k k a appealed t o h i s f o l l o w e r s to r e c o g n i z e t h e i r i n h e r e n t a b i l i t i e s . Since h i s supporters accepted K u r i k k a as a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f an i d e a l l y s u i t e d F i n n , they a t t r i b u t e d these c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o him. They observed i n h i s p u b l i c a c t i v i t i e s w i t h p o l i t i c i a n s , businessmen, news-papermen and s u p p o r t e r s q u a l i t i e s o f an independently 113 minded i n d i v i d u a l capable o f r e s h a p i n g the a c t i v i t i e s and p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f o t h e r s . When he was e n t h r a l l e d w i t h h i s ideas he seemed t o be possessed by an i n t e n s e s e x u a l and s p i r i t u a l power. 1 9- 5 K u r i k k a ' s appeal f o r ot h e r s to j o i n the Kalevan Kansa reached beyond the l o c a l meetings and h i s l e c t u r e t o u r s through the A i k a newspaper which he founded as a j o i n t -s t o c k company i n 1901. 1 9^ In the e a r l y i s s u e s he i n s t r u c t e d the descendants o f Vainamoinen's people t o come to g e t h e r and t o r e j e c t the di s m a l e x i s t e n c e p r e s e n t s o c i e t y offered. 1 9-> In t u r n , correspondents t o the paper t o l d o f the impact t h a t h i s appeal had on them. Some s t a t e d t h a t they were l i t -e r a l l y swept o f f t h e i r f e e t . F o r example, one person claimed, **It opened my eyes from b l i n d n e s s " . . . " i t threw me on my back because I was so entrenched i n the o l d [ p r e s e n t ] h a b i t s . " 1 9 6 The w r i t e r continued by s a y i n g t h a t he now had a f r e s h understanding o f God's t r u e purpose, o f h i s own h e r i t a g e and of h i s present circumstance: "Now t h a t the l i t c a n d l e " o f our r e a l nature had been allowed t o shine he needed K u r i k k a t o "take the mind p r i s o n e r b e f o r e i t wandered a s t r a y . " 1 9 7 The complexity o f Kurikka's argument which brought t o g e t h e r indigenous t r a d i t i o n s , C h r i s t i a n theology and contemporary s o c i o l o g y engendered a sense o f c r e a t i v e e c s t a c y and urgency. In t u r n , i t s appeal was f u r t h e r e d by constant r e f e r e n c e s t o the m y t h i c a l p a s t and a r e t h i n k i n g o f the K a l e v a l a . As B u r r i d g e has suggested, f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h such n a r r a t i v e s focuses the mind toward 114 p a r t i c u l a r k i n d s of comprehension, t h a t i s why n a r r a t i v e s p e r s i s t through time and why words, "phrases or events are capable o f speeding the mind through the e n t i r e gamut of c u l t u r e . " 1 9 8 The a b i l i t y t o understand the enduring q u a l i t i e s o f t r a d i t i o n a l modes of t h i n k i n g and doing as w e l l as t h e i r m a n i p u l a t i o n by i m a g i n a t i v e i n d i v i d u a l s l i k e K u r i k k a p r e s e n t s a d i f f i c u l t problem. Under h i s l e a d e r s h i p the Kalevan Kansa p e r c e i v e d and a c t e d upon s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s o f t h e i r c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e . Yet, the c h a r a c t e r o f t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s was r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t from those of other Finns i n North America and F i n l a n d . The h i s t o r i c a l data which e x i s t s c o n c erning t h e i r U t o p i a n a c t i v i t y suggests t h a t K u r i k k a was able to b r i n g h i s f o l l o w e r s t o a unique comprehension of themselves and t h e i r a b i l i t i e s . By m a n i p u l a t i n g elements from t h e i r shared m y t h i c a l p a s t i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the s i t u a t i o n c u r r e n t i n B r i t i s h Columbia, he was a b l e to convince them of the f e a s i b i l i t y of founding an i d e a l i s t i c community, S o i n t u l a . In an e f f o r t t o more f u l l y comprehend the understanding which gave a u t h o r i t y to the Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t y , f i e l d -work was undertaken a t S o i n t u l a and elsewhere among descendants of the s e t t l e r s . 1 " The i m p l i c i t assumption u n d e r l y i n g the t a s k was t h a t aspects of the Kalevan Kansa*s experience would p e r s i s t i n the thoughts and d a i l y a f f a i r s of the c h i l d r e n and g r a n d c h i l d r e n of the o r i g i n a l s e t t l e r s . The t a s k i n i t i a l l y appeared u n f r u i t f u l . Among those who 115 had r e c o l l e c t i o n s about the beginnings o f S o i n t u l a and the Kalevan Kansa, the c o n v e r s a t i o n s tended toward vaguely d e s c r i p t i v e comments or t o e x p r e s s i o n o f some form o f p o l i t i c a l i d e o l o g y . T h e i r s p e c i f i c r e l e v a n c e to the Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t y o f t h e i r f o r e f a t h e r s seemed u n c o n n e c t e d . 2 0 0 L i k e t h e i r anecdotes about the K a l e v a l a s t o r i e s , these o b s e r v a t i o n s were o f f e r e d as examples of truisms to be s i m u l t a n e o u s l y c r e d i t e d or d i s c r e d i t e d i n the present form. Some of the g o a l s of the Kalevan Kansa, they thought, had been r e a l i z e d over time although perhaps not i n the form 201 t h a t they were a n t i c i p a t e d . Among the members o f the Kalevan Kansa who chose t o remain a t S o i n t u l a , the p o t e n t i a l of the s i t u a t i o n determined by geography, c l i m a t e , l o c a l i t y and r e s o u r c e s merged w i t h the requirements o f the U t o p i a n i d e a l s through a s e r i e s o f problems worked out i n time. The community has remained c l e a r l y unique but i n ways which are not immediately t a n g i b l e . The presence o f a v i s i o n a r y l i k e K u r i k k a b l u r r e d the d i s t i n c t i o n s between a m y t h i c a l past and the s i t u a t i o n a t the t u r n of the t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y a t W e l l i n g t o n . H i s presence d i d promote unusual a c t i v i t i e s . The a c t i v i t i e s bogged down i n matters r e l a t e d t o human nature and never reached completion. The Kalevan Kansa's U t o p i a n v i s i o n d i d a f f e c t the l i v e s o f many l o c a l F i n n s o f the time and as such tended t o encourage a f a s t e r 202 and more dramatic form of change. However, on the b a s i s of the i n f o r m a t i o n d e r i v e d from i n t e r v i e w s and from c o n v e r s a t i o n s i t remained d i f f i c u l t to p e r c e i v e f u l l y the 116 c h a r a c t e r o f the understanding which l e d them t o found S o i n t u l a . Two other p i e c e s o f f i e l d w o r k data c o l l e c t e d a t the same time from S o i n t u l a are worth c o n s i d e r i n g i n r e l a t i o n t o t h i s problem. Although n e i t h e r address the Kalevan Kansa*s Utopian a c t i v i t i e s d i r e c t l y , they p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n which permits a g e n e r a l comment, a p p l i c a b l e t o the o r i g i n a l problem, t o be made. Both groups o f data suggest more c l e a r l y the extent t o which pa s t c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n s i n f l u e n c e a c t i v i t i e s which are l a t e r undertaken. Both h i n t a t how t r a d i t i o n and circumstance can transcend or l i m i t one another i n terms of new f i e l d s of comprehension and e x p r e s s i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y when they are manipulated by a s k i l l e d t e c h n i c i a n who has an understanding o f both s i t u a t i o n s . The f i r s t f o c u s e s p r i m a r i l y on t r a d i t i o n s and concerns examples o f m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e , more s p e c i f i c a l l y the c o n s t r u c t i o n , use and maintenance of the sauna bath. In S o i n t u l a n e a r l y a l l o f the e a r l y F i n n i s h home s i t e s had a separate b u i l d i n g f o r the f a m i l y sauna and many o f these s t i l l s u r v i v e . 2 0 3 Most modern F i n n i s h homes a l s o have a sauna but i t i s o f t e n a p a r t o f the l i v i n g s t r u c t u r e . Under both circumstances the sauna i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be a u n i q u e l y F i n n i s h t r a d i t i o n e x p r e s s i n g an avenue t o moral as w e l l as p h y s i c a l c l e a n l i n e s s . 2 0 4 when asked, F i n n s r e a d i l y d i s -t i n g u i s h between b a t h i n g and t a k i n g a sauna. Many in f o r m -a n t s f e e l t h a t sauna transforms the a c t o f b a t h i n g i n t o an 205 event capable o f a l t e r i n g the p s y c h i c s t a t e o f the ba t h e r . 117 I t f a c i l i t a t e s r e l a x a t i o n which i n t u r n permits a c l o s e r and more open approach t o matters o f c o n c e r n . 2 0 6 Beyond t h i s , sauna has a s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r . As a c e n t r a l and u n i f y i n g c u l t u r a l symbol i t b r i n g s f a m i l y members and c i r c l e s o f acquaintances t o g e t h e r i n a s e t t i n g where day to day d i s t i n c t i o n s based on sex, age, k i n s h i p and socio-economic 207 s t a t u s are l e s s important. ' On these occasions the r e l -evant c r i t e r i a f o r i n c l u s i o n / e x c l u s i o n are most concerned w i t h shared q u a l i t i e s such as c l e a n l i n e s s , f r i e n d s h i p and 208 l o v e . The sauna as an e n t i t y i s a predominant and c o n t i n u i n g aspect o f F i n n i s h t r a d i t i o n which f a c i l i t a t e s a form o f s o c i a l c o h e sion not r e s t r i c t e d by the r e g i m e n t a t i o n o f d a i l y a f f a i r s among s p e c i f i e d groups o f people. Sauna as a t r a d i t i o n a l element f a c i l i t a t e s forms of i n t e g r a t i o n separate from the s t r u c t u r a l elements o f d a i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s . D e s p i t e the r e c e n t changes i n p o p u l a t i o n composition a t S o i n t u l a , the sauna has remained a c e n t r a l f o cus among most F i n n s . The enduring component o f the t r a d i t i o n i s r e f l e c t e d i n the expenditure and s a c r i f i c e o f v a l u a b l e space which are o f t e n i n v o l v e d . Saunas are by and l a r g e b u i l t and maintained by ' i n d i v i d u a l people' who 'know' 2 0 9 as opposed t o b u i l d e r s who have formal b l u e p r i n t s . Yet, they remain s u b s t a n t i a l l y the same d e s p i t e time and l o c a l i t y . People are qu i c k t o r e c o g n i z e and v o i c e 2 1 1 inadequacies and i n t r u s i o n s w i t h i n the t r a d i t i o n . As such, the p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e s o f the saunas present a dia l o g u e between what i s t r a d i t i o n a l l y a c c e p t a b l e and 118 innovatively possible. Since the physical properties of the structures as well as their patterns of use have remained relatively constant despite pressures to change (available materials, space, craftsmanship a b i l i t i e s , time and social acceptance) they are an expression of an intuitively shared awareness of what 212 is appropriate. Each example of a sauna represents a synthesis which confines the potential for change within the requirements of remaining static. Like those of visionary leaders, the individual imaginations of the builders were set free as long as they communicated their insights meaningfully in relation to intuitively held cultural standards. The second i l l u s t r a t i o n concerns the popular appeal of folk medicine and folk healers i n some Finnish-Canadian communities. In some ways the role of the successful healer echoes that of Kurikka among the Kalevan Kansa. 213 Until recently healers were active i n British Columbia. J They were often peripheral i n their residence, unkempt or otherwise peculiar in their appearance and lax i n terms of moral standards. In the process of curing they often took things from nature or from material which had been 2i« somehow discarded and gave them a viable use in their work. -Their position within a community with normative expectations and relationships was precarious since they, like other figures invested with authority, were under constant scrutiny and evaluation. When they were called upon to perform a cure, everyday ailments were handled with accepted 119 methods. However, the success with which they administered cures and the course of their actions when confronted by unusual d i f f i c u l t i e s brought the healer into prominence. 2 1 6 If his being and actions constantly f u l f i l l e d predictions he was soon recognized as a person with some knowledge. If the solutions appeared totally foreign, outside the realm of anticipation, he was soon regarded as a fool or hoax. 2 1 7 In order that the institution of the healer be given credence, his actions and paraphernalia needed to account for both the expected and the unexpected by transforming one into the other through his experience. To be successful these healers took the materials at hand and translated them into a different sphere of comprehension by the power and cred-i b i l i t y invested in their office. As such the demands of their role closely paralleled that thrust upon leaders like Kurikka who were charged with constantly translating one set of ordering principles in relation to another. Much of the i n i t i a l appeal of the Kalevan Kansa»s Utopian vision sprang from the constant recombination of symbols by Kurikka. He accomplished this through his frequent lecture tours and speaking engagements where he presented his emphatic yet changing and often ambiguous ideas about traditional egalitarian values, commercial enter-prises and Finland's mythical past. Through the Aika he managed to extend the appeal beyond his range of travel. Apart from his inspired yet diffuse representations of a new way of being, the content of the early issues of the 120 newspaper concentrated on material which would enhance the appeal of the immigration scheme. A typical edition of Aika contained a synopsis of the Kalevan Kansa's affairs, local news concerning matters of interest to the community of workers, comments on temperance a c t i v i t i e s , reports on the progress of socialism elsewhere, relevant passages and commentary from philosophical literature and from The Bible. news from Finland, stories of human tragedy i n a capitalist 21 fl society and a serialized catechism about money. For a time Kurikka was engrossed with the newspaper which gave him unprecedented freedom to express his ideas about Finnish nationalism, s p i r i t u a l idealism, anticlericalism, anti-capitalism and s o c i a l i s m . 2 1 9 The Aika was founded largely as a test of Kurikka's power among his followers. When some of the authority and enthusiasm he i n i t i a l l y commanded had dwindled, he indicated his willingness to abandon the group which had gathered around him unless they could provide a means for him to articulate the ideas to a wider audience. His plans to travel to Astoria, Oregon, to edit Lannetar were quickly put aside when the miners gathered together the capital and 220 equipment to begin Aika. A l i s t of subscribers i n the 18 October 1901 issue showed a wide circulation and the success of the proposed settlement's appeal was indicated i n the number of supporters who travelled to Vancouver I s l a n d . 2 2 1 From the outset the Aika's purpose was intended to be didactic. Its editorials were written to instruct, to 121 convert, and to l u r e . To the d i s t a n t r e a d e r i t o f t e n seemed t h a t the Utopian community was a l r e a d y i n p r o g r e s s . F o r a time Kur i k k a ' s sense o f urgency managed t o camouflage i n h e r e n t d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n h i s e d i t o r i a l s . For example, i n one i s s u e , an a r t i c l e advocated a mode o f l i v i n g c o m p letely d e f i n e d by r e l a t i o n s h i p s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by b r o t h e r l y l o v e and s h a r i n g . In the same i s s u e another a r t i c l e s t r e s s e d the s o c i a l importance o f understanding the nature and use o f money. I t s misuse was d i s c u s s e d a t l e n g t h i n a s e r i a l i z e d n a r r a t i v e s e t i n an i d e a l i z e d l o c a l i t y o f s u b s i s t e n c e F i n l a n d . Each of the e n t i t i e s w i t h i n the s t o r y ; money, banking, l e n d i n g , borrowing and i n t e r e s t brought havoc to the a g r a r i a n community as they i n t e r m i n g l e d i n the l i v e s o f unaware 222 i n h a b i t a n t s . A l l forms of t r a d i t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s were upset as the members o f the s u b s i s t e n c e community attempted t o g a i n s u p e r i o r i t y over one another by a c q u i r i n g and m a n i p u l a t i n g money. Amongst a f o l l o w i n g o f miners a l r e a d y f a m i l i a r w i t h subservience the d i s c u s s i o n tended t o promote f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t i n s i n g u l a r i t y and the e x p r e s s i o n o f power not j u s t i n matters o f e g a l i t a r i a n i s m . The unintended and c o v e r t message w i t h i n the s t o r y was a n t i t h e t i c a l t o the seeds o f comradeship which K u r i k k a t r i e d t o n u r t u r e among h i s f o l l o w e r s . By r e i n t r o d u c i n g money as a primary c o n s i d -e r a t i o n he r e i n s t a t e d the c o n f u s i o n which f o r a time had been l a r g e l y subsumed i n the euphoria of the p a s t a c t i v i t i e s . The emphasis on money helped to f o s t e r the appeal o f the stock company. However, the problems encountered i n the 122 i n t e r p l a y o f s u b s i s t e n c e v a l u e s and those of a complex s o c i e t y r e f l e c t e d i n c a p i t a l i s t and s o c i a l i s t i n t e r e s t s were brought t o the f o r e f r o n t i n the a c t i v i t i e s which were undertaken by p a r t i c i p a n t s i n the company. The d i f f i c u l t y was i n t r i n s i c w i t h i n the movement and the i n d i v i d u a l dilemmas which ensued from i t were c o n s p i c u o u s l y p r e s e n t among most 223 of the Kalevan Kansa members. J The apparent h e r a l d i n g of a new s t a t e of b e i n g seemingly f r e e of such c o n t r a d i c t i o n s continued f o r o n l y a s h o r t p e r i o d o f u n s t r u c t u r e d togetherness. In the mundane a c t i v i t i e s b e f o r e l e a v i n g f o r Malcolm I s l a n d , K u r i k k a f a i l e d t o p r o v i d e the example and impetus which would have c a r r i e d the Kalevan Kansa through the l i m i n a l 2?4 p e r i o d . There were prolonged d e l a y s , apparent s e t - b a c k s , suspected f a i l u r e s i n l e a d e r s h i p and attempts t o d e l i n e a t e s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s which the nebulous v i s i o n c o u l d i l l a f f o r d . The d e t e r i o r a t i n g s i t u a t i o n was c l e a r l y r e f l e c t e d i n A i k a , i n the v a r i e t y o f embittered atacks a g a i n s t other members, i n c l u d i n g K u r i k k a , and i n the a u t h o r i t a r i a n manner i n which K u r i k k a expressed h i s t h o u g h t s . 2 2 5 i n c r e a s i n g l y , K u r r i k a ' s viewpoint was presented to the e x c l u s i o n of others as the s i t u a t i o n moved from one o f mutual p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o one of l e a d e r and f o l l o w e r s . S h o r t l y a f t e r the A i k a had begun to p u b l i s h , K u r i k k a had i n i t i a t e d p l a n s to a t t r a c t h i s former co-worker, A. B. Makela, to B r i t i s h Columbia. Makela's r o l e was to be t h a t o f a 226 brake t o the speeding t r a i n which was K u r i k k a . As such he would not o n l y h e l p to guide the settlement scheme 123 through unforeseen d i f f i c u l t i e s but h i s presence i n r e l a t i o n t o K u r i k k a would produce a dynamic, the r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f which would add to the enlightenment of the Utopian v i s i o n . Makela's M a r x i s t - o r i e n t e d or "stomach" s o c i a l i s m would c o n f r o n t K u r i k k a ' s theosophic or "head" s o c i a l i s m , e v e n t u a l l y t o be r e c o n c i l e d i n a h i g h e r p e r c e p t i o n o f i d e a l i s t i c l i f e r e p r e s e n t e d i n the s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the new community. 2 2'' Kurikk a ' s hopes d i d not m a t e r i a l i z e . D e s p i t e Makela's p o s i t i o n as s e c r e t a r y o f the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company and as e d i t o r o f the A i k a , he o f t e n d i s a g r e e d b i t -t e r l y w i t h K u r i k k a , p a r t i c u l a r l y about matters c o n c e r n i n g r e l i g i o n . 2 2 8 Halminen r e c a l l s t h a t i n the b e g i n n i n g the debates between K u r i k k a and Makela were engaging. 7 However, as the e n t h u s i a s t i c f e r v o u r o f the e n t e r p r i s e g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e d , the depth o f the i d e o l o g i c a l schism became more apparent. Among the members o f the Kalevan Kansa the d i v e r g i n g v i e w p o i n t s added to the c o n f u s i o n and e v e n t u a l l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o the d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f the c o h e s i o n w i t h i n the i d e a l i s t i c movement K u r i k k a had i n i t i a l l y , t a l k e d about. Makela's views were o f t e n found more a c c e p t a b l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y by the newcomers who were a r r i v i n g d a i l y i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f going to the s e t t l e m e n t . Since they had not been p a r t of the enthusiasm which surrounded Kurikka's a r r i v a l on Vancouver I s l a n d , and s i n c e they were o f t e n more f a m i l i a r w i t h the t h i n k i n g o f o t h e r M a r x i s t s o c i a l i s t s t h a n w i t h Kurikka's concepts of theosophy, they tended t o 230 support Makela. 124 A f t e r K u r i k k a 1 s plans f o r a s e t t l e m e n t were u n v e i l e d t o the p u b l i c t h e r e was p r e s s u r e from l o c a l p o l i t i c i a n s , news-papers and the p u b l i c i n a i d o f the F i n l a n d e r s ' c a u s e . 2 3 1 However, the Malcolm I s l a n d l a n d grant continued t o be delayed u n t i l 1901 because the p r o v i n c i a l government had p r e v i o u s l y granted a pulp and paper company r i g h t s to the i s l a n d ' s t i m b e r . 2 3 2 Although the d e l a y p e r m i t t e d a g r e a t e r number o f f u t u r e s e t t l e r s t o gather a t Nanaimo i n a n t i c i -p a t i o n o f g o i n g t o S o i n t u l a , and thereby heightened the venture's apparent p o p u l a r i t y , i t was c o s t l y . 2 3 3 The i n i t i a l excitement was d e c l i n i n g , K u r i k k a ' s c h a r i s m a t i c a b i l i t y was c a l l e d i n t o q u e s t i o n because of h i s f a i l u r e t o expedite the a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan Kansa wi t h the government, and the thus f a r ephemeral s t a t e o f the c o l o n i z a t i o n scheme was b eginning to be q u e s t i o n e d as the a t t e n t i o n o f the member-s h i p moved more toward problems o f o r g a n i z a t i o n , Z ^ The number of p r e r e q u i s i t e s which needed t o be met i n the s t i p u l a t i o n s o f the l a n d g r a n t agreement f u r t h e r eroded the sense o f communitas upon which the i n t i a l appeal o f the 235 i d e a l i s t i c s ettlement had r e s t e d . J J When the f i r s t members o f the Kalevan Kansa a r r i v e d on the d e s e r t e d and i n h o s p i t a b l e shores o f Malcolm I s l a n d o n l y the b a s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n of most of t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s i n the proposed U t o p i a n settlement had been determined. The " A r t i c l e s o f A s s o c i a t i o n o f 'Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d ' " d e t a i l e d the f i n a n c i a l , l e g a l and v o t i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f membership. 2 3 6 The "Memorandum o f 125 'Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d ' " o u t l i n e d the lo n g term o b j e c t i v e s , immediate g o a l s i n res o u r c e e x p l o i t -a t i o n and the f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the shareholders, 2- 5'' The "Agreement between H i s Majesty The K i n g and The Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d " f u r t h e r s t i p u l a t e d the r e q u i r e d c a p i t a l improvements t o be made on the l a n d , the r a t i o o f s e t t l e r s t o l a n d , the nature o f agreements which c o u l d be entered i n t o by s e t t l e r s , the n e c e s s i t y o f becoming B r i t i s h s u b j e c t s , the need t o conform w i t h the p r e v a i l i n g p o l i t i c a l d o c t r i n e s and laws of the p r o v i n c e , the need t o bear arms i n wartime, and the n e c e s s i t y o f e d u c a t i n g c h i l d r e n i n p u b l i c s c h o o l s i n E n g l i s h . 2 - 5 8 The agreement f u r t h e r s p e c i f i e d the c o n d i t i o n s under which the company would be i n d e f a u l t . These requirements were o u t l i n e d a g a i n i n the agreement signed by a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the Kalevan Kansa 239 C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d and the i n d i v i d u a l members. J 7 These o b j e c t i v e s imposed a d e f i n i t e predetermined s t r u c t u r e upon an un d e r t a k i n g which was i n i t i a l l y entered i n t o i n the s p i r i t o f communitas. Not o n l y d i d these r u l e s determine the c o l l e c t i v e o b l i g a t i o n s o f the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company t o the e x t e r n a l s o c i e t y but they a l s o s t i p u l a t e d the mode of i n t e r n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . The r u l e s p r e s c r i b e d d i s t i n c t i o n s based on sex, age, p h y s i c a l a b i l i t y , s k i l l s and e v e n t u a l l y f i n a n c i a l s t a t u s . They a l s o o u t l i n e d the a c t i v i t i e s which needed t o be embarked upon r e g a r d l e s s o f other p r i o r i t i e s . The subsequent three y ears o f Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t y a t Malcolm I s l a n d were consumed by day t o day 126 affairs directed toward the implementation of the require-ments as well as surviving a d i f f i c u l t existence in the wilderness. An estimated 2,000 people travelled to Sointula i n the four years of Kalevan Kansa activity although only a small fraction of that number joined or remained. In 1902 at least 24 memberships were recorded, in 1903 an additional 242 79 and i n 1904 20 more. At i t s height there were between 600 and 800 settlers on the island. Kolehmainen's description of the colony as a "lodestone which drew to i t s uneasy bosom a l l kinds of cranks, pseudo-philosophers, sp i r i t u a l i s t s , advocates of perpetual motion, supporters of free love and windbags", is only partly correct.2*''3 It was not u n t i l the latter stages after 1904 that such individuals 244 arrived in any number. More often groups of transient men travelled to the island to seek work i n Kurikka*s company and l e f t when they saw none was available.2**-* To survive, the settlement needed capital. Much of Kurikka*s activity on the island was concerned with securing loans and i n inducing others to come i n the hope that they 246 could meet their membership fee i n cash. Often they did not and they needed to be accommodated when there were no lodgings available, particularly for women and children. 2* 1" 7 Others were extremely disappointed on arr i v a l , expecting to see the U t o p i a n community in f u l l bloom, yet, remained to c r i t i c i z e i t . 2 * 1 8 S t i l l other prospective settlers, more accustomed to urban comforts, l e f t the settlement 127 e m b i t t e r e d . Upon r e t u r n i n g t o Vancouver and o t h e r urban c e n t r e s , they o f t e n a g i t a t e d a g a i n s t the aims o f the 249 community and e s p e c i a l l y a g a i n s t K u r i k k a . 7 As the p r e s s u r e to b r i n g the e n v i s i o n e d i d e a l s i n t o p r a c t i c e i n c r e a s e d , K u r i k k a was put i n t o a p o s i t i o n where he needed t o d e s c r i b e h i s p l a n i n more p r e c i s e d e t a i l . At t h i s p o i n t h i s power, which r e s t e d p a r t l y on c h a r i s m a t i c a u t h o r i t y , was i n a b a l a n c e . In order to m a i n t a i n h i s p o s i t i o n o f undisputed l e a d e r s h i p he needed to "provide h i s anxious audience w i t h c l e a r e r i n f o r m a t i o n about the course which l a y a h e a d . 2 5 0 However, the more he surrendered to s t r u c t u r e by d e t a i l i n g h i s v i s i o n i n terms of o r g a n i z a t i o n the more he was open to s c r u t i n y and c r i t i c i s m . 2 5 1 For a s h o r t p e r i o d o f time the work o f c r e a t i n g S o i n t u l a , the p l a c e o f harmony, progressed i n the s p i r i t f i r s t e n v i s i o n e d by the Kalevan K a n s a . 2 5 2 However, t h e i r enthusiasm and proposed w e l l - b e i n g were soon dampened by 253 economic d i f f i c u l t i e s . J J The problems extended i n t o a l l spheres o f d a i l y a c t i v i t y i n c l u d i n g s h e l t e r , c l o t h i n g and f o o d . 2 5 * * In an ambiance c h a r a c t e r i z e d by m a t e r i a l as w e l l as human shortcomings the s p i r i t o f brotherhood was s e v e r e l y s t r a i n e d . B i t t e r arguments erupted over the s i z e and q u a l i t y of the proposed l a n d a l l o t m e n t s , the amount and form of l a b o u r t o be c o n t r i b u t e d toward the common good, the p h y s i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of the community, the e x e r c i s i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l s k i l l s , the c l a s s v a l u e o f d i s c h a r g i n g member-s h i p dues, the p h i l o s o p h i c a l aims o f the community and a l l 128 2*5 5 financial matters. These were heightened by the group's ina b i l i t y to successfully exploit the island's resources for i t s own needs, by the failure of the company to produce a marketable surplus, by the distance from markets for the materials which eventually were produced, and a series of mishaps and mismanagement.2-*6 In the isolated settlement individual and group shortcomings and frustrations could only be focused onto other members. Particularly onto those who most appeared to be i n charge or onto those.whose philosophical perspectives were most clearly recognized as impeding the community's collective well-being. Since Kurikka most often suffered the brunt of these attacks power tended to d r i f t toward Makela who had become a counter force in the community and whose proposals were s t i l l largely untried. In the beginning, Kurikka's role within the Kalevan Kansa was one of participation within a collective endeavour. However, when specific activities were undertaken to bring the U t o p i a n community into existence, the members of the Kalevan Kansa increasingly thrust the responsibilities of leadership into his willing hands. When the settlement plans were s t i l l diffuse and later when the f i r s t stages of settlement were starting, he managed to provide leadership by his own example. By manipulating and reordering elements from traditional narratives and proverbs, in conjunction with references to B i b l i c a l events and the ultimate supremacy of spiritual values expressed in his concept of socialism, he 129 was able to bring his followers to a point where they were temporarily removed from the authority of daily r o u t i n e . 2 5 7 He encouraged the Kalevan Kansa to rejoice in their new freedom by expressing their true sentiments in i d y l l i c songs in praise of the community they were c r e a t i n g . 2 5 8 At this point Kurikka was needed as a reassurance that the mundane organization of day to day act i v i t i e s would ensue and that the aspirations embodied in the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company could be made workable. As matters became more d i f f i c u l t i n the absence of deliberate and workable objectives Kurikka was increasingly obliged to rely on personal slander and attacks, coercion and deceit to maintain authority. J When i t eventually appeared impossible to hold the community together and to maintain his position of leadership he entertained thoughts of destroying i t . These thoughts later contributed to his downfall when a fata l f i r e broke out i n the communal liv i n g quarters i n the winter of 1903. The f i r e destroyed the residence h a l l housing the livi n g quarters, dining, meeting and crafts areas. With i t the prime symbol of the Kalevan Kansa's ideological aspirations and achievements was gone. In the aftermath which followed the loss of lives, property and inspiration, Kurikka made a f i n a l grasp at power and at preparing the circumstances from which an ideal society might arise. He hoped to obliterate the destructive tendencies apparent i n the actions of Sointula residents by bringing about a situation suggestive of a 130 chaotic "beginning where the rules of organization were not 26l formalized. To accomplish t h i s he renewed his attack on the i n s t i t u t i o n of marriage. E a r l i e r Kurikka had written and spoken about the -oppressive nature of marriage. In Sointula h i s views were apparent i n the attempt at forming a co-operative f o r r a i s i n g and educating children, i n the communally organized workshops f o r women and i n the value attached to t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . 2 6 - 5 However, i n la t e 1904 he proposed to i n t r o -duce more r a d i c a l changes. The Aika published an id e o l o g i c a l discussion about free love and c h i l d b i r t h outside of 264 wedlock. His renewed emphasis on free love was p a r t l y influenced by a pragmatic consideration. He hoped that fr e e r access to women might entice some of the single men who had accompanied him back from an i l l - f a t e d bridge contract i n North Vancouver to remain at Sointula and to work for the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company. 2 6 5 More importantly, however, he viewed i t as a means to re a f f i r m h i s personal and p o l i t i c a l authority on the i s l a n d . His omnipotence i n tearing apart the fundamental r e l a t i o n s h i p would grant him authority which would encourage f a i t h i n his other undertakings. A d d i t i o n a l l y , since the p r i n c i p l e s of s o c i a l organization are ultimately rooted i n the r e l a t i o n -ships which define r e l a t i o n s between men and women, he believed that the a b o l i t i o n of the current rules would bring about a period of confusion from which i t would be possible 266 to generate new r u l e s . 131 In the intervening time, however, Kurikka's position as charismatic leader had eroded. His secret deal with James Dunsmuir to supply Finnish labourers from among the Kalevan Kansa at low rates of pay had become public knowledge. He was widely c r i t i c i z e d by other Finnish workers, union organizers and socialists as well as by the people within the Kalevan Kansa, 2 6 7 especially for violating the basic principle of socialist doctrine, to maintain control over labour. His attempts to gain support for the company from capitalist entrepreneurs in the eastern United States was also exposed and i t further eroded his cr e d i b i l i t y among the 268 socialists. Additionally, his plans to have men from the Kalevan Kansa work at a Victoria pulpmill were found o u t . 2 6 9 The f i r e had brought the f u l l extent of the Kalevan Kansa's debts into the open and Kurikka's former image as a versatile 270 manager was i n question. The collective guilt of the company's mismanagement was cast upon Kurikka. Furthermore, his personal failures and purported extravagances were 271 brought to the forefront. Kurikka's movement from a position of an equal to that of a leader placed him into a situation where he was account-able for not only his own failures but also those of the community as a whole. In the closed circumstances of a tightly bound settlement, removed from contact with the external society, Kurikka's role as a charismatic leader turned into that of a sorcerer. The l i f e force within him which his followers had recognized as antithetical to daily 132 routines in the larger society had turned from a positive goal into i t s opposite. Kurikka's perspectives regarding the nature of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, for instance, remained relatively constant "but that viewpoint was increasingly recognized by the Kalevan Kansa as e v i l and dangerous. They no longer saw in i t the means to an i d y l l i c state of being characterized by equality and material well-being. Characteristically, Kurikka's personality "aggravated 272 rather than mitigated the situation." ' The community strenuously denied the validity of his ideas about free love and marriage. 2 7 3 In turn, Kurikka denied his respons-i b i l i t y for them and was readily condemned. Elsewhere Finnish religious leaders branded him as the "devil's v i c a r n , ^ 7 ^ The provincial government proposed to investigate Sointula and particularly Kurikka for the purported immoral conduct.27-* Marxist socialists and trade unionists lambasted the entire Utopian venture and especially Kurikka for fa i l i n g to support the true cause of class c o n f l i c t . 2 7 6 In the midst of the accusations Kurikka and those who s t i l l supported him were banished from Sointula. With Kurikka's departure the Utopian aspect of the Kalevan Kansa acti v i t y 277 came to an end. In early 1905 the burden of leadership was assumed by A. B. Makela. 2 7 8 After a series of pragmatic attempts at keeping the affairs of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited solvent,. Makela and the remainder of the Kalevan Kansa were forced to f o r f e i t the assets of the company. 2 7 9 134 Notes 1 The early issues of the Canadian census do not classier Finns as a separate ethnic group, nor do "they accurately account for specific groups of people i n areas smaller than electoral subdistricts. See, for example, Canada/Census of Canada 1901. vol. 1 , pp. 284-285, 3 3 2 -333 and 406-407. 2 Vancouver P r o v i n c e . 18 June 1938 and E. Van Cleef, "Finnish Settlement in Canada," Geographical Review 42 (April 1 9 5 2 ) : 2 5 3 - 2 6 6 . 3 See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 7 - 1 6 . See also Raivio, 1975. PP. 282-285 and 3 7 3 - 3 9 6 ^ Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 8 - 1 5 . 5 M. Matheson, "Some Effect of Coal Mining Upon the Development of the Nanaimo Area," (unpublished M. A. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1 9 5 0 ) , p. 8 . 6 In some agrarian communities like Uusi Suomi [New Finland] in Saskatchewan, founded in the 1 8 8 0 s , Finns could exist on small subsistence farms and remain relatively isolated from the outside world. The majority of their material and social needs could be met from within the community and consequently there was l i t t l e need to partic-ipate i n the commerce of neighbouring towns. ' In the more urban settlements around Vancouver Island mines i t was not possible to achieve a way of l i f e character-ized by interdependence. Individual obligations extended beyond a closed community. The diversity of such obligations was wider and the avenues for discharging them were less clear, particularly for a people unfamiliar with the complexities of a moneyed society. See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 1 1 - 2 6 . See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 1 1 - 1 5 . See also above, pp. 8 - 1 0 , 4 7 - 5 3 . 9 See, for example, footnote 6 above. Similar circum-stances existed i n Finnish communities i n Ontario, Manitoba and i n the interior of British Columbia. See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 5 -10 and Raivio, 1 9 7 5 . PP- 228-232, 278-280 and 264-268 for examples of Finnish communities elsewhere. 1 0 See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , p. 2 0 . 1 1 Halminen suggested that the mixture of races and ethnic groups in the mines made i t impossible to come to a consensus about common interests. See pp. 19^22. 135 12 Halminen stated that on several occasions the Finnish miners were obliged to dismantle their shacks and to move them to another location. Often this attitude extended into a l l aspects of l i f e since their landowner, employer and politican was often the same person. See Halminen, 1936, pp. 13-22. 13 J For a discussion of Finns as hardy workers see the Daily Colonist. 29 November 1899- For a discussion of the rowdiness of camp l i f e see Halminen, 1936, pp. 13-22. 14 See, for example, Daily Colonist. 2 February 1901. See, for example, ib i d . For an indication of the strong anti-oriental sentiments expressed by local and national labour leaders see, for example, the "Legislative Platform of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, 1898" as cited in T. Loosmore, "The British Columbia Labor Move-ment and P o l i t i c a l Action, 1879-1906" (unpublished M. A. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1954), p. xiv; the "Canadian Labor Party Platform, 1906" as cited in i b i d . , p. xxxvj the "Platform of the Provincial Progressive Party" 1902 as cited i n ibid., p. xxvii and the "Nanaimo Working-man's Platform, 1894" as cited in i b i d . , p. x i . For a detailed discussion of anti-orientalism in British Columbia during this time see, for example, W. P. Ward, "White Canada Forever: British Columbia's Response to Orientals, 1858-1914" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1972). 16 x o Daily Colonist, 2 February 1901. The Finns were thought of as a far better class of immigrant than the Doukhobours for example, who were thought to be hardy but otherwise objectionable. See also, ib i d . , 28 June 1901. 1 7 See, for example, ibid., 29 August 1899. Finns would be ideal settlers for nothern Vancouver Island, the A t l i n country, the Nechaco Valley or the Bulkley Valley. See also the Vancouver Province, 11 April 1901 which suggested that the Quatsino and Queen Charlotte Island areas would be ideal locations for Finnish settlers. The Daily Colonist. 27 June 1901 mentioned "the waste spaces of northern B. C." and the f e r t i l e valleys of the Cassiar and the Cariboo as suitable areas for Finnish settlement. 1 8 See, for example, Daily Colonist, 29 November 1899. 1 9 Ibid., See also ibid., 27 June 1901; ibi d . , 27 June 1901; i b i d . , 2 November 1901 and E. Van Cleef, "The Finns of the Pacific Coast of the United States and the Consider-ation of the Problem of Scientific Land Settlement," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 30 (1940): ,25-38. 2 0 See, for example, Daily Colonist, 23 August 1899; ibid., 27 August 1899? ibi d . , 29 August 1899; i b i d . , 136 2 February 1901; i b i d . , 11 A p r i l 1901 and i b i d . , 8 September 1901. 21 Halminen, 1936, pp. 13-22. 22 See i b i d . , p. 14. 23 J See, f o r example, D a i l y C o l o n i s t , 23 August 1899; i b i d . , 2 February 1901 and va r i o u s i s s u e s of the A i k a published i n Nanaimo i n 1901. 2k ^ D a i l y C o l o n i s t . 29 November 1899. 2 5 I b i d . , 29 August 1899. See a l s o footnote 17 above. D a i l y C o l o n i s t , 2 February 1901. 2 7 I b i d . , 29 November 1899. 28 I b i d . , 2 February 1901. See a l s o Vancouver Pr o v i n c e , 25 November 1901. 2 9 For accounts of deaths i n the Nanaimo area c o l l i e r i e s see, f o r example, B r i t i s h Columbia, "Report o f the M i n i s t e r of Mines, 1879." S e s s i o n a l Papers 1880, pp. 250-251; B r i t i s h Columbia, "Report of the M i n i s t e r of Mines, 1884," S e s s i o n a l Papers 1885, pp. 432-434 and B r i t i s h Columbia, "Report of the M i n i s t e r of Mines, 1887," S e s s i o n a l Papers 1888, pp. 283-289. 3° See above, pp. 9 and 53-61. See a l s o , E. Van C l e e f , "The F i n n i n America," Geographical Review 6 (September 1918): 185-214 and Van C l e e f , 1952, pp. 253-266. 3 1 See above, pp. 47 -50 . See a l s o , W. Hoglund, F i n n i s h Immigrants i n America. 1880-1920 (Madison, I960), pp. 17 -59. 3 2 See above, pp. 53-61. See a l s o , "The R u r a l Exodus," i n Hoglund, I960, pp. 3-17. 33 por the ethnographic d e t a i l s see Halminen, 1936, pp. 13-24. For a d i s c u s s i o n of the argument see K . 0. L. Burridge, New Heaven New E a r t h , pp. 143-145. 3^ Halminen, 1936, pp. 13-16. 3 5 I b i d . , pp. 13-16 and 20 -23. 3 6 i b i d . , pp. 12 -13. 3? i b i d . , p. 12. R a i v i o a l s o mentions t h a t there were Finns i n the area who made i l l e g a l l i q u o r and r a n saloons. R a i v i o , 1975, P« 283. 137 3 8 Halminen, 1936, pp. 11-15-3 9 I b i d . , p. 12. ^° I b i d . ^ There were no commonly h e l d c r i t e r i a by which the value o f i n d i v i d u a l p u r s u i t s c o u l d be judged and by which a measure of i n d i v i d u a l worth c o u l d be obtained. See i b i d . , pp. 12-13. ^ 2 See B u r r i d g e , Mew Heaven New E a r t h , pp. 43-49 and above, pp. 6-8. ^ H. F. S t e i n and R. F. H i l l , The E t h n i c Imperative ( U n i v e r s i t y Park, 1977), P. 7. 44 Halminen, 1936, pp. 12-25. ^ Matheson, 1950, pp. 89-90. Halminen, 1936, p. 12. 46 ^ 7 See i b i d , f o r the ethnography. See B u r r i d g e , New. Heaven New E a r t h , pp. 25, 42, 45 and 132 f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f money used as a t r e a s u r e a r t i c l e . 48 Halminen, 1936, pp. 11-15-**9 I b i d . , pp. 11-22. 5 0 Halminen i n t e r p r e t e d Dunsmuir's d e c i s i o n t o f o r c e some o f h i s E x t e n s i o n mine employees t o move t o h i s new townsite a t Ladysmith as a p a r t l y a r b i t r a r y d e c i s i o n on Dunsmuir's p a r t , motivated by h i s d e s i r e t o commemorate the v i c t o r y o f the B r i t i s h f o r c e s a t Ladysmith, South A f r i c a , d u r i n g the Boer War. See i b i d . , pp. 14-15. T h i s view r e g a r d i n g Dunsmuir's m o t i v a t i o n i s not shared by the B r i t i s h Columbia h i s t o r i a n Margaret Ormsby who s t a t e s t h a t "on h e a r i n g the good news o f the r e l i e f o f Ladysmith, James Dunsmuir decided t o name h i s new company town near the E x t e n s i o n Mine, 'Ladysmith', and to g i v e a l l i t s s t r e e t s the names o f B r i t i s h g e n e r a l s . " See Ormsby, B r i t i s h Columbia: A H i s t o r y , student e d i t i o n (Vancouver, 1971), p. 328. 5 1 Halminen, 1936, p. 49. The author r e c a l l e d t h a t James Dunsmuir) deci d e d t o c l o s e down the A l e x a n d r i a mine when he d i s c o v e r e d t h a t a number of the workers had gone t o Nanaimo t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a uni o n o r g a n i z a t i o n meeting. See a l s o , B r i t i s h Columbia, "Report o f the M i n i s t e r o f Mines, 1902," S e s s i o n a l Papers 1903. p. H 270 f o r a r e p o r t o f the c l o s u r e o f t h i s mine. T h i s c o a l seam was not worked a g a i n u n t i l 1917. See "Report o f the M i n i s t e r o f Mines, 1917," S e s s i o n a l Papers 1918. v o l . 1, p. F 410. 138 5 2 Halminen, 1936, pp. 18-19. J J Ibid., p. 20. The hostile feelings among Anglo-Saxon workers became prominent when i t was learned that Kurikka had made arrangements with James Dunsmuir to obtain Finnish workers at a lower rate of pay than the standard. This disclosure confirmed what others had feared. See, for example, Vancouver Province, 25 November 1901. ^ Halminen, 1936, p. 22. The author recalled the discriminatory nature of the employment practices in the mines where similar tasks were rewarded by unequal amounts of pay according to race and ethnicity. Despite his willing-ness to work for a low rate of pay the Chinese worker had no security since politicians were advocating anti-Asiatic restrictions which would eventually exclude them from the labour force. See, for example, Daily Colonist. 2 February 1901. 5$ Halminen, 1936, pp. 14-25. 56 Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid., pp. 11-15. 6 0 Ibid., p. 21. Halminen stated a few of the miners 57 58 59 started to gather i n the evenings to discuss the situation around them. The occasions were informal and usually took place at the home of one of the workers. 6 1 Ibid. It is not clear from Halminen's accout whether these discussions were in part influenced by Finnish language literature from elsewhere. In the United States numerous temperance groups had already formed and they were active i n distributing literature to other Finnish communities. See Hoglund, I960, pp. 4 and 53-97. Further-more, temperance activity was widespread i n Finland at the time many of the emigrants l e f t Finland. See, for example, ibid., pp. 53-56 and the biographies of A. B. Makela and Matti Kurikka in H. Soikkanen, Tiennaytta.ia [PathfindersJ, vol. 1 (Helsinki, 1967), PP. 207-237 and 277-319. 6? Halminen, 1936, pp. 16-25. The language barriers which had kept many Finns outside of the general ambiance of social a c t i v i t i e s in these early mining communities was now seen as a way of excluding others from their a c t i v i t i e s . The feeling of exclusiveness was further promoted by Kurikka in the Aika. See, for example, 23 August 1901. 139 6 3 ibid., pp. 11-14. The f i r s t temperance society-entitled Lannen Rusko [Western Sunset] was formed i n 1890 at North Wellington. Halminen stated that i t was patterned after the Finnish National Temperance Brotherhood founded in Michigan in January 1889. In 1891 the Aallotar society was founded and in 1893 the Finnish brass band was formed. For a brief discussion of Finnish-American temperance societies see J. Kolehmainen, The Finns i n Americai A Students' Guide to Localized History (New York; 196B). p. 20 and R. Jalkonen, ed., The Finns i n North America; A Social Symposium (Hancock, Mich., 1969)» p. 67. 64 Halminen, 1936, pp. 12-15. Temperance groups were closely aligned with evangelical church sects partly due to their common crusade against liquor. In many Finnish-American communities the memberships of temperance groups and church groups were almost identical. See, for example, Hoglund, I960, pp. 56-57. 65 66 67 68 Halminen, 1936, p. 14. Ibid. Ibid., pp. 20-21. Ibid., pp. 10-15. 69 See, for example, Halminen's discussion about Dunsmuir's demand that the Finns move their lodgings from one site to another and his discussion about Dunsmuir's attempts to keep the miners from engaging in collective a c t i v i t i e s . Ibid., pp. 15-16. 70 ' This aspect of Finnish history w i l l be dealt with i n more detail in a future discussion of Sointula after the collapse of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited. See below, for post-Kalevan Kansa Sointula, pp. 160-217. 7 1 Halminen, 1936, pp. 10-16. 7 2 Ibid., pp. 10-14. 7 3 Ibid., p. 14. Halminen referred to these ideas which were eventually articulated during the Kalevan Kansa activity as the beginning of "a new epoch among Vancouver Island Finns." 7 k Ibid., pp. 13-15-7 5 Ibid., p. 15. Halminen credited the temperance societies and the marching band for transforming daily l i f e onto a better footing. 140 See, f o r example, Halminen's r e f e r e n c e s t o the l a r g e temperance r a l l y a t Nanaimo i n 1896. I b i d . , p. 14. 7 7 I b i d . , pp. 13-14. 7 8 I b i d . , p. 14. 79 ' 7 Although the temperance s o c i e t i e s were founded a t North W e l l i n g t o n they f u n c t i o n e d f o r a time a t E a s t W e l l i n g t o n , E x t e n s i o n and Nanaimo. As the workers moved from one mine to another as a r e s u l t o f work stoppages, c l o s u r e s and employment p r o s p e c t s , the temperance s o c i e t y moved w i t h them. I b i d . , pp. II - 1 5 . 80 The temperance a c t i v i t i e s were f i r s t conducted i n the i n d i v i d u a l homes of the members. T h i s continued t o be the ease when mining communities moved and the ' h a l l s ' were va c a t e d . I b i d . , pp. 12-14. 81 The f i r s t temperance h a l l i n which the Lannen Rusko f u n c t i o n e d was the former r e s i d e n c e o f a number of Chinese workers who had been k i l l e d i n the mine. A l e s s modest temperance h a l l was c o n s t r u c t e d f o r the A a l l o t a r s o c i e t y a t North W e l l i n g t o n . I b i d . , pp. 13-14. 8 2 I b i d . , p. 14. 8 3 I b i d . 84 F o r t y years l a t e r Halminen c l e a r l y and f o n d l y r e c a l l e d the sense o f brotherhood which e x i s t e d a t the temperance meetings. I b i d . , p. 13. 8-* Halminen suggested t h a t the v a r i o u s i s s u e s were d i s c u s s e d , argued over and thought about and t h a t the e v e n t u a l outcome was a more acute awareness o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n . I b i d . , p. 14. 8 6 For a meaningful d i s c u s s i o n o f 'metanoia' see K. 0. L. B u r r i d g e , " M i s s i o n a r y Occasions," i n M i s s i o n , Church and Sect i n Oceania (fo r t h c o m i n g ) . 8 7 See Halminen, 1936, p. 14 and above, pp. 47-53. 8 8 Halminen, 1936, p. 14. 8 9 See, f o r example, D a i l y C o l o n i s t , 29 November 1899. 9 0 I b i d . , and i b i d . , 2 February 1901 and i b i d . , 28 June 1901. 9 1 See, f o r example, i b i d . , 23 August 1899 and i b i d . , 27 August 1899. See a l s o , Canadian P a c i f i c Railway, 141 T a y d e l l i s i a t i e t o . i a Manitoban .ia l i a n s i p o h . i a i s Kanadan ma i s t a .ia muista s e i k o i s t a . S i i r t o l a i s i l l e Kanadaan LComplete Information about the Geography o f Manitoba and Ganda's North-West and Other Matters f o r Immigrants to Canada], (Montreal, 1 8 8 9 ) , which was d i s t r i b u t e d by the r a i l w a y i n an e f f o r t t o encourage f u r t h e r immigration. 92 y See, f o r example, D a i l y C o l o n i s t . 2 3 August 1 8 9 9 and i b i d . , 2 9 August 1 8 9 9 . 9 3 See above, p. 5 6 . 9 4 7 Apart from North America some F i n n i s h emigrants t r a v e l l e d to A u s t r a l i a , the Caribbean and South America. See, f o r example, V. Niitemaa, "Emigration Research i n F i n l a n d " and K. V i r t a n e n , "Problems of Research i n F i n n i s h Re-emigration," i n K a r n i , Kaups and O l l i l a , 1975* PP« 1 2 -2 1 and 2 0 2 - 2 1 2 . 9 5 I b i d , and Hoglund, I960, pp. 6-16. 9 6 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , p. 1 6 . See a l s o , A. Hautamaki, " M a t t i K u r i k k a , " i n Soikkanen, 1967. pp. 2 7 7 - 3 1 9 . 9 7 I b i d . , pp. 2 9 4 - 2 9 6 . See a l s o , J . D. Wilson, 1973-7 4 , pp. 5 4 - 5 5 and V. Niitemaa, " A u s t r a l i a n s u o m a l a i n e n Erakko-seura. w. 1 9 0 2 - 1 9 0 4 " [ A u s t r a l i a n - F i n n i s h Wilderness Colony, 1 9 0 2 - 1 9 0 4 ] , Turun Y l i o p i s t o S i i r t o l a i s h h i s t o r i a 7 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : 1 6 6 - 1 7 9 . 9 8 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , p. 1 6 . 9 9 See, f o r example, Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1 9 6 7 , pp. 277 - 3 1 9 . 1 0 0 I b i d . , and Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , p. 1 6 . 1 0 1 I b i d . 1 0 2 Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1 9 6 7 , PP- 2 9 5 - 2 9 6 and Niitemaa, 1 9 7 1 , p. 1 7 9 . 1 0 3 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 16-18. I b i d . , p. 18. K u r i k k a f i r s t spoke a t the major c e n t r e s of temperance a c t i v i t y i n the F i n n i s h mining communities. 1 0 $ I b i d . 1 0 6 I b i d . , pp. 1 8 - 2 0 . See a l s o , D a i l y C o l o n i s t , 2 February 1 9 0 1 and i b i d . , 27 June 1 9 0 1 . 142 1 0 7 Halminen, 1936, pp. 18-50. -I r\0 Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 277-319. 109 7 Max Weber, Economy and S o c i e t y (New York, 1968), p. 112 as c i t e d i n T. E . Dow, "An A n a l y s i s o f Weber's Work on Charisma," B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f S o c i o l o g y 30 (1978): 83. 1 1 0 I b i d . 1 1 1 I b i d . , pp. 83-85. See a l s o , Halminen, 1936, pp. 18-32 and above, pp. 10-14 and 57-59. 112 The F i n n i s h miners r e c o g n i z e d i n K u r i k k a the power to t r a n s f o r m t h e i r p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n . H i s presence immed-i a t e l y focused the ideas which they had pondered i n t o a s p e c i f i c p l a n o f a c t i o n . Halminen, 1936, pp. 18-19. They were w i l l i n g t o s u f f e r h i s rebuke f o r access t o the power i n h e r e n t i n h i s presence. See, f o r example, i b i d . , pp. 26-27. See above, f o o t n o t e s 64 and 97. See below, pp. 10-11 and 57-50« Halminen, 1936, pp. 23-26. 1 1 5 See K. Oberg, 1928, p. 5 and above, p. 49 1 1 6 Oberg, 1928, p. 5. 1 1 7 A i k a . 15 December 1903 as c i t e d i n Oberg, 1928, P. 5. 1 1 8 I b i d . K u r i k k a spoke about h i s e a r l y c h i l d h o o d and h i s e d u c a t i o n . He r e c a l l e d t h a t h i s t r a v e l s on a t r a i n between H e l s i n k i and h i s home were o f t e n undertaken alone and t h a t he f e l t estranged from the people and p l a c e s he saw on the way. 1 1 9 Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, PP. 278-280. 1 2 0 I b i d . , pp. 277-281. See also, Oberg, 1928, p. 6 and J . D. Wilson, 1973-74, pp. 52-53, 57 and 59-60. See a l s o , v a r i o u s i s s u e s o f A i k a . For example, "Leo T o l s t o y ' s S c r i p t u r e s , " A i k a , 15 J u l y 1904; " V o l t a i r e , " i b i d . , 15 March 1904 and a c o n t i n u i n g s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s e n t i t l e d " R e c o l l e c t i o n s from A n t i q u i t y , " i b i d . , v a r i o u s i s s u e s , 1904. 1 2 1 I b i d . See a l s o , "What i s C r e a t i o n ? " i b i d . , 1 J u l y 1904; "The Path, The T r u t h and L i f e , " i b i d . , 15 June 1904 and "The Future o f Mankind," i b i d . , 1 September 1904. 1 2 2 I b i d . , 15 March 1904. 143 1 2 3 Oberg, 1928, pp. 5 and 7 and Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, p. 280. 1 oh, Kurikka was especially enthusiastic about the writings of Axel Porschowsky, a Danish s o c i a l i s t . Ibid. 1 2 5 Ibid., pp. 283-288 and 289-293. See also, Oberg, 1928, p. 8 and J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, p. 52. 1 2 6 See Hautamaki in Soikkanen, 1967. p. 281. 127 128 129 Ibid. Ibid., pp. 281-282. Ibid., p. 282. 130 J In 1901 Kurikka made an appeal for Finns everywhere to join him i n the formation of an id e a l i s t i c community. In an article entitled "Toward a New Path" published i n the Aika he suggested that even those who are at the very depths of debauchery can overcome their present situation and embark on the path which is their spiritual birthright. See Halminen, 1936, pp. 28-33. 1 3 1 See Hautamaki in Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 282-288. 1 3 2 See Oberg, 1928, p. 7. 133 See above, pp. 59-60. See also, Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 283-284. For a general discussion about religious evangelism among Finnish immigrants see Hoglund, I960, pp. 52-58. For further information about the changes which occurred in immigrant communities in connection with religious and church matters see W. Kukkonen, "Process and Product: Problems Encountered by the Finnish Immigrants in the Transmission of a Spiritual Heritage," i n Karni, Kaups and O l l i l l a , 1975, PP. 130-143. 1 3 ^ Ibid., pp. 130-143. 1 3 5 Kurikka stressed the human aspect of Christ's existence. Although Christ was the Son of God and the spiritual guide for a l l mankind he was foremost a man with supreme a b i l i t i e s . In this way Kurikka was able to inter-twine his own foresight into a spiritually ordained path. Like Christ he would gather his folk from among the less fortunate and the downfalien. See Halminen, 1936, pp. 28-33. 1 3 6 See-ibid, pp. 22-25. See also, Hautamaki i n Soikkannen, 1967, p. 293-1 3 7 Ibid., p. 282. 1 3 8 I b i d . See a l s o , Oberg, 1928, p. 6. He noted t h a t K u r i k k a was employed as an agent of The Mutual L i f e I n s u r -ance Company o f New York. 139 J 7 I b i d , and Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 283-285. Amongst the many pamphlets which K u r i k k a authored d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d was one e n t i t l e d "Away from the E n s l a v e -ment o f A l c o h o l i s m " . In i t he proposed t h a t the c u r r e n t s t a t e o f d i s o r d e r was due t o the s t r e s s i n g o f p h y s i c a l w e l l -b e i n g a t the expense of the s p i r i t u a l a s p e c t s of l i f e . I f people were pe r m i t t e d to develop a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r conscience the d i s c o r d would d i s a p p e a r . Furthermore, i f one c o u l d combat a l c o h o l i s m then one c o u l d combat c a p i t a l i s m i n i t s pre s e n t form s i n c e they were one and the same. 140 K u r i k k a r e f e r r e d t o Makela as h i s b e s t and most t r u s t e d f r i e n d when he suggested to the newly formed Kalevan Kansa members t h a t they s o u l d i n v i t e Makela t o B r i t i s h Columbia to a s s i s t with the e d i t o r ' s d u t i e s a t the A i k a . The a s s o c i a t i o n between K u r i k k a and Makela s t r e t c h e d back to the years when they had worked to g e t h e r a t the V i r p u r i n Sanomat and l a t e r when Makela took over the e d i t o r -s h i p of the Tyomies from K u r i k k a i n 1898. See Halminen, 1936, pp. 32^3^ S"ee a l s o , E . Salomaa, "A. B. Makela," i n Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 207-236. Both K u r i k k a and Makela were acquainted w i t h Minna Canth and the group o f r a d i c a l i n t e l l e c t u a l s gathered around h e r . Makela's M a r x i s t s o c i a l i s m r e f l e c t e d the i d e a s o f t h i s group and her i n f l u e n c e on K u r i k k a ' s thoughts was apparent i n h i s i d e a s about marriage, women's r i g h t s and c h i l d r e a r i n g . The d i f f e r e n c e i n views about s o c i a l i s m h e l d by K u r i k k a and Makela was c l e a r l y e v i d e n t i n the l a t t e r ' s d e s c r i p t i o n of "theosophy as the seventeenth form of r e l i g i o n t hey have t r i e d t o f o r c e upon me." See Salomaa i n Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 207-236. See a l s o , K. J a a s k e l a i n e n LA. B. MakelaJ, 1907, PP. 119-123. Among these reformers was Edvard Valpas who authored the l a s t s e c t i o n o f Halminen's book about S o i n t u l a . A f t e r K u r i k k a was ousted from S o i n t u l a the v i e w p o i n t s expressed by these i n d i v i d u a l s became more prominent on Malcolm I s l a n d as Makela assumed the p o s i t i o n o f l e a d e r s h i p . See H. Soikkanen, "Edvard V a l p a s , " i n Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 69-120. See a l s o , Halminen, 1936, pp. 123-143. ^ Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, PP. 286-288. 1 2 4 4 I b i d . , pp. 288-290. The m a j o r i t y of h i s w r i t i n g s were concerned w i t h p r o h i b i t i o n and theosophy. They o f t e n t a l k e d o f t r a n s -forming the present inadequacies i n t o a U t o p i a n e x i s t e n c e but they r a r e l y presented the k i n d s o f f i r m i d e a s which 1*5 would regain the support of other socialists. Ibid., pp. 290-294. 146 After a series of his articles were censored by the Tsar's Governor-General i n Finland, Bobrikov, Kurikka became an outspoken c r i t i c of a l l aspects of Russian society. This further alienated him from some Finnish socialists who had an ideological link with segments of the Russian proletariat. Ibid., pp. 288-289. For a discussion of the repressive Russification undertaken in Finland by Bobrikov, including the Conscription Law of 1901 see Jutikkala and Pirinen, 1974, pp. 2 3 2 - 2 3 9 . Bobrikov was assassinated i n June 1904 by the Finnish patriot Schauman. ^ Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, p. 288. l i f 8 Ibid., p. 290. l k 9 Ibid., pp. 290-291. This further added to the mythical stature of Kurikka and enhanced the mystery which people associated with his birth. See above, p. 5 8 . 1-*° Kurikka conceived of the idea of Kalevan Kansa (the true people or descendants of Kaleva) while s t i l l i n Finland. However, i t seemed to pass unnoticed u n t i l he proposed i t to the miners i n British Columbia. Ibid., P. 293. The Queensland government assisted Kurikka and a small group of followers to obtain passage to Australia. However, the colonization attempt failed to get further support from the government and Kurikka's experiment f a i l e d . Instead of taking on the spi r i t u a l ways Kurikka had anticipated and setting a pattern for the whole world the group became embroiled in internal arguments and began to disband. See Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, PP. 293-295 and Niitemaa, 1971, PP. 165-181. In British Columbia Kurikka told the readers of the Daily Colonist that the Australians were "set against the coming of the Finlanders" who they "thought were a source of cheap labour" and a "half barbarous people." As a result, about 200 "educated, literate and potentially good citizens" were deceived. Daily Colonist, 8 September 1901. 1->2 Kurikka claims the settlers were lured away from their i d e a l i s t i c goal by employment opportunities which netted them 12 shillings a week and which was soon lost to alcohol and gambling. See Niitemaa, 1971, pp. 179-180 and Halminen, 1936", pp. 16-18. « 3 iMd. see above, pp. 57-59. 146 K u r i k k a observed t h a t when S o i n t u l a began t o f l o u r -i s h o t h e r s would grow around i t . When these a l l prospered they would form an a l l i a n c e which would e v e n t u a l l y assume c o n t r o l . The j o i n t - s t o c k company he proposed to c a l l the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d would p r o v i d e the base from which the new way o f b e i n g would b e g i n . Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967, p. 316 and Halminen, 1936, pp. 5 1 - 8 9 . 1 5 6 Por an i n d i c a t i o n o f the p u b l i c ' s support see, n a i l y flnlnnJRt,, 2 November 1 9 0 1 ; i b i d . , 22 June 1901 and i b i d . , 28 June 1 9 0 1 . Por the government's a t t i t u d e see, Vancouver P r o v i n c e . 24 November 1 9 0 1 . The scheme was a l s o supported by some labour candidates and members of the o p p o s i t i o n , see, Nanaimo H e r a l d , 31 August 1 9 0 1 . 1 5 7 Halminen, 1936, pp. 1 8 - 5 0 . 1 5 8 Oberg, 1 9 2 8 , p. 4 . 1 5 9 Ladysmith C h r o n i c l e , 18 January 1 9 6 2 . 1 6 0 He i s d e s c r i b e d as having "charm, a moving f o r c e and f l u e n c y " which he used "to c a p t i v a t e h i s audience and to h o l d them s p e l l b o u n d . " H i s p h y s i c a l a c t i o n s c o n s i s t e d o f "waving o f arms, jumping up and down on h i s toes and c o n t i n u a l movement about the s t a g e . " I b i d . , 11 January 1 9 6 2 . 1 6 1 See above, f o o t n o t e 1 6 0 . See above, f o o t n o t e 155 f o r K u r i k k a ' s f e d e r a t i o n o f mankind. See a l s o , A i k a , 16 May 1 9 0 2 . Kurikka's t h e o s o p h i c a l viewpoint i s r e f l e c t e d i n the e d i t o r i a l which s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e i s a " n a t u r a l i s t i c development which s t a r t s from movement of p a r t i c u l a r s i n the u n i v e r s e , passes through m i n e r a l , p l a n t , animal and human eras towards the p e r i o d of U t o p i a n i d e a l i s m f o r people, when a l l l i m i t a t i o n s d i s a p p e a r and people p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h i s world i n e t e r n a l godly l i v i n g . " 1 6 3 K u r i k k a thought t h a t man's s p i r i t u a l g r eatness was b e s t r e v e a l e d i n the products o f h i s c r e a t i v i t y s i n c e they were i n p a r t f r e e from day t o day c o n v e n t i o n a l i t y . "Since nature as we p e r c e i v e i t and know i t t o be i s one s i n g l e e n t i t y " man's c r e a t i v i t y r e f l e c t s i t s g r e a t n e s s . K u r i k k a as c i t e d i n Hautamaki i n Soikannen, 1 9 6 7 , PP. 312-313. 1 6 4 Oberg, 1 9 2 8 , p. 1 7 . 1 6 5 D a i l y C o l o n i s t , 8 September 1 9 0 1 . See a l s o , " A r t i c l e s of A s s o c i a t i o n of 'Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d ' " i n Appendix I I I , p. 4 0 1 . K u r i k k a proposed t h a t t h e r e would be two ways of d i s c h a r g i n g the i n i t i a l c o s t o f membership. The f i r s t and p r e f e r a b l e way was the $200.00 cash payment. The second would r e q u i r e a p a r t i a l payment w i t h the remainder t o be p a i d through l a b o u r f o r the company. T h i s became a pro b l e m a t i c i s s u e s i n c e the s m a l l number of people w i l l i n g t o pay the $200.00 l i m i t e d the cash base o f the company. Furthermore, the two o p t i o n s engendered c l a s s d i s t i n c t i o n s based on membership d u t i e s and p r i v i l e g e s among the members. I t d i r e c t l y c o n t r a d i c t e d the communal s p i r i t of e q u a l i t y which had g i v e n impetus t o the movement. See Halminen, 1936, pp. 22 - 3 5 . 167 K u r i k k a was p o s i t i v e t h a t even human nature f r e e from the r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed by contemporary s o c i e t y would tend toward harmony. He claimed t h a t w i t h r eason man can s eparate the worthwhile from the r u b b i s h , r i g h t from wrong and knowledge from f a l s e h o o d . He observed t h a t harmony and l o v e b u i l d w hile hate d e s t r o y s and t h a t Jesus was the f i r s t and g r e a t e s t s o c i a l i s t . He maintained t h a t the phrase "do unto others as you would have them do unto you" was the t r u e e x p r e s s i o n o f the i n t e l l i g e n c e of c i v i l i z a t i o n . See Hautamaki i n Soikkanen, 1967» pp. 312 -316 . See a l s o , K u r i k k a ' s A i k a e d i t o r i a l quoted i n Halminen, 1936, pp. 28-3 3 . 1 6 8 Amongst h i s major opponents i n the c l e r g y was Rev. L u n d e l l , a Lutheran p a s t o r . H i s d i s t r u s t o f K u r i k k a extended t o p e t i t i o n i n g the p r o v i n c i a l government to i n v e s t i g a t e S o i n t u l a . As a consequence of the a g i t a t i o n i n i t i a t e d by L u n d e l l and o t h e r s , the B r i t i s h Columbia M i n i s t e r o f Immigration wrote a memorandum t o the l i e u t e n a n t -g o v e r n o r - i n - c o u n c i l recommending t h a t the Malcolm I s l a n d settlement be i n v e s t i g a t e d . In h i s memorandum he s t a t e d t h a t "'A F i n l a n d clergyman who r e p r e s e n t s another wing of the F i n l a n d e r s s t a t e d to me t h a t M a t t i K u r i k k a was the l e a d e r o f an element which was s o c i a l i s t i c and a t h e i s t i c and t h a t he p e r s o n a l l y was an advocate of what i s known as Free Love and t h a t h i s endeavours were a l l i n the d i r e c t i o n of moulding the Colony on those l i n e s . ' " As c i t e d i n S e c r e t a r y , Department o f Immigration to Henry A. Sherwood, n.d., ( d r a f t l e t t e r ) McBride Papers, 1905, f i l e 1019. The m i n i s t e r ' s memorandum r e s u l t e d i n the f o r m a t i o n o f an o r d e r - i n - c o u n c i l d i r e c t i n g him to i n i t i a t e an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the Kalevan Kansa s e t t l e r s . See i b i d . S e e . a l s o , R a i v i o , 1975, PP. 393-394. 1 6 9 See, f o r example, Halminen, 1936, pp. 28-30. 1 7 0 K u r i k k a a s s o c i a t e d c a p i t a l i s m w i t h the m a j o r i t y of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n s w i t h i n contemporary s o c i e t y . Those asp e c t s of s o c i a l l i f e which he most s t r e s s e d as v a l u a b l e were c o l l e c t i v e and c r e a t i v e . S e v e r a l y e a r s a f t e r the 148 failure of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company he wrote about the practicality and f e a s i b i l i t y of Sointula in a publication entitled Elama [L i f e ] . He wrote that "'true harmony was at hand when three hundred people shared a meal. Pride and hunger for power eventually destroyed Sointula but for awhile love had conquered them.'" As cited in Hautamaki in Soikkanen, 1967, p. 299. 1 7 1 Halminen, 1936, pp. 56-64. 172 ' See, for example, an editorial entitled, "Religion and the Workers Movement" i n which Kurikka praised the work that the Kalevan Kansa w i l l do as something which w i l l sustain material well-being and thereby engender a feeling of spiritual togetherness. Aika, 30 August 1901. 173 ngy f a i t h we can bring about our U t o p i a n way of l i f e . " Ibid. 174 ' In the same issue Kurikka wrote further that true socialism can turn the direction of people's lives completely around. The new way of being w i l l allow people to love one another and to do for one another. Ibid. 175 see Halminen, 1936, pp. 22-50. See also, Vancouver Province, 11 April 1901; ibid., 11 July 1901; Daily Colonist, 22 June 1901 and ibid., 27 June 1901. 1 7 6 See, for example, ibid., 2 February 1901. 1 7 7 See, for example, ibid, and Vancouver Province, 24 November 1901. 1 7 8 Daily Colonist, 2 February 1901. 1 7 9 Ibid. 1 8 0 Ibid. 1 8 1 Ibid. 182 Ibid. 183 nailv Colonist, 8 September 1901. Ibid. Ibid. 184 185 186 Vancouver Province, 24 November 1901. There i s an assurance from Mr. Dunsmuir that "no white men in the area [around Malcolm Island] w i l l suffer" from the land grant. 149 1 8 7 See Halminen, 1936, pp. 23-24 f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n of Malcolm I s l a n d and the surrounding a r e a . 188 For a p h y s i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f Malcolm I s l a n d see Halminen, 1936, p. 23 and Leach, 1915. For a d e s c r i p t i o n o f the K a l e v a l a North Farm see Lonnrot, 1849? 1963, pp. 68-75. 103-113, 123-131 and 260. In an a r t i c l e about Fi n n s and geography Van C l e e f s t a t e d t h a t i n terms o f r e s i d e n c e the g e o g r a p h i c a l l y d e s i r a b l e q u a l i t i e s are import-ant independent of economic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . See E. Van C l e e f , 1940, pp. 25-38. The appearance of Malcolm I s l a n d corresponds c l o s e l y t o the d e s c r i p t i o n o f North Farm i n the m y t h i c a l K a l e v a l a t a l e s . 189 190 I b i d . See above, fo o t n o t e 155. 191 See, f o r example, v a r i o u s e d i t i o n s of A i k a . 1901. 192 See above, fo o t n o t e 188. See a l s o , Lonnrot, 1849; 1963, the v a r i o u s n a r r a t i v e s , pp. 3-330 and Magoun i n Lonnrot, 1849; 1963. pp. 391-405. 1 9 3 see, f o r example, Ladysmith C h r o n i c l e , 11 January 1962. 194 7 The A i k a was a j o i n t - s t o c k company l i k e the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d . I t was o r i g i n -a l l y founded by the e a r l y p a r t i c i p a n t s i n the Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t y t o ensure t h a t K u r i k k a would s t a y . A 1901 i s s u e o f the paper i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t s l i s t o f s u b s c r i b e r s was w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d . For example, i t was sent t o P o r t l a n d , Oregon; Toronto, Ontario; F i t c h b u r g , Mass.; Chicago, 111.; Quincy, Mass.; A l a s k a ; San F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f . ; L e a d v i l l e , C o l . ; Minnesota; Newbe, N. Dak.; F o r t Bragg, C a l i f . ; Hancock, Mich.; Waino, W i s e ; Brooklyn, N. Y.; A s t o r i a , Or eg.; N o r f o l k , V i r . ; C a r l t o n , Wyom.; Ironwood, Mich.; Bute, Mont, and elsewhere. A i k a . 18 October 1901. I t was a l s o sent t o F i n l a n d and A u s t r a l i a . R a i v i o , 1975. PP. 380-394. 1 9 5 See, f o r i n s t a n c e , the appeal quoted by Halminen i n Halminen,. 1936, pp. 28-33. See a l s o , A i k a , 23 August 1901. "Come here you proper sons and daughters o f F i n n i s h mothers who comprehend t h a t freedom i s a t the s t a r t and the f i n i s h o f man's purpose . . . . Come here to l i v e w i t h us i n such freedom where a l l are equal i n the harmony o f shared thoughts and f i n d s a t i s f a c t i o n and p l e a s u r e i n the p r o t e c t i o n o f the weak. M 1 9 6 A i k a , 30 August 1901. 1 9 7 I b i d . 150 198 K. 0. L. B u r r i d g e , Tangu T r a d i t i o n s (Oxford, 1969), p. 202. 199 A l l the people r e f e r r e d t o i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s had parents or grandparents who were i n v o l v e d w i t h the Kalevan Kansa movement. Some s t i l l l i v e a t S o i n t u l a , others elsewhere i n the southwestern p a r t o f B r i t i s h Columbia. 2 0 0 The m a j o r i t y of those who claimed to know about the events a t the t u r n o f the c e n t u r y spoke about i d e a s which d i d not appear to r e l a t e s p e c i f i c a l l y t o S o i n t u l a . G e n e r a l l y they were i n support o f one or another p o l i t i c a l v i e w p o i n t , r e f e r r e d t o the t r i a l s o f p i o n e e r l i f e and the comparative p o v e r t y of the past and passed on r e m i n i s c e n c e s about the community p r i o r t o the a r r i v a l o f e l e c t r i c i t y , the media and t o u r i s t s . Others spoke about f i s h i n g and the c o - o p e r a t i v e s t o r e . However, most f e l t t h a t t h e r e would not be a community w i t h a s p e c i f i c F i n n i s h - C a n a d i a n h i s t o r y without the Kalevan Kansa. 201 Many S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s became prosperous, t h e i r c h i l d r e n became w e l l educated and many o f the s o c i a l b e n e f i t s e n v i s i o n e d by K u r i k k a have been r e a l i z e d . 202 Although the i d e a l i s t i c a s p e c t s of S o i n t u l a were not r e a l i z e d i n the Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t y t h a t aspect of the p a s t made them more conscious o f the t h i n g s they needed to s t r i v e f o r . T h i s i n p a r t encouraged some of the i s l a n d ' s r e s i d e n t s t o become a c t i v e i n s o c i a l i s t p o l i t i c s . 2 0 3 In the past the sauna was taken f o r granted. Many of the o l d saunas s t i l l e x i s t a lthough fewer are s t i l l i n use. H i s t o r i c a l l y , they are an example of an i n t e r m e d i a t e p e r i o d o f sauna c o n s t r u c t i o n . Heat i s d e r i v e d from a f i r e b o x covered w i t h stones, not from the o l d method o f burn-i n g embers beneath s t o n e s . Some are l o g c o n s t r u c t i o n , others are frame. Both u t i l i z e indigenous as w e l l as f o r e i g n m a t e r i a l s . At S o i n t u l a , as elsewhere, Finns m a i n t a i n t h a t they i n v e n t e d and p e r f e c t e d the sauna as a s t r u c t u r e and as a method of b a t h i n g . People were eager to suggest t h a t a sauna i s an experience which surpasses b a t h i n g i n t h a t i t i n v o l v e s the psyche as w e l l . In support, numerous s t o r i e s were c o l l e c t e d about the consequences o f abusing the accepted r o u t i n e of t a k i n g a sauna; the r e s u l t o f which ended i n i l l n e s s or other d i f f i c u l t i e s . 2 0 5 See above, f o o t n o t e 204. Some o f the people I spoke w i t h t o l d o f how a good sauna induced a f e e l i n g of r e l a x a t i o n which i n t u r n allowed them to d e a l w i t h o t h e r matters without the c l u t t e r of d a i l y problems. The a c t 151 of t a k i n g a sauna washed away some o f the p s y c h o l o g i c a l mess as w e l l as the p h y s i c a l d i r t . 2 0 6 I b i d . 207 ' S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s t o l d me t h a t t a k i n g a sauna w i t h f a m i l y and f r i e n d s was a communal a c t i v i t y l i k e t a k i n g a meal t o g e t h e r . P a r t l y as a r e a c t i o n t o the number o f saunas i n the community, they found i t u n l i k e l y t h a t people would sauna t o g e t h e r f o r p o l i t i c a l or economic advantage as some o f my urban informants suggested they d i d . 208 The p r o s p e c t of having a sauna w i t h people f o r reasons other than communal ones was f u r t h e r d i s c o u n t e d s i n c e t h e r e would be no c o n t r o l :over such fundamental matters as c l e a n l i n e s s . S t o r i e s were recounted o f how on o c c a s i o n famous people would dock a t the v i l l a g e and e v e n t u a l l y r e q u est the use o f a sauna o n l y to be t u r n e d down. The p r o l i f e r a t i o n of sauna baths l e d to a p a s s i n g correspondent to c a l l Malcolm I s l a n d a " c o a s t a l Eden" and "one o f the o d d i t i e s o f a c o a s t a l c r u i s e " . He continued by s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the p r a c t i c e s were " d i s g u s t i n g t o the s e n s i b i l i t i e s " and t h a t there should be d i s t i n c t i o n s between "what was proper f o r n a t i v e s to do and what was proper f o r whites t o do." Vancouver P r o v i n c e . 16 August 1938. 209 A l l the saunas I v i s i t e d were b u i l t by i n d i v i d u a l s , most o f t e n by the f a m i l y head or e l d e r sons. No one admitted to having plans or to the need of having them. Saunas were b u i l t , they s a i d , a c c o r d i n g t o common knowledge about p r o p o r t i o n s and m a t e r i a l s . T h i s r e s e r v o i r of knowledge extended i n t o the p a t t e r n s of use as w e l l . 210 The m a j o r i t y of saunas were s i m i l a r . Most had two rooms or compartments and a few had a t h i r d . One room was s e t a s i d e f o r t a k i n g heat, a second f o r washing and the t h i r d f o r s i t t i n g and r e l a x i n g . Often measurements f o r rooms, d i s t a n c e s between l a n d i n g s , h e i g h t , s i z e o f door and window openings and d r a f t vents d i f f e r e d by l e s s than two inches from one sauna to another. 211 Two saunas were c l e a r l y r e c o g n i z e d as v i o l a t i n g the requirements of t r a d i t i o n . The f i r s t c o n t a i n e d t o i l e t f a c i l i t i e s and was c o n s i d e r e d u n c l e a n . The second was l o c a t e d i n an o l d storage b u i l d i n g which made i t too h i g h . Furthermore, i t s o v e r l y e l a b o r a t e system o f h e a t i n g water earned i t the nickname " b o i l e r f a c t o r y " . 21 2 See above, f o o t n o t e s , 209, 210 and 211. Many of my informants s a i d t h a t i t was necessary f o r them as Finns to have a sauna. Most claimed they would become u n c l e a n and unhealthy without i t . Beyond t h a t , saunas were b u i l t a c c o r d i n g t o what was assumed t o be a p p r o p r i a t e and a c c o r d i n g 152 to the s k i l l s which were available. 2 1 3 Until recently healers used to travel from one centre of Finnish population to another or at times they took up residence nearby a community. My personal contact has been limited to a hydrotherapist who no longer practices but who was thought by others to have special a b i l i t i e s . 21ZL Pattika Johnson was a healer known to several people I spoke to. He was described as being very short, obese and otherwise disreputible. He was often accused of taking liberties with female clients. 21-* Johnson would carry with him objects such as buds from a poplar tree, a variety of burned grain and outdated medicines such as 'Troop O i l ' . These, when properly applied, provided cures. Additionally, he would provide the services of a cupper. 216 According to my informants Johnson's methods for enacting a cure were not consistent but they were most often successful. One informant recalled that Johnson had stopped the bleeding from an axe wound suffered by his father through concentration followed by the application of a herb or leaf paste. 2 1 ? prom the conversations I have had with people who recalled Johnson i t seems that he was able to combine expected solutions with novel yet acceptable innovations in ways which would permit his clients to have confidence in his a b i l i t i e s . In addition to pragmatic solutions he was able to inspire confidence, i n the unusual or untried. 2 1 8 See, for example, Aika. 27 September 1 9 0 1 . 2 1 9 The Aika permitted Kurikka freedom of thought and speech. In i t he expressed his ideas without the censor-ship which had plagued him in Finland. Many of his contro-versial ideas went unchallenged by the non-Finnish reading public. As a result he was able to maintain his duplicity by t e l l i n g different versions of the situation to his English and Finnish speaking listeners and readers. 2 2 0 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 25-28. 2 2 1 Prospective settlers for Sointula came from Europe and from various parts of the United States. Many came under great hardship and brought the majority of their possessions and resources to aid in the formation of the settlement. See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 4 5 - 1 2 5 ; Vancouver Province, 4 April 1 9 0 2 ; ibid., 12 June 1 9 0 2 ; ibid., 28 November 1 9 0 2 ; Daily Colonist, 8 June 1 9 0 2 ; ibid., 19 June 1 9 0 2 ; i b i d . , 2 0 August 1 9 0 2 ; ibid., 2 1 August 1 9 0 2 ; i b i d . , 153 4 October 1 9 0 2 ; ibid., 1 January 1903 and Kolehmainen, 1 9 4 1 , pp. 1 1 1 - 1 2 3 . 2 2 2 Kurikka t i t l e d the series of articles "The Mystery of Money" and from issue to issue there were subheadings such as "From Well-being to Misery" to keep the reader's attention. See, for example, Aika. 22 October 1 9 0 1 and ibid., 2 5 October 1 9 0 1 . 2 2 3 See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 50-124. See also, Koleh-mainen, 1 9 4 1 , pp. 1 1 1 - 1 2 3 and Vancouver Sun. 31 November 1953-224 For a discussion of liminality see A. Van Gennep, Rites of Passage (Chicago, I 9 6 0 ) , pp. 1 5 - 2 6 and 166-189. See also, V. Turner, The Ritual Process (Chicago, 1 9 6 9 ) » pp. 9 4 - 1 6 5 . Kurikka was able to bringthe Kalevan Kansa together for a time into a period of commonality. However, he was unable to direct his followers through the liminality or period of no rules and the situation deteriorated into a period characterized by individual and conflicting interests. The societal r i t e of passage which the Kalevan Kansa activity might have accomplished never surpassed the liminal period between the foresaken past and the anticipated future. 2 2 5 See, for example, Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 117-126. See also, Aika, various issues, 1 9 0 3 and 1 9 0 4 . 2 2 6 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , p. 3 3 -2 2 7 Ibid., pp. 33-41. See also, Oberg, 1 9 2 8 , pp. 1 7 -1 8 . See, for example, footnote 141 above. 2 2 9 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 53-64. 2 3 0 Literature from Finland was circulated i n North America. Kurikka's philosophical standpoint was supported by a minority of Finnish socialists and therefore most of the literature tended to voice the ideas of the Marxists. For a discussion of the strength of radical Finnish socialists i n the United States during this period see Hoglund, I960, pp. 104-121 and Kolehmainen, 1 9 6 8 , pp. 2 1 - 2 7 . 2 3 1 See above, footnote 1 5 6 . 2 3 2 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 2 2 - 5 0 . See also, Daily Colonist. 8 September 1 9 0 1 ; ibid., 22 June 1 9 0 1 and ibid., 27 June 1 9 0 1 . 2 3 3 See, for example, footnote 2 2 1 . 1 5 4 Z y U r Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 5 3 - 1 2 3 . 2-^ See the "Agreement between His Majesty The King and The Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited" i n Appendix II, pp. 399-400. 2 3 6 See the "Articles of Association of 'Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited'" in Appendix III, pp. 401-403. 237 See the "Memorandum of 'Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited'" in Appendix IV, p. 404. 2 3 8 See above, footnote 2 3 5 . 2 3 9 Ibid. See also, Appendix V, pp. 4 0 5 - 4 0 6 . See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 5 3 - 1 2 3 . See also, footnote 166 above. 2 4 l Halminen stated that some Finns came to Sointula but l e f t shortly thereafter, Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 5 0 - 9 3 . That viewpoint was supported by the Daily Colonist. 19 June 1 9 0 2 ; Kolehemainen, 1 9 4 1 , pp. 1 1 1 - 1 2 3 and E. Savela, Suomesta Sointulan: Siirtolaiselaman kuyauksia [From Finland to Sointula: Reflections on Immigrant L i f e ] (Wisconsin, n.d.), pp. 7 8 - 8 6 . 242 The Department of Lands and Works, Victoria, British Columbia, received the applications for membership on June 1 0 , 1 9 0 2 ; February 1 9 , 1 9 0 3 ; October 6 , 1 9 0 3 and September 2 6 , 1 9 0 4 . McBride Papers, Lists and Agreements, 1 9 0 5 , f i l e 1 0 1 9 . 2 / f 3 Kolehemainen, 1 9 4 1 , pp. 1 1 1 - 1 2 3 . 2 ^ Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 120-124. 2 ^ Savela, n.d., pp. 5 5 - 6 2 . Z ^ Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 5 3 - 1 2 3 . Kurikka made several trips to Vancouver and Victoria in an effort to secure funds for supplies for the faltering community. The Kalevan Kansa settlers expected him to return with supplies and when he no longer could obtain loans his stature as a leader began to crumble. His charismatic authority rested in part on his apparent a b i l i t y to provide and when he no longer could he became f a l l i b l e i n the eyes of his followers. See also, Vancouver Province. 4 April 1 9 0 2 ; Daily Colonist, 14 September 1902? ibid., 1 January 1903? i b i d . , 6 March 1 9 0 3 ; i b i d . , 3 September 1 9 0 4 and ibid., 16 October 1 9 0 4 for an indication of the financial problems faced by Kurikka and the Kalevan Kansa. For further discussions about the financial matters of the Kalevan Kansa see Oberg, 1 9 2 8 , 155 pp. 20-28 and 31-32; Kolehmainen, 19*1, pp. 115-120 and 121-122; Columbia Press. 13 November 1950; Vancouver Sun 30 November 1953 and J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, pp. 58 and 63. Halminen, 1936, pp. 82-95 and Kolehmainen, 1941, pp. 116-117 and 120-121. 2 i f 8 Ibid., p. 120. 2 ^ 9 Ibid., pp. 121-122. J Kurikka was partly forced into this position by the presence of Makela. As his debates with Makela pro-gressed he was required to become increasingly specific about the aims of the Kalevan Kansa. To counteract the pragmatic appeal of Makela*s suggestions, Kurikka became more elaborate in his plans. They no longer dealt with the day to day affairs of the community but broadened to include a variety of ideas about insurance and welfare. As the euphoria of the early act i v i t i e s started to dissipate in the routine conflicts of daily l i v i n g i t was incumbant on Kurikka to provide more detailed information about the avenues to id e a l i s t i c community l i f e . J Additionally, Kurikka's f a l l i b i l i t y became evident when his schemes lacked the imagination and success anticipated from an extraordinary leader. In the eyes of the Kalevan Kansa he was loosing the privileges accorded a special individual and he was increasingly held accountable as a fellow participant. 2 5 2 Halminen, 1936, pp. 50-74. , 2 ^ 3 See above, footnote 246. Z ^ Halminen stated that there was a shortage of accommodation, food, clothing, tools and equipment. Although the Kalevan Kansa managed to set up a sawmill, blacksmith shop, forge and trade shops, they were never economically viable due, in part, to the poor quality of equipment and supplies. When new equipment was purchased for, for example, the Aika Printing Company, i t resulted i n further debts. Halminen, 1936, pp. 95-128. See also, Kolehmainen, 1941, pp. 116-123 and J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, p. 63. 2 5 5 Halminen, 1936, pp. 50-128; Kolehmainen, 1941, pp. 120-123 and J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, pp. 58-65. 2 ^ 6 Malcolm Island was too far from markets to make i t profitable for a small operation to transport wood products to Vancouver. The d i f f i c u l t y of getting a good return was accentuated by their poor equipment and lack of appropriate s k i l l s . When they did manage to bring lumber to 156 Vancouver i t was s t o l e n or s e i z e d by c r e d i t o r s . Halminen, 1936, pp. 95-123. See a l s o , D a i l y C o l o n i s t . 16 December 1902; i b i d . , 3 September 1904; Oberg, 1928, pp. 21-27; Columbia P r e s s . 13 November 1950; Vancouver Sun. 30 November 1953; A. Anderson, H i s t o r y of S o i n t u l a (Vancouver. 1958), pp. 4-13. 2 5 7 Halminen, 1936, pp. 18-59. ? 58 In 1903 these songs were c o l l e c t e d i n t o two volumes e n t i t l e d Kalevan Kansan Sointu.ia. On h i s l e c t u r e t o u r s K u r i k k a would o f t e n r e a d from them and o f f e r them f o r s a l e . A s e l e c t i o n of t i t l e s from w i t h i n the volumes i n c l u d e s : The Kalevan Kansa March; Por F i n l a n d ' s People; Malcolm I s l a n d Our B e a u t i f u l Homeland; The Shores o f Home and Hearth; Here the People o f Kaleva; In the Past and Now; To S o i n t u l a ; Oh: Our Malcolm I s l a n d ; L i f e A t S o i n t u l a ; L i s t e n You Descendants of Kaleva; Nature's Text; The Time Is Coming; Leave The Old Ways Behind; At The Crossroads; Our I d e a l i s m Is Saved; Harmony's L u l l a b y ; I Your I s l a n d ; A Joyous Song; Nature's Flower and A Moment of Peace. The m a j o r i t y o f these songs were adapted to the s c o r e s of t r a d i t i o n a l F i n n i s h hymns. Kalevan Kansan Sointu.ia [Kalevan Kansa Songs o f Harmony], v o l s . 1 and 2 (Vancouver, 1903). 2^9 i n i t i a l l y K u r i k k a maintained h i s a u t h o r i t y over the Kalvan Kansa by the example o f h i s deeds. A d d i t i o n a l l y , the A i k a p r i n t e d d i d a c t i c a r t i c l e s about the t r u e concepts o f C h r i s t i a n i t y and s o c i a l i s m . Often these were t r a n s l a t e d i n t o day t o day t r u t h s t o be absorbed by the Kalevan Kansa as a c h a r t e r f o r t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . At other times the d e s i r e d l e s s o n was i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a s e r i e s o f wise thoughts and p a r a b l e s . F o r example, "not a l l thunder c l o u d s b r i n g r a i n " "no one throws stones a t a t r e e w i t h no f r u i t " ''an i d i o t ' s tongue i s always l o n g " ?the day w i l l break without the r o o s t e r ' s crow" "a robber commits one wrong deed, he who was robbed has committed thousands" " i f everyone i s a patron, who t u r n s the m i l l s t o n e " "the wisdom o f drunkards i s absorbed by the wind" "cats b r i n g bad dreams to mice" "to b i t e i r o n , you need s t e e l t e e t h " "your hen eats your oats and l a y s her eggs under the neighbour's f l o o r " "a r a ven i s o f t e n shot w i t h an arrow from h i s own s p e c i e s " See, f o r example, A i k a , 18 October 1901. When K u r i k k a f a i l e d t o a t t r a c t f o l l o w e r s by h i s own example and d i f f u s e s uggestions he o f t e n became r u t h l e s s . For example, i n A i k a , 15 March 1904 he began a v e r b a l a t t a c k on the members of the Kalevan Kansa who had f a i l e d t o support h i s i d e a s about f r e e l o v e w i t h "I ask you dear f r i e n d , who has the r i g h t t o argue t h a t I have no r i g h t to express my thoughts? Some b i g mouthed o l d women perhaps . . . . " See a l s o , Halminen, 1936, pp. 95-128; Kolehmainen, 1941, pp. 121-122 157 and J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, pp. 60-61. ?6o, Halminen, 1936, p. 123. Many of the residents at Sointula i n 1903-1904 f e l t that Kurikka deliberately started the f i r e which destroyed the only substantial building on the Island and took eleven lives. At the time the assets of the Kalevan Kansa were under investigation and i t was alleged that Kurikka set the f i r e to hide his mismanagement and to make a f i n a l attempt at holding power. Despite contributions and effort from neighbouring and more distant communities the f i r e dealt a death blow not only to Kurikka's leadership but to the community as well. Despite attempts at reconciliation internal s t r i f e and embitterment continued to increase. See also, Vancouver Province, 2 February 1903; i b i d . , 3 February 1903; ibid., 12 February 1903; i b i d . , 14 February 1903; Daily Colonist. 8 February 1903; i b i d . , 10 February 1903; i b i d . , 17 February 1903; ibid., 6 March 1903; Oberg, 1928; Kolehmainen, 1941, pp. 119-123; Anderson, 1958, pp. 8-13 and J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, p. 63. For further discussion about this point see Burridge, New Heaven New Earth, pp. 165-167. 2 6 2 Kurikka's interest in the topic of marriage and in matters concerning motherhood and childrearing extended back to his association with Minna Canth. As early as 1902 he began to express his views on marriage partly as an attempt to'-:break down the structures of conventional society which he saw as holding back the Kalevan Kansa from i t s destiny. By declaring only the "rights of love" not the "chains of marriage" both men and women would be freed from the basic subservience to convention. Aika, 16 May 1902; i b i d . , 15 March 1904 and Halminen, 1936, pp. 86 -87 and 109-127. 2 6 3 See i b i d . , pp. 86-87 and 109-127 for additional details. ?64 See above, footnote 262. To reemphasize his a t t i t -ude towards the bonds of marriage Kurikka wrote i n the Aika. 29 August 1902 that: "Marriage and morality are two different matters just as law and justice are two different things. Marriage and love are two different matters just as the church and truth are two different things. Similarly, just as capitalism appears as the protector of social organization, and the church the protector of truth so marriage appears as the protector of morality." By 1904 Kurikka could not gain the support he wanted for his ideas, particularly those concerning free love. Mrs. Ryckman, a resident of Sointula, recalled that there was discussion about i t . Some proposed that free love would result i n a "superior stock for the good of the commune's future" and that "some free lovers were for i t right now" but that the majority argued that men 158 "would have no interest i n the welfare of the superior progeny." She added that Kurikka "had a lady friend on the island but no superior children to his credit." Columbia Press. 13 November 1948. In Aika. 1 June 1904 Kurikka accused the Kalevan Kansa of being locked into the security of a deadening set of rules of which the marriage contract was a part and of being trapped by their "dirty imaginations" in seeing only the animalistic side of the argument. By this time the provincial government had undertaken to investigate the situation. See above, footnote 168. In an effort to ward off further d i f f i c u l t i e s with authorities Kurikka explained to the Daily Colonist on 21 October 1904 that: "As the marriage state has existed before there was any church, i t i s going to exist when a l l kinds of enslaving creeds and dogmas have disappeared from among c i v i l i z e d nations, and the responsiblities of marriage begin when the parties concerned f a l l i n mutual love." 2 6 5 See Halminen, 1936, pp. 117-120. Without proper consultation with the membership of the Kalevan Kansa, Kurikka committed the company to build two bridges i n North Vancouver. The undertaking was a disaster for the already financially troubled colony. Valuable man hours and materials were lost and the company was unable to compensate any of i t s workers. In addition, the regular Kalevan Kansa members had been joined by other Finns to make a joint work force. After the project's completion many of them returned with Kurikka and the Kalevan Kansa men to the already burdened settlement on Malcolm Island. See also* Kolehmainen, 1941, pp. 119-120 and Vancouver Sun, 30 November 1953-See above, footnote 224 and Burridge, New Heaven New Earth, pp. 166-168. 2 6 7 See Halminen, 1936, pp. 47-50 and Vancouver Province, 25 November 1901. 2 6 8 Daily Colonist. 16 December 1902. 2 6 9 Ibid. 2 7 0 Halminen, 1936, pp. 90-109. See also, Daily Colonist, 15 May 1903 for information i n the report prepared by Mr. Ross, a government appointed investigator. 2 7 1 An example of Kurikka's extravagances was related to me by the son of an original Kalevan Kansa settler. His father used to talk about Kurikka's t r i p to Vancouver i n the winter of 1903. After the f i r e the settlement was short of food, clothing and a l l supplies. Kurikka was entrusted with some money and asked to obtain supplies i n Vancouver, instead of bringing the desperately needed goods he returned with a portable lap organ. Prior to this time these kinds of ac t i v i t i e s were expected and to a degree 1 5 9 overlooked but now they were r e c o g n i z e d as m o r a l l y r e p r e h e n s i b l e . He was a l s o accused of m i s a p p r o p r i a t i n g company funds and o f s e l l i n g Kalevan Kansan Sointu.ia f o r h i s own p r o f i t . Halminen, 1936, pp. 96-98. 272 ' Kolehemainen, 1 9 * 1 , p. 1 2 1 . See a l s o , Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 93-128. 2 7 3 See above, f o o t n o t e s 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 and 2 6 * . ' Kolehmainen, 19*1, p. 1 2 2 . See a l s o , R a i v i o , 1975, PP. 3 9 1 - 3 9 * . 2 7-* See above, f o o t n o t e s 168 and 2 7 0 . 2 7 6 Kolehmainen, 1 9 * 1 , 1 1 1 - 1 2 3 and R a i v i o , 1975, PP. 282-28*4- and 3 7 3 - 3 9 * . 2 7 7 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 1 2 0 - 1 2 5 ; R a i v i o , 1975, PP- 391-3 9 3 ; Kolehmainen, 19*1, pp. 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 ; D a i l y C o l o n i s t , 3 0 March 190*; i b i d . , 16 October 1 9 0 * ; i b i d . , 2 1 October 1 9 0 * and J . D. Wilson, 1973-7*, pp. 6 3 - 6 5 . 2 7 8 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 122-128; R a i v i o , 1975, PP. 3 9 0 - 3 9 4 ; Kolehmainen, 1 9 * 1 , p. 1 2 2 ; J . D. Wilson, 1 9 7 3 - 7 * , p. 6 3 ; Anderson, 1 9 5 8 , p. 12 and Oberg, 1 9 2 8 , p. 3 5 . 2 7 9 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 1 2 0 - 1 2 5 ; Oberg, 1928, p. 3 5 ; Kolehmainen, 19*1, p. 1 2 2 ; J . D. Wilson, 1 9 7 3 - 7 * , p. 6 3 ; D a i l y C o l o n i s t . 3 August 1 9 0 5 ; i b i d . , 9 January 1 9 0 6 ; Vancouver P r o v i n c e , o January 1 9 0 6 and Vancouver Sun, 3 0 November 1 9 5 3 * Chapter 4 E x p e c t a t i o n s M o d i f i e d : S o i n t u l a A f t e r the C o l l a p s e of the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, L i m i t e d , 1 9 0 4 - 1 9 4 0 T h i s c hapter i n v e s t i g a t e s two a d d i t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f S o i n t u l a * s c h a r a c t e r — an a c t i v e involvement w i t h s o c i a l i s t p o l i t i c s and the p r a c t i c e of s e a s o n a l l y m i g r a t o r y and p l u r a l i s t i c employment. Both were c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the same p e r i o d i n the growth of the community. In the i n t e r -v ening years between the c o l l a p s e of the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company i n 1 9 0 5 and the b e g i n n i n g o f the second World War, they were prominant f o r c e s a f f e c t i n g the d e c i s i o n s and a c t i o n s of S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s . 1 The ideas and a s p i r a t i o n s which supported the p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s as w e l l as those r e k i n d l e d by the need to resume p l u r a l i s t i c employment p a t t e r n s were f i r m l y embedded w i t h i n the community. They arose from s i m i l a r r o o t s as had the impetus f o r the U t o p i a n a c t i v i t y and they l i n g e r e d on w i t h i n the community's s p i r i t a f t e r the p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i s m and l i f e s t y l e s which gave them 3 prominence had waned. N e i t h e r the d i s c u s s i o n o f Sointula';s s o c i a l i s m a f t e r 1905 nor the examination of the f e e l i n g s and a s p i r a t i o n s among some of S o i n t u l a ' s migrant workers^ are intended t o account f o r views h e l d by the e n t i r e community. However, 160 both i n v o l v e d s u f f i c i e n t numbers of people to make them s i g n i f i c a n t f o r c e s w i t h i n the community.-* A f t e r the i d e a l i s t i c v i s i o n o f a Utopian community had fl o u n d e r e d , S o i n t u l a was l e f t i n moral as w e l l as f i n a n c i a l d i s t r e s s . Approximately h a l f o f the o r i g i n a l c o l o n i s t s , most of them supporters o f K u r i k k a , had l e f t the i s l a n d . Among those who remained were many d e s t i t u t e f a m i l i e s and some s i n g l e men without commitments i n the community. 6 The e x p u l s i o n o f K u r i k k a and h i s f o l l o w e r s had brought t o an end the euphoria which prompted and gave s t r e n g t h t o the 7 e a r l i e r a c t i v i t i e s . In the s p r i n g o f 1905 Makela, the former s e c r e t a r y o f the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, took over as spokes-o man f o r the community's i n t e r e s t s . For a l l h i s pragmatic e f f o r t i n the succeeding y e a r s , he remained a l e a d e r without Q charisma and i m a g i n a t i o n . He was ab l e n e i t h e r t o i n s p i r e c o nfidence i n the community's success nor i n the i n d i v i d u a l s themselves d u r i n g the e a r l y y e a r s a f t e r the c o l l a p s e . Apart from h i s l a t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o s o c i a l i s t p o l i t i c s a t S o i n t u l a , Makela's b e n e f i t to the community r e s t e d i n e x p e d i t i n g the remaining a f f a i r s of the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company. A f t e r a p r o g r e s s i o n of events which ended i n the eve n t u a l l i q u i d a t i o n o f the company's a s s e t s , 1 0 i n c l u d i n g f o r f e i t i n g a l l r i g h t s t o Malcolm I s l a n d , the remaining 11 s e t t l e r s were a g a i n l e f t with ut a d e f i n e d c e n t r l f o c u s . Without the r a l l y i n g s t r e n g t h o f Utopian i d e a l i s m , 162 i n d i v i d u a l and community i d e n t i t y were without a f i r m f o u n d a t i o n . The m a j o r i t y o f s e t t l e r s remaining a t S o i n t u l a i n i t i a l l y looked toward Makela's e a r l i e r i d e a s f o r a s o l u t i o n t o t h e i r c u r r e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s . However, i n l i g h t o f t h e i r past experience w i t h i n the Kalevan Kansa movement, some members o f the settlement found i t d i f f i c u l t t o espouse them wholeheartedly. The new c o n s t r u c t s which e v e n t u a l l y came t o d e f i n e the p o l i t i c s o f S o i n t u l a s o c i a l i s t s i n c o r p o r a t e d a s p e c t s o f t h e i r Utopian experience and the leg a c y o f t h e i r F i n n i s h h e r i t a g e a l o n g w i t h p r e v a i l i n g popular n o t i o n s about s o c i a l i s m . Among some of the more ardent s o c i a l i s t s the enthusiasm extended not o n l y t o educating the members of t h e i r community but others as w e l l . In p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h i s task Esperanto was taught on the i s l a n d . In a d d i t i o n t o the c e n t r a l problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y and community o r g a n i z a t i o n the d i f f -i c u l t i e s e n t a i l e d i n p r o c u r i n g a l i v e l i h o o d needed t o be r e c o n c i l e d w i t h the har d s h i p s which would be f a c e d e l s e -where. The m a j o r i t y o f those who remained a f t e r the departure o f K u r i k k a regarded l i f e on the i s l a n d as a p r e f e r a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h a t a v a i l a b l e i n the communities which they had l e f t behind and to the a l t e r n a t i v e o f 12 beginning a g a i n elsewhere. D e s p i t e the f a i l u r e t o form an i d e a l i s t i c and exemplar community the f o u r y e a r s o f Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t y had i n s t i l l e d i n some o f i t s members a sense o f s e l f separate from o t h e r s . The f e e l i n g o f uniqueness was accompanied by a belief in their destined 13 capability to create a more equitable community and by the knowledge that they had approached i t in the Kalevan Kansa. As they had done i n the two volumes of the Kalevan Kansan Sointu.ia, they again expressed their renewed enthusiasm in songs. "Even though the clothes need mending and the stew needs meat the lengths of timber jump when the 'donkey' gives them a p u l l . The sawmill operates "Winetta" whistles as the machinery runs and as the men strain. This beautiful land w i l l reward our troubles but the freeloaders and the lazy i t w i l l drive away."l* The goal of a harmonious Sointula built upon a legacy of Finnish idealism and socialist doctrine was tempered by the experiences of other Finnish immigrants i n North America during the past decade. J After the failure of the Kalevan Kansa movement many of the remaining Sointula Finns were attracted by the seemingly more pragmatic solutions to social problems offered by a variety of socialist leaders in America, 1 6 Finland, 1 7 and Canada. 1 8 In British Columbia further encouragement was drawn from the continuous attempts to expand and strengthen unions throughout the province, 19 particularly i n the resource industries. Sointula Finns actively supported such activities in the fields of mining o n and fishing. Additional incentive was gained from the activities of Finns elsewhere in Canada. The Sointula group 16k became a f f i l i a t e d w i t h the emerging l e f t - w i n g p o l i t i c a l 21 22 ?T p a r t i e s , r e a d i n g s o c i e t i e s , a t h l e t i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s J and oh, workers c o - o p e r a t i v e s . In t u r n , they i n i t i a t e d a campaign to r e c r u i t new members and to d i s t r i b u t e F i n n i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s of s o c i a l i s t l i t e r a t u r e i n t o the h i n t e r l a n d work s i t e s o f B r i t i s h Columbia where Finns were employed. 2 5 Although Malcolm I s l a n d and i t s environs presented a bounty of n a t u r a l wealth, i t remained l a r g e l y u n e x p l o i t e d i n the e a r l y years o f S o i n t u l a s i n c e many of the Kalevan Kansa were i n a p p r o p r i a t e l y s k i l l e d and l a c k e d the f i n a n c i a l 26 r e s o u r c e s r e q u i r e d t o undertake s u b s t a n t i a l p r o j e c t s . The u s e f u l s k i l l s and the accompanying l i f e s t y l e s needed t o be a c q u i r e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y a f t e r the l o c a l l o g g i n g , saw-m i l l i n g and smelter o p e r a t i o n s were disbanded. F i s h i n g i n the nearby i n l e t s p r o v i d e d a t l e a s t minimal cash and c o u l d be undertaken w i t h minor investment i n equipment and t r a i n i n g . 2 7 A d d i t i o n a l l y , the c l o s e p r o x i m i t y o f the salmon f i s h i n g grounds p e r m i t t e d the maintenance of the community, e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e the income from the sea s o n a l f i s h i n g was o f t e n 28 augmented by products from the s m a l l s u b s i s t e n c e farms. However, the cash r e t u r n from f i s h i n g i n these e a r l y years remained r e l a t i v e l y low. T h e r e f o r e , i n the th r e e decades a f t e r the c o l l a p s e of the c o l o n i z a t i o n company i t was i n c r e a s i n g l y necessary f o r S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s t o seek o u t s i d e employment. For the younger and s i n g l e men, work a t c o a s t a l l o g g i n g , s a w m i l l i n g and cannery s i t e s as w e l l as a t i n t e r i o r mines a f f o r d e d an o p p o r t u n i t y t o leav e the 165 i s l a n d f o r s h o r t p e r i o d s o f t i m e . 2 9 Young women a l s o l e f t S o i n t u l a t o work a t the c a n n e r i e s and a t v a r i o u s branches o f the co-op s t o r e s on the coas t and i n c e n t r a l C a n a d a . 3 0 Work away from the community p r o v i d e d an income not a v a i l a b l e a t S o i n t u l a and i t presented an o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e m p o r a r i l y le a v e the r i g o r s o f a bounded v i l l a g e s e t t i n g . In some cases men r e t u r n e d w i t h b r i d e s , o f t e n from other F i n n i s h -Canadian communities or from F i n l a n d . Although most of the men who l e f t S o i n t u l a to f i n d work r e t u r n e d w i t h some frequency, t h e i r l i f e s t y l e was regarded as t h r e a t e n i n g . I t countered the ne c e s s a r y p o l i t i c a l s o l i d a r i t y sought by the ardent s o c i a l i s t s and i t f a i l e d t o support the t r a d i t i o n a l and somewhat p u r i t a n i c a l views o f m o r a l i t y espoused by some of the i s l a n d ' s r e s i d e n t s . 3 1 The d i s c u s s i o n which f o l l o w s examines S o i n t u l a ethnography d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d (1905-40) by making use of two s e t s o f seemingly d i s p a r a t e d a t a . The f i r s t c o n s i s t s o f i n f o r m a t i o n about S o i n t u l a ' s involvement w i t h r a d i c a l l e f t -wing p o l i t i c s a f t e r the Uto p i a n a c t i v i t y had ceased. The second i s d e r i v e d from the n a r r a t i v e t e x t s o f a l o c a l s i n g e r and s t o r y - t e l l e r who a r t i c u l a t e d the experiences o f other workers l i k e h i m s e l f . Although expressed i n d i f f e r e n t idioms, the p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i s m o f the s o c i a l i s t s and the t r a n s m i s s i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l experience r e l a t e t o common c o n c e r n s . 3 2 Both attempt t o reduce the complexity and c o n f u s i o n which p e r s i s t e d i n the community and which arose from the d i s c r e p a n c y between the contemporary circumstances 166 and thoughts about what proper i n d i v i d u a l and community l i f e ought t o be. 1) C o l l e c t i v e i n t e r e s t s and r a d i c a l p o l i t i c s . A f t e r the departure o f K u r i k k a a few a d d i t i o n a l people continued t o be drawn to the former U t o p i a n se t t l e m e n t by the s t r e n g t h o f i t s e a r l i e r a p p e a l . 3 3 The m a j o r i t y came from other North American F i n n i s h communities and from 34 Finland.-' For the newcomers, adopting Malcolm I s l a n d as KOti [the home p l a c e ] , l i f e was a h a r s h i p . Apart from f i s h i n g , nearby employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f f e r i n g recompense were r a r e . There was no ready accommodation on Malcolm I s l a n d f o r those who came and both a r a b l e l a n d and pasturage were minimal. C l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s were unfavourable f o r growing a range of c r o p s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i n the years immediately a f t e r 1905 d e c i s i v e community o r i e n t a t i o n and l e a d e r s h i p were l a c k i n g . The economic s e c u r i t y o f the i s l a n d ' s r e s i d e n t s was f u r t h e r d i m i n i s h e d when the Dominion T r u s t Company which had ac q u i r e d the a s s e t s o f the former c o l o n y abandoned i t s 36 i n i t i a l p l a n s t o continue the o p e r a t i o n o f the sa w m i l l . In exchange f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e i n d i s m a n t l i n g the remaining a s s e t s o f the Kalevan Kansa some of the s e t t l e r s were g i v e n the o p t i o n of a c q u i r i n g s m a l l p l o t s o f l a n d a t a minimal down payment. 3 7 In an e f f o r t t o keep the community m a r g i n a l l y v i a b l e some r e s i d e n t s were allowed t o c u t lumber f o r t h e i r 38 own use i n the sawmill p r i o r t o i t s c l o s u r e and s a l e . ^ B i t t e r f e e l i n g s f o l l o w e d the f o r e c l o s u r e and the s e i z i n g o f the colonization company's property. 3 9 The h o s t i l i t y culminated i n acts of violence and vandalism toward the creditors and their newly acquired possessions.^° However, by 1906 the provincial authorities were assured that the Finlanders at Malcolm Island were complying with the requirements of the law and no o f f i c i a l action was taken. The economic conditions within the province at the time added to:the d i f f i c u l t y of Sointula men finding employ-41 ment beyond the island. In order to supplement the small cash returns provided by fishing, men from Sointula rowed regularly between Malcolm Island and nearby camps and canneries where seasonal or construction work was 42 periodically available. The Finns eventually abandoned their attempts at lumbering on Malcolm Island for a variety of reasons. These included insufficient s k i l l s , poor equipment, inferior quality timber, lack of knowledge about entrepreneurship and distant and depressed markets. However, the experience of Finns at Sointula since i t s inception i n 1902 had indicated that i t was possible to obtain individually, i f not communally, a meager livelihood from the environs. The a c t i v i t i e s which could be pursued with Sointula as Koti i n conjunction with the emotional appeal surrounding i t s existence provided a sense of 43 community awareness and ethnic solidarity. -* The awareness of being a Sointula Finn distinguished members of that 44 community from those of the outside world. However, the burgeoning sense of solidarity was progressively threatened 168 by the growing n e c e s s i t y to l e a v e the i s l a n d to f i n d work. The necessary a d o p t i o n of a t r a n s i e n t l i f e s t y l e brought w i t h i t f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t i o n s . Away from the s c r u t i n y o f a c r i t i c a l community and from the mundane q u e s t i o n s of common i n t e r e s t the newly formed s o l i d a r i t y was f r a g i l e . The moral problems r e l a t e d t o t r a n s i e n c e , a l c o h o l and rowdiness had been a t the c e n t r e of the e a r l i e r temperance and Utopian a c t i v i t i e s and they a g a i n became matters o f concern. Kurikka's r h e t o r i c a l admonition "What k i n d o f F i n n are we?" r e q u i r e d answering. J H i s c o n c e p t i o n o f the "new path" had not proved to be workable and now many of the f o l l o w e r s he had a t t r a c t e d t o the Kalevan Kansa a c t i v i t i e s were d i s p e r s e d i n t o v a r i o u s l o c a l i t i e s without the s c r u t i n y and guidance o f a c e n t r a l and shared o b j e c t i v e . Outwardly the s o l u t i o n s proposed by the post-Kalevan Kansa Finns a t S o i n t u l a t o the problems a r t i c u l a t e d by K u r i k k a were d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t from those of the e a r l i e r U topians. T h e i r ideas were s t r o n g l y a n t i - t h e o s o p h i c a l and predominantly r e f l e c t e d the p h i l o s o p h i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e s of A. B. Makela.*''6 He, l i k e the m a j o r i t y of h i s former colleagues i n the F i n n i s h p r e s s , l a b o u r and reform c i r c l e s and n a t i o n a l i s t i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s , advocated a more m a t e r i a l -i s t i c form of socialism.* 1' 7 U n l i k e K u r i k k a , who had advocated s o c i a l reform through a change of h e a r t and being, Makela s t r e s s e d the need to f i r s t a l t e r the nature of the p r e v a l e n t p o l i t i c a l and economic i n s t i t u t i o n s . For him the r o u t e t o c o l l e c t i v e and i n d i v i d u a l emancipation l a y i n the overthrow 169 of dominant i n s t i t u t i o n s which he b e l i e v e d prevented the members of the working c l a s s from f u l f i l l i n g themselves. He observed t h a t o n l y by p a r t i c i p a t i n g w i t h i n the broader frame-work o f contemporary s o c i a l i s t concerns c o u l d the S o i n t u l a F i n n s c o r r e c t l y p e r c e i v e the t r u t h s i n h e r e n t i n the p h i l o s o p h y . However, the second path** 9 adopted by the new S o i n t u l a s o c i a l i s t s under Makela's t u t e l e g e l a c k e d the c o m p e l l i n g immediacy which Kurikka's U t o p i a n v i s i o n had gained from i t s C h r i s t i a n component. 5 0 The new S o i n t u l a d i d not appear to be w i t h i n ready grasp. Rather was i t e n v i s i o n e d t o be a t the end o f a l e n g t h y process which en-compassed the a c t i v i t i e s o f people elsewhere as w e l l . I t a l s o l a c k e d the enticement o f a w a i t i n g p e r s o n a l economic g a i n s , a g o a l i n which most S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s h e l d some i n t e r e s t . Throughout i t s a c t i v i t i e s the S o i n t u l a l o c a l remained committed to the b e l i e f t h a t t h e i r path to a more e q u i t a b l e s o c i e t y was i n t i m a t e l y t i e d i n t o the broader scheme o f s o c i a l e v o l u t i o n . 5 1 The S o i n t u l a s o c i a l i s t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r , attempted t o f o s t e r and disseminate the new i d e o l o g y . The prolonged commitment r e q u i r e d t o make the p r i n c i p l e s workable among themselves was not forthcoming from many of the r e s i d e n t s . S o i n t u l a was not transformed i n t o a model s o c i a l i s t community uniform i n i t s views. The S o i n t u l a s o c i a l i s t l o c a l remained exemplar i n i t s e x p r e s s i o n of enthusiasm, however, f o r i s s u e s c o n cerning n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c s . 5 2 But i t s membership, 170 i n c l u d i n g Makela, f a i l e d to i n s t i l l i n t o the community the urgency which gave the Kalevan Kansa i t s a p p e a l . Apart from the enthusiasm o f the l o c a l , the community never reached i t s i d e a l i s t i c g o a l . The s t r e n g t h of the p o l i t i c a l i d e o l o g y was p a r t l y consumed by the hazards i n v o l v e d i n s a t i s f y i n g immediate l o c a l concerns. The growing p o p u l a r i t y o f s o c i a l i s t p o l i t i c s , w h i le p r o v i d i n g an avenue through which some o f the c u r r e n t demands might be s a t i s f i e d , was s i m u l t a n e o u s l y regarded as t h r e a t e n i n g and i m p r a c t i c a l . In i t s most s t r i d e n t form i t r e p r e s e n t e d a c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o the growing confidence i n i n d i v i d u a l and f a m i l y p r o s p e r i t y and the uniqueness which some S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s a t t r i b u t e d to themselves. Elsewhere, other F i n n s who regarded a l l forms of s o c i a l i s m as immoral and as a b e t r a y a l o f t h e i r h e r i t a g e , a p p l i e d p r e s s u r e . 5 3 They were supported by p o l i t i c a l a u t h o r i t i e s which threatened p u n i t i v e action.-' The g o a l of a u n i f i e d s o c i a l i s t community was undermined by a v a r i e t y of i n t e r n a l as w e l l as e x t e r n a l i n t e r e s t s . For a time the S o i n t u l a l o c a l was a r e g u l a r c o n t r i b u t o r to the s o c i a l i s t paper, the Western C l a r i o n . ^ Through i t , the l o c a l i n d i c a t e d i t s eagerness t o disseminate polemic m a t e r i a l i n both F i n n i s h and E n g l i s h to F i n n s and other workers i n the p r o v i n c e . 5 6 They advocated the f o unding o f a separate and independent, though not r i v a l , F i n n i s h e x e c u t i v e w i t h i n the S o c i a l i s t P a r t y of Canada i n order t o f a c i l i t a t e more e f f e c t i v e a g i t a t i o n a g a i n s t a "common enemy." 5 7 A d d i t i o n a l l y , support was g i v e n "to the S o c i a l i s t 171 P a r t y o f Canada, the F i n n i s h O r g a n i z a t i o n , the F i n n i s h A t h l e t i c A s s o c i a t i o n and e v e n t u a l l y the Communist P a r t y o f Canada.-3 Funds were a l l o c a t e d f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a h a l l and gymnasium on Malcolm I s l a n d . To F i n n s and non-Finns a l i k e these s t r u c t u r e s were intended to serve as a u t i l i t a r i a n reminder of the depth o f t h e i r commitment, as the communal l i v i n g q u a r t e r s had been f o r the Kalevan Kansa. Again, they t r i e d to combine t h e i r p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i s m w i t h other p u r s u i t s , more l i k e l y t o grasp widespread and s u s t a i n e d i n t e r e s t . ^ 9 Elsewhere Canadian s o c i a l i s t s tended to r e g a r d the S o i n t u l a l o c a l w i t h both a p p r e c i a t i o n and a p p r e h e n s i o n . 6 0 They were g r a t i f i e d by the unanimous d i s p l a y of support o f f e r e d by the membership toward i s s u e s condemning the power o f r e l i g i o u s and f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . They were l e s s keen about the founding of a separate F i n n i s h language p o l i t i c a l group and about the chauvinism of some S o i n t u l a spokesmen. The v i g o r o u s support forthcoming from the l o c a l never r e f l e c t e d the views o f the a c t u a l community. A f t e r poor r e p r e s e n t a t i o n by the S o i n t u l a l o c a l on an important i s s u e , the Western C l a r i o n p u b l i s h e d an a p o l o g e t i c a r t i c l e s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the meeting was i l l - t i m e d s i n c e the m a j o r i t y of the membership was away f i s h i n g . 6 1 To some i t appeared t h a t i n d i v i d u a l economic i n t e r e s t s had outweighed the c o l l e c t i v e a s p i r a t i o n s o f the l o c a l . The i n c i d e n t i n i t s e l f was r e f l e c t i v e o f the ambiguity which continued to i n f l u e n c e 172 the a f f a i r s o f S o i n t u l a . The p e r s p e c t i v e s r e p r e s e n t e d by some i n t h e i r p r i v a t e economic ventures were not r e c o n c i l e d w i t h the a s p i r a t i o n s of the staunch s o c i a l i s t s . In p l a c e of the outward q u a r r e l s which had plagued the Utopian a c t i v i t i e s , i n d i v i d u a l s and o f t e n f a m i l i e s now tended to be content w i t h p r i m a r i l y p u r s u i n g t h e i r independent i n t e r e s t s . The o p p o r t u n i t y t o do so was p a r t i a l l y f a c i l i t a t e d by the absence of a d e f i n i t e o b j e c t i v e toward which the e n t i r e group had made a commitment. D e s p i t e p e r i o d i c r e p o r t s w i t h i n v a r i o u s newspapers and j o u r n a l s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t S o i n t u l a was the "Canadian hotbed o f communism", support f o r r a d i c a l l e f t - w i n g p o l i t i c s waned and the membership o f the l o c a l g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e d . Continued popular support f o r the advocates of s o c i a l i s m hinged on the e f f i c a c y o f t h e i r i d e o l o g i c a l pronouncements to a t l e a s t m a r g i n a l l y a l t e r l o c a l c ircumstances. Although the Utopian venture of the Kalevan Kansa had f a i l e d , the d e s i r e t o c r e a t e a more e g a l i t a r i a n s o c i a l o r d e r had n o t . Led by Makela and o t h e r s 6 3 S o i n t u l a s o c i a l i s t s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t changes i n p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s elsewhere would i n p a r t f a c i l i t a t e the r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e i r community i n a manner which would b r i n g about t h e i r c o l l e c t i v e m a t e r i a l w e l l - b e i n g and a t r u e f e e l i n g o f brotherhood. In t u r n , they thought t h a t the new cohesiveness and sense of i d e n t i t y engendered by the m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f t h e i r c u r r e n t p e r c e p t i o n of s o c i a l i s t l i f e would succeed where the Utopian venture had f a i l e d . A g a i n they p o s t u l a t e d t h a t S o i n t u l a would 173 eventually become a model for other communities. However, to others in the community collective well-being was becoming a secondary consideration to individual prosperity. While the majority of Sointula's residents looked toward i t as Koti, and saw in i t aspects which they f e l t to be uniquely theirs, they had different expectations from i t . The former participants in the Kalevan Kansa regarded themselves as "poor settlers who had escaped the industrial centres and who were struggling for an existence at the 64 neck of the woods." However, they never reached a consensus of what needed to be done. Their enterprises in the pristine environment never extended i n practice to undertakings of a collective nature beyond those they had attempted prior to 1904. Apart from a few necessary c i v i c improvements and the construction of the h a l l and gymnasium no major projects for the common good were completed under the auspices of the socialist leadership. The co-operative store founded i n 1909 remained co-operative i n name only. 6 5 The modest recompense which was gained from fishing, farming, lumbering and mining largely depended on the personal s k i l l , i n i t i a t i v e and luck of individual people or families at Sointula. The ambiguities raised within the group by the desire to participate i n both communal undertakings and individual enterprises remained at the centre of Sointula's d i f f i c u l t i e s since i t s inception. It is clearly evident from Halminen's account that i t permeated the majority of the activ i t i e s 17* undertaken by the Kalevan Kansa a t S o i n t u l a . 6 6 D e s p i t e numerous a c c o l a d e s t o s o c i a l i s m and communism i n the e a r l y 67 c h a p t e r s , ' the f i n a l segment of h i s book suggests t h a t the achievements o f S o i n t u l a as a community are an aggregate 68 of i n d i v i d u a l accomplishments. Twenty years l a t e r i n an updated account by another S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t the p o i n t i s 69 made more e m p h a t i c a l l y . 7 Fervent support f o r the r a d i c a l s o c i a l i s t p o l i t i c s advocated by some members of the S o i n t u l a l o c a l was f o r t h -coming on l y as l o n g as the g o a l s appeared r e l e v a n t to the needs of a l o c a l i z e d and t r a n s i t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n . P r o g r e s s i v e l y , S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s became more i n v o l v e d i n i n d i v i d u a l cash employment. Many secured work f o r l o n g 7 0 p e r i o d s away from the community. For these workers the r e s u l t a n t migrant l i f e s t y l e engendered a h o s t o f immediate concerns about i n d i v i d u a l i t y , f a m i l y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and to a l e s s e r extent community o r g a n i z a t i o n . U n l i k e the c o l l e c t -i v e dilemma which faced the Kalevan Kansa and to a l e s s e r degree Makela and the other s o c i a l i s t s , these concerns were l a r g e l y c o n f r o n t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y . 2) C o l l e c t i v e i n t e r e s t s and i n d i v i d u a l e x p e r i e n c e . The e a r l y S o i n t u l a Finns were committed to the f o r m a t i o n of an i d e a l i s t i c community e x e m p l i f y i n g F i n n i s h n e s s , b r o t h e r -hood and s t a b i l i t y . In t u r n , i t was hypothesized t h a t these components would guarantee p r o s p e r i t y and i n d i v i d u a l f r e e d o m . 7 1 The "path" whether advocated by K u r i k k a or Makela r e q u i r e d of i t s f o l l o w e r s a c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h s e l f 175 and i n e v i t a b l y l e d to a p o i n t r e q u i r i n g i n d i v i d u a l t r a n s -72 f o r m a t i o n . Where K u r i k k a and Makela f a i l e d i n t h e i r attempt to show a path to t h e i r f o l l o w e r s o t hers engaged the problem. Among those were people l i k e L a u l a j a M i e s , 7 3 a g i n g e r and s t o r y t e l l e r , whose experience as a S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t and migrant worker allowed the s i t u a t i o n t o be expressed i n a d i f f e r e n t format. Although he assumed no d i r e c t p o s i t i o n s of l e a d e r s h i p other than t h a t o f a popular s i n g e r , h i s experience and t h a t o f others l i k e him added s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o the c r i t e r i a which c o n s t i t u t e d S o i n t u l a as a community. Rather than f o r m u l a t i n g or a d v o c a t i n g i d e a l i s t i c r e p r e s e n t -a t i o n s of community o r g a n i z a t i o n he added to the t r a n s i t i o n a l p rocess by which community i d e n t i t y i s accumulated by s t r e s s -i n g the n e c e s s i t y of e v a l u a t i n g i n d i v i d u a l experiences and the a c t i v i t i e s which they are based upon. The depth and extent o f h i s i n s i g h t s are e x p l o r e d i n the f o l l o w i n g examination of one of h i s performances i n the context o f S o i n t u l a ethnography. In 1973 a corpus of songs was c o l l e c t e d from L a u l a j a Mies a t S o i n t u l a . 7 ^ He, l i k e many of h i s contemporaries from the community had been a s e a s o n a l and migrant worker p r i o r t o h i s r e t i r e m e n t . As such he was f a m i l i a r w i t h the h a r d s h i p s encountered by the e a r l y fishermen a t S o i n t u l a , and w i t h the c o n d i t i o n s which p r e v a i l e d a t lumber camps, mining s i t e s and the towns and c i t i e s of southern B r i t i s h Columbia. While a t the v a r i o u s job s i t e s and a t S o i n t u l a 176 he e s t a b l i s h e d a r e p u t a t i o n as a s i n g e r and a s t o r y t e l l e r . ^ Consequently h i s s k i l l s were i n demand a t p r i v a t e and community g a t h e r i n g s , p a r t i c u l a r l y amongst h i s contemporaries 76 i n the community.' The songs which were c o l l e c t e d from him r e p r e s e n t a g a t h e r i n g o f m a t e r i a l which he co n s i d e r e d meaningful i n r e l a t i o n t o h i s p a s t experiences and the 77 community he c a l l e d K o t i . By b r i n g i n g a v a r i e t y o f mater-i a l s t o g e t h e r i n t o a s i n g l e u n i f i e d n a r r a t i v e performance he assembled and a r t i c u l a t e d a c o l l e c t i o n o f thoughts and memories which o u t l i n e d h i s experiences and those o f many o f 78 h i s former audience. The songs were r e c o r d e d i n F i n n i s h and an E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n o f the t e x t s appears below. The t r a n s l a t e d t e x t s p r o v i d e d the m a t e r i a l f o r the subsequent a n a l y s i s . During the t r a n s l a t i n g process a t t e n t i o n was g i v e n t o ma i n t a i n i n g as much o f the n a t u r a l p o e t r y o f the songs as was p o s s i b l e . The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia computer program WCOUNT was used t o v e r i f y the q u a l i t y o f the t r a n s l a t i o n . 7 9 The o v e r a l l i m p r e s s i o n gained by s u b m i t t i n g the data t o the WCOUNT procedure was t h a t the t r a n s l a t i o n was reasonable inasmuch as i t conveyed the content w h i l e s t i l l p r e s e r v i n g some o f the i n h e r e n t q u a l i t y o f the m a t e r i a l . 177 T r a n s l a t i o n o f F i n n i s h - C a n a d i a n Songs C o l l e c t e d a t S o i n t u l a , B. C.t 15 August 1973 by A l l a n H. S a l o . T r a n s c r i b e d i n 1 9 7 * by A l l a n H. S a l o . S 1 In ray wanderings, I stopped a t a h o t e l I went t o see how the lumberjacks were c e l e b r a t i n g . When I entered the doorway, my shoes got wet wit h vomit. Oh the poor young man who d r i n k s the p o i s o n t h e r e . One of the log g e r s s a t a t the door, another was t h r a s h i n g near the w a l l , the o t h ers t r i e d t o dance when Frank the Mandolin was p l a y i n g . They shouted: "Our money w i l l never r u n out;" They promised d r i n k s f o r a l l . They s a i d : " B r i n g , g i r l , some d r i n k so we don't d i e of t h i r s t . " The hostess* f a c e shone l i k e the sun when f o r a d o l l a r ' s d r i n k she charged f i f t e e n , she put her arm around the boys' necks and b i d the boys t o s i n g . The joy onl y l a s t e d about a week, when the pockets o f the l o g g e r s contained no d o l l a r s . The boys don't f e e l l i k e s i n g i n g when they wake up by themselves. When the n o t i c e board of the mine was q u i t e blank, the boys were wis h i n g f o r a d r i n k , and they blamed s o c i e t y f o r one goes broke so q u i c k l y here. We must not blame s o c i e t y , we must not blame the hos t e s s who runs the h o t e l , l e t us blame o u r s e l v e s and our l a c k o f sense. I t i s time t o g i v e a l l t h i s up, so as not to l i e down l i k e the Russians i n church. Soon we are not t r o u b l e d they can d i g graves f o r us. S 2 While wandering about on Hastings S t r e e t i n the evening there I met a p r e t t y g i r l . 178 She winked her eye, w i t h her hand c l o s e r t o her she coaxed. "Hey," whispers the g i r l , "dear you are to me." "Por a s h o r t time a l l your own, i t w i l l c o s t you a d o l l a r , not too much, i s i t ? " Then we went t o the Empire H o t e l there t o order a g l a s s or two. I f o n d l e d her b r e a s t s and s t u d i e d every d e t a i l w i t h g r e a t c a r e . " H e i , " I undress the woman a t t r a c t i v e and b e a u t i f u l . I mount and t h r a s h about; i n l o v e • s hot t o r r e n t . That's why I make love to her as the heavens burn. A d o l l a r I s t i c k i n her hand and s t e p onto the s t r e e t . But the woman has a grave d i s e a s e •cankers' which are q u i t e dangerous. H e l l ' s whore, when so young she too, the French d i s e a s e has. We l l , i t can't be guessed even i f you examine each h a i r . The next time f o r sure the more care you w i l l t a k e . When you pay the medical b i l l s your pockets become empty. I t ' s c h i l l y to always stand an hour t o take a p i s s . 3 S-' Once when the days were l i k e summer we f e l l o w s s a t t h i n k i n g . Now i t ' s time t o make t h a t t r i p t o A l a s k a and s e a r c h t h e r e f o r g o l d . There were f i v e o f us i n number: F l a n t t a - M a t t i , Kauppis H e i k k i from P e t r o i J a k k i Palsman, Norpakka and a l s o me, Rannan A a p e l i . In good s p i r i t s and s i n g i n g we l e f t p o r t f o r S e a t t l e w i t h p l a n s o f coming back r i c h , o f buying r i n g s f o r our flames. H a l f the year was gone, the boys a t the c l a i m had sweated then one time we pondered where, but where, can we have some fun? Raa, r a a t a a , i n the d a n c e h a l l even the w a l l s were about t o c o l l a p s e , as these boys i n t h e i r t u r n sang and t h e i r sadness and w o r r i e s were a l l washed away. J a k k i , he s a t and brooded, H e i k k i went t o comfort him. Cast, ea s t away your needless w o r r i e s , boys, d i d we not pass away the n i g h t i n merriment? J a k k i alone was sad a t h e a r t and vowed to remain f a i t h f u l t o h i s wif e but as the g i r l s f l i r t e d J a k k i Palsraan s o f t e n e d . As the morning s t a r t e d t o break the boys a l l p u l l e d out t h e i r pockets, f o r a h a l f year's wages not a penny was l e f t . J a k k i , he s a t and brooded, H e i k k i went t o comfort him. Cast, c a s t away your needless w o r r i e s , boys, d i d we not pass the n i g h t away i n merriment? When from t h i s we s l i g h t l y sober up we w i l l open up a c l a i m f o r ourselves? i t ' s f o r c e r t a i n t h a t the g o l d runs t h e r e and l i f e w i l l smile upon us a g a i n . F l a t t a - M a t t i alone s t r u c k i t r i c h when he m a r r i e d P e r s t a - K a l l e n ? s widow. There he got a squaw, v e r y f a t and on t o p o f t h a t , e i g h t c h i l d r e n . Of Kauppis H e i k k i i t was s a i d t h a t he was caught i n the snares o f an I n d i a n g i r l J a k k i Palsman,•Norpakka and me we j u s t searched f o r Petrakka. I, myself s t a r t e d t o take n o t i c e t h a t when s e a r c h i n g f o r g o l d , copper and s i l v e r the i n e v i t a b l e path i s t o the d i g g i n g s o f T. Morgan. L i v e your l i f e s m i l i n g a l l the while s i n c e i t ' s p o i n t l e s s t o be unhappy. The b i g g e s t disappointment a t some time w i l l d i s a p p e a r . 180 Sometime, s t i l l , the sun w i l l r i s e and e v e r y t h i n g w i l l b r i g h t e n . L i v e your l i f e s m i l i n g a l l the w h i l e s i n c e i t i s p o i n t l e s s to be unhappy. The p o p l a r l e a v e s w i l l not stop blowing i n the wind Nor w i l l my o l d sweetheart fade from my mind. You cared f o r me and I cared f o r you. Yet i t became necessary f o r us to 'part and my eyes won't dry from g r i e f ' s sad t e a r s . Why d i d you come to tease me when I was s t i l l a c h i l d ? You should have stayed a t home near your good mother. Why d i d you come to b e t r a y and b r i n g me sadness? You should have l e t me grow mature and get o l d e r . L i v e your l i f e s m i l i n g a l l the w h i l e s i n c e i t ' s p o i n t l e s s t o be unhappy. The b i g g e s t disappointment a t sometime w i l l d i s a p p e a r . Sometime, s t i l l , the sun w i l l r i s e and e v e r y t h i n g w i l l b r i g h t e n . L i v e your l i f e s m i l i n g a l l the while s i n c e i t ' s p o i n t l e s s t o be unhappy. S^ J u s t a wanderer am I, now then my songs I can s i n g , s i n c e n e i t h e r the moon nor the sun as b r i g h t l y , as n i c e l y on my sweetheart's window can s h i n e . At heaven's shores the t e x t s are kept. Where has t h a t wanderer l e a r n e d them, to r e a d , to s i n g , to p l a y and to d r i n k c a l m l y even from sorrow's bowl. On the moss I take my r e s t . The c r i c k e t g i v e s me a s o o t h i n g song. A s q u i r r e l v e r y s m a l l , r u s t l i n g , n i b b l i n g i n the morning wakes me. 181 A wanderer can't a f f o r d to stop and r e s t . On h i s way he must r u s h h i m s e l f . L i k e nature?s l e a v e s t h i s once, k i s s i n g , l i s t e n i n g the wanderer's song i s be w i t c h i n g . I wouldn't change my l o t , to make my home i n a k i n g ' s c a s t l e . A wide open home I have, on the world, on the h i g h . A wide open home I have, on the world, on the h i g h the r i d g e p o l e etches the c l o u d s . The e a r t h ' s f l o w e r i s my s i s t e r , my b r o t h e r , my lov e d one. E v e r y t h i n g i s calm and t r a n q u i l . S When we were dancing a t H e i k k i ' s wedding, wit h a c o n c e r t i n a music was played and w i t h three s t a r brandy our l i p s were a n o i n t e d . " H a l i p a t i , h i l i p a t i h u l i p a t i " from the darkened c o r n e r s c o u l d be heard. G i r l s from beneath t h e i r s h o u l d e r s I f e l t l i k e t i c k l i n g . A l i n a was d e l i g h t f u l , her h i p s were f l e s h y . At the t h i r d o f these weddings as a b r i d e she b u s t l e d about. " H a l i p a t i , h i l i p a t i , h u l i p a t i " from the darkened co r n e r s c o u l d be heard. G i r l s from beneath t h e i r s houlders I f e l t l i k e t i c k l i n g . 7 S An a c c o r d i o n and a hat my i n h e r i t a n c e happened t o be. What e l s e would I a happy-go-lucky f e l l o w need? Reckless was my f a t h e r i n h i s time but even more r e c k l e s s i s h i s son. Of t h r e e g i r l s f a t h e r had the f i r s t l o v e , but I had more than I can r e c a l l . " H e i j a a , " j u s t l a s t n i g h t I caressed her f o r the f i r s t time When I had a sweetheart i n my arms; I caressed her f o r the f i r s t time. " H e i , " I knocked on the door of the g i r l s ' q u a r t e r s s i n g i n g and p l a y i n g ; winning h e a r t s . L a u l a j a Mies wanders always. S A ghost stood a t Maryann's door and s o f t l y knocked. Maryann d i d not awake from her s l e e p u n t i l the key was turned. "Is i t my f a t h e r t h a t knocks or i s i t my b r o t h e r J u h a n i , or i s i t my b e t r o t h e d V i l h e l m i who has come from f a r away?" " I t i s not your f a t h e r t h a t knocks here nor your b r o t h e r Juhani, but here i s your b e t r o t h e d V i l h e l m i , who has come from f a r away." Now Maryann opened her door and s i l e n t l y f o r a moment g r e e t e d . The b e t r o t h e d , i n t o the warm bed requested t o r e s t . "I am not t i r e d from my work not from my l o n g t r a v e l , but demand to take back t h a t pledge I vowed to you." "I w i l l not take back t h a t pledge u n t i l you have k i s s e d me." "I am unable to k i s s you because I am but a ghost. I k i s s w i t h l i p s t h a t are c o l d which death has brought t o me." When the r o o s t e r sang and the c l o c k s t r u c k , then the ghost sighed; then the ghost sighed . . . . Q S 7 L e t whomever say what he wants s u r e l y t h i n g s i n Harmaa are prosperous; f e n c i n g i s s o l d , d e l i c a c i e s are eaten: creamery b u t t e r m i l k , w i t h h e r r i n g as w e l l . Harmaa has many race h o r s e s : s t a l l i o n s , mares, g e l d i n g s w i t h which t h e y d r i v e i n the open and on the s l y , those who have money. Let whomever say what he wants s u r e l y t h i n g s i n Harmaa are prosperous; f e n c i n g i s s o l d , d e l i c a c i e s are eaten: creamery b u t t e r m i l k , w i t h h e r r i n g as w e l l . One has cards w i t h which to p l a y the second has p r o p e r t y i n Rankinevae the t h i r d i s a masseur, cupper and farmer and the f o u r t h brews l i q u o r . Let whomever say what he wants s u r e l y t h i n g s i n Harmaa are prosperous; f e n c i n g i s s o l d , d e l i c a c i e s are eaten: creamery b u t t e r m i l k , with h e r r i n g as w e l l . In the deep shade of the f o r e s t i s a s m a l l w i l d r o s e ; i n the h e a r t o f the w i l d e r n e s s i t l i v e s i n peace. In t h e r e where the storms can't p e n e t r a t e as the spruce f o r e s t makes a c o r r a l ; q u i t e by chance I found the w i l d r o s e . You are l i k e a w i l d r o s e , of a l l the r o s e s the most b e a u t i f u l . I would f o r g e t e v e r y t h i n g e l s e i f o n l y yours I c o u l d be; you are l i k e a w i l d r o s e , o f a l l the r o s e s the most b e a u t i f u l . From i t s thorny v i n e s i t got i t s w i l d r o s e name. When q u i t e by chance I Was k i s s i n g your cheeks You are l i k e a w i l d r o s e , o f a l l the r o s e s the most b e a u t i f u l . A f t e r a summer's shower a f l o w e r most b e a u t i f u l l y f l o u r i s h e s and i t s many shades d i s p l a y s as does the w i l d r o s e . The f l o w e r s o f the r o s e are d e l i c a t e and I won't pluck them; i n the h e a r t of the w i l d e r n e s s i t l i v e s i n peace. The b a s i c concern i n the a n a l y s i s which f o l l o w s i s the i d e a o f Weltanschaung; of how a p a r t i c u l a r c u l t u r e member orders h i s world and of how t h a t order p l a y s back upon those members who share i t . In r e f e r e n c e t o the t e x t s presented above c a s u a l l i s t e n i n g brought f o r t h o b s e r v a t i o n s about the l i v e s o f t r a n s i e n t workers and those w i t h whom they i n t e r a c t e d . At a deeper l e v e l the corpus seemed t o focus on problems of a more p a r t i c u l a r k i n d . The l i v e s o f lumbermen, miners and migrants, c h a r a c t e r i z e d a l t e r n a t i v e l y by s c a r c i t y and excess, were t r a c e d to t h e i r i n e v i t a b l e consequences o f pover t y , r e c k l e s s n e s s , f l e e t i n g happiness On and l a c k o f w e l l - b e i n g . In t h i s performance the content of the songs assumed a t i m e l e s s q u a l i t y as i n d i v i d u a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r s o n a l i t i e s w i t h i n them d i m i n i s h e d i n comparison t o the broader i s s u e s which captured the i n t e r e s t o f many of the l i s t e n e r s . Other ethnographic i n f o r m a t i o n about S o i n t u l a d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the content o f the t e x t s p r o v i d e s a means of understanding how Mies, a p a r t i c u l a r k i n d of c u l t u r e member, communicated as p e c t s of the experiences shared by others i n the community. H i s perform-ance i n v i t e d t a l k and i n t r o s p e c t i o n among a v a r i e d audience which i n c l u d e d contemporaries o f the s i n g e r . Among the people p r e s e n t t h i s aspect of S o i n t u l a l i f e was c a r r i e d over l e s s e r and g r e a t e r i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s and c o n t r i b u t e d 81 t o a broader understanding o f the s i t u a t i o n . Some w i t h i n the group r e c a l l e d t h a t t r a d i t i o n a l l y 185 these kinds of songs were sung at assembly points. As such they provided a form of group communication in the community and on occasions at job sites, hostels, hotels and boarding houses. In such performances there had been a close dis-course between the singer and the listeners as each reflected on the experiences of one another. In terms of the collective experience both contributed elements which op subsequently redefined i t . The continuing meaningfulness of the songs rested on their a b i l i t y to express matters, concerns and feelings current within the community of l i s t e n e r s . 8 3 In this performance some aspects of the corpus are subtle and paradoxical in relation to other ethnographic information about Sointula. They appear to espouse values which are antithetical to those overtly advocated by others within the community. The acti v i t i e s of the workers in the songs threatened the legitimacy of many of the traditional assumptions about community standards and organization and about proper individual behaviour. As such, they QL resemble what Turner has called elements of anti-structure which reveal the antithesis of convention, yet are i n t r i n s i c a l l y embedded within i t s structure. As part of the structure these elements assign meaning to various facets of an ongoing rationalization of an issue of continuing ambiguity. To generations of Sointula Finns and others, singers like Mies provided the medium through which matters of common concern could be articulated, considered 186 and, a t times, brought t o a d i f f e r e n t l i g h t . In the f o l l o w i n g a n a l y s i s the q u e s t i o n o f o r i g i n a l or borrowed t e x t s i s of p e r i p h e r a l i m p o r t a n c e . 8 5 T h i s performance by Mies i s accepted as a c r e a t i v e a c t . In i t a range of m a t e r i a l from v a r i o u s o r i g i n s was organized i n t o a statement by the s i n g e r a c c o r d i n g to h i s thoughts and the p e r c e p t i o n s he had about h i s audience. The continued p o p u l a r i t y o f these p i e c e s o f h i s r e p e r t o i r e i s an i n d i c a t i o n of h i s a b i l i t y t o b r i n g out p e r c e p t i o n s , f e e l i n g s and i d e a s shared by h i s audience. The composition of the corpus was determined by h i s d e c i s i o n t o s i n g about h i s own experiences as a S o i n t u l a 86 r e s i d e n t . L i k e a m y t h - t e l l e r , v i s i o n a r y and t r a d i t i o n a l s i n g e r , Mies i s a seer inasmuch as he attempts to c o n f r o n t a problem or s i t u a t i o n and to o f f e r a c r i t i q u e of i t i n 87 terms o f h i s own e x p e r i e n c e . As such h i s r o l e as a popular s i n g e r i n the communities which have formed h i s audience has been e s s e n t i a l l y r e l i g i o u s . L i k e K u r i k k a and, t o a l e s s e r degree, Makela, he has been an agent f o r change 88 concerned w i t h the o r d e r i n g o f s o c i a l c o n v e n t i o n s . Through h i s i n s i g h t s others were enabled t o p e r c e i v e the s i t u a t i o n more s u c c i n c t l y . The songs w i t h i n the corpus encompass a d i s c o u r s e concerning an i s s u e of wide i n t e r e s t w i t h i n the community; o f how l i f e ought t o be l i v e d i n terms of o n e s e l f and i n terms o f one's r e l a t i o n s h i p t o o t h e r s . I f the q u e s t i o n s h a b i t u a l l y c o n f r o n t i n g the community . 187 and i n c o r p o r a t e d i n the songs are to be d i s c o v e r e d the r e s e a r c h e r needs to analyze the t e x t s i n r e l a t i o n t o an understanding of the k i n d s o f a c t i v i t i e s and o b l i g a t i o n s which c o n s t i t u t e d the a f f a i r s o f everyday l i f e . With v a r y i n g degrees of success, the a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l f i e l d w o r k encounter has p r o v i d e d a model f o r how r e s e a r c h e r s and the members of another community have been a b l e t o p a r t i c i p a t e w i t h i n one another. F u r t h e r , the model has suggested something o f va l u e i n a more g e n e r a l way. I t has to do wit h the nature of communication and the t r a n s m i s s i o n o f i d e a s . With r e f e r e n c e t o the ta s k a t hand i t i s important not o n l y t o understand how s p e c i f i c kinds o f i n f o r m a t i o n have come to be known by the f i e l d w o r k e r but a l s o t o understand how c u l t u r a l m a t e r i a l s are t r a n s m i t t e d among members of the group who e v e n t u a l l y come to share them. T h i s permits some understanding o f how v a r i e d i n d i v i d u a l e x p e r i e n c e s , a r t i c u l a t e d through a v a r i e t y o f ex p r e s s i o n s and performances, have come t o d e f i n e a broader c o l l e c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e . A f t e r l i s t e n i n g t o the performance and t a l k i n g t o others about i t s content and about e a r l y times a t S o i n t u l a , a number o f i n t e r n a l t e n s i o n s w i t h i n the community came t o l i g h t . Each, i n t u r n , served as a begin n i n g f o r f u r t h e r thoughts. The t e n s i o n s were engendered by opposing n o t i o n s of how i n d i v i d u a l p r i o r i t i e s and community r e l a t i o n s h i p s should be ordered. Backwoods l i f e became juxtaposed a g a i n s t community l i f e ; the s t a b i l i t y o f the s u b s i s t e n c e r u r a l a g a i n s t the V a n i t y F a i r - l i k e complexity o f urban centres? 188 achieved a s p i r a t i o n s a g a i n s t those which appear i m p o s s i b l e t o achieve? and marriage and c o n t i n u i t y a g a i n s t f l e e t i n g encounters and impermanence. In aggregate these d i s s o l v e d i n t o a broader concern f o r s t a b i l i t y and the i n d i v i d u a l and community r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s s t a b i l i t y e n t a i l s . The t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u e s o f backwoods p u r i t y , s u b s i s t e n c e e g a l -i t a r i a n i s m , r e a l i s t i c endeavours and permanent r e l a t i o n s h i p s were p o s i t e d a g a i n s t a l i f e s t y l e i n which d e f i n i t i o n s of i d e n t i t y and v a l u e s appeared t r a n s i t o r y . I t has been d i s c o v e r e d elsewhere t h a t , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y , n o r t h e r n European and Scandinavian song t e x t s are o f t e n preoccupied w i t h themes r e l a t i n g t o community and k i n . 8 9 T h e i r p l o t s r e v o l v e around the key i n s t i t u t i o n of the n u c l e a r f a m i l y , and nature i s presented as a sublime r e f l e c t i o n o f order i n c o n t r a s t to the a m b i g u i t i e s of 90 c u l t u r e . The p o p u l a r i t y of these s t o c k themes as v e h i c l e s t o explore the complexity of s o c i a l paradoxes away from the t r a d i t i o n a l s e t t i n g a t t e s t s t o the p e r s i s t e n c e o f t r a d i t i o n as a f a c t o r i n the e v a l u a t i o n of p r e s e n t e x p e r i e n c e . Conversely, the l o c a l i t y - s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n i n the t e x t s demonstrates the e l a s t i c i t y of the accumulated l e g a c y . Together they r e f l e c t an ongoing process which c o n t i n u a l l y r e d e f i n e s i t s e l f and i n the process the nature of the community i n which they o c c u r . 9 1 In the present i n v e s t i g a t i o n an i n i t i a l thematic d i s t i n c t i o n i s made between backwoods and community on the b a s i s of the stock t h e m e s 9 2 mentioned above and on the b a s i s of c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h informants. Through a s e r i e s o f images, d e s c r i p t i v e s and a c t i o n words the t e x t s p r o v i d e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f two p o s s i b l e and o p p o s i t i o n a l s t a t e s o f be i n g . In the f i r s t the focus i s on s t a b i l i t y and the g e n e r a l i z e d ambiance of the n a t u r a l s e t t i n g , and i n the second i t i s on the i n s t a b i l i t y and p a r t i c u l a r i z e d nature of community l i v i n g . E t h n o g r a p h i c a l l y , n e i t h e r s e t o f v a r i a b l e s d e r i v e d from the t e x t s and l i s t e d below (p. 189) a c c u r a t e l y p o r t r a y s a mode of l i v i n g wholly d e s i r a b l e or f e a s i b l e f o r many of S o i n t u l a f s migrant workers. However, they do focus the mind onto the other a c t i v i t i e s and t h e i r consequences which have c h a r a c t e r i z e d the p u r s u i t s o f many such workers. As such, they i n d i c a t e the d i r e c t i o n t o be taken f o r a t l e a s t a temporary s o l u t i o n to the dilemma. Inasmuch as the f i r s t s i t u a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d as backwoods appears i m p r a c t i c a l , the second d e s i g n a t e d as community becomes p r e f e r a b l e i n r e l a t i o n to the contemporary e x p e r i e n c e . With r e f e r e n c e t o the t e x t s , the s k e l e t a l content o f the two main thematic c a t e g o r i e s can be re p r e s e n t e d as below. They focus on the r e c u r r e n t elements w i t h i n t r a d i t i o n a l F i n n i s h songs and provide the framework upon which i n d i v i d u a l performers o f t e n b u i l d t h e i r n a r r a t i v e s . W i t h i n t h i s corpus the c a t e g o r i e s are c o n s t i t u t e d by the f o l l o w i n g k i n d s o f c r i t e r i a . backwoods community lumberman==miner= migrant= Ego/s i n g e r cupper, farmer, brewer, masseur, card p l a y e r 190 wide, h i g h , calm, t r a n q u i l d e l i c a c i e s home i n the open dancing b r i g h t moon and sunshine s i n g i n g comfort, r e s t on the moss weddings c r i c k e t ' s s o o t h i n g song bewitc h i n g , l i s t e n i n g to nature good s p i r i t s s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y -songs c e l i b a c y n a t u r a l r i c h e s money horses The two s u b s t a n t i a l l y o p p o s i t i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s above, r e p r e s e n t i n g u n i t y and d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f being r e s p e c t i v e l y , are e n j o i n e d by a host o f r e s i d u a l m a t e r i a l d e a l i n g w i t h h o t e l s , bar g i r l s , e x c e s s i v e consumption of a l c o h o l and f l e e t i n g encouters and merriment, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the contemporary s i t u a t i o n . These o b s e r v a t i o n s echo the experience o f many migrant workers who as marg i n a l beings s t r a d d l e d not onl y the gap between the p h y s i c a l r e a l i t i e s o f l i v i n g i n e i t h e r the 'backwoods' or i n 'community but a l s o the p s y c h o l o g i c a l d i s t a n c e s e p a r a t i n g s u b s i s t e n c e and complex. 9 3 By examining the corpus as a r e f r a c t i o n of the s i n g e r ' s experience and t h a t of other workers l i k e h i m s e l f i t becomes apparent t h a t complete p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e i t h e r o f the a l t e r n a t i v e modes o f be i n g r e q u i r e s a change i n the c o n s t i t u e n t s o f s e l f . The process o f i n c o r p o r a t i n g a s p e c t s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n d e f i n e d by s u b s i s t e n c e i n t o d a i l y a f f a i r s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by complex has been a t the h e a r t o f S o i n t u l a . The c o n f u s i o n which surrounded the a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan Kansa and l a t e r the s o c i a l i s t s arose from an attempt t o temper the second by embarking on a c t i v i t i e s thought t o r e p r e s e n t the f i r s t . ^ The song t e x t s r e f o r m u l a t e the ambiguity which arose i n the attempts t o tran s f o r m one s e t o f o r d e r i n g p r i n c i p l e s i n t o another by r e f l e c t i n g on the v a r i o u s k i n d s o f p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between men and women. 9 5 i P o s s i b i l i t i e s e xplored Present S i t u a t i o n Among Migrant Workers men l i v i n g alone i n the backwoods w i t h nature as men and women b r i e f l y t h e i r guide encountering and e x p l o i t i n g one another men and women l i v i n g i n t h e i r n a t i v e community i n harmony wi t h i t s t r a d i t i o n s men and women l i v i n g alone i n the backwoods men and women l i v i n g t o gether i n e s t a b l i s h e d communities y e t i n disharmony w i t h the t r a d i t i o n s o f the l a r g e r s o c i e t y The present circumstance c h a r a c t e r i z e d by women e x p l o i t i n g men and men e x p l o i t i n g t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h women to f r u i t l e s s ends i s m i r r o r e d a g a i n s t a s e r i e s o f p o s s i b l e though i m p r a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n s . L i f e alone i n communion w i t h nature i s im p o s s i b l e f o r men who are concerned w i t h companionship, sex and the p e r p e t u a t i o n o f themselves i n f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s . Men and women l i v i n g t o g e t h e r i n harmony w i t h the t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e i r n a t i v e community had become d i f f i c u l t . In t u r n , the s i t u a t i o n p r o v i d e d an impetus t o t h e i r d e c i s i o n s to emigrate from the homeland t o North A m e r i c a . 9 6 The pro s p e c t s o f s i n g l e f a m i l i e s s u c c e s s -f u l l y s e t t l i n g i n the h i n t e r l a n d o f B r i t i s h Columbia were d i m . 9 7 L i f e i n the e s t a b l i s h e d communities on Vancouver 192 I s l a n d had been u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s i n c e t h e r e were no meaningful guideposts by which i d e n t i t y c o u l d be judged and because t r a d i t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s between men and women were i m p o s s i b l e due to a shortage of e l i g i b l e women. The imbalance between numbers o f s i n g l e men and unmarried women was a c o n t i n u i n g i s s u e i n most F i n n i s h immigrant communities w i t h a s t r o n g 98 moral code. In S o i n t u l a i t was of p a r t i c u l a r concern. K u r i k k a , i n p a r t , addressed the s i t u a t i o n by a d v o c a t i n g f r e e l o v e and motherhood i n the absence o f m a r r i a g e . 9 9 Others s h i e d away from the q u e s t i o n and l e f t matters to be worked out i n d i v i d u a l l y . Lomax c o r r e c t l y a s s e r t s t h a t the n u c l e a r f a m i l y p r e s e n t s a c e n t r a l and p o s i t i v e g o a l i n the l i v e s of most n o r t h e r n Europeans but f o r those a t S o i n t u l a i t was not a g o a l to be met e a s i l y . 1 0 0 The d i f f i c u l t y o f assuming a l i f e s t y l e r e f l e c t i v e of t r a d i t i o n a l g o a l s and v a l u e s i s played out i n terms of the ambiguity which a r i s e s from the v a r i o u s kinds of r e l a t i o n s h i p s the workers have wi t h women. Based on the c h o i c e s a v a i l a b l e the d e s i r e d s t a t e o f b e i n g i n c l u d e s e x i s t e n c e i n a s t a b l e community i n which t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i a l v a l u e s and o b j e c t i v e s are workable. A more i n t e n s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the corpus was under-taken w i t h the use of the computer as an i n v e s t i g a t i v e t o o l . P r i o r t o performing the a n a l y s i s w i t h the use of the 101 P l o t a n a l y z e r or H e r o f i n d e r program, adapted from e a r l i e r 102 computer programs developed f o r content a n a l y s i s , c e r t a i n b a s i c assumptions were accepted. Among them was the s t r u c t u r a l i s t viewpoint which suggests t h a t a g i v e n corpus 193 of n a r r a t i v e m a t e r i a l can be c o n s i d e r e d as a s p i r a l or c o n s t e l l a t i o n of semantic o b s e r v a t i o n s around a p i v o t a l i s s u e . The song c o l l e c t i o n was then t r e a t e d as i f i t were myth, capable of d i r e c t i n g and provoking the l i s t e n e r to t r a v e l back and f o r t h through a semantic u n i v e r s e , s t o p p i n g t o r e s t a t i n h e r e n t p o i n t s of f ocus w i t h i n i t s s t r u c t u r e . 1 0 - 5 The a n a l y t i c technique on which the above programs are based attempts to l o c a t e such p o i n t o f focus from w i t h i n the t e x t . In t u r n , each p o i n t o f focus i s f u r t h e r d e f i n e d by i t s p r e c i s e context w i t h i n the corpus. 1 0** The approach attempts not to r e l y on a p r i o r i c r i t e r i a such as those o f Thompson's M o t i f Index f o r e x a m p l e , 1 0 5 but t o d i s c o v e r such i n f o r m a t i o n . The i n i t i a l phase of the a n a l y s i s produced a concordance which d e f i n e d the l o c a l i t y of the p o i n t s of focus or u n i t s w i t h i n the t e x t . Subsequently the t e x t was scanned i n terms of the "gross c o n s t i t u e n t u n i t s " i n order t o e s t a b l i s h or t r a c e the bundles o f r e l a t i o n s which j o i n e d t h e m . 1 0 6 The r e s u l t a n t data p r o v i d e d an i n v e n t o r y of the semantic f i e l d s encompassed by the t e x t s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i t p r o v i d e d a g r i d upon which i t was p o s s i b l e to map the l a r g e r c l a s s e s of a c t o r s and a c t i o n s . 1 0 7 The mode of a n a l y s i s r e f l e c t s the i n f l u e n c e o f Propp. As i n d i c a t e d i n the sample of m a t e r i a l below, the u n i t s which were d e r i v e d are r e p r e s e n t e d i n terms o f t h e i r f u n c t i o n and as such are r o u g h l y comparable t o Propp's dramatis p e r s o n a e . 1 0 9 Each u n i t i s g i v e n w i t h i t s d e s c r i p t i o n , it's t i t l e and i t s numerical d e s i g n a t i o n . The d e s c r i p t i o n i s 19* d e r i v e d from the e a r l i e r a n a l y s i s and l i s t s the a t t r i b u t e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h each u n i t . For example: U n i t number or s t a t e 3 T i t l e Lumberjack D e s c r i p t i o n male, spends a l a r g e p a r t of h i s l i f e away from community, makes h i s l i v e l i h o o d from the woods The r o l e o f the r e s e a r c h e r c o n s i s t s o f p r o v i d i n g the d e s i g n a t i o n s f o r the v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s , not i n c h o s i n g the c a t e g o r i e s themselves. The number of dramatis personae or a c t o r s appearing i n Table I below i s l e s s than the a c t u a l number o f a c t o r s i n the t e x t s s i n c e some occupy s i m i l a r a c t o r - a c t i o n c a t e g o r i e s . For example, ho s t e s s and bar g i r l are e q u i v a l e n t s i n terms o f f u n c t i o n and are t h e r e f o r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n the same category. Table I pro v i d e s a complete l i s t of the dramatis personae a c c o r d i n g t o the format e s t a b l i s h e d i n the example above. Table I L i s t o f Dramatis Personae and a Concordance of T h e i r A t t r i b u t e s Semantic S t a t e Dramatis Personae Wanderer and Lumberjack Wanderer-Ego. Sin g e r D e s c r i p t i v e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s male spend most of t h e i r l i v e s away from community make a l i v e l i h o o d from lumbering and/or l i v e as a t r a n s i e n t male has spent a l a r g e p a r t o f h i s l i f e away from commun-i t y has been a lumberman, miner, fisherman and t r a n s i e n t 195 3 Lumberjacks 4 Hostess 5 Lumberjacks and Hostess 6 Lumberjack and Hostess and Miner 7 Wanderer and Hostess 8 Wanderer and Miner 9 Wife 10 Miners 11 Hostess and Miner and Wife 12 Miner and Wife Miner and C h i l d r e n male spend most o f t h e i r l i v e s away from community make t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d from the f o r e s t women who e x i s t a t the p e r i p h e r y o f community and who encourage and/or accommodate sexual, l i b e r t y , a f f e c t i o n and the over-indulgence o f a l c o h o l and s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n an a s s o c i a t i o n or r e l a t i o n -s h i p between #3 and #4 an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #3 and #4 and #10 an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #2 and #4 an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #2 and #10 female spends most o f her l i f e w i t h i n an e s t a b l i s h e d community an a p p r o p r i a t e source o f a f f e c t i o n , s e x u a l g r a t i f -i c a t i o n and s t a b i l i t y ; p r e s e n t l y denied by circumstance male spend most o f t h e i r l i v e s away from community make t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d from the e x t r a c t i o n and/or s e a r c h f o r m i n e r a l s an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #4 and #10 and #9 an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #10 and #9 an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #10 with: j u r a l l y d e f i n e d o f f s p r i n g born w i t h i n community i n d i v i d u a l s who w i l l p r o j e c t your p h y s i c a l and 196 s o c i a l i d e n t i t y i n t o the fut u r e lb 15 Wanderer and Miner and Wife Wanderer and Sweetheart 16 17 Sweetheart and Wanderer and Mother Sweetheart 18 Wanderer and H e i k k i an a s s o c i a t i o n of #2 and #10 and #9 an a s s o c i a t i o n of #2 and a female person who r e s i d e s i n community, who p r o j e c t s a p o t e n t i a l f o r s t a b i l i t y and to whom immediate sexual access i s denied by t h e i r s o c i a l category an a s s o c i a t i o n of #17 and #2 and: a female represent-a t i v e of c o n t i n u i n g community female persons outside one's own f a m i l y who r e s i d e w i t h i n community, maintain the p o t e n t i a l f o r extending community and to whom sexual access i s p r e s e n t l y denied by s o c i a l category an a s s o c i a t i o n of #2 and: a male who l i v e s w i t h i n community and wi t h whom one has shared comradeship Sweetheart and and a s s o c i a t i o n of #17 Community Dwellers and: i n d i v i d u a l s who have a sense of rel a t e d n e s s to one another and who maintain an enduring matrix of personal and/or s o c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s a s i t u a t i o n where sexual access, denied n e i t h e r by category nor circumstance, leads t o s t a b i l i t y and f u l f i l m e n t an a s s o c i a t i o n of #2 and: male i n d i v i d u a l s l i k e o n e self (#2) or one's progency born from encounters w i t h #b a l i f e s t y l e c h a r a c t e r i z e d 20 Wanderer and Reckless 197 21 22 Wanderer and Hostess and Reckless Wanderer and Wife and Family "by excess and l a c k and by an absence o f c o n t i n u i t y an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #2 and #4 and #20 23 Whomever 24 Community Dwellers an a s s o c i a t i o n o f #2 and #9 and: the matrix o f r e s p o n s i b l i t i e s and o b l i g a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h k i n s h i p r e l a t i o n s u n s p e c i f i e d p a r t i c i p a n t s w i t h i n the performance who are c h a l l e n g e d t o c o n s i d e r the semantic p o s s i b l i t i e s put f o r t h by the s i n g e r ' s experience i n d i v i d u a l s who have a sense of r e l a t e d n e s s t o one another and who ma i n t a i n an enduring matrix of p e r s o n a l and/or s o c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s I n the automatic a n a l y s i s which f o l l o w e d the computer was programmed to scan the t e x t s i n terms of the v a r i o u s d e s c r i p t i v e s and to designate the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the v a r i o u s u n i t s they d e f i n e d . 1 1 0 The r e s u l t a n t data i n d i c a t e d t h r e e c l a s s e s (designated as A, B, and C i n the f o l l o w i n g diagram), each formed by groups of u n i t s with t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s d e f i n e d by numerical c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a s s o c i a t i o n . The s t r u c t u r e o f Diagram 1 r e f l e c t s the s t r u c t u r e o f the corpus s i n c e i t d e l i n e a t e s the u n i t s o f substance and d i s c e r n s and s t a t e s the r e l a t i o n s h i p s which e x i s t among the u n i t s . I l l 198 Diagram 1 A R e p r e s e n t a t i o n of the Semantic C a t e g o r i e s and the R e l a t i o n s h i p s Between Them 199 Diagram 1. above, i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the nu m e r i c a l computer output i n d i c a t i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p s among the dramatis personae w i t h i n the corpus. In a d d i t i o n , i t shows the n u m e r i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t s or degrees of r e l a t i o n s h i p among the v a r i o u s aspects r e p r e s e n t e d i n the singer's performance. The d i r e c t i o n a l markers on the paths o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the u n i t s i n d i c a t e how the s i n g e r u n r a v e l l e d h i s pe r s o n a l experience and how he t r a n s m i t t e d t h a t t o h i s audience through a s e r i e s o f necessary semantic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . For example, a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f u n i t 8 n e c e s s a r i l y l e a d s t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the s i t u a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d by u n i t 9 and so f o r t h . A l l these r e l a t i o n s h i p s are encompassed by a broader c l a s s o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n d e s i g n a t e d by the l e t t e r B. The thr e e broad c l a s s e s o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n are separated from one another by broken l i n e s . Diagram 2, below, was-:arrived a t by removing a constant n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r from the c o e f f i e n t s o f a s s o c i a t i o n u n t i l the s i m p l e s t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the s t r u c t u r e o f the p r e v i o u s diagram remained. In t h i s f i g u r e the t h r e e major c l a s s e s or areas o f focus appear more prominantly. And they designate the thematic s t r u c t u r e of the corpus. From the thematic s t r u c t u r e i t s e l f s e v e r a l p r e l i m i n a r y p i e c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n can be surmised. 200 Diagram 2 Thematic S t r u c t u r e o f the Corpus r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h "sweethearts" A y ( s t a b i l i t y ) y r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h " h o s t e s s " ( l a c k of s t a b i l i t y ) Diagram 2 i n d i c a t e s t h a t : 1. The s i n g e r ' s experience, r e p r e s e n t e d by s t a t e 2, p r o v i d e s the v e h i c l e through which the v a r i o u s elements are presented f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . H i s experience a r t i c u l a t e d through the performance p r o v i d e s a c r i t i q u e o f the s i t u a t i o n which 201 others must evaluate. 2. As a comment on the experiences of some post Kalevan Kansa Finns, Mie's performance accentuates three areas of concern: relationships with sweethearts, with wives and other women. 3. A l l three focus on the relationship of men to women as a starting point for further observations. The f i r s t concerns encounters with bar g i r l s and prostitutes, the second, relationships with unmarried g i r l s who would ordinarily become wives, and the third, reflects on marriage and family l i f e . 4. The tri-faceted figure readily divides into a pair of binary considerations since the categories of unmarried sweetheart and married women are differentiated from bar g i r l s and prostitutes by the acceptance of a r i g i d moral code. The solution to the moral problem at hand rests in choosing between l i f e i n community or continuing with the recklessness characteristic of marginal a c t i v i t i e s . By following the various paths which join the units together i t i s possible to discern the points of emphasis within each category and to map out the implications of the various activ i t i e s associated with them. For example, the category of recklessness designated by the letter C has five sub-categories of points of focus defined by the material presented above on pages 194-197 in Table I. However, reference to the structural aspect alone i s not sufficient for understanding how this corpus relates to 202 a c t u a l e x p e r i e n c e s . That understanding i s dependent more on the e x p l o r a t i o n of the corpus' substance i n r e l a t i o n t o the ethnographic s i t u a t i o n than on the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of 112 the a r r a y of i t s substance. Reference t o the p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g s presented i n the above diagrams permits a r e t u r n to the q u e s t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l change or t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . The s i n g e r c l e a r l y i s the medium through whom oth e r s can encounter a s p e c t s o f t h e i r shared experience. Once a s p e c i f i c aspect of t h a t experience has been a r t i c u l a t e d i t i s incumbent to f o l l o w i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s . When the s t r u c t u r e of Diagram 1 i s combined w i t h the d e t a i l e d substance of the t e x t s and w i t h other ethnographic i n f o r m -a t i o n , a t h e a t r e of events and t h e i r consequences become ev i d e n t . Since Malcolm I s l a n d and S o i n t u l a d i d not p r o v i d e the necessary c o n d i t i o n s by which the m a j o r i t y of the r e s i d e n t s c o u l d procure a s a t i s f a c t o r y means o f l i v e l i h o o d , jobs were sought elsewhere. The i d e a l s of a growing community wit h a f i r m c e n t r a l p i v o t commensurate wi t h t r a d i t i o n a l l y a c c e p t a b l e v a l u e s c o u l d not be f u l f i l l e d . Work i n the camps, canneries and mines not o n l y e n t a i l e d l e a v i n g behind p r o s p e c t s of l i f e i n a t r a d i t i o n a l and s t a b l e community but i t n e c e s s i t a t e d a l i f e s t y l e where i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h others was o f t e n momentary and unable to guarantee anything beyond i t s e l f . Notions of community l i f e remained important c o n s i d e r a t i o n s among these i n d i v i d u a l s . However, t h e i r r e a l i z a t i o n was subjugated by the n e c e s s i t y of immediate and 203 p r a g m a t i c a c t i v i t e s w h i c h engendered a d d i t i o n a l problems t o be met . A t t e m p t s a t c e l e b r a t i n g a f t e r arduous work i n remote a r e a s i n e v i t a b l y r e s u l t e d i n excess ( c o l l a p s i n g the dance h a l l w a l l ) . T r o u b l e s and w o r r i e s d i d not d i s a p p e a r . I n s t e a d , the men ended t h e i r merr iment i n a s t a t e o f (drunkenness on the f l o o r ) . S a t i s f y i n g d e s i r e s l e d t o b e i n g (wet w i t h v o m i t from p o i s o n d r i n k ) and the peak e x p e r i e n c e s o f l i f e were l o s t i n the e v e n t u a l (awakening from d r u n k e n n e s s ) . The s m i l e s brought by the p a s t d a y ' s j u b i l a n c e d i s a p p e a r e d w i t h ( m o r n i n g ' s s o b r i e t y ) . The p l e a s u r e s o f d a n c i n g , s i n g i n g and p l a y i n g were c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y i r r e v e r e n t and i r r e s p o n s i b l e , l i k e ( R u s s i a n s i n c h u r c h ) . 1 1 3 The ( c o n t i n u a l r u s h i n g a b o u t ) and e x e r c i s i n g o f h o l l o w a u t h o r i t y was rewarded by a l a c k o f sense and b e l o n g i n g . W i v e s , sweet -h e a r t s and companions t o whom promises had been g i v e n were l e f t (b lowing) i n o n e ' s memory. S t a r k images from one p e r s p e c t i v e c o n j u r e d t r u t h s from a n o t h e r . What appeared m o m e n t a r i l y as p l e a s i n g and m o r a l became t h e i r c o n t r a r i e s . The women t h e y e n c o u n t e r e d appeared as d e l i g h t f u l but p r o g r e s s e d toward dangerous ( f l i r t i n g , c o a x i n g , u n d r e s s i n g , m a n i p u l a t i n g , o r d e r i n g ) . ( D e l i c a t e ) became ( t h o r n y ) . A t t r a c t i v e n e s s was a ( f l e e t i n g ) mood. The l u r e o f t h e i r s e x u a l i t y t u r n e d i n t o a ( s n are ) and t h e y became b e a r e r s o f (sadness and d i s e a s e ) , ( t a k e r s o f d o l l a r s ) and ( H e l l S s c o m p a n i o n s ) . These r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h women, r a t h e r t h a n b e i n g the essence o f community, 204 became the p i v o t a l p o i n t toward d i s i n t e g r a t i o n . While the s i n g e r ' s performance does not provide an image of i d e a l community and p e r s o n a l l i f e i n the sense t h a t K u r i k k a and some of the l a t e r s o c i a l i s t s attempted t o do, i t p r e s e n t s a means by which i n d i v i d u a l circumstances might be judged. In the p a s t , i n numerous ot h e r performances, the e v a l u a t i o n o f the substance o f the c o l l e c t i v e experience a r t i c u l a t e d by the s i n g e r i n v i t e d comparison w i t h i t s a n t i t h e s i s . The m a r g i n a l i t y of a migrant l i f e s t y l e was rewarded by a premature l a c k o f p h y s i c a l prowess ( s t a n d i n g an hour t o take a p i s s ) , c o n t a c t w i t h (grave d i s e a s e s ) , dependence on excess, t r o u b l e d and (brooding) c o n s c i e n c e s and a constant r e t u r n t o (sadness, unhappiness and d i s a p p o i n t -ment). A f t e r ( f l i r t i n g ) w i t h danger they were r e s i g n e d t o pass t h e i r l i v e s away without (money), the c r u c i a l motive f o r a c c e p t i n g the l i f e s t y l e . Taken as a whole the performance was an i n t e r p l a y o f thoughts presented on v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f complexity. The i n i t i a l images of a c a v a l i e r and happy-go-lucky l i f e s t y l e were transformed i n t o p e r c e p t i o n s o f f u t i l i t y . As such, t h i s performance, and others l i k e i t i n the p a s t , have opened the way f o r an e v a l u a t i o n o f p e r s o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . In a d d i t i o n , they p r o v i d e d the means by which new p e r c e p t i o n s of "being", somewhat f r e e from a v a r i e t y o f e x i s t e n t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , might be p e r c e i v e d . Whatever the s o l u t i o n s t o the s i t u a t i o n might have been, they have l a r g e l y remained i n d i v i d u a l matters i n t h e i r 205 d e t a i l s while u l t i m a t e l y s h a r i n g a s p e c t s w i t h one another. In aggregate, these p e r s p e c t i v e s , c a r r i e d i n the minds o f some o f S o i n t u l a * s migrant workers, have over time p o s i t e d themselves a g a i n s t a changing ambiance. T h e i r v a l i d i t y has been r a t i o n a l i z e d i n r e l a t i o n t o a l e g a c y o f e t h n i c tr a d i t i o n s w i t h t h e i r i n h e r e n t v a l u e s and o b l i g a t i o n s ; changing economic and p o l i t i c a l circumstances; advances i n technology and s e r v i c e s and demands from beyond the immediate community. Although the c o n t r i b u t i o n of people l i k e Mies to the growth of S o i n t u l a has not been d i d a c t i c i n the f o r m a l sense, as was the case w i t h K u r i k k a and Makela, i t has added to a fundamental p r o c e s s . H i s presence f a c i l i t a t e d e v a l u a t i o n . As such, i t tended t o r e f i n e the experiences of a myriad of i n d i v i d u a l s and to p r e s e n t t h a t r e f l e c t i o n i n others as a d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e i r community. In S o i n t u l a the q u e s t i o n of e g a l i t a r i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n versus h i e r a r c h i c a l , whether fought out between c a p i t a l i s t s and s o c i a l i s t s , or s p i r i t u a l s o c i a l i s t s and m a t e r i a l i s t s o c i a l i s t s , migrant workers and o t h e r s , has i n e v i t a b l y l e d to g r e a t e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n w i t h i n r e l a t i o n s h i p s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f complex s o c i e t y . 'In the process the gap which separated S o i n t u l a F i n n s from others has i n c r e a s i n g l y narrowed and the d i s t i n c t i o n s have b l u r r e d . They have become more l i k e t h e i r neighbours i n g o a l s and p u r s u i t s . Yet, they have maintained a degree of separateness, a p e r c e p t i o n of s e l f accumulated from the experiences which document the 206 community's h i s t o r y . In the years between 1901 and 1940 the enthusiasm and bitterness engendered by the tensions between i d e o l o g i c a l points of view and attempts to implement those views have contributed as much to the character of the community as the objectives themselves. C l e a r l y the millenarian a c t i v i t i e s of the participants i n the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company, Limited stand apart i n t h i s process. The four years of Utopian a c t i v i t y were a l l consuming i n t h e i r passion regardless of the variance i n i n d i v i d u a l perspectives. It was a period of great i n t e n s i t y as contradictory ideas represented i n the beings of i n d i v i d u a l participants were brought to a point of confrontation. In i t s outward manifestation the Utopian attempt f a i l e d . There was no c o l l e c t i v e transformation i n being to be v i s u a l i z e d i n an i d e a l i s t i c form of s o c i a l organization. Rather, the a c t i v i t i e s provided a unique and pronounced aspect i n an accumulating legacy of experience which helped engender the rationale f o r future goals and undertakings. As such i t set for Sointula's residents a sense of i d e n t i t y , separate from others; a r a t i o n a l objective, by which to judge contemporary matters of community and ind i v i d u a l i n t e r e s t . 207 Notes I See, for example, Halminen, 1936, pp. 129-133 and Raivio, 1975, pp. 369-456 and 493. See above, pp. 31-61. 3 Fieldwork notes, August 1 9 7 4 * Halminen 1 9 3 6 , pp. 110-122} Raivio, 1975, PP. 373-396. Several of the older men I interviewed were strong supporters of a socialist ideology and outwardly anti-church. Most had l i t t l e influence in the organization and orientation of community interests. 4 Some of the aspirations of migrant workers from Sointula w i l l be discussed later i n the chapter. A corpus of songs collected from Mr. Mies, a Sointula resident and noted singer and story t e l l e r , w i l l serve as an introduction to this aspect of Sointula ethnography. ^ For the significance of so c i a l i s t p o l i t i c s see Raivio, 1975, PP. 370-482 and the Western Clarion. 2 3 March 1 9 0 7 ; i b i d . , 21 December 1 9 0 7 ; i b i d . , 3 0 May 1908; i b i d . , 6 June 1 9 0 8 ; i b i d . , 28 July 1 9 0 8 ; i b i d . , 22 August 1 9 0 8 ; i b i d . , 29 August 1 9 0 8 ; ibid., 2 January 1 9 0 9 ; i b i d . , 3 April 1 9 0 9 ; i b i d . , 4 December 1 9 0 9 ; i b i d . , 18 December 1 9 0 9 ; i b i d . , 21 May 1910 and ib i d . , 16 December 1 9 1 0 . For a discussion of p l u r a l i s t i c employment see S. Lawrance, "Sointula: Salt Fish and Spuds Utopia," Raincoast Chronicles 1 (Winter 1 9 7 4 ) : 12-17. See also, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, "Sointula: A Story of Harmony and Heartbreak," 26 January 1 9 6 6 and Anderson, 1 9 5 8 , pp. 10-13. 6 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 120-129; Kolehmainen, 1 9 4 1 , pp. 121-123 and Jaaskelainen LMakelaJ, 1 9 0 7 , pp. 6 8 - 6 9 . 7 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 120-129, 8 See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , p. 1 2 5 ; Anderson, 1 9 5 8 , p. 12 and Kolehmainen, 1 9 4 1 , p. 122. 9 See above, pp. 22-23 and 132-133. 1 0 See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 128-129; Daily Colonist. 9 January 1 9 0 6 ; i b i d . , 2 June 1 9 0 6 and Vancouver Province. 6 January 1 9 0 6 ; i b i d . , 28 March 1 9 0 6 ; i b i d . , 2b April 1 9 0 6 and i b i d . , 3 0 May 1906% I I After Kurikka's departure the vision of the Kalevan Kansa collapsed. The remaining settlers were forced into seeking a livelihood beyond the protection of an ethnic community. Once more they were members of a marginally desirable ethnic population looked upon with some distrust by other Finns and the provincial government. For an indication of the kinds of complaints made about the Sointula 208 s e t t l e m e n t see f i l e 617* o f the papers o f the B r i t i s h Columbia Land Management Branch, M i n i s t r y o f the Environment. For a d i s c u s s i o n o f a n t i - s o c i a l i s t f e e l i n g s among o t h e r F i n n i s h immigrants see Hoglund, i960, pp. 104-138. For the r e a c t i o n o f l o c a l l a b o u r l e a d e r s toward K u r i k k a and h i s f o l l o w e r s see Halminen, pp. 48-49. 1 2 I b i d . , pp. 124-127. 13 J See chapter 2 above. 1 / f As c i t e d i n J a a s k e l a i n e n [MakelaJ, 1907, p. 48. ^ For a g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n see Hoglund, i960, pp. 19-56 and 61-119. 1 6 I b i d . , pp. 104-138. 17 ' See, f o r example, E.v Salomaa, "A. B. Makela," i n Soikkanen, 1967» pp. 206-236. See a l s o , H. Soikkanen, "Edvard V a l p a s , " i n i b i d . , pp. 66-120 and A. Hautamaki, " M a t t i K u r i k k a , " i n i b i d . , pp. 278-317. For an E n g l i s h language d i s c u s s i o n see J . Kolehmainen, "The I n i m i t a b l e M a r x i s t s : The F i n n i s h Immigrant S o c i a l i s t s , " M i c h i g a n H i s t o r y 36 (December 1952): 395-405. See a l s o , J u t l k k a l a and P i r i n e n , 1974, pp. 250-254 and 267-268. 1 8 See the Western C l a r i o n . 23 March 1907? i b i d . , 21 December 1907; i b i d . , 30 May 1908; i b i d . , 6 June 1908; i b i d . , 28 J u l y 1908; i b i d . , 22 August 1908? i b i d . , 29 August 1908; i b i d . , 2 January 1909; i b i d . , 3 A p r i l 1909; i b i d . , 4 December 1909; i b i d . , 18 December 1909; i b i d . , 21 May 1909; i b i d . , 16 December 1910. See a l s o , R a i v i o , 1975. PP« 369-370, 399-448 and 493-494. 1 9 See P. A. P h i l l i p s , No Power G r e a t e r : A Century o f Labour i n B r i t i s h Columbia (Vancouver, 1967). c h a p t e r s 1, 3 and 4. See a l s o , Loosmore, 1954, chapt e r s 1-4. 2 0 Western C l a r i o n . 22 December 1907 and i b i d . , 6 June 19051 2 1 R a i v i o , 1975, The S o c i a l i s t P a r t y o f Canada and the Communist P a r t y o f Canada, p. 369. See a l s o v a r i o u s i s s u e s of the Western C l a r i o n . 2 2 See R a i v i o , 1975. PP. 399-418 and 464-482 f o r i n f o r m a t i o n c o n cerning the P o l i t i c a l Research Groups i n Canada and the fo r m a t i o n o f the F i n n i s h O r g a n i z a t i o n . 2 3 See R a i v i o , 1975, PP« 448-456 f o r i n f o r m a t i o n about the Communist A t h l e t i c A s s o c i a t i o n s . See a l s o , "For T h i r t y Years the Fi n n s Have Maintained a Communist S t a t e on Malcolm I s l a n d , " Vancouver P r o v i n c e . 13 October 1934. 209 24 Co-bp s t o r e s were s t a r t e d i n v a r i o u s c e n t r e s o f F i n n i s h p o p u l a t i o n i n North America. See, f o r examples, Hoglund, I960, pp. 76-78; Kolehmainen, 1968, pp. 24-26 and " S o i n t u l a Co-op Records F i f t y Years o f Pr o g r e s s , " The Fisherman. 18 December 1959. 25 Western C l a r i o n . 2 3 March 1 9 0 7 . 2 6 Kolehmainen, 1 9 4 1 , p. 116 and Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 7 6 - 7 8 and 8 1 - 8 8 . 27 Interview w i t h Arvo T y n j a l a , S o i n t u l a p i o n e e r , Vancouver, B. C , 1971 and Interview w i t h E i n o Ahola, S o i n t u l a p i o n e e r , Vancouver, B. C , 3 September 1 9 7 7 . R i v e r ' s I n l e t , Smith's I n l e t and Knight's I n l e t were popu l a r f i s h i n g grounds f o r S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s . Many would row the lon g d i s t a n c e s t h e r e and use the equipment b e l o n g i n g t o the c a n n e r i e s . Others had obtained i n e x p e n s i v e n e t s and s k i f f s from some of the ca n n e r i e s which had f o l d e d . S t i l l o t h e r s made t h e i r own equipment. 2 8 See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 129-132. Both T y n j a l a and Ahola mentioned t h a t S o i n t u l a men c l e a r e d l a n d . The cro p s , predominantly r o o t v e g e t a b l e s , were tended by the women and the young c h i l d r e n w h ile the men were away. Vegetables, p o u l t r y and eggs were s o l d t o nearby communities whenever t h e r e was a s u r p l u s . T i l d a Halminen r e c a l l s t h a t her f a t h e r s o l d potatoes and eggs a t A l e r t Bay. Interview, Vancouver, B. C , 3 September ± 9 7 7 . 29 Employment away from the i s l a n d p r o v i d e d not o n l y minimal amounts of cash but a l s o the o p p o r t u n i t y t o le a v e behind the r i g o r s o f a t i g h t and temperate community. Work at Beaver, Brunswick and other c a n n e r i e s as w e l l as a t v a r i o u s branches o f the c o - o p e r a t i v e s t o r e s from P r i n c e Rupert t o e a s t e r n Canada p r o v i d e d some S o i n t u l a men and women with an o p p o r t u n i t y t o i n t e r a c t w i t h F i n n s and non-Fin n s elsewhere. F o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f the S o i n t u l a co-op see, The Fisherman. 18 December 1 9 5 9 \ Anderson, 1 9 5 8 , pp. 14-15 and Halminen, p. 1 3 3 . Information about employment o u t s i d e o f S o i n t u l a i s d e r i v e d from f i e l d w o r k i n S o i n t u l a i n 1 9 7 4 , i n t e r v i e w s and c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h former S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s i n and around Vancouver, B. C , 1 9 6 9 - 1 9 7 8 . 3 0 Fieldwork informant, Vancouver, B. C , 1 9 7 1 . 3 1 The s o c i a l i s t l o c a l a t S o i n t u l a f e l t t h a t people who i n d i v i d u a l l y sought out cash employment beyond the community were " t h i c k heads" and a detriment t o the community. See the Western C l a r i o n , 21 December 1 9 0 7 . Others f e l t t h a t once the workers were away from the community th e y would assume the r e c k l e s s l i f e s t y l e l e d by many of the immigrants b e f o r e the Kalevan Kansa and thereby l o s e i n t e r e s t i n : 210 Sointula, p o l i t i c s and their ethnicity. 32 The second half of this chapter i s concerned with articulating the nature of collective experience among a group of Finnish migrant workers. More specifically, a general 'feel' for their perceptions concerning individuality, community and order i s gained through an analysis of a corpus of song texts collected from Mies, a Sointula resident, migrant worker and traditional singer. 33 A few people continued to come to Sointula after the collapse of the Kalevan Kansa Colonization Company. Many s t i l l anticipated finding a flourishing community or a company capable of employing and housing workers and their families. See, for example, Halminen, pp. 124-127 and Savela, n.d., pp. 5 9 - 7 4 . 34 Others came to Sointula to assist on the farms, when there were large numbers of children close i n age. Interview with Frances Halminen, daughter-in-law of Matti Halminen, Burnaby, B. C , 11 October 1977 . The co-op store provided employment, particularly for young women from other Finnish communities. Some came from the Lakehead region of Ontario, from New Finland i n Saskatchewan and White Lake i n B. C. and married into the community. Inter-view with M. Peterson, Sointula resident, Vancouver, B. C , June 1978' S t i l l other women came as brides for Sointula men who either sent for them or travelled to Finland to get them. Fieldwork interviews, 1974-1978. See also, "A L i t t l e Section of Finland on the B. C. Coast," Vancouver Province. 25 May 1927. mag. sec. 35 For example, tree f r u i t s , tomatoes and corn cannot readily be grown. The s o i l conditions, dampness and terrain are not suitable for grain. For an early, f u l l e r , though somewhat inaccurate report on Malcolm Island's agricultural potential see F. E. Leach, 1915, PP. D168-D170. For a discussion of the relationship between geography and settle-ment among Finns i n North America see Van Cleef, 1918 and Van Cleef, 1952. Van C l e e f s thesis i s that Finns always settle in areas which geographically resemble their homeland, even when other available areas would seem to offer fewer hardships. Part of the f o l l y of the U t o p i a n activity on Malcolm Island resulted from attempting to gain from i t what i t did not offer geographically or climatically. Interestingly, Makela's i n i t i a l description of the island presents a model Finnish village of the time. See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 5 9 - 6 0 . 3 6 See Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 128-129 and "Commerical Fishing Saved Finnish Commune's Survivors i n Canada," Columbia Press, 13 November 1 9 5 0 . For a discussion of the Dominion Trust Company which also folded a short time later see C. Hopkins, ed., Canadian Annual Review. 1915. (Toronto, 211 1916), pp. 715-716 and the Speech D e l i v e r e d i n ithe L e g i s l a t u r e on Thursday. February 4 t h . 1915 by the Hon. W. J . Bowser. KTcT. Attorney-General On the Matter of the Dominion Trust Company. ( V i c t o r i a , n.d.). 37 See Halminen, 1936. pp. 125-126 and Columbia Pr e s s . 13 November 1950. 38 See Halminen, 1936, pp. 126-127 and "The F i n n i s h Colony," D a i l y C o l o n i s t . 3 August 1905. 39 Even before the sawmill was shut down there were b i t t e r f e e l i n g s . The Marine Lumber and Trading Company formed by the Dominion Trust Company to run the ope r a t i o n was b r i n g i n g i n workers from elsewhere. See "Malcolm I s l a n d Change," D a i l y C o l o n i s t . 9 January 1906 and "S o i n t u l a Sawmill Has Changed Hands," Vancouver P r o v i n c e , 6 January 1906. 40 "That A l l e g e d B a t t l e : From the World's Greatest B a t t l e f i e l d , S o i n t u l a , Malcolm I s l a n d , B. C " Vancouver Province, 30 May 1906. 41 Employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n the resource i n d u s t r i e s remained unstable. For example, the number of miners employed i n the Nanaimo area c o a l mines d e c l i n e d s t e a d i l y from 1900 to 1906. See Matheson, 1950, p. 90. 42 For support of the hypothesis which was based on fi e l d w o r k i n t e r v i e w s , see, f o r example, Halminen, 1936, pp. 129-131? Leach, 1915, PP. D168-D169 and Lawrance, 1974, p. 16. See, f o r example, Aino Ahola, a pioneer s e t t l e r who rem i n i s c e d , " ' I t was the centre of the world t o me and the world was r e v o l v i n g around i t . ' " As c i t e d i n Lawrance, 1974, p. 15. See a l s o , Columbia Press. 13 November 1950. ^ See, f o r example, Lawrance, 1974, pp. 15-17 and Anderson, 1958, pp. 2-12. See A i k a , 22 A p r i l 1902. / f 6 See Halminen, 1936, pp. 123-133; Salomaa, "A. B. Makela," i n Soikkanen, 1967, pp. 206-236 and Hautamaki, "M a t t i K u r i k k a , " i n i b i d . , pp. 278-317. These a r t i c l e s c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e the p h i l o s o p h i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s between the two men. ^ See i b i d . , and a l s o the biography of Edvard Valpas by Soikkanen i n i b i d . , pp. 66-120. ^ 8 In a d d i t i o n to Hautamaki's a r t i c l e on Kur i k k a i n i b i d . , pp. 280-285 and 312-316, see Oberg, 1928, pp. 6-20 212 J. D. Wilson, 1973-74, pp. 52-65. 49 The word /path' was used both by the followers of Kurikka and the socialists to describe the rudiments of a new way of being. 5 0 Kurikka's Utopian vision for the Kalevan Kansa gained energy from i t s apparent a b i l i t y to transform individuals into something other. See Burridge,"Missionary Occasions" and above, pp. 91-94, 105 and II3-X15. Conversely, the socialist vision appeared more remote since i t was focused not on individual transformation but on altering p o l i t i c a l and economic institutions which would in turn bring about individual metanoia. Additionally, the socialist path appeared less personal inasmuch as i t coincided with the aspirations of people separated by language, traditions and history from the Sointula Finns. 5 1 Many of the early socialists at Sointula were keenly interested i n p o l i t i c a l events i n prel919 Russia and elsewhere. They recognized i n such movements and i n union activities a means to alter the balance of existing class structure. For a non-Finnish perspective on this period see, "For Thirty Years the Finns Have Maintained a Communist State on Malcolm Island," Vancouver Province, 13 October 1934* mag. sec. The early socialists were aided in their p o l i t i c a l zeal by a host of Finnish translations available from other organizations within the country. For a substantial bibliography see, "Kanadan Suomalaisten Arkisto" [Finnish-Canadian Archives], i n Raivio, 1975t PP* 512-519. 52 see Western Clarion. 4 December 1909. "Malcolm Island gave 26 votes for Socialism and none for Conservative, Independent Conservative or Liberal. Can you beat that?" The Inter-provincial Convention of the Socialist Party of Canada held at Fernie, B. C. in 1908 submitted the following quote to the Western Clarion, 6 June 1908: "The Finns of Malcolm Island were represented by Comrade Rivers. If only our Anglo-Saxons had half the zeal of these Finns." 5 3 see Hoglund, I960, pp. 110-120. ^ D. E. Smith, "Emergency Government i n Canada," Canadian Historical Review 50 (December 1969): 439-440. 5 5 See, for example, Western Clarion, 23 March 1907; ibid., 21 December 1907; i b i d . , 30 May 1908; i b i d . , 6 June 1908; ibid., 28 July 1908; ib i d . , 22 August 1908; ib i d . , 29 August 1908; i b i d . , 21 January 1909; i b i d . , 3 April 1909; ibid., 18 December .1909; i b i d . , 21 May 1910 and ibid., 16 December 1910. 5 6 See i b i d . , 6 June 1908; ibid., 4 December 1909 and 16 December 1910. 213 "About that Finn Executive," Western Clarion. 29 August 1908. 5 8 See Raivio, 1975. PP. 369-373. 399-428 and 430-448. 59 Minutes of the Finnish Social Democrat's Drama Society at Sointula, 1912-1913. 6 0 Western Clarion. 19 August 1908. 6 1 See ib i d . , 22 August 1908. In 1907 a representative from Sointula estimated that there were 50 to 60 s o c i a l i s t votes along with a few remaining "thick heads". See, ib i d . , 21 December 1907. However, by 1909 the local gave a l l i t s 28 votes to the socialist candidate indicating dwindling support for the socialist platform and a general lack of interest i n current p o l i t i c s . "The World's Record," ibi d . , 4 December 1909. 6 2 See, for example, "A L i t t l e Section of Finland on the B. C. Coast," Vancouver Province, 25 May 1927. mag. sec. and "For Thirty Years the Finns have Maintained a Communist State on Malcolm Island," ibid., 13 October 193*. mag. sec. for such reports. For an indication of the declining interest in left-wing po l i t i c s see above, footnote 55 and Anderson, 1958, p. 13. 6 3 John Rivers was the chief spokesman for the social-i s t s . ^ "Appeal from the Comox Constituency," Western Clarion, 3 April 1909. 6 ^ See, for example, The Fisherman. 18 December 1959. 6 6 See, for example, Halminen, 1936, pp. 59-116. 6 7 See, for example, ibid., pp. 18-21. 6 8 Ibid., pp. 128-133. 6 9 A. Tynjala, "Sointula, Past and Present," i n Anderson, 1969. PP. 17-19. 7 0 Interview with Arvo Tynjala, 1971; interview with Eino Ahola, 1977 and Laulaja Mies, 1973. 7 1 For a f u l l e r discussion see above, pp. 78-81 and 92 and Burridge, New Heaven New Earth, pp. 3-8. 7 2 The visions of a new society postulated by Kurikka and later by the socialist leaders of Sointula could not be attained unless individual members within the community 214 were w i l l i n g t o subjugate p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t s i n f a v o u r o f c o l l e c t i v e betterment. N e i t h e r the Kalevan Kansa nor the s o c i a l i s t s were ab l e to c r e a t e the ambiance i n which i t would have been p o s s i b l e to r e a l i z e the r e q u i r e d p e r c e p t i o n of s e l f . 73 L a u l a j a Mies i s a S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t . In the p a s t decades he has been a fisherman and worked a t l o g g i n g camps and i n mines. He has a l s o been a masseur a t a Vancouver steam bath frequented by F i n n i s h workers. He has v i v i d r e c o l l e c t i o n s about these times and about the experiences o f o thers l i k e h i m s e l f . Taken c o l l e c t i v e l y , these e x p e r i e n c e s have become the s u b j e c t matter of s t o r i e s and songs performed by him. In the past h i s t a l e n t s were o f t e n c a l l e d upon d u r i n g s o c i a l events a t S o i n t u l a and elsewhere. As a s i n g e r r e f l e c t i n g the experiences of the audience as w e l l as h i m s e l f he has been i n f l u e n t i a l i n keeping the sentiments w i t h i n the consciousness o f the community. 74 The corpus o f songs w a s s c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g a f i e l d w o r k t r i p t o S o i n t u l a . In the f o l l o w i n g f a l l they were t r a n s c r i b e d from tape and t r a n s l a t e d from F i n n i s h i n t o E n g l i s h . In t o t a l they r e p r e s e n t 10 d i f f e r e n t songs combined i n t o a s i n g l e performance a l o n g a c e n t r a l theme. In the a n a l y s i s which f o l l o w s the songs are t r e a t e d as a u n i t w i t h no attempt t o a l t e r the o r d e r or t o c o r r e c t the t e x t s i n r e l a t i o n t o other known v a r i a n t s . A l l elements of " F i n g l i s h " , a C r e o l e combination o f E n g l i s h and F i n n i s h , were l e f t untouched and a t t e n t i o n was g i v e n t o m a i n t a i n i n g the n a t u r a l p o e t i c s t r u c t u r e s where p o s s i b l e . For a d i s c u s s i o n o f the complexity o f t r a n s l a t i n g F i n n i s h grammatical s t r u c t u r e s i n t o E n g l i s h see M. L e h t i n e n , B a s i c Course i n F i n n i s h , U r a l i c and A l t a i c S e r i e s , Indiana P u b l i c a t i o n s , v o l . 27 (The Hague, 1971). 7 5 The r o l e of a s i n g e r and s t o r y t e l l e r was prominant i n S o i n t u l a , p a r t i c u l a r l y p r i o r t o the coming of e l e c t r i c i t y and access t o media from elsewhere about 25 years ago. In the community h a l l dances and p l a y s were supported by l o c a l m usicians and s i n g e r s . In the t r a d i t i o n o f the c l a s s i c F i n n i s h bards and the Kalevan Kansa t h i s was a popular format f o r d i s c u s s i n g and e v a l u a t i n g i s s u e s o f concern. F o r a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n of :the r o l e of the e p i c s i n g e r i n Europe see chapter 2 above. For an i n d i c a t i o n o f the p o p u l a r i t y o f t h i s medium o f e x p r e s s i o n among the Kalevan Kansa see Kalevan Kansan S o i n t u i a , v o l . 1 and 2, 1903. For p o s t -Kalevan Kansa S o i n t u l a see the Minutes o f the F i n n i s h S o c i a l Democrat's Drama S o c i e t y a t S o i n t u l a , 1912-1913• For a more g e n e r a l r e f e r e n c e see Anderson, 1958, p. 13• 7 6 The t r a d i t i o n has been o f f s e t by access t o a broad range of media. However, Mies s t i l l performs f o r ^ f r i e n d s who are h i s contemporaries and a t f a m i l y g a t h e r i n g s . Although h i s a b i l i t i e s are no l o n g e r a t t h e i r peak, he 215 remains p o p u l a r . 77 P r i o r t o s t a r t i n g Mies informed h i s audience t h a t he wished t o t e l l about S o i n t u l a as w e l l as t o e n t e r t a i n . 78 A. Lord, i n h i s book S i n g e r o f T a l e s , suggests t h a t the s i n g e r develops h i s performance a c c o r d i n g t o the r e a l i t y which makes up h i s cognizance by begi n n i n g from a s t o c k theme or c e n t r a l i s s u e . A. Lord, S i n g e r o f T a l e s . Harvard S t u d i e s i n Comparative L i t e r a t u r e 2b (Cambridge, 1964), PP. 95-123. 79 WCOUNT computer program f o r t e s t i n g the r e l i a b i l i t y o f t r a n s l a t i o n s . U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1973. 80 Por a d i s c u s s i o n o f deep s t r u c t u r e and a n a l y s i s see C. L e v i - S t r a u s s , 1967 and C. L e v i - S t r a u s s , The Savage Mind, t r a n s . George Weidenfeld and N i c o l s o n L t d . (London, 1962;. Por deep s t r u c t u r e and o r a l n a r r a t i v e s see P. Maranda and E. Kongas Maranda, eds., " I n t r o d u c t i o n , " S t r u c t u r a l A n a l y s i s of O r a l T r a d i t i o n (The Hague, 1971). pp. i x - x x x i i i . 3fhe l i s t o f 'consequences' are d e r i v e d d i r e c t l y from the Mies corpus and w i l l be d i s c u s s e d more f u l l y l a t e r . 81 Lomax and H a l i f a x conclude on the b a s i s o f a l a r g e sampling o f f o l k s o n g t e x t s t h a t the performance tends t o focus a t t e n t i o n , produce a consensus concerning a common i s s u e and t o i n s p i r e the group toward common a c t i o n . A. Lomax and J . H a l i f a x , "Folksong Texts as C u l t u r a l I n d i c a t o r s , " i n i b i d . , pp. 235-237. See K. 0. L. B u r r i d g e , E n c o u n t e r i n g A b o r i g i n e s (New York, 1973). PP. 221-22*. 8 3 Lomax and H a l i f a x i n P. Maranda and E. Kongas Maranda, 1971. PP. 237-2*0. 8 i | See V. Turner, Dramas. F i e l d s and Metaphors ( I t h a c a , 197*). PP. 196-204 and 250-271. 8 ^ Songs 1, 2 and 3 are North American i n o r i g i n and 2 and 3 are s p e c i f i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o the west c o a s t . Song 4 as presented i s a composite o f th r e e t r a d i t i o n a l F i n n i s h f o l k s o n g s . Song 8 i s from a broadside b a l l a d thought t o have been c r e a t e d on the east c o a s t o f the United S t a t e s . By t r e a t i n g a l l the songs as a u n i f i e d performance i t i s p o s s i b l e t o analyze them as i f they were a myth. T h i s method combines what Dorson r e f e r s t o as the humanistic and a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l approaches i n an attempt t o uncover not o n l y meaning i n " i t s hidden t e n s i o n s " but a l s o t o pre s e n t a s p e c t s o f the o r i g i n a l e x p e r i e n c e . New E n c y c l o p a e d i a B r i t a n n i c a . Macropaedia. 15th ed., s. v. " F o l k l o r e , " by R. N. Dorson. 216 86 A. Lord, 1964, pp. 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 . 87 -See, f o r example, B u r r i d g e , New Heaven Hew E a r t h , pp. 3-H and 155-163 and V. Turner, 1967, pp. 131-150. 88 B u r r i d g e , New Heaven New E a r t h , pp. 3 -11 . 89 Lomax and H a l i f a x i n P. Maranda and E. Kongas Maranda, 1971, pp. 259-261. 90 Semantic A n a l y s i s o f Myth Seminars, E. Kongas Maranda and P. Maranda, U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1974. See a l s o , N. Conn, The P u r s u i t o f the M i l l e n i u m (New York, 1961), chapter 9. 91 T h i s problem has r e c e n t l y been t a c k l e d by L. Drie d g e r and J . P e t e r s i n " I d e n t i t y and S o c i a l D i s t a n c e , " Canadian Review o f S o c i o l o g y and Anthropology 14 (May 1977): 158 -173 . 92 Lord has made a s t r o n g argument f o r l o o k i n g toward constant themes.as i n d i c a t o r s o f t r a d i t i o n a l elements i n f o l k performances. A. Lord, "Composition by Theme," T r a n s a c t i o n s and Proceedings o f the American P h i l o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n 82 (195l"n 71-80 and Lo r d , 1964, p. 71. 9 3 B u r r i d g e , New Heaven New E a r t h , pp. 143-145. See a l s o , f o r example, above, pp. 6-7 and 28. 9 i* The foc u s amongst these e a r l y S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s was on i n s t i t u t i n g ways o f o r d e r i n g community l i f e which would remove elements of hierarchy. T h e i r s was the i m p o s s i b l e g o a l o f continued communitas. 9-* In the emergence o f new forms o f s o c i a l order the c r u c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o c u s e s on the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between men and women. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of men t o women i s a t the v e r y b e g i n n i n g of moral awareness. See B u r r i d g e , New Heaven New E a r t h , pp. 143-145. Sin c e the corpus i s concerned w i t h moral problems i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t the i s s u e s are approached through c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f these v a r i o u s k i n d s o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s . 9 6 See above, pp. 53-61. 9 7 Halminen, 1936, pp. 118 - 1 2 0 . 9 8 Hoglund, I 9 6 0 , pp. 80-104. 9 9 Halminen, 1 9 3 6 , pp. 109-113 and 120 -123 ; A i k a , 16 May 1 9 0 2 ; i b i d . , 29 August 1 9 0 4 ; i b i d . , 1 June 1 9 0 4 . See a l s o , "Commercial F i s h i n g Saved F i n n i s h Commune's S u r v i v o r s i n Canada," Columbia P r e s s , 13 November 1 9 5 0 . 2 1 7 1 0 0 Lomax and H a l i f a x i n P. Maranda and E. Kongas Maranda, 1 9 7 1, pp. 2 6 0 - 2 6 1 . 1 0 1 P l o t a n a l y z e r or H e r o f i n d e r computer program. U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia. 102 See, f o r example, P. J . Stone e t a l . , The General I n q u i r e r : A Computer Approach to Content A n a l y s i s (Cambridge. Mass., 1 9 6 6 ) as c i t e d i n P. Maranda, " Q u a l i t a t i v e and Q u a n t i t a t i v e A n a l y s i s o f Myths by Computer," i n Mythology, ed. P. Maranda (Harmondsworth, England, 1 9 7 2 ) , p. 161. 1 0 3 P. Maranda and E. Kongas Maranda, "Myth as a C o g n i t i v e Map," U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1 9 7 3 - 1 9 7 4 . ( T y p e w r i t t e n ) . See a l s o , C. L e v i - S t r a u s s , "Overature," The Raw and The Cooked, t r a n s . J . Weightman and D. Weightman (New York, 1 9 7 0 ) , pp. 1 - 3 5 f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f myth as a s p i r a l or c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f semantic o b s e r v a t i o n s around a key i s s u e . 1 0 * f R. P. Armstrong, "Content A n a l y s i s i n F o l k l o r i s t i c s , " i n P. Maranda, 1 9 7 2 , p. 1 7 7 . 1 0 5 See S. Thompson, The F o l k t a l e (New York, 1 9 6 7 ) . 1 0 6 P. Maranda, 1 9 7 2 , p. 1 5 3 -1 0 7 I b i d . 1 0 8 V. Propp, The Morphology of the F o l k t a l e , t r a n s . L. 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Appendix I M a t t i Halminen, S o i n t u l a : Kalevan Kansan .ia Kanadan Suomalaisten H i s t o r i a C S o i n t u l a : The H i s t o r y of the Kalevan Kansa and F i n n i s h Canadians] t r a n s . A l l a n H. Salo ( H e l s i n k i , F i n l a n d : Vapauden K i r j a p a i n o , 1 9 3 6 ) M a t t i Halminen On b e h a l f of the former members of the Kalevan Kansa the author, M. H. M i k k e l i , 1 9 3 6 , Vapauden K i r j a p a i n o , F i n l a n d Author's I n t r o d u c t i o n I, the author of t h i s book, have not had any f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n . Instead, from a young age I have done hard p h y s i c a l l a b o u r . During the f o r t y - e i g h t y e ars t h a t I have r e s i d e d i n Canada I have p a r t i c i p a t e d i n F i n n i s h -Canadian temperance s o c i e t i e s and other e t h n i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s . I was among the f i r s t here to b e g i n t o t h i n k about o r g a n i z i n g a c o - o p e r a t i v e settlement f o r F i n n s . I became and remained both a member and a worker of the Kalevan Kansa from i t s be g i n n i n g to i t s v e r y end. Although i t has been d i f f i c u l t f o r me to put these thoughts i n t o w r i t i n g , I f e e l myself as b e i n g competent to r e c o r d these r e c o l l e c t i o n s and t h i s knowledge even a f t e r what i s a v e r y l o n g p e r i o d of time. 2 3 1 I b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s r e c o r d w i l l have h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e the f o r m a t i o n of the Kalevan Kansa c o l o n i z a t i o n attempt was the o n l y one of i t s k i n d among the F i n n i s h working c l a s s t o c r e a t e a c o l l e c t i v e brotherhood. To us on Malcolm I s l a n d , p r o s p e r i t y and a good l i v e l i h o o d seemed prom i s i n g . I f we had had a t the s t a r t as much f o r e s i g h t and p r a c t i c a l experience as wer:had enthusiasm and the w i l l i n g n e s s to make s a c r i f i c e s , we would have had g r e a t e r o v e r a l l success. But even w i t h l u c k on our s i d e , the c o - o p e r a t i v e adventure would not have been a d e c i s i v e f a c t o r i n the o v e r a l l working peoples' s t r u g g l e to escape the drudgery of wage l a b o u r . We would simply have l i v e d our l i v e s i n a b e t t e r f a s h i o n , away from ot h e r s , and the r e s t o f the world would have continued on i t s way. The g e n e r a l o p p r e s s i o n o f wage workers i n c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t i e s would not have been o f much concern t o us. Convinced o f o u r s e l v e s as being separate and away from the c a p i t a l i s t ambiance, we would have f o l l o w e d Kurikka's theme f o r the Kalevan Kansa. "Go forward people of K a l e v a l a , away from the drudgery of wage work: Your path goes toward freedom, s e r v i t u d e does not p r o s p e r i t y b r i n g . Whosoever s h a l l embrace the pr e s e n t , s h a l l stumble as b e f o r e . Whosoever f o r freedom yearns, can from us a t t a i n a sense of brotherhood." S o i n t u l a , 1935 M a t t i Halminen H i s t o r y of the E a r l i e s t F i n n s i n Canada F i n n i s h immigration t o Canada i s s t i l l c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t . I t d i d not b e g i n i n a s u b s t a n t i a l way u n t i l the year 1880. F i n n s from the o u t s k i r t s of Norway, from the v i c i n i t y of the T o r n i o R i v e r i n Sweden and from n o r t h e r n F i n l a n d had s e t t l e d w i t h i n the United S t a t e s a t an e a r l i e r date. In Canada, p r i o r t o t h i s date there had been o n l y a few migrant workers who have not l e f t behind any r e c o r d o f t h e i r presence. On the shores of the P a c i f i c there had not been any F i n n i s h s e t t l e m e n t s . Those few F i n n s who had come to t h i s area were seamen working on s h i p s which had come t o o b t a i n c o a l from the mines a t Nanaimo and North W e l l i n g t o n f o r use i n the s h i p y a r d s and f a c t o r i e s o f San F r a n c i s c o . W i t h i n the United S t a t e s t h e r e were a t t h i s time two t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l r a i l r o a d s t o the P a c i f i c Ocean and t o the d i s t a n t west which o f f e r e d b o u n t i f u l n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . In Canada there was a need to b u i l d a t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l r a i l w a y . I t too had a "Great West" f u l l o f n a t u r a l wealth: the g o l d f i e l d s o f the Cariboo, the p o t e n t i a l f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p l e n i t u d e a l o n g the F r a s e r R i v e r d e l t a , the e x i s t e n c e of a c o n g e n i a l c l i m a t e , e n d l e s s and immense f o r e s t s , f i n e p o r t s f o r s h i p p i n g t o the Far 234 E a s t as w e l l as other advantages. In the f i r s t y e a rs which t h i s h i s t o r y encompasses they were a l r e a d y b u i l d i n g a t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l r a i l r o a d i n Canada: the Canadian P a c i f i c Railway, a b b r e v i a t e d to the C. P. R. Around the year 1882 a group of Finns from the southern and western c o u n t i e s o f F i n l a n d came t o e a s t e r n Canada i n search o f work. At j u s t t h a t time r a i l w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n was o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n the i n t e r i o r w i l d e r n e s s of O n t a r i o and there was w i t h i n Canada a g r e a t demand f o r r a i l w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n iworkers. That t h i s was so i s g i v e n testimony t o by the f o l l o w i n g i n c i d e n t . When i t became known i n Ottawa, Canada's c a p i t a l , t h a t t h e r e was a s u b s t a n t i a l group o f F i n n i s h immigrants newly a r r i v e d i n the country and l o o k i n g f o r work, the governor-general of the country t r a v e l l e d i n person to H a l i f a x t o procure them as workers f o r the r a i l w a y e f f o r t . So the s t o r y was t o l d by the men who had a r r i v e d w i t h i n the country a t t h a t time. They a l s o t o l d of how t h a t honourable nobleman purchased and donated to them e x c e l l e n t r a t i o n s : ham, cheeses and o t h e r d e l i c a c i e s . Of these t h e r e were such q u a n t i t i e s t h a t the men were unable to consume them on t h e i r r a i l journey to the w o r k s i t e . The g o v e r n o r - g e n e r a l h i m s e l f t r a v e l l e d w i t h these men to the job s i t e . Upon a r r i v i n g the names of a l l the men were r e c o r d e d and l a t e r p u b l i s h e d i n a pamphlet which encouraged other Finns i n F i n l a n d t o come to Canada and t o s e t t l e w i t h i n such an a g r i c u l t u r a l c o u n t r y . These men, i t was s a i d , 235 were employed by the C. P. R. and would soon earn s u f f i c i e n t money to s e t t l e as farmers i n Canada. The pamphlet was p u b l i s h e d a t a press unknown to me and the t r a n s l a t i o n of the t e x t was v e r y awkward. Finns i n Canada were asked to send these to f r i e n d s and r e l a t i v e s i n F i n l a n d . On the cover of the pamphlet was a p i c t u r e o f a p r i z e ox and because o f t h i s i t became known as the Kanadan h a r k a k i r . j a k s i [ C a n a d i a n ox pamphlet]. I t had been w i d e l y c i r c u l a t e d i n the Lapua and Kauhava d i s t r i c t s of F i n l a n d i n the year 1883 w i t h the outcome of encouraging immigration ;to Canada. The Finns mentioned above most l i k e l y d i d not come to know who t h a t h e l p f u l t r a v e l l i n g companion was, they merely gave him the t i t l e Ottawa ai.ja [Ottawa ManJ. Even afterwards he was f o n d l y remembered by them. I t i s f o r c e r t a i n t h a t F i n n i s h immigrants t o Canada have not a f t e r t h i s been welcomed t o the c o u n t r y i n such a f a s h i o n . The r e s u l t of t h a t event was t h a t the C. P. R. and the Ottawa Man were ab l e to procure s t i l l other F i n n i s h workers f o r the r a i l w a y . In the years 1882 and 1883 they a r r i v e d i n l a r g e numbers from the southern and c e n t r a l areas o f F i n l a n d . As soon as s e c t i o n s of the r a i l w a y had reached a s t a t e o f p a r t i a l completion, s a l o o n keepers and c o n - a r t i s t s gathered along the t r a c k s , i n a f a s h i o n t y p i c a l o f the western United S t a t e s , to cheat the workers. From such p r i m i t i v e s e t t l e m e n t s grew towns and c i t i e s where p r e s e n t l y the l a r g e s t congregations o f F i n n s can be found. P o r t A r t h u r , F o r t W i l l i a m and Sudbury are such p l a c e s . In P o r t A r t h u r d u r i n g these e a r l y times a F i n n named E r k k i l a e s t a b l i s h e d a s a l o o n which was the f i r s t o f i t s k i n d i n Canada. Drunkenness and the ensuing immodest l i f e s t y l e , r e p r e s e n t e d by n e a r l y every i n i q u i t y , were p a r t i c i p a t e d i n by the F inns of t h a t time. P l a c e s l i k e the one i n P o r t A r t h u r sought to encourage t h i s i n t h e i r time. Around the o u t s k i r t s o f these s m a l l and l a r g e r towns as w e l l as around the r a i l w a y s t a t i o n s w i t h i n O n t a r i o , F i n n i s h farming s e t t l e m e n t s began to form. The dimensions of t h i s d i s c u s s i o n do not accommodate l a t e r F i n n i s h - C a n a d i a n h i s t o r y . That w i l l be l e f t f o r some other person t o w r i t e . In the f o l l o w i n g l i n e s I s h a l l simply put down r e c o l l e c t i o n s f o r those who i n the f u t u r e might be i n t e r e s t e d i n the m i g r a t i o n s of F i n n i s h immigrants to Canada. The L i v e s o f F i n n s L i v i n g i n the Mountainous Regions o f B r i t i s h Columbia. The f i r s t F i n n i s h immigrants t h a t s e t t l e d w i t h i n B r i t i s h Columbia as permanent r e s i d e n t s came i n two separate groups and as a r e s u l t s e t t l e d i n two separate a r e a s : some w i t h i n the mountains and the others a l o n g the P a c i f i c c o a s t . Some o f those who were employed by the C. P. R. as c o n s t r u c t i o n workers i n the Rocky Mountains and of which th e r e was a s u b s t a n t i a l number, moved to the U n i t e d S t a t e s upon c o m p l e t i t i o n o f the c o n s t r u c t i o n . In November 1885 the t r a c k l a y e r s working from the E a s t and the West came together near Craigellachie station close to the present site of the town of Revelstoke. In the following year, shortly after the new year, the f i r s t train to cross the Rockies arrived at Port Moody on the Pacific coast. Two years later in 1887 the transcontinental train named Number One arrived i n Vancouver. In the beginning of the year 1886 a substantial group of men l e f t Lapua station i n Finland on their way to Canada. Amongst these were men who had previously worked on the construction of the C. P. R. i n the interior of Ontario^&nd who when employment opportunities had begun to wane had returned to Finland. This time they came directly to British Columbia to a mountainous region i n the heart of the Rockies known as the Rogers Pass. It i s a high altitude pass, where i n the mountains a heavy winter snowfall some-times reaches twenty-five to thirty feet in depth. As a result, there have been past times, during the spring, when avalanches have consumed entire trains. The above mentioned group of men received jobs i n this region as construction workers building snow shelters and tunnels out of wood and stone to protect the railway i n those areas most endangered by avalanches. During the winter months, employment was to be had in snow clearing operations on the railway. On one occasion the men dug an engine as well as other railcars from beneath an avalanche, finding the engineers and brakemen dead. Whenever the workers heard sounds like thunder emanating from above the clouds and 238 along the mountain peaks they needed to r u n f o r t h e i r l i v e s t o seek s h e l t e r i n the n e a r e s t of the t u n n e l s which they had c o n s t r u c t e d i n the p r e v i o u s summers. Somehow a l l the F i n n i s h workers managed to s u r v i v e except f o r one man, M a t t i Huhdankoski, from Kauhava who had been b u r i e d i n the snow. However, the F i n n s soon began t o undertake r a i l w a y work t o the west of Rogers Pass around Revelstoke and Salmon Arm. Here the F i n n , Kustaa L a i t i n e n from Lapua, was appointed to the p o s t i o n of foreman, then s e c t i o n boss and e v e n t u a l l y r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r o f t r a c k maintenance. Finns began t o be appointed to the p o s i t i o n o f s e c t i o n boss w i t h such r e g u l a r i t y t h a t d u r i n g the next f o r t y y e a r s a l o n g the s t r e t c h o f t r a c k between Karaloops and Revelstoke the m a j o r i t y o f these important p o s i t i o n s have been occupied by F i n n s . In the year 1933 t h e r e were t h i r t e e n such men and seven of them had come from Lapua. T h i s western s e c t i o n o f the r a i l w a y has among F i n n s r e c e i v e d the nickname L a p u a l a i s t e n d i v i s i o n a (the d i v i s i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the people from Lapua). These s e c t i o n bosses employed p r i m a r i l y F i n n i s h l a b o u r e r s s i n c e t h e r e were p l e n t y of immigrants from F i n l a n d ready t o work. I t was not uncommon to have the sons and a t times the masters o f landowning manor households i n F i n l a n d now working f o r a s e c t i o n boss who i n F i n l a n d had been t h e i r h i r e d hand. From these people, p r i m a r i l y from the south and c e n t r a l p a r t s o f F i n l a n d , and more s p e c i f i c a l l y from Lapua, began the f i r s t s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h i n the mountains of B r i t i s h Columbia. A f t e r having f i r s t worked on the r a i l w a y , these people began l a t e r t o undertake a g r i c u l t u r a l endeavours i n i t i a l l y a t Glendon, near the p r e s e n t s i t e o f Salmon Arm a t the western end of the Shuswap Lake. In time, t h e r e grew to be i n i t h i s a r e a s e v e r a l r e s i d e n t i a l communities such as White Lake, Solsqua, Cambie and Mara. Now t h e r e are n e a r l y one hundred F i n n i s h households w i t h i n t h i s a r ea. The t e r r a i n i s s u i t a b l e f o r f r u i t farming and a t Salmon Arm t h i s i s p r a c t i c e d w i t h good success* e s p e c i a l l y the growing of a p p l e s . The a l f a l f a which i s a l s o grown b r i n g s a good r e t u r n s i n c e i t i s p o s s i b l e t o h a r v e s t up to t h r e e crops per season. Those Finns who came as immigrants, by and l a r g e , speak and r e a d t h e i r n a t i v e language and pursue w r i t t e n knowledge wi t h d e t e r m i n a t i o n . The younger g e n e r a t i o n s which r e c e i v e t h e i r e d u c a t i o n i n E n g l i s h use i t as the w r i t t e n and working language, a l t h o u g h F i n n i s h remains as the spoken tongue. The day t o day l i v e s o f the e a r l y F i n n i s h people who have s e t t l e d w i t h i n the mountains o f B r i t i s h Columbia i n most r e s p e c t s do not d e v i a t e from the experiences and p r a c t i c e s of F i n n i s h people i n g e n e r a l . In none o f the ar« to which the F i n n s f i r s t gathered was t h e r e any c e n t r a l or community a c t i v i t y — a s i d e from d r i n k i n g and f i g h t i n g . These k i n d s of m i s s i n g a c t i v i t y would have c o n s t i t u t e d a form of e d u c a t i o n whereby the s p i r i t u a l and the p h y s i c a l 240 requirements o f l i v i n g c o u l d be b e t t e r understood and met. T h i s kind- of e d u c a t i o n has- t o some degree a l r e a d y begun among many of the Lapua d i v i s i o n a F i n n s . The F i r s t F i n n i s h A g r i c u l t u r a l Settlement i n Canada In the year 1886 a t the same time as the p r e v i o u s l y mentioned group of workers came t o B r i t i s h Columbia t h e r e was a F i n n i s h r e a l e s t a t e salesman i n Winnipeg named Hendrickson. He was the former post master o f K r i s t i n a , who now i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h Swedish p a r t n e r s operated the r e a l e s t a t e f i r m . At t h a t time the f e d e r a l government was awarding l a n d i n what i s now known as Saskatchewan t o F i n n s f o r a new s e t t l e m e n t . I t was Hendrickson*s d e s i g n t h a t t h i s a rea be s e t t l e d by Finns and i t had a l r e a d y been named New F i n l a n d . On t h e i r way to Canada the above mentioned group of men who came to B r i t i s h Columbia met i n G o t e p o r i , Sweden, Mr. David Jeremias Kautonen, who had worked as a baker i n S t . Peters b u r g and afterwards as a farmer, s t o r e -keeper and r e s t a u r a n t p r o p r i e t o r a t Kauhava. He had l e f t t h i s area without meeting h i s f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s and si n c e the man was p e n n i l e s s , y e t y e a r n i n g t o t r a v e l t o America, these men took up a c o l l e c t i o n and purchased a t i c k e t t o Canada. Kautonen became the f i r s t s e t t l e r i n New F i n l a n d and subsequently began a l a n d agency b u s i n e s s . The next s e t t l e r s t o come there came from the L a i h i a a r e a o f F i n l a n d . 241 The H i s t o r y of F i n n s along the P a c i f i c C o a s t a l Area of B r i t i s h Columbia A group o f F i n n s a r r i v e d i n Nanaimo v i a the United S t a t e s i n the e a r l y p a r t of the year 1888. They had come t o seek employment w i t h i n the c o a l mines o f Vancouver I s l a n d . S h o r t l y before t h i s time t h e r e had been a v o l a t i l e gas e x p l o s i o n a t the North W e l l i n g t o n c o a l mines i n which a group o f Caucasian and an even l a r g e r group o f o r i e n t a l miners had been k i l l e d . O v e r a l l Vancouver I s l a n d c o a l mines were c o n s i d e r e d t o be dangerous because of gas. T h i s was the problem t h a t had caused so many miners to l e a v e t o seek s a f e r employment elsewhere and the r e a s o n t h a t t h e r e was now an acute need of workers a t the North and E a s t W e l l i n g t o n mines. Since the jobs a t these mines were a d v e r t i s e d the newly a r r i v e d men q u i c k l y got the work they sought and needed. They then wrote t o f r i e n d s about the f a v o u r a b l e job-prospects and so the number o f F i n n s soon began to i n c r e a s e i n these p a r t s . That g e n e r a l m i s f o r t u n e which had accompanied F i n n s whenever they came tog e t h e r as a group both i n Canada as w e l l as i n : t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , namely a l c o h o l i s m , was a major curse of the North W e l l i n g t o n m i n e r s 1 community where a s u b s t a n t i a l number of them had congregated. Gang f i g h t s and drunkenness were everyday f a r e d u r i n g h o l i d a y s as w e l l as d u r i n g the working week. A l c o h o l i s m was encouraged there as elsewhere i n those times through the p r a c t i c e o f l o c a t i n g t a v e r n s near each work s i t e . Here 242 t h a t encouragement was f u r t h e r enhanced by the f a c t t h a t nearby were two breweries from which wagon d e l i v e r i e s were made to the camps each day. The purchaser had the o p t i o n of p u t t i n g o f f payment u n t i l the mine payday which came once a month. T h i s p r a c t i c e a i d e d i n the p r o g r e s s i o n from t a v e r n d r i n k i n g t o home consumption t o an o v e r a l l abuse o f a l c o h o l . On h o l i d a y s and on Sundays s o c i a l l i f e was p i t i f u l . T h i s i s how l i f e was w i t h i n the Vancouver I s l a n d F i n n i s h community p r i o r t o the establishment o f the temperance s o c i e t y . I t i s understandable t h a t i t would be t h i s way when a people do not have the a b i l i t y t o communicate w i t h others w i t h i n a s o c i e t y o f ' f o r e i g n e r s ' . The o n l y r e c o u r s e l e f t i s t o seek the company o f one!s c u l t u r a l peers, but when the r e are no i s s u e s of c e n t r a l importance nor b a s i c i s s u e s about which one can become i n t e r e s t e d , the n a t u r a l path i s t o a l c o h o l which was so r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e and which when i t takes h o l d has a way of r e l i e v i n g burdens. In the U n i t e d S t a t e s i n the s t a t e of Michigan there had been e s t a b l i s h e d a F i n n i s h c u l t u r a l and temperance b r o t h e r -hood s o c i e t y which s e v e r a l o u t l y i n g communities had j o i n e d . From t h a t headquarters were sent c h a r t e r s f o r f r a n c h i s e s t o newly formed s o c i e t i e s . When the miners a t North W e l l i n g t o n had gathered a s u b s t a n t i a l group o f members, and when even among the d r i n k e r s t h e r e had a r i s e n the q u e s t i o n of e s t a b l i s h i n g a temperance s o c i e t y , i t was decided on February 5, 1890 to 243 found the Lannen Rusko s o c i e t y . I t was the f i r s t such a s s o c i a t i o n i n B r i t i s h Columbia and i n a l l of Canada. At the founding meeting s i x t e e n members j o i n e d and the o f f i c e r s were recor d e d i n the c h a r t e r : Jaako K a n t e l i e n , p r e s i d e n t ; Frank A r v e l i n , v i c e - p r e s i d e n t ; Johan Sappen, s e c r e t a r y ; Oskari Heenonen, t r e a s u r e r ; Jaako Haapala, s e c r e t a r y -t r e a s u r e r ; A u k u s t i P e r t t i j a r v i , o r g a n i z e r . The group was s m a l l , but a s t a r t had been made, the f i r s t s t e p taken toward a b e t t e r f u t u r e . The i n t e r e s t and enthusiasm which the members o f t h a t s o c i e t y e x h i b i t e d f o r e c a s t i t a promising f u t u r e . I t can be s a i d here t h a t when a person grasps h o l d of the proper p e r s p e c t i v e of l i f e ' s h i g h e r v i r t u e s he w i l l most o f t e n d i r e c t to h i s new u ndertakings the same v i g o u r which he had f o r m e r l y a p p l i e d to l e s s c o n s t r u c t i v e a c t i v i t i e s . I n the p a s t t h i s became v e r y evident w i t h i n the temperance movement and l a t e r t h a t enthusiasm showed i t s e l f i n l a b o u r union p a r t i c i p a t i o n . E a r l i e r t h e r e had been a t North W e l l i n g t o n a d i s a s t e r i n which a group of Chinese workers had been k i l l e d . They had l e f t behind a c o l l e c t i o n of d i l a p i d a t e d b u i l d i n g s , namely "Chinatown", and, s i n c e the company p r o v i d e d no other forms o f accommodation, the F i n n i s h miners r e c o n d i t i o n e d these s t r u c t u r e s f o r themselves as homes. One of these b u i l d i n g s was r e p a i r e d , cleaned and decorated f o r use as the meeting h a l l o f the Lannen Rusko. I t was a v e r y modest pl a c e t o be c a l l e d a h a l l but the meetings h e l d t h e r e were so b r o t h e r l y and engrossing t h a t even a f t e r f o r t y y e a r s they s t i l l l i n g e r i n the memory. I was not among those who founded the s o c i e t y but j o i n e d s h o r t l y a f t e r i t s e s t a b l i s h m e n t . The l i f e span o f the Lannen Rusko i n North W e l l i n g t o n , however, was s h o r t . E a r l y i n the s p r i n g a m i n e r s 1 s t r i k e began and the company turned a l l those who would not go to work out o f t h e i r homes. F o r t h a t reason a l l the F i n n s l e f t and the h a l l was abandoned, although the r o l e o f the s o c i e t y d i d not cease t o be. When some o f the miners took jobs a t the E a s t W e l l i n g t o n mine, meetings were h e l d i n f o r m a l l y a t the homes o f the v a r i o u s workers; sometimes a t a s i n g l e man* s q u a r t e r s and a t other times i n f a m i l y homes. S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r , however, the Nanaimo mining company began t o i n c r e a s e the number o f t h e i r employees and i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f b e t t e r wages many workers moved t h e r e . Lannen Rusko then moved t o Nanaimo where i t prospered i n t o the f i r s t y e a r s o f t h i s c e n t u r y . When the W e l l i n g t o n s t r i k e was over and t h e r e was a shortage of workers, Finns once a g a i n began t o s e t t l e t h e r e . Once a g a i n the same s o r t of s o c i a l l i f e ensued, drunkenness w i t h i t s a s s o c i a t e d v i c e s g r e a t l y prospered. I t was d u r i n g t h i s time t h a t we gathered on one o c c a s i o n i n the u p s t a i r s of the home o f Jaakko R a j a l a and e s t a b l i s h e d the A l l o t a r s o c i e t y on October 11, 1891. With the founding o f t h i s s o c i e t y t h e r e arose w i t h i n the h i s t o r y o f Vancouver I s l a n d F i n n s a new epoch, the time o f s p i r i t u a l awakening. To house the c e n t e r we c o n s t r u c t e d a l a r g e and a t t r a c t i v e meeting h a l l w i t h a r e a d i n g room and, wit h the a s s i s t a n c e o f the Lannen Rusko. we began a F i n n i s h language l i b r a r y . As the d e s i r e to r e a d i n c r e a s e d , l i b r a r y books were exchanged wi t h Lannen Rusko to the f u l f i l m e n t o f the r e a d e r s . Amongst o u r s e l v e s the r e a d i n g o f books was thor o u g h l y encouraged. Soon the major c o n s i d e r a t i o n s c o n s t i t u t i n g l i f e ' s problems became the s u b j e c t s of c o n v e r s a t i o n s and s c r u t i n y . We began to t a l k about and evaluate the k i n d o f l i f e we l i v e d as w e l l as the g e n e r a l p o s i t i o n i n which workers found themselves. As a r e s u l t o f t h i s k i n d o f s o c i a l advancement, F i n n s began t o awaken r e c o g n i t i o n and r e c e i v e p r a i s e even among the t h i n k i n g E n g l i s h speaking people. We seldom needed to hear the curse "Bad R u s s i a n F i n n s " as we had b e f o r e . In 1893 a b r a s s band was founded a t North W e l l i n g t o n . During the summer o f 1896 the V i c t o r i a , Nanaimo, Vancouver, New Westminster and W e l l i n g t o n chapters of an E n g l i s h speaking temperance s o c i e t y o r g a n i z e d a major i n s p i r a t i o n a l r a l l y i n an outdoor park i n Nanaimo. At g r e a t expense a Nanaimo band had been commissioned t o p l a y f o r a s h o r t w h i l e and the F i n n i s h band, comprised mainly of temperance men, o f f e r e d and went t o p l a y f o r f r e e . T h i s may or may not be c o n s i d e r e d as i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l s e l f - a p p r a i s a l but i t made the emotions r i s e t o see and hear the o u t s t a n d i n g e x p r e s s i o n o f enthusiasm i n t o which the thousands s t r o n g temperance co n g r e g a t i o n b u r s t as the F i n n i s h band marched i n t o the f e s t i v a l grounds. Throughout the E n g l i s h audience p r a i s e c o u l d be heard, e s p e c i a l l y among those immediate t o the grounds. L e t t h i s be an i n d i c a t i o n of how even temperance s o c i e t i e s c o u l d r e o r i e n t the d i r e c t i o n o f l i v e s amongst Vancouver I s l a n d r e s i d e n t s of the time. Once a g a i n i t i s necessary t o speak about the hard l e a r n e d l e s s o n s t h a t the F i n n i s h workers a t the North W e l l i n g t o n mines had t o l e a r n and e x p e r i e n c e . F i n n s as w e l l as other miners had e s t a b l i s h e d f o r themselves some comfortable d w e l l i n g s as w e l l as a meeting h a l l f o r the A l l o t a r society,* As the c o a l seams became d e p l e t e d around the t u r n of the century, the owner of the mines, the premier o f B r i t i s h Columbia, who was l a t e r t o become l i e u t e n a n t - g o v e r n o r and m u l t i - m i l l i o n a i r e , James Dunsmuir, began t o mine f o r c o a l a t a p l a c e twelve m i l e s away known as the E x t e n s i o n mines. The workers who sought employment there dismantled t h e i r b o a r d - c o n s t r u c t e d homes and c a r r i e d the m a t e r i a l s w i t h them t o r e b u i l d on l o t s r e n t e d from a p r i v a t e landowner. Soon a f t e r , t h a t same m i l l i o n a i r e d ecided t o found a new town.on the shores o f Oyster Harbour where the E x t e n s i o n c o a l was loaded onto s h i p s . As a r e s u l t , he decreed t h a t a l l the E x t e n s i o n miners who wished to continue working f o r him must move to l i v e i n the new town which he named Ladysmith as a memorial t o the Boer War. Once a g a i n the miners were o b l i g a t e d to dismantle t h e i r homes as d i r e c t e d and to purchase l o t s from Mr. Dunsmuir a t h i g h p r i c e s . I f anything can t e a c h a t h i n k i n g man t o d e s p i s e subservience and to escape from beneath d e s p o t i c 247 c o n d i t i o n s , i t i s r e c o l l e c t i o n s about events l i k e those mentioned above and o t h e r such b i t t e r l e s s o n s . T h i s s o r t o f high-handedness a l t e r e d t h e i r t h i n k i n g t o the k i n d s o f dreams which became a r e a l i t y f o r the Kalevan Kansa a t S o i n t u l a . The H i s t o r y of the Kalevan Kansa Three men a r r i v e d a t E x t e n s i o n from Queensland, A u s t r a l i a , near the b e g i n n i n g o f the year 1900. They were named Aatami Korhonen, Mr. J o k i n e n and H e i k k i K i l p e l a i n e n , the l a t t e r o f whom I came to know. He c a r r i e d w i t h him s e v e r a l pamphlets authored by M a t t i K u r i k k a which he o f f e r e d t o me t o r e a d . Upon r e a d i n g these pamphlets i t became c l e a r t o me t h a t M a t t i K u r i k k a was sympathetic to the h a r d s h i p s o f workers and was w i l l i n g t o f i g h t f o r t h e i r r i g h t s . These sentiments became ev i d e n t t o us d e s p i t e a l l the F i n n i s h newspaper a r t i c l e s t o which we had had a c c e s s and which had spoken d i s p a r a g i n g l y about h i s undertakings i n F i n l a n d and A u s t r a l i a . S i nce there had been among us, the F i n n i s h miners on Vancouver I s l a n d , a d e s i r e t o b e g i n farming as a mode of l i v e l i h o o d and to escape the unhealthy and dangerous o n d i t i o n s o f mine work, I wrote a l e t t e r t o M a t t i K u r i k k a a t the A u s t r a l i a n address s u p p l i e d t o me by K i l p e l a i n e n . In the l e t t e r I e x p l a i n e d t o him - a l l the advantages t h a t t h i s c ountry c o u l d o f f e r i n terms o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , c l i m a t e , e t c . and encouraged him to come t o B r i t i s h Columbia t o a s s i s t us i n the founding o f a F i n n i s h s e t t l e m e n t . I e 248 r e c e i v e d , i n the be g i n n i n g o f J u l y , the f o l l o w i n g r e p l y from K u r i k k a . June 7, Mareebossa I was j u s t l y i n g f a t i g u e d i n bed a f t e r strenuous work a t Uuden C h i l l i g a e n when your l e t t e r o f A p r i l 8xn a r r i v e d . On the same o c c a s i o n I r e c e i v e d two othe r l e t t e r s from F i n l a n d , both o f which urged me t o r e t u r n t o the homeland and were accompanied by a promise t o pay passage and expenses. But, I s h a l l announce r i g h t here t h a t your l e t t e r enthused me c o n s i d e r a b l y more than d i d the other two d e s p i t e the f a c t t h a t they were v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g l y and f e t c h i n g l y w r i t t e n . I , as you know, can no l o n g e r even c o n c e i v e o f t r a v e l l i n g t o a F i n l a n d dominated by a R u s s i a n p i r a t e goverment except i n the company o f cannons and mauser r i f l e s . Freedom t o me i s more p r e c i o u s than a n y t h i n g e l s e , but i t i s p r e c i s e l y t h i s which i s c u r r e n t l y wanting i n F i n l a n d . S t i l l , taken from another p e r s p e c t i v e , my d a l l i a n c e here i n A u s t r a l i a has begun t o become i n c r e a s i n g l y d i s t a s t e f u l . What t h e r e f o r e i s the p o i n t o f remaining here i n Queensland when brigandage i s g a i n i n g c o n t r o l here as w e l l . The d i f f e r e n c e between t h i s l a n d and F i n l a n d i s enormous, s i n c e i f freedom e x i s t s anywhere, i t e x i s t s here. However, d e g r a d a t i o n accompanies freedom and c r u e l t y accompanies a l c o h o l i s m t o such an extent t h a t a l l attempts a t j o i n i n g ; t h i s t r a s h y s o c i e t y have begun t o seem r e p u l s i v e . The founding o f a separate settlement appears i m p o s s i b l e s i n c e those few Finns who have a r r i v e d here are f o r c e d t o e i t h e r s t r u g g l e w i t h a d v e r s i t y or do not comprehend the profound importance o f e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e i r own community. Your l e t t e r penned i n a t r u s t w o r t h y manner by a F i n n b r i n g s up f o r me a new o p p o r t u n i t y i n the f u t u r e t o gat h e r my beloved countrymen, who are l i k e s c a t t e r e d m a t e r i a l s , i n t o one p l a c e . I f we can succeed i n e s t a b l i s h i n g one p l a c e , w i t h a st r o n g F i n n i s h c e n t e r i n t h a t v a s t west, even the s c a t t e r e d m a t e r i a l s w i l l come together l i k e the p a r t s o f a nervous system. For t h a t purpose I am ready t o leave A u s t r a l i a and to come to be the r e among you. But, by what means might I get t h e r e , s i n c e I am as poor as a church r a t — d e s p i t e the f a c t t h a t we have worked here even beyond our p h y s i c a l c a p a c i t i e s . There a r e a few people here w i t h money but i t would be d i f f i c u l t f o r me to arrange f o r a l o a n from them s i n c e I have no knowledge of when I might repay them. I f by some means you were ab l e t o procure f o r me the t r a v e l l i n g expenses, I would be prepared t o get underway immediately and t o g i v e myself s o l e l y t o 249 t h e ^ s e r v i c e of founding t h a t community. I n the b e g i n n i n g , i f i t becomes necessary to earn money, I am prepared t o do work o f any k i n d s i n c e I have d i s c a r d e d a l l the mannerisms of the upper c l a s s e s i n H e l s i n k i . Now I have hands as c a l l o u s e d as anyone, which i s the l o t o f the working man. L e t me bestow upon you a l l the most h e a r t f e l t g r e e t i n g s and my d e s i r e to be w i t h you to p l a n t the seed of betterment from which b o u n t i f u l crops s h a l l r i s e f o r the joy o f humanity and f o r the g l o r y of F i n l a n d . Your f r i e n d M a t t i K u r i k k a Upon r e c e i v i n g t h i s r e p l y our f i r s t t ask was to under-take the c o l l e c t i o n o f money t o pay f o r K u r i k k a 1 s passage from A u s t r a l i a t o Nanaimo. In a s h o r t w h i l e the c o l l e c t i o n accumulated one hundred and t w e n t y - f i v e d o l l a r s and t h i s sum was sent to K u r i k k a without d e l a y . H e r e a f t e r , Nanaimo became known as the founding s i t e of the Kalevan Kansa. Having r e c e i v e d the money t h a t we sent, K u r i k k a a r r i v e d i n Nanaimo the f o l l o w i n g August. He q u i c k l y became f a m i l i a r w i t h the F i n n i s h p o p u l a t i o n and s p e c i f i c a l l y w i t h those men who became the founders of the Kalevan Kansa. K u r i k k a ' s t a l k s a t the temperance h a l l which were h e l d i n the evenings were v e r y i n t r i g u i n g . The f i r s t o f these t a l k s was h e l d a t the A a l l o t a r h a l l , the second a t the E x t e n s i o n temperance h a l l and the t h i r d a t Nanaimo a t the Lannen Rusko h a l l where a church s e r v i c e was b e i n g h e l d . Except f o r the t a l k s which were f r e e and open to a l l and g i v e n a t the s o c i e t y h a l l s , K u r i k k a d i d not seem to have any o t h e r : p a r t i c u l a r s k i l l s . In p r i v a t e c o n v e r s a t i o n s which we a l l f o l l o w e d w i t h g r e a t c a r e , K u r i k k a made c l e a r h i s i d e a s about the new s e t t l e m e n t . The i d e a of founding a c o l o n y and b r i n g i n g 250 t o g e t h e r a group who would l i v e on the bounty o f the l a n d had been d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r among f r i e n d s . There had been some t a l k about a c o - o p e r a t i v e communal endeavour b e f o r e Kurikka's a r r i v a l . However, he had a f u l l y formulated p l a n about which he had e v i d e n t l y thought f o r some time. Through h i s e x p l a n a t i o n the i d e a immediately seemed workable and p r a c t i c a l . I t was formulated i n p r i n c i p l e on the b a s i s o f a s t o c k company—a concept which was i n agreement with what we had e a r l i e r conceived such a venture t o be. Although l a t e r , and e s p e c i a l l y a t Malcolm I s l a n d , i t seemed t h a t the i d e a c o u l d not be made workable. Those e a r l y schemes came to appear a l t o g e t h e r i m p o s s i b l e . T h i s was so because o u t s i d e r s came to the c o - o p e r a t i v e community wi t h no f i n a n c e s to pay the membership dues and because many such people came wit h the added burden of l a r g e f a m i l i e s . As a matter o f circumstance the c o - o p e r a t i v e was f o r c e d t o support the i d e a of a l a r g e communal house. T h i s i d e a o f a commune was f o r many something unthought of but w i t h K u r i k k a ' s encouragement i t appeared p r a c t i c a l and i m a g i n a t i v e . People always wish something b e t t e r i n the f u t u r e f o r themselves although they o f t e n become d i s i l l u s i o n e d . A person who never makes mistakes i s not v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t , but a person who l e a r n s from h i s e r r o r s i s i n t e l l i g e n t . As one t r a v e l s back i n h i s mind t o those times some t h i r t y y e ars ago he must agree t h a t the founding of the Kalevan Kansa was f o r us a t t h a t time a h i s t o r i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t e v e n t — t o progress from the o l d t o the new, from 251 f a l s e h o o d t o t r u t h and from s e r v i t u d e t o freedom. Those people who over f o r t y years ago came here as immigrants from F i n l a n d , and who had grown up under the s t r i c t c o n f i n e s o f r u r a l l i f e , l e a r n e d to r e s p e c t r e l i g i o n and to l o o k upon wrong doing and d i s h o n e s t y as i g n o b l e . When t h i s s o r t o f honest peasant comes to a new environment, w i t h a new mode of l i f e , which i s a l t o g e t h e r d i f f e r e n t from the one he l e f t , he does not know an y t h i n g a t a l l about s o c i a l i s m or communism. However, when he i s f o r c e d by the accepted p r a c t i c e t o see the p r e s s u r e s e x e r t e d by money i n a l l f a c e t s , he i s o b l i g e d to c o n s i d e r , to compare and t o e v a l u a t e . Before l o n g he comes t o r e c o g n i z e shortcomings w i t h i n the s o c i a l o r d e r . T h i s i s how an honest working person without c o n s c i o u s l y knowing i t becomes a s o c i a l i s t . The d i s c u s s i o n p r e v i o u s l y undertaken does not y e t f u l l y e x p l a i n the h a r d s h i p s o f l i f e t h a t the miners were f o r c e d t o experience w i t h i n the mines o f B r i t i s h Columbia's l a r g e s t employer of the time. He was the exact person who i n p a r t motivated the founders of the Kalevan Kansa t o become d e f i a n t a g a i n s t drudgery and d e s p o t i c a r b i t r a r i n e s s . To f u l l y understand one has to experience the l i f e o f a miner, to know the t o i l and burdensomeness o f descending i n t o the bottomless jaws, never knowing whether one w i l l s u r f a c e a l i v e or dead or b a d l y i n j u r e d t o l i v e the r e s t o f one's l i f e a c r i p p l e a t the mercy o f o t h e r s . S t i l l t o be mentioned i s the o p p r e s s i o n under which the miners l i v e d . They were not allowed to have any o r g a n i z a t i o n or u n i o n 252 which would have a l e r t e d them t o t h i n k about matters o f v i t a l importance and to r e c o g n i z e the v a l u e o f a s s o c i a t i o n s , o f one's own s t r e n g t h s and o f group s o l i d a r i t y . There, the peoples of Europe, A s i a , A f r i c a , America and A u s t r a l i a were re p r e s e n t e d , encompassing the r a c e s from white to y e l l o w and t o b l a c k as w e l l . Need i t be s t a t e d t h a t i n the midst o f such a group morale was not v e r y h i g h and honesty had become a hindrance to advancement s i n c e everyone was f i g h t i n g f o r t h e i r own s e l f - i n t e r e s t a g a i n s t those o f o t h e r s . Under such c o n d i t i o n s cunning and low m o r a l i t y are advantageous q u a l i t i e s . I suppose t h a t the mixture o f r a c e s was encouraged so t h a t the workers would remain separate i n t h e i r i n t e r e s t s and not form a s s o c i a t i o n s . T h i s was the g e n e r a l experience o f l i f e among the immigrant miners i n the l a s t y e a r s o f the p a s t c e n t u r y and i n the b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s one i n the mines o f B r i t i s h Columbia's most w e l l - t o - d o man, premier and l i e u t e n a n t - g o v e r n o r . A s m a l l statement needs to be made of the p e r s p e c t i v e s adopted by c e r t a i n o f the white r a c e s , c h i e f l y the E n g l i s h , who thought no one e l s e t o be white ( i . e. equal to them) no matter how white t h e i r s k i n s might have been. At t h a t time the p o s s i b i l i t y o f work o u t s i d e the mines was minimal s i n c e the p r o d u c t i o n of wood products was a t the b e g i n n i n g stages and on a s m a l l s c a l e . The Chinese, Japanese and the Hindus had taken on most of the s u r f a c e jobs and had taken over s e v e r a l mines as w e l l . I can r e c a l l from my own experience o f f o r t y - f i v e y e a r s ago how I pushed 253 a lumber wagon a t a sawmill w i t h a f e l l o w worker who was Chinese. I r e c e i v e d as wages a d o l l a r a day i n a d d i t i o n t o my room and board, but the Chinese man r e c e i v e d o n l y a d o l l a r from which he needed to pay f o r h i s food and accommodation. From the above account one can get an i d e a o f the t r i b u l a t i o n s of the immigrant wage-worker who d i d not have a language f a c i l i t y . But what were the p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o save o n e s e l f from t h i s s i t u a t i o n and p a r t i c u l a r l y from the mines? How c o u l d one s e t out alone or i n a s m a l l group w i t h l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e s , f i n a n c i a l and otherwise i n t o t h a t rugged environment and w i l d e r n e s s away from the advantages of present day conveniences t o b r i n g up a f a m i l y f a r from the most elementary o f e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s ? Not even the a l l u r i n g f e e l i n g f e l t by those who know the majesty o f B r i t i s h Columbia's n a t u r a l s e t t i n g can make the s t r a i n on the e n e r g i e s of a s i n g l e man easy i f he were to t r y to e s t a b l i s h a home t h e r e , not even i f he were to drop from h i s mind the y e a r n i n g f o r a l l the p l e a s a n t r i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h community l i f e . But, now t h a t the i d e a had been awakened, i t seemed both p o s s i b l e and workable t o j o i n i n w i t h a l a r g e r group t o b e g i n a c o - o p e r a t i v e whose s t r e n g t h would be based on communal l a b o u r . A home c o u l d be b u i l t f o r a l l i t s members based on the i d e a o f a c o l l e c t i v e where the i n t e r e s t s o f one and a l l would i n l i k e f a s h i o n be guaranteed. A p l a c e where the l a b o u r of any s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l would not be made i n t o a market product and where workers c o u l d c e n t r a l i z e and develop those v i r t u e s and v a l u e s which prevent the i n s t i n c t s 2 5 * of s e l f - p r e s e r v a t i o n from g e n e r a t i n g a n i m a l i s t i c a v a r i c e . These same i d e a l s had long b e f o r e been conceived by Robert Owen, F o u r i e r and other founders o f s o c i a l i s t i c communities i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s . They sought the same as we t r i e d t o achieve on Malcolm I s l a n d . We deceived o u r s e l v e s as d i d they, but i n s p i t e of our and t h e i r mistakes and d e c e p t i o n s these same experiments are t r i e d sometimes here and a t other times t h e r e . As mentioned e a r l i e r , K u r i k k a a t f i r s t had no s p e c i a l t a s k s but to h o l d open t a l k s and speeches to i n t r o d u c e people t o h i s i d e a s . T h i s he d i d a t the evening meetings of the temperance s o c i e t i e s . For a time he taught E n g l i s h t o the F i n n i s h miners a t E x t e n s i o n mine and l a t e r he under-took a t r i p t o the United S t a t e s to A s t o r i a , Oregon. There he came i n t o c o n t a c t with Dr. Rosenburg who p u b l i s h e d a l o c a l F i n n i s h language newspaper e n t i t l e d the Lannetar. Upon h i s r e t u r n he s e t t l e d a t Nanaimo. F i n d i n g Land f o r the Kalevan Kansa In the meantime we searched f o r and made i n q u i r i e s about o b t a i n i n g a t r a c t of l a n d f o r the s e t t l e r s . None o f the p i e c e s on o f f e r p leased us s i n c e they were so expensive t h a t the amount o f money needed f o r a p i e c e o f l a n d s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e would have been more than our r e s o u r c e s c o u l d c a r r y . For t h i s r e a s on our thoughts turned toward o b t a i n i n g crown l a n d . We d e c i d e d to t u r n our backs on the l a n d s p e c u l a t o r s and to attempt t o d e a l with the government. 255 In t h a t c a p a c i t y K u r i k k a and I departed f o r V i c t o r i a , the c a p i t a l o f B r i t i s h Columbia, i n the s p r i n g o f 1901 to i n q u i r e about government l a n d s . The next day we went to the pa r l i a m e n t b u i l d i n g s t o speak w i t h the M i n i s t e r o f Lands and Labour. He g r e e t e d us i n a c o r d i a l f a s h i o n and seemed q u i t e agreeable when we had presented our purpose. On our departure from the par l i a m e n t b u i l d i n g s , an e l d e r l y guard, an o l d and k i n d l y gentleman, brought us a l a p f u l l o f books and maps from which i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d be g o t t e n about a l l the a v a i l a b l e lands along the c o a s t a l areas o f B r i t i s h Columbia. Since a t t h i s time I was not working i n the mines, I had ample o p p o r t u n i t y t o s c r u t i n i z e these papers. Among them was a book whose t i t l e i n ^Finnish would be Rannikko-matka. In i t accounts were g i v e n o f the s h i p p i n g r o u t e s along which a l l the s h i p s t r a v e l l e d t o the n o r t h , a l l the way t o A l a s k a . We c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d the lands a v a i l a b l e on both s i d e s o f t h i s channel: the topography, the f o r e s t e d areas, the t r e e s p e c i e s , the m i n e r a l d e p o s i t s , e t c . The v i c i n i t y around Malcolm I s l a n d r M a l k o s a a r i ] was desig n a t e d as the prime a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a i n these p a r t s . From the map I immediately found the i s l a n d and d i s c o v e r e d i t t o l i e between the l a r g e r Vancouver I s l a n d and the mainland. I t was v e r y near the s h i p p i n g l a n e s and was o f a p p r o p r i a t e s i z e f o r the Kalevan Kansa. That i s l a n d we must a t t a i n f o r our s e t t l e r s I immediately thought—we must t r y t o get i t r i g h t away. I hastened t o inf o r m K u r i k k a o f the d i s c o v e r y as w e l l 256 a s i t h e r e s t of the board of d i r e c t o r s of the Kalevan Kansa. The d i r e c t o r s h i p i n i t s next meeting agreed upon the s u g g e s t i o n and we q u i c k l y put i n t o o p e r a t i o n plans to procure the i s l a n d . L a t e r , K u r i k k a and Jaakko T a n t t a r i went t o view the i s l a n d f i r s t hand and t h e i r v o c a l a p p r a i s a l o f the f u t u r e homesite was good as w e l l as a p p r e c i a t i v e . Malcolm I s l a n d — M a l k o s a a r i I n some ways t h i s f i f t e e n m i l e s l o n g and two and a h a l f m i l e s wide i s l a n d of twenty-eight thousand a c r e s i s r a t h e r remarkable. The nearby Nimpkish Indians have f o r hundreds of years carved huge dugout canoes from cedar t r e e s on t h i s i s l a n d , f i r s t w i t h stone axes and l a t e r w i t h European implements. Bark from the young and s l e n d e r cedar t r e e s has i n past times been an important raw m a t e r i a l f o r I n d i a n b a s k e t r y , f o r cedar bark mattresses, f o r f l o o r c o v e r i n g i n I n d i a n wigwams, f o r other household purposes and f o r c l o t h i n g from head t o f o o t . F o r the I n d i a n t h i s m a t e r i a l has been as v a l u a b l e as b i r c h bark was f o r the F i n n s of a n c i e n t t i m e s . From th e r e the Indians have a l s o g o t t e n y e l l o w cedar which they have carved i n t o a t t r a c t i v e totem p o l e s a t A l e r t Bay. What p e c u l a r i t y of purpose has made t h i s i s l a n d remarkable throughout North America so t h a t on i t two separate Utopian communities have been g i v e n b i r t h and have passed away? The f i r s t u t o p i a was founded by people from England and I r e l a n d , not Wales as thought by some. They were a r e l i g i o u s denomination who t r i e d t o s e t t l e t here y e a r s b e f o r e the 257 Kalevan Kansa. T h e i r l e a d e r was a man named Spencer, a p e n i t e n t i a l clergyman and r e l i g i o u s v i s i o n a r y who dreamed of e s t a b l i s h i n g an i d e a l i s t i c C h r i s t i a n commune t h e r e . That attempt d i d not s u r v i v e f o r l o n g . I n t e r n a l d i s p u t e s and p o v e r t y caused i t to break up almost immediately. The f i r s t Kalevan Kansa men who reached the i s l a n d found the remains o f a board c a b i n l e f t by t h e i r p r edecessors near the ocean shore a t the s i t e which would become S o i n t u l a . On the sandy beach were the remains o f a steamplant f o r use i n a sawmill and a p i l e o f r u s t e d p i p e s . Those people most l i k e l y had a l r e a d y brought a steam engine as w e l l as other m a t e r i a l s which have s i n c e been taken away by someone. I t i s s a i d t h a t they obtained from James Dunsmuir an o l d and s m a l l sawmill which had been i n use a t North W e l l i n g t o n . One o f the members o f t h i s group l i v e d up u n t i l twenty years ago near the mouth of the Nimpkish R i v e r where he had a s m a l l farm. He had spoken .of the d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered by h i s group on t h e i r way to Malcolm I s l a n d as the waves h i t over the deck o f the f l a t b e d barge as i t was b e i n g p u l l e d by the steamship. Since a l l the food, c l o t h i n g and household goods b e l o n g i n g to the s e t t l e r s had been s t o r e d there they were completely soaked. He a l s o spoke about how he and h i s w i f e on the f i r s t n i g h t t h a t they reached the i s l a n d t r i e d to s h e l t e r and keep the s m a l l e r c h i l d r e n warm by drawing them t o t h e i r bare" b r e a s t s . The o n l y s h e l t e r a v a i l a b l e was under a l a r g e t r e e , otherwise t h e r e was o n l y open sky. 258 S t i l l one other a s p e c t o f Malcolm I s l a n d h i s t o r y should be mentioned here. Before the coming o f the Kalevan Kansa a hermit o f Danish e x t r a c t i o n named E. E l l i m a n had l i v e d on the i s l a n d f o r f i v e or s i x y e a r s . E a r l i e r he had been a man w e l l - v e r s e d w i t h the c i v i l i z e d world. As a foreman a t a wood p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t a t San F r a n c i s c o he had undertaken numerous t r i p s t o Europe. Upon becoming completely d i s i l l u s i o n e d w i t h the t u r m o i l of the world and the f a l s e v a l u e s of c i v i l i z a t i o n he had chosen .to come to Malcolm I s l a n d . He had s e t t l e d near the seashore a t the mouth of a brook about t h r e e m i l e s away from the p r e s e n t s i t e o f S o i n t u l a where he had kept a v e g e t a b l e garden and a few c h i c k e n s . A few months b e f o r e the a r r i v a l o f the Kalevan Kansa he had come t o a d i s m a l end. An I n d i a n whose h a b i t i t was t o b r i n g E l l i m a n c h i c k e n f e e d from the A l e r t Bay s t o r e had found him dead beneath the stump o f a l a r g e t r e e . Now E l l i m a n ' s home i s s t i l l i n use as a c h i c k e n coop on the farm of Amanda Hankanen and the area w i l l f o r some time t o come be known by E l l i m a n ' s name. A l s o near the mouth of the same brook named Rauhala a European had sometime i n the p a s t t r i e d t o b u i l d a home. At t h a t l o c a t i o n about f o u r m i l e s from S o i n t u l a o l d implements have been d i s c o v e r e d . The Kalevan Kansa t h e r e f o r e was not the f i r s t t o come to Malcolm I s l a n d t o e s t a b l i s h a home s i t e , but o n l y the Finns have l e f t a permanent r e c o r d t h e r e . F i n n i s h language and c u l t u r e w i l l be preserved there l o n g e r than anywhere e l s e 259 i n Canada. So now we knew about a p i e c e o f l a n d f o r our migrants' c o - o p e r a t i v e , but i t was s t i l l o n l y an e x p e c t a t i o n , not a r e a l i t y . T h i s was when the n e a r l y insurmountable d i f f i c u l t i e s and hindrances began f o r us. These matters were delayed beyond reason i n the government bureaus and i n pa r l i a m e n t and we had no ch o i c e but to wai t . We kept the i s s u e a l i v e and a t the f o r e f r o n t but we were the ones a s k i n g and the government the ones g i v i n g . As a r e s u l t o f t h i s h e s i t a t i o n and w a i t i n g K u r i k k a began t o e n t i r e l y l o s e h i s hope and confidence c o n c e r n i n g t h i s matter. He was a l s o t r o u b l e d by the imposed i d l e n e s s and he began t o t h i n k about going away to f i n d work. C e r t a i n l y i t t r i e d the p a t i e n c e o f us a l l . I f our enthusiasm and w i l l i n g n e s s t o make s a c r i f i c e s had not been so t e n a c i o u s , S o i n t u l a would not have been founded. In the past we had s t r u g g l e d and won, as we had won a g a i n s t a l c o h o l i s m . I t r e q u i r e d the s a c r i f i c e o f both time and money but i n the end the r e s u l t s were b e n e f i c i a l . Now we had i n q u e s t i o n the establishment o f a c o - o p e r a t i v e . A c o - o p e r a t i v e which, i f i t was t o succeed, would not o n l y be a p p r e c i a t e d by us, but would serve as a s i g n p o s t f o r oth e r workers. When t h i s s o r t o f b e l i e f and f a i t h are f o r t h r i g h t and s i n c e r e one can s a c r i f i c e a g r e a t d e a l . The Founding of the A i k a Newspaper On a Sunday i n the f i r s t h a l f o f the year o f 1901 of which I cannot r e c a l l f o r c e r t a i n the exact date, I went as 260 u s u a l t o meet K u r i k k a a t h i s p l a c e o f l o d g i n g i n the home o f A. Oberg a t Nanaimo. Upon a r r i v i n g I found him s i t t i n g depressed and pensive which was not u s u a l f o r h i s l i v e l y and s t i m u l a t i n g d i s p o s i t i o n . He had prepared a l l h i s belongings f o r t r a v e l and s t a t e d t h a t the f o l l o w i n g morning he would leave f o r A s t o r i a t o work on the newspaper Lannetar. Now i t appeared t h a t even our l a s t hope f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a c o - o p e r a t i v e company had faded s i n c e without Kurikka?s a s s i s t a n c e we d i d not have the needed f a i t h t o make i t come about. We needed h i s eloquence and h i s sharp pen f o r our a s s i s t a n c e . In p r a c t i c a l matters we c o u l d have depended on o u r s e l v e s . I t can be p o i n t e d out t h a t K u r i k k a might have founded the Kalevan Kansa elsewhere, perhaps i n the Un i t e d S t a t e s i n the v i c i n i t y o f other more e s t a b l i s h e d F i n n i s h communities. However, i t can a l s o be argued t h a t alone he would not be ab l e t o achieve a n y t h i n g . That i s what he had s e t out t o do from F i n l a n d and t o b r i n g about i n A u s t r a l i a , but as he had confessed i n h i s l e t t e r , he had f a i l e d . K u r i k k a needed men who were w i l l i n g t o make s a c r i f i c e s f o r those t h i n g s which they f e l t t o be important and r i g h t . In a d d i t i o n , i n B r i t i s h Columbia there were a l l the advantages. There were b o u n t i f u l r e s o u r c e s , unprecedented o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r f i s h i n g , woods f u l l o f game, p l e n t i f u l f o r e s t s and a l l around an i c e f r e e sea where the company would not need t o depend on any form of p u b l i c conveyance. When a l l these advantages were put f o r t h i t seemed an undeniable t r u t h t h a t i f ever a l a r g e s c a l e F i n n i s h s e t t l e m e n t were to be e s t a b l i s h e d i t had t o be found a l o n g the coast o f B r i t i s h Columbia. A l l these thoughts came t o mind as we s a t f o r a l o n g time i n s i l e n c e w i t h K u r i k k a on t h a t Sunday. When we had s u l k e d f o r a l o n g time I broke the s i l e n c e by s a y i n g , "Why are you going to A s t o r i a ? L e t ' s e s t a b l i s h a newspaper here i n Nanaimo. Through i t you can a m p l i f y your speech and announce your messages as w e l l as d e c l a r e your i d e a l i s t i c thoughts about the s e t t l e m e n t . " T h i n k i n g the s u g g e s t i o n over f o r a moment K u r i k k a responded, " I f you can organize such a t h i n g I would be w i l l i n g t o r u n i t i f o n l y f o r the p r i c e o f my f o o d . " Those were the words which gave b i r t h t o our A i k a paper. Q u i c k l y we searched out t e n f r i e n d s from the neighbourhood and t o g e t h e r we p l a c e d a t e n d o l l a r v a l u e on each share i n the newspaper company and agreed upon a s u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e . The i n i t i a l r e s u l t s were so p r o m i s i n g t h a t we decided t o continue the venture i n g r e a t h a s t e . Since i t was Sunday and the m a j o r i t y of men would be o f f from work at the E x t e n s i o n mine, the t h r e e o f us, K a l l e Hendrickson, Herman Baund and myself, l e f t on f o o t f o r the seven m i l e journey. We went to take word of the founding o f the paper and t o arrange f o r the s a l e o f shares among our f r i e n d s . Upon a r r i v i n g a t our d e s t i n a t i o n we were g i v e n word t h a t a church s e r v i c e or e v a n g e l i c a l g a t h e r i n g was i n progress a t the home o f one of the F i n n s . Many of our countrymen would be t h e r e . S e r v i n g the F i n n s o f B r i t i s h Columbia and Washington s t a t e a t t h a t time was a F i n n i s h p a s t o r name Johan L u n d e l l , a descendant o f a f a m i l y f o r m e r l y known as Vermlannin and he was p r e s i d i n g over the s e r v i c e . A f t e r the sermon had concluded but b e f o r e the c o n g r e g a t i o n c o u l d d i s p e r s e I made a request to announce to the p u b l i c a t l a r g e our important matter. The r e q u e s t was granted and i n t h i s way our b u s i n e s s was made known throughout the mining community. My companions took upon themselves the task of s e l l i n g shares and s u f f i c i e n t numbers were s o l d t o ensure the immediate founding o f the newspaper. Now the q u e s t i o n to be answered was, from where do we o b t a i n the p r i n t i n g equipment? That problem was q u i c k l y r e s o l v e d . Upon i n q u i r i n g I came to hear t h a t i n an o l d ramshackle church i n Nanaimo was s t o r e d the l e f t o v e r equip-ment o f a weekly E n g l i s h language newspaper which had ceased p u b l i c a t i o n . K u r i k k a and I went to see i t and we decided to purchase the whole assembly f o r the sum of s i x hundred d o l l a r s . A d d i t i o n a l l e t t e r s needed to be bought and the a c t u a l p r i n t i n g was done at the Nanaimo Free Press because the p r e s s we had a c q u i r e d i n the d e a l was hand-operated, extremely slow and a r c h a i c . The p u b l i c a t i o n of the paper was delayed and t h e r e f o r e the advance e d i t i o n d i d not appear u n t i l the b e g i n n i n g of May. T h i s author has not been a b l e t o save a copy of the f i r s t e d i t i o n but the next was p u b l i s h e d the 17th of May. From there on the A i k a paper appeared w i t h r e g u l a r i t y . Now we had a newspaper and K u r i k k a had the means t o c a r r y h i s words i n which he c o u l d f r e e l y speak h i s p i e c e without the s a n c t i o n s o f t y r a n n i c a l c e n s o r s . C e r t a i n l y K u r i k k a had new thoughts t o t e l l h i s r e a d e r s o f t h a t time. They q u i c k l y came t o be found i n Europe, America and A u s t r a l i a . I n d i c a t i v e o f t h a t new program wi t h which K u r i k k a began the p u b l i c a t i o n of the paper I can o f f e r t h i s sketchy i n t r o d u c t i o n . The program o u t l i n e d was designated as "Toward a New Path". I t was a p e c u l i a r mixture o f r i n g i n g i d e a l i s m f o r the K a l e v a l a F i n n s , o f hat r e d towards the c l e r g y who had undermined the h i g h morals o f C h r i s t i a n t e a c h i n g , and a g a i n s t the church which without a doubt w i l l not b r i n g about peace i n the world, o n l y s t r i f e . The temperance i s s u e was m a r g i n a l l y touched upon as w e l l , and man's e v e r l a s t i n g y e a r n i n g f o r peace and harmony were a p p r a i s e d . I t was towards the f u l f i l m e n t of these g o a l s t h a t we were now proceeding i n the shaping and f o r m u l a t i o n o f i d e a s c o n c e r n i n g our s e t t l e m e n t . B r i t i s h Columbia Finns should p o i n t the way towards s a l v a t i o n f o r the e n t i r e working f o r c e . That was where t h e i r prominent h i s t o r i c a l u n dertaking l i e s . The s t y l e o f w r i t i n g i s a t times eloquent, a t other times coarse, but i n s p i t e o f e v e r y t h i n g i t has an u l t i m a t e demogogic c a p a c i t y . Toward a New Path . What F i n n does not f e e l a j o l t o f happiness w i t h i n h i m s e l f when he sees h i s own people i n some ways b e t t e r themselves? Every man i n h i s b r e a s t has a good f e e l i n g about being F i n n i s h , although i n l i f e ' s s t r u g g l e s i t i s o f t e n a burden when one does not belong t o the dominant language group. 264 But i s t h e r e f o r m u l a t e d among A m e r i c a n F i n n s a q u e s t i o n s u f f i c i e n t l y s e r i o u s : "what a r e we t o d o , so t h a t we w i l l s t i l l r e m a i n F i n n i s h a l t h o u g h s u p e r f i c i a l l y becoming subsumed w i t h i n the c o r e o f o t h e r c u l t u r e s ? " T h i s has not been a c c o m p l i s h e d . We have n o t been a b l e to comprehend what t h a t power i s which g i v e s t o s i n g u l a r i n d i v i d u a l s o r t o whole c u l t u r e s the s t r e n g t h t o r e m a i n v i r t u o u s i n the m i d s t o f the w o r l d ' s w i l l - o f - t h e - w i s p movement t o s o r d i d n e s s . I t i s a n o b i l i t y o f s p i r i t . The man or woman who i s aware o f h i s s p i r i t u a l n o b i l i t y and who f rom t h a t b a s i s demands o f h i m s e l f more t h a n o f o t h e r s need never lower h i m s e l f t o a p o s i t i o n o f w h i c h he w i l l l a t e r be ashamed. E v e n when the e n -c o u n t e r i s f o c u s e d toward the r i g h t to a l i v e l i h o o d towards w h i c h end t h e ; c a p i t a l i s t f e d e r a t i o n i s f o r c i n g u s , p r e s e n t l y demanding o f p e o p l e t o r e s i s t those t e a c h i n g s o f our J e s u s by which we have come t o know G o d ' s p u r p o s e , t h e r e w i l l always be a s u b -s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e i n the manner o f demeanour w i t h i n those k i n d s o f p e o p l e who have a n o b l e s p i r i t . A l t h o u g h he may not be r e s o u r c e f u l enough to do f o r o t h e r s t h a t which he a s k s o f o t h e r s t o do f o r h i m , he n e v e r t h e l e s s w i l l n o t l e a v e f o r o t h e r s t o do t h a t which he would not ask o t h e r s t o l e a v e f o r h i m . I t i s the same w i t h the c o n d i t i o n o f whole c u l t u r e s . Permanence does not so much hang on i t s e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s as i t does on i t s p e o p l e ' s s p i r i t u a l h i g h f o r t i t u d e . A s soon as a p e r s o n r e l i n q u i s h e s p r i d e i n h i m s e l f and s t o o p s t o serve B a a l i a he w i l l l o s e h i s r i g h t t o p e r s o n a l a l l i a n c e (a community o f h e r i t a g e ) and w i l l s i n k t o a n o t h e r p o s i t i o n , t h a t o f b e i n g a f o o t b o a r d f o r a s p i r i t u a l l y more e l e v a t e d c u l t u r e . So i t has happened w i t h t h e l a r g e s t o f c u l t u r a l g r o u p s , and so i t w i l l happen w i t h F i n n i s h c u l t u r e u n l e s s t h e y s h a t t e r the g o l d e n c a l f and a s p i r e by and by t o a s t a t e o f a l l e g i a n c e w i t h J e h o v a . Look c l o s e l y my p e o p l e i n t o t h a t v a s t achievement o f the p a s t and u n d e r s t a n d how i t h a s , d e s p i t e i t s s m a l l n e s s , p r e s e r v e d i t s p e r s o n a l c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e and c r e a t e d i t s own l o f t y c u l t u r e . Not j u s t f rom the i l l u m i n a t i o n o f the e d i f i c e o f i t s p a s t b u t f rom the c o n t i n u a l d e v e l o p -ment o f i t s s p i r i t u a l powers . The s e a r c h f o r the deep o r i g i n s o f the n a t u r e o f F i n n i s h b e i n g a r e u t t e r e d i n words o f song w h i c h are b e w i t c h i n g , t r a n s p o r t i n g and m a g i c a l . I t i s t h i s which i s t h e centermost a s p i r a t i o n w i t h i n K a l e v a n c u l t u r e . P e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and the e n s u i n g c l e a n l i n e s s o f conduct were the p e r s o n a l ongoing u n d e r t a k i n g s and c e n t r a l p u r p o s e s i n the l i v e s o f our f o r e f a t h e r s . The c h u r c h s u r e l y has a t tempted t o d e s t r o y t h i s v a l u a b l e c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e by t u r n i n g the p e o p l e ' s 265 awareness away from the noble v e r s e s of the K a l e v a l a to the t r e a c h e r i e s o f the I s r a e l i t e p eoples, but the i d e a l - o r i e n t e d v i r t u r e s o f the people l a y deeper than the c l e r g y had understood. Having r e c e i v e d from Jesus' l o v e a new f l a w l e s s peace and understanding of the needs o f a y e a r n i n g b e i n g f o r l o v e , the c u l t u r e r e t a i n e d i t s a r c h e t y p a l temperament even though the c l e r g y t r i e d i t s utmost to e r a d i c a t e i t from the i n h e r e n t and n a t u r a l t r u t h s through an i n d o c t r i n a t i o n o f the v a r i e d aspects o f H e l l and horn-headed d e v i l s . But l o o k a t our people today i n t h e i r removal from a p e a c e f u l and p u r p o s e f u l mode o f l i f e and t h e i r d i s i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o the midst of the world's most dominant c u l t u r e , where, f o r example, they p e r c e i v e the foremost law as b e i n g "defend your-s e l v e s or be l e f t behind". Nowadays t h a t i n h e r i t e d c u l t u r a l temperament can no l o n g e r be shown to g i v e adequate p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t such d e g r a d a t i o n . We can see our most ardent f e a r s , t h a t of our proper F i n n s who have such a knowledge and p r a c t i c e o f God's p r e s c r i p t i o n s , s i n k i n g i n d i r t and wallowing i n f i l t h ; l o s i n g the n o b i l i t y o f t h e i r c u l t u r a l s p i r i t . F o r g e t t i n g t h a t i t i s a p r e r e q u i s i t e of b e i n g F i n n i s h t h a t they demand o f themselves some-t h i n g more than what others demand o f themselves . . . and then from t h a t c a u s a l s i t u a t i o n becoming ashamed of t h e i r c u l t u r e . L e t us f o r g i v e them f o r they do not know what they are doing. N e v e r t h e l e s s , we must s t i l l d i r e c t the most d i s t a n t l y a u d i b l e or important and f a r r a n g i n g q u e s t i o n , "What are we to do to ensure t h a t we remain F i n n i s h ? " And we must o b t a i n f o r everyone, wherever our people's wayward members move, the c l e a r i n g of the path so t h a t i t w i l l be obvious t h a t we are the o n l y l i v i n g people among humanity whose r e v e r e d c u l t u r a l p a s t e x i s t s i n i n s u r p a s s a b l e v e r s e . Incomparable, f o r t h e r e i s no other work e q u i v a l e n t i n v a l u e and s t a t u r e t o the K a l e v a l a , a m a g n i f i c e n t l y p r e s e r v e d r e c o r d o f happiness saved f o r p r e s e n t humanity. The people o f Vainanmoinen have s u f f e r e d much but such a c u l t u r e which has a p e r s o n a l understanding of s e l f w i l l i n c e s s a n t l y r i s e and not v a n i s h from e x i s t e n c e , r a t h e r i t begins here i n s p r i n g - l i k e America a new epoch, a monumental a c t i v i t y which w i l l be the substance of h i s t o r y . The people of E n g l i s h descent have c r e a t e d through t h e i r d i s c h a r g i n g of p r a c t i c a l a f f a i r s a seemingly boundless freedom w i t h a v a s t e x t e r n a l magnitude, t h a t which America has a l r e a d y i n i t s wealth and i n v e n t i o n s surpassed. The American people have through the use of c o l d l o g i c a t t a i n e d a l l the p o s s e s s i o n s t h a t are come to them but they 266 are m i s s i n g t h a t p e r c e p t i o n of the supreme, l a c k i n g an awareness o f the t e a c h i n g s of g o d - l i k e l o v e which a d v i s e s us to g i v e not take. These a s p e c t s of s e l f r e l i a n c e and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i t i s the F i n n i s h people's t a s k to implant i n t o American l i f e . The f i r s t s t e p i n t h i s l a r g e saga to be undertaken i s t o have our people understand t h a t they must demand from themselves more than from o t h e r s . When we have been s u c c e s s f u l i n t h i s u n d e r t a k i n g to undo or a l t e r the p r e s e n t way o f l i f e , we s h a l l a l r e a d y be on a new course. But i n t a k i n g t h i s f i r s t s t e p , what i s p r e v e n t i n g us? A l c o h o l i s m . The dominion of a l c o h o l i s s t i l l the t e t h e r b i n d i n g us hand and f o o t and p r e v e n t i n g us from l e t t i n g the s p i r i t o f our people from s o a r i n g . L e t us c a s t our r e f l e c t i v e eyes upon t h i s matter. Those who have the s t a t i o n t o evaluate and sentence people i n accordance w i t h t h e i r h a b i t s , l i k e v e r y s u p e r f i c i a l i n d i v i d u a l s tend to do, ought to take p a r t i n the i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the deep c a u s a l f a c t o r s and r e a s o n s . From j u s t these f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g the r e s u l t s and outcomes, i t i s too easy t o f i n d a l c o h o l i s m as the s i n g l e f a u l t . The church h&s taken upon i t s e l f the s e l l i n g o f the sacred h e r i t a g e of i t s c e r e m o n i e s — a n d a t a good p r i c e — b y e x p l a i n i n g t h a t a person as a r e s u l t o f h i s b i r t h i s s i n f u l and from t h a t b a s i s i s denied the p o s s i b i l i t y o f not being s i n f u l . I f we take the church to be speaking the t r u t h , then i n r e a l i t y a l c o h o l i s m would be an unavoidable n a t u r a l s t a t e about which n o t h i n g c o u l d be done. J u s t t h i s was the case i n p o i n t i n F i n l a n d twenty y e a r s ago when the temperance leagues were b e i n g s t a r t e d and the organized c l e r g y fought t o o t h and n a i l a g a i n s t them. But those precedents f o r defending u n t r u t h s which have become entangled to form "present day P h a r i s e e s do not themselves speak the t r u t h . Man i s not from b i r t h s i n f u l and immoral. By and l a r g e the m a j o r i t y of people are from the bottom o f t h e i r s o u l s moral and s e t out to seek the good. However, the p r e s e n t order prevents people from b e i n g moral by denying them t h e i r r i g h t t o l i v e a c c o r d i n g to the d i c t a t e s of t h e i r i n n e r v o i c e s . That f a m i l y - l i k e harmony where the f l o w e r o f p a t r i a r c h a l c u l t u r e i n the past of humanity's a n t i q u i t y was c r e a t e d by those whose foremost axioms were the w e l f a r e o f the weaker and the c a r i n g f o r members needing a s s i s t a n c e has to be made to e x i s t . These sentiments, Jesus of Nazareth s u r e l y d i d attempt to renew i n the e a r l y times of Christendom. By a l l means t h e r e was t h i s gleam o f mutual c o n s i d e r a t i o n and b r o t h e r l y c a r e w i t h i n the g r e a t numbers o f C h r i s t i a n f a m i l i e s but the f o r m a l c l e r g y s o l d Christendom i n t o the hands 267 of ungodly r u l e r s , as we can see from the church h i s t o r i e s . In p l a c e o f t h a t harmony came wars, and i n t o the p l a c e o f l o v e stepped h a t r e d and s o r c e r y . Now we can see i n the a t t r i b u t e s o f humanity i n t h e i r d a i l y m a n i f e s t a t i o n these d i r e c t i o n s i n a l l t h e i r g l o r y , even though w i t h i n humanity now and aga i n important s p i r i t u a l l e a d e r s have t r i e d to r e g a i n the d i r e c t and open path o f Je s u s . Foremost, the church teaches our c h i l d r e n about the w a r l i k e nature o f the I s r a e l i t e peoples and the s l a u g h t e r s they committed. They put f o r t h the i d e a t h a t l i f e i s p r i m a r i l y a process o f s t r u g g l e and t h a t the advancement o f people i s b u i l t on the premise o f being i n c o n f l i c t as i s the precedent w i t h i n the b e s t i a l w orld. But t h a t i s not t r u e . Around a c e n t r a l union o f c o - o p e r a t i o n and harmonious l o v e mankind's development i s b u i l t and i t i s t h a t f o r which we proper persons s e a r c h and long f o r . Of t h i s there i s l i t t l e t o be found i n the s o l i t a r y , f r i g h t e n i n g , and b e a s t l y s t r u g g l e among a p e r v e r t e d humanity. Man's b e a s t l y t r a i t s a r i s e t o s c u f f l e i n a l l t h e i r nakedness; t h e r e f o r e so many even w i t h d e l i c a t e s e n s i t i v i t i e s d i s a p p o i n t i n g l y look t o l i q u e f y t h e i r misery through the use of a l c o h o l . D i s s o l v e i t w i l l concerns about p h y s i c a l w e l l b e i n g and d i m i n i s h i t w i t h s p i r i t u a l a gonies. But l e t t h e r e open unto people a new path, one which they can see t a k i n g them i n t o a s t a t e o f serene c o - o p e r a t i o n and i n t o a harmonious c o m p e t i t i o n f o r the betterment of t h a t s t a t e . Who amongst us could b e s t serve our communal f a m i l y ? We would come to see t h a t many of those people o f our c u l t u r e who c u r r e n t l y t h r a s h about i n saloons and i n the n e s t i n g p l a c e s o f d e g e n e r a t e s - w i l l wash themselves, and w i t h a j o y f u l t e a r i n t h e i r eyes r e s o l v e t o b u i l d f o r themselves and t h e i r l o v e d ones a new l i f e . L e t those who are i n s p i r i t u a l bondage r e v e l i n the h o r r i b l e s t o r i e s o f the b l o o d t h i r s t y I s r a e l i t e s and o f an e v e r l a s t i n g H e l l . No one w i l l prevent them from r e i t e r a t i n g a f r e s h , "Me, a mi s e r a b l e s i n f u l human bei n g , who from s i n and wickedness was born". But we, the F i n n s o f the new epoch, s h a l l come f o r t h s p i r i t u a l l y c l e a n s e d o f those b e s t i a l c o n f i n e s , j o y f u l l y s i n g i n g w i t h s p i r i t u a l f u l f i l m e n t , "Praise and g l o r y be unto God; peace on e a r t h and g o o d w i l l among men". Now we had our own newspaper through which we c o u l d undertake widespread a d v e r t i s i n g and r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f our i n t e r e s t s . I t was no l o n g e r n e c e s s a r y t o r e s o r t t o a s s i s t a n c e 268 from p r i v a t e l y owned newspapers i n the matters which concerned our s e t t l e m e n t . K u r i k k a c o u l d w r i t e f r e e l y . He would o f t e n r e c a l l the c e n s o r s h i p imposed by B o b r i k o f f d u r i n g the times t h a t he had worked as the e d i t o r o f the Tyomies newspaper i n H e l s i n k i . Whenever he wrote h i s most c r e a t i v e p i e c e o f work he had to submit i t to a simple-minded censor t o be smeared and f i n a l l y d e stroyed a l t o g e t h e r . Here t h e r e would be no censor. K u r i k k a d i d h i s b e s t , a t times moving forward a t a madcap pace, f a r i n t o the d i s t a n t f u t u r e , ahead o f h i s time. He began t o doubt h i m s e l f , and t h e r e f o r e a t one o f the meetings of the board o f d i r e c t o r s o f the A i k a he suggested t h a t i t was n e c e s s a r y t o b r i n g from F i n l a n d A. B. Makela to serve as h i s a s s i s t a n t . He s a i d t h a t he was l i k e a f i e r c e unmanageable t r a i n engineer who needed someone t o a c t as a brakeman when the v e l o c i t y became too h i g h . He wanted Makela, who was h i s b e s t and most t r u s t w o r t h y f r i e n d , t o be such a brakeman. Makela had been a co-worker wit h K u r i k k a a t the V i i p u r i Sanoma newspaper and a g a i n a t the Tvomies i n H e l s i n k i . The board o f d i r e c t o r s d e c i d e d to endorse Kurikka»s wish and without d e l a y sent money f o r passage and expenses f o r Makela and h i s wife i n F i n l a n d . P r i o r t o the a r r i v a l o f Makela, K u r i k k a was t i e d t o the e d i t o r s h i p of the A i k a newspaper but upon h i s a r r i v a l Makela immediately undertook i t s e d i t o r s h i p . K u r i k k a took advantage of the o p p o r t u n i t y t o undertake l e c t u r e t o u r s , f i r s t s h o r t e r ones and then l o n g e r ones a l l the way t o the shores o f the A t l a n t i c and even as f a r away as New York. These t r i p s gave 269 K u r i k k a the g r e a t e s t s a t i s f a c t i o n because they enabled him to p e r s o n a l l y meet F i n n s i n the d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s o f the c o u n t r y . Kurikka's most f l o u r i s h i n g p e r i o d was j u s t then b e g i n n i n g . Through our paper we were ab l e to make our s e t t l e m e n t plans w i d e l y known. However, when the government's c u r r e n t h e s i t a t i o n i n r e l i n q u i s h i n g Malcolm I s l a n d seemed to be delayed simply f o r the sake o f d e l a y , we began to search f o r a p i e c e of l a n d near Nanaimo onto which we c o u l d p l a c e some of the s e t t l e r s f o r the community, those who would a r r i v e p r i o r t o our o b t a i n i n g r i g h t s t o Malcolm I s l a n d . Otherwise t h i s a c q u i s i t i o n o f Malcolm I s l a n d f o r the Kalevan Kansa. a people o f a f o r e i g n n a t i o n a l i t y , seemed to be an almost u n b e l i e v a b l e bestowal. C l o s e t o 28,000 a c r e s o f l a n d on which a f o r e s t worth tens o f thousands of d o l l a r s grows would be granted to these immigrants under the s t i p u l a t i o n t h a t they should make t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d and homes t h e r e . What the causes f o r the government's d e l a y were, and t h e i r s o l u t i o n , t o our s a t i s f a c t i o n are c l a r i f i e d i n the f o l l o w i n g account. Some of the moneyed men of B r i t i s h Columbia a t t h a t time had formed an amalgamation t o b e g i n a l a r g e pulp and paper concern on t h i s c o a s t and the government o f B r i t i s h Columbia had donated f o r e s t s r a n g i n g f o r many tens o f m i l e s from the v i c i n i t y o f Malcolm I s l a n d , i n c l u d i n g the i s l a n d i t s e l f . As a r e s u l t we needed to undertake b a r g a i n i n g f i r s t w i t h the paper consortium, s i n c e i t had been granted the 270 ownership of the i s l a n d ' s f o r e s t s . T h i s matter i s d e a l t w i t h i n the A i k a newspaper of June 20, 1901. The members o f the Kalevan Kansa have an important meeting a t the F i n n i s h church i n Nanaimo next Sunday a t 4:00 p.m. i n the a f t e r n o o n . An important q u e s t i o n needs t o be r e s o l v e d . During the l a s t meeting the company s e l e c t e d , as was made r e f e r e n c e to i n the l a s t e d i t i o n o f A i k a . a committee to c l a r i f y the q u e s t i o n o f the l a n d g r a n t , t o draw up the f i n a l r u l e s of the company as w e l l as t o a t t e n d t o other b u s i n e s s . S i n c e the l o c a l newspapers have continued to speak v e r y f a v o u r a b l y about the a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan Kansa and s i n c e i n a d d i t i o n the c u r r e n t member o f the f e d e r a l p a r l i a m e n t , R o l f Smith, has maintained i n t e r e s t the matter i s being brought forward. The e d i t o r , K u r i k k a , and two l o c a l miners, Hermanson and Matson, departed l a s t Tuesday t o speak w i t h the M i n i s t e r o f Lands and t o g i v e him an o f f i c i a l v e r s i o n o f the newly drawn up a p p l i c a t i o n . The m i n i s t e r e x p l a i n e d s t r a i g h t a w a y t h a t the government wishes i n every way t o forward t h i s matter but f o r the q u e s t i o n o f the f o r e s t s o f Malcolm I s l a n d , the r i g h t s t o which had been g i v e n to the consortium i n a n t i c i p a t i o n of i t s p u l p and paper o p e r a t i o n . He suggested, however, t h a t i t would be easy t o r e s o l v e the problem i f the o r g a n i z e r s o f the s e t t l e m e n t c o u l d come t o an agreement w i t h the paper company:over the l o g g i n g i s s u e . That having been accomplished he c o u l d see no d i f f i c u l t i e s i n o b t a i n i n g the i s l a n d or i n the a p p r o v a l of the o t h e r r e q u e s t s . The members o f the d e l e g a t i o n were then i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the aforementioned paper company and judging from the p r o p o s a l put f o r t h by them t h e r e seemingly are no f u r t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s i n o b t a i n i n g the i s l a n d . At the same time as we undertake t o make the i s l a n d s u i t a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r e we can o b t a i n a good p r i c e f o r the f o r e s t s . As soon as our company comes t o an agreement about the v a l u e o f l o g g i n g the f o r e s t s and as soon as we have been able t o l e g a l l y a u t h o r i z e the form-u l a t e d r u l e s f o r our company, which won't take l o n g , we can make a d e a l w i t h the paper company r e g a r d i n g the proposed c o n t r a c t . The e x e c u t i o n o f the i n i t i a l c o n t r a c t w i l l take about two y e a r s and they a r e w i l l i n g t o become committed t o much more wood over and ^bove t h a t which has been agreed t o , f o r the same p r i c e . During these times our s e t t l e m e n t p l a n s were r e c e i v i n g t h e i r share o f n o t i c e and acknowledgement among the E n g l i s h 271 speaking p o p u l a t i o n . The Nanaimo papers were v e r y a p p r e c i a t i v e and even p r a i s e d the F i n n s . The d e l a y on the p a r t o f the government i n the g r a n t i n g o f Malcolm I s l a n d r e c e i v e d t h e i r s u s p i c i o n and c r i t i c i s m , a t times even i n a severe manner. The D a i l y H e r a l d . Nanaimo*s workman's paper wrote: A f t e r two or t h r e e hours journey from S t . P e t e r s b u r g the t r a v e l l e r n o t i c e s h i m s e l f t o be i n a c o u n t r y which d i f f e r s as much from R u s s i a i n terms o f i t s l a n d and people as i s p o s s i b l e . In F i n l a n d the m a j o r i t y know how t o r e a d and w r i t e , and the m a j o r i t y have r e c e i v e d a more knowledgeable e d u c a t i o n than i n any other country on the g l o b e . The people have the good f o r t u n e and p r o s p e r i t y which zealous work thoughtfully performed b r i n g s . I t s two and a h a l f m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s have over $ 1 * 5 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 i n savings i n 17* savings banks. A l c o h o l i c beverages are not consumed f o r p l e a s u r e , but o n l y on s p e c i a l o c c asions when the government g i v e s the head o f the household a l i c e n c e to o f f e r a s m a l l amount o f these beverages f o r g u e s t s . The c a p i t a l , H e l s i n k i , a source of p r i d e where f o r t y years ago t h e r e were o n l y 2 0 , 0 0 0 r e s i d e n t s , has grown more than f o u r t i m e s . In g e n e r a l i t s b u i l d i n g s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems and h o s p i t a l s are as noteworthy and as p l e a s a n t as modern i n v e n t i o n s and c o n s t r u c t i o n s can be. I t does not i n any way have an a r e a o f the c i t y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by p o v e r t y and a n i m a l i t y such as are u s u a l l y found i n the l a r g e r c i t i e s w i t h i n other c o u n t r i e s . F i n l a n d i s t h a t which i n d u s t r y , refinement and the b e l i e f i n r e a l i s t i c i d e a l i s m have made o f i t . We are c o n s t a n t l y t o l d t h a t B r i t i s h Columbia needs more people? men w i t h f i n a n c i a l b a c k i n g are d e s i r e d t o c l e a r l a n d and to c r e a t e i n d u s t r y . You would t h i n k t h a t when a group o f people who promote i n d u s t r y , refinement and a b e l i e f i n a r e a l i s t i c i d e a l i s m and b e f o r e a l l e l s e INVESTMENT knock upon our doQXS we would f l i n g them wide open and extend t o our v i s i t o r s w a r m h o s p i t a l i t y . You would t h i n k t h a t when t h e i r l e a d e r on b e h a l f of thousands went t o the Department o f Crown Lands and Labour he would have been extended a l l c o u r t e s y , t h a t some proper a u t h o r i t y would have been ordered t o show him the a v a i l a b l e l a n d s s u i t a b l e f o r t h i s purpose. Up to the p o i n t when the d i s c u s s i o n was undertaken and concluded the l e a d e r should have been t r e a t e d w i t h the g r e a t e s t c a r e . I f the Department of Lands o f 272 B r i t i s h Columbia was under the d i r e c t i o n o f a commercial e n t e r p r i s e r a t h e r than a b u s i n e s s -o r i e n t e d government we would c e r t a i n l y have proceeded i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n . I t i s u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t the s e t t l e r s need t o t u r n t o a b u s i n e s s - o r i e n t e d government which p l a c e s a l l manner of o b s t a c l e s i n t h e i r way. When the F i n n s wanted t o s e t t l e here, undertake l o g g i n g , and develop the f i s h i n g i n d u s t r y they r e c e i v e d v e r y l i t t l e a s s i s t a n c e . T h e i r l e a d e r was f i r s t shown a map and encouraged to s e l e c t a p i e c e o f l a n d , which he d i d , but without a s s i s t a n c e from the government. Being a businessman he demanded l e g a l documents t o s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e i r c l a i m t o the l a n d which they had s e l e c t e d . But, coming from a c o u n t r y where g e n e r a l o p i n i o n encourages the b e l i e f i n the s t r e n g t h o f v e r b a l agreements, K u r i k k a j o i n e d i n the f i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n s . He b e l i e v e d t h a t a f t e r the government had e s t a b l i s h e d a r i g h t o f monopoly f o r the c a n n e r i e s and two or t h r e e r a i l w a y p r o p o s a l s t o the betterment o f the government members, i t would i n time secure f o r him 'the documents which the F i n n s had requested and which had been o f f e r e d to him. As s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d men they accepted the government's-promise o f the i s l a n d where they i n t h e i r minds c o u l d a l r e a d y see t h e i r own homes, not even b e i n g conscious o f the f a c t t h a t t h e i r a f f a i r s would be t o t a l l y f o r g o t t e n . Hundreds of f a m i l i e s had a l r e a d y begun t o l e a v e d i s t a n t F i n l a n d when they got word t h a t l a n d had been promised t o them. Instead the l a n d has been g i v e n t o a d i f f e r e n t company so t h a t the l a r g e u ndertaking w i t h i t s v a s t e xpenditures would need t o be s t a r t e d from the b e g i n n i n g a g a i n . I t would not be s u r p r i s i n g i f he, a f t e r t h i s c a l l o u s withdrawal o f t h e i r word, dec i d e d t o shake the dust o f t h i s c ountry o f f h i s b oots, l e a v i n g w i t h h i s f r i e n d s f o r a l a n d where a p p a r e n t l y they would b e t t e r understand the primary p r i n c i p l e s o f good b u s i n e s s and c o u r t e s y . T h i s i s how we have come to the p o i n t where 2,000 Japanese have robbed the means o f l i v e l i h o o d from white fishermen a t the same time as a l a r g e or a l a r g e r group i s shoved away from the door so t h a t lumber companies can f l o u r i s h and blossom. I f the Finns had wanted t o e x p l o i t the n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , d e s t r o y the f o r e s t s and d r a i n the m i n e r a l d e p o s i t s they would c e r t a i n l y have been warmly welcome. But when they made a r e q u e s t t o add t o the land's p r o s p e r i t y and not t o i t s impoverishment, the development o f the c ountry's own i n d u s t r y and not the i n d u s t r y of other c o u n t r i e s they have been pushed t o the l i m i t s . The n a i t v H e r a l d p r i n t e d the above a r t i c l e even though the 273 matter was not quite this grave. It was advantageous that these kinds of writings appeared at that time. Now there were no further obstacles on behalf of the government preventing us from obtaining Malcolm Island. However, as a result, we were forced to participate with a private financial consortium which, as a matter of principle, was planning on obtaining waves of settlers and therefore inexpensive labour to British Columbia. From the point of view of the company i t was explained that i t could not compete with the large eastern Canadian paper companies since the wages there were less than out here i n the west. Because of that, the company was eager to give us a large pulpwood contract for ithe forests of Malcolm Island. We w i l l come back to this discussion of the contract at a later date. The aforementioned important meeting was then held. Kurikka opened the meeting by comparing the endeavour ahead of the Kalevan Kansa to the monumental discovery made by Columbus. Just as i t had happened i n the past, ignorance had brought forth every possible hindrance to confront him. We must now combat not only external problems but also the i l l - w i l l of some of our countrymen. We began to discuss that undertaking which was before us, from which employment would be provided for hundreds of men for many years. But since the terms offered were thought to be too small, and we wished to become further acquainted with the a f f a i r , we decided to table the issue u n t i l the f o l l o w i n g Sunday. On t h a t day we h e l d a new meeting, where, as a f i n a l outcome, we approved the r u l e s o f our company and we began immediately to accept members a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r d i c t a t e s . The A i k a newspaper was a l s o l e g a l i z e d . The June 28, 1901 e d i t i o n o f the paper c a r r i e d the news t h a t the p u b l i s h i n g company, A i k a P r i n t i n g Company L t d . , was now a l e g a l l y incorporated stock company. The s h a r e h o l d e r s would not be awarded d i v i d e n d s i n excess o f f i v e percent and a l l the p r o f i t s beyond t h a t f i g u r e would be used t o redeem ot h e r shares u n t i l the whole company became p a r t o f the Kalevan Kansa Company. By law there needed t o be a meeting where a d i r e c t o r s h i p and a u d i t o r s were to be chosen. In the same e d i t i o n was an advertisement t h a t the p a r t i c i p a n t s i n the p u b l i s h i n g company, Aika P r i n t i n g Company L t d . , are i n v i t e d t o a p u b l i c meeting on J u l y 14, 1901 a t E x t e n s i o n . L a t e r we w i l l .speak of the e l e c t i o n o f the d i r e c t o r s h i p . But as i s the norm amongst workers and e s p e c i a l l y among F i n n i s h workers, i f there i s some important b u s i n e s s t o be d i s c u s s e d , which i s f o r t h e i r own b e n e f i t , t h e r e ensues the i n e v i t a b l e c o n f r o n t a t i o n between the v a r i o u s f a c t i o n s . T h i s i s what happened w i t h us when we were founding the Kalevan Kansa company. F i r s t t h e r e were men who, d u r i n g the f o r m a t i o n of the r e g u l a t i o n s of the company, came t o observe t h a t i n t h i s company there would be no o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s e l f - i n t e r e s t and i n d i v i d u a l demands. These were l e f t a s i d e . Other people were from the begin n i n g slanderous and f u l l o f defamation. A f t e r them, th e r e were the c h u r c h - o r i e n t e d who, wit h t h e i r s e c r e t l e a d e r and t r o u b l e -maker, the e a r l i e r mentioned clergyman L u n d e l l , wrote slanderous l e t t e r s t o the government about our settlement even a f t e r the whole matter had come t o a c l o s e . The a c c u s a t i o n s were based on s u s p i c i o n and f a l s e premises. T h i s f a c t has been admitted t o the w r i t e r by one o f the f e l l o w C h r i s t i a n s o f the above mentioned clergyman. He had been wi t h L u n d e l l when the defamatory l e t t e r s had been drawn up. Therefore our undertaking wa3 made even more d i f f i c u l t by the a c t i o n s o f our own countrymen. On the other hand, the E n g l i s h speaking people s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y f o l l o w e d the progress o f our settlement a f f a i r s . In order t o t u r n the matter i n t o a f a c t i o n a l d i s p u t e , our trouble-makers needed to r e l y on fa l s e h o o d s t o supply m a t e r i a l f o r t h e i r s l a n d e r . For those F i n n s a t t h a t time on Vancouver I s l a n d t h e r e were no other mutual a s p i r a t i o n s than group d r i n k i n g and beer f e s t i v a l s i n which n e a r l y a l l the Finns o f the ar e a took p a r t . There were no f a c t i o n a l d i s p u t e s then, other than those which would a t a g i v e n o c c a s i o n develop, such as f i g h t i n g , when the f o l l o w e r s o f the s t r o n g e r s i d e would t h r a s h those o f the weaker. But the d i s p u t e s were o r d i n a r i l y s e t t l e d , e s p e c i a l l y i f the i n j u r i e s o f the l o s e r s were not too p a i n f u l , s i n c e the winners would underwrite a b a r r e l o r two o f beer a c c o r d i n g t o the circumstance. Again t h e r e was f i g h t i n g and d i s s e n s i o n would break out and on and on i t 276 would go. As for the temperance society, as important and beneficial as i t s formation had been to these matters, there could always be found opponents and enemies. Now we had a contract for harvesting logs for a pulp company as a condition to obtaining Malcolm Island. The financial return was so small that we would have needed to work for years on end for that paper company at a frighteningly low wage. We were in d i f f i c u l t i e s . However, Malcolm Island looked to be a rewarding place for our settlement for a number of reasons: i t s isolated position as an island would free us from the proximity of malignant neighbours, there was free passage the year around on the seas, a developing forest and fishing industry was at our doorstep, and good agricultural land and other factors were present. So the Kalevan Kansa company i n i t s directorship meeting decided to make the sacrifices and to agree to the contract offer. Kurikka was authorized to underwrite the agreement in Victoria. In the Aika newspaper of August 2, 1901 i s the following editorial which w i l l shed light on these matters. The course of the Kalevan Kansa company has progressed slowly but surely forward. Having got our business settled by word of mouth and through an exchange of letters, we sent the legally form-ulated regulations i n the English language prepared by the attornies Baker and Potts to be studied by the Minister of Lands. Since we have received a letter from the Deputy Minister which i s i n our favour, we can see no hindrance to prevent a f i n a l positive decision from^the government. The regulations have given us an unusually broad scope of operation, so broad i n fact, that the attornies i n this matter, upon reading the handwritings of the editor of this paper, commented that these couldn't be the regulations of a company but were, 2 7 7 r a t h e r , the founding p r i n c i p l e s of a c o n s t i t u t i o n . However, s i n c e the m i n i s t e r concerned i s once a g a i n t r a v e l l i n g , the f i n a l d e c i s i o n needs t o be delayed and we have no c h o i c e o t h e r than to w a i t . At f i r s t , i n the beginning, a r e s t r i c t e d number o f men w i l l be sent t o the i s l a n d on b e h a l f o f the company, and t h a t number w i l l depend almost e n t i r e l y on the number o f members capable o f p u r c h a s i n g shares. I t i s then b e t t e r f o r those who wish t o be p r i v i l e g e d by b eing i n the f i r s t group t o f u r n i s h a t l e a s t a q u a r t e r o f the f u l l amount o f t h e i r membership, $ 5 0 . 0 0 , t o be p a i d a t the founding meeting. Undoubtedly t h e r e w i l l a r r i v e from the v e r y b e g i n n i n g those who wish to underwrite the e n t i r e amount o f t h e i r share through l a b o u r , but i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o keep i n mind t h a t t h e i r number w i l l depend e n t i r e l y on the number of those who are capable of c o n t r i b u t i n g the i n i t i a l payments s i n c e we w i l l not b e g i n the c o n t r a c t f o r h a r v e s t i n g the f o r e s t u n t i l next s p r i n g . There was f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on the matter i n the same paper on September 2 0 , 1 9 0 1 . In the Kalevan Kansa company meeting, which was h e l d l a s t week a t the E x t e n s i o n temperance h a l l , the matters which needed t o be attended t o as a r e s u l t o f the d e l a y brought about by a m i n i s t e r i a l s t a t e of d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n were d i s c u s s e d . Since the b e t t e r p a r t of summer has a l r e a d y gone by i t was d e c i d e d to wait f u r t h e r and not to b e g i n t o o b t a i n l a n d by our own means. The i n i t i a l u n d e r w r i t i n g o f member-s h i p s was opened i n such a way t h a t everyone who wished t o order h i m s e l f a share and t o commence c o l l e c t i n g h i s f i r s t d i v i d e n d c o u l d do so by l e t t i n g one o f the d i r e c t o r s know about h i s i n t e n t i o n s . The order by which one proceeds t o work f o r the company and t o become a shareholder w i l l be taken i n t o account a l o n g w i t h the o r d e r by which one l e t s i t become known t h a t he w i l l become a s h a r e h o l d e r . Thus f a r t h e r e has been a r e m i t t a n c e of o n l y f i v e d o l l a r s i n t o the company's t r e a s u r y and o f t h a t some i s s t i l l b e i n g saved. I f some person o f f o r e i g n n a t i o n a l i t y o f f e r s h i m s e l f f o r membership we cannot overlook him even though i t i s not d e s i r a b l e t h a t they be accepted as f u t u r e members The shares purchased i n the A i k a newspapers a r e seen as b e i n g o f f u l l v a l u e toward the r e m i t t a n c e of payments toward the Kalevan Kansa company payments. A week bef o r e the above c l a r i f i c a t i o n our l e a d e r , M a t t i K u r i k k a , made a t r i p t o V i c t o r i a . At f i r s t he was i n conference w i t h the pu l p company wit h whom we had s e t t l e d the c o n t r a c t f o r wood. K u r i k k a complained t h a t the m i n i s t e r was i n a v e r y weak p o s i t i o n t o b r i n g a n y t h i n g c o n s t r u c t i v e about s i n c e Premier Dunsmuir had decided t o p l a c e Mr. Brown, who was d i s l i k e d by s e v e r a l o f the other m i n i s t e r s , i n t o the p o s i t i o n o f M i n i s t e r o f Fin a n c e . McBride, the M i n i s t e r o f Mines, r e s i g n e d immediately, and the m i n i s t e r ' s s e c r e t a r y , P r e n t i c e , threatened t o do the same, but was appeased by be i n g g i v e n a f i n a n c i a l p o s i t i o n . I n p a s s i n g l e t i t be record e d t h a t the above-mentioned person was the same man whom K u r i k k a and I saw on our f i r s t t r i p t o see about o b t a i n i n g l a n d . When we a g a i n heard t h a t the M i n i s t e r o f Lands was t r a v e l l i n g , K u r i k k a thought i t t o be most advantageous t o i n q u i r e about how we might b e g i n t o procure l a n d so t h a t we would not be l e f t a t the mercy o f the govern-ment. However, on going to see the M i n i s t e r o f Immigration, G o s n e l l , t o ask f o r the needed maps we got from him the st r o n g e s t and most promising assurance about the f a c t t h a t the k a l e v a n Kansa documents are a t t h i s v e r y time i n pro c e s s and t h a t they were j u s t y e s t e r d a y i n h i s hands. Upon g o i n g t o the department o f the M i n i s t e r o f Lands, we met h i s replacement who guaranteed t h a t the matter was so c l o s e t o completion t h a t as soon as the M i n i s t e r r e t u r n e d i n a day or two we would hear about the s o l u t i o n . 279 The Matters Concerning Malcolm I s l a n d are F i n a l l y Resolved A f t e r a l l those agonies and d i f f i c u l t i e s through which we had passed, l i g h t was shed on our problem. On the 27th o f November, 1901, M i n i s t e r G o s n e l l came t o Nanaimo on b e h a l f o f t h i s matter. The d i r e c t o r s o f the Kalevan Kansa gathered a t the Nanaimo F i n n i s h church and t h e r e we underwrote on b e h a l f of the Kalevan Kansa along w i t h the p r o v i n c i a l govern-ment on b e h a l f o f the K i n g of England, the agreement f o r Malcolm I s l a n d . I t has, by a l l means, t o be agreed upon t h a t we made a p r o f i t a b l e d e a l w i t h the K i n g o f England. However, i t needs to be noted t h a t the former members o f the government were shar e h o l d e r s i n the aforementioned paper p r o d u c t i o n company, the source from which our advantageous d e a l o r i g i n a t e d . They hoped t h a t the s e t t l e r s would p r o v i d e inexpensive l a b o u r , and t h a t Malcolm I s l a n d would p r o v i d e inexp e n s i v e p u l p wood. The c o n t r a c t , i f i t had s t a y e d i n f o r c e , would have been o v e r l y advantageous f o r them and f o r us a disadvantage. Since from t h i s o r i g i n a l c o n t r a c t a t l e a s t a p a r t has been p r e s e r v e d i t w i l l now be p r e s e n t e d . From i t p r i m a r i l y those p r o p o s a l s which we needed t o f u l f i l l w i l l be c l a r i f i e d . T h i s agreement has been made on the 27th day o f November, 1901 between H i s Majesty the K i n g r e p r e s e n t e d by the M i n i s t e r o f Lands and Labour on the one s i d e and the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company L i m i t e d the subsequently named p a r t y on the other s i d e . Since the above mentioned company has been i n c o r p o r a t e d 280 w i t h i n the requirements o f the n a t i o n i t has as i t s purpose among other t h i n g s to encourage the immigration o f F i n n s and others i n t o B r i t i s h Columbia and to found a s e t t l e m e n t f o r such immigrants w i t h i n the p r o v i n c e . And whereas the l i e u t e n a n t - g o v e r n o r i s empowered i n accordance with s e c t i o n 39 o f the Land Act to encourage immigration and undertake s p e c i a l arrangements f o r the g r a n t i n g of unoccupied and unappropriated crown lands i n the p r o v i n c e i n a manner seen most s u i t a b l e by the l i e u t e n a n t - g o v e r n o r : And whereas i t i s f o r the p r o v i n c e o f g r e a t importance t h a t the F i n n s are brought and l o c a t e d w i t h i n i t : And whereas i t has been f o r the above mentioned purpose deemed a d v i s a b l e to enter i n t o the f o l l o w i n g agreement w i t h the company, then l e t the f o l l o w i n g be a guarantee: 1) The company i s to o b t a i n f r e e ownership o f Malcolm I s l a n d i n the Rupert D i s t r i c t o f B r i t i s h Columbia f o r the purpose of e s t a b l i s h i n g a settlement under the f o l l o w i n g p r o p o s a l s and c o n d i t i o n s . 2) The company as a whole has t o undertake the amount of improvements r e q u i r e d under the Land Grant Act which amount t o $2.50 per a c r e f o r the a r e a o f approximately 28,000 a c r e s . 3) From the b e g i n n i n g of t h i s c o n t r a c t the company s h a l l f o r the next seven years be f r e e d from a l l p r o v i n c i a l t a x a t i o n w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of the Revenue Tax. On i t s own and without the a s s i s t a n c e :©f the government i t must 281 complete a l l public works which the residents w i l l need: roads, bridges and public buildings with the exception of schools-and wharves. 4) The company w i l l not receive the deed to the island or to any part of i t un t i l the lapse of seven years from this day at which time the Minister of Lands and Labour has been given sufficient proof that the specified number of settlers have been located on the island and not u n t i l a l l the stipulations of this agreement have been f u l l y complied with. 5) The roads, streets, bridges and public buildings and wharves which the company undertakes to erect or to have built must be made under the supervision and control of the Minister of Lands and Labour and the size of individual allotments of land and their order of distribution which the company undertakes to use needs to obtain the approval of the Minister of Lands and Labour before they can be put into effect. 6) The company's improvement projects which w i l l enable i t to obtain the deed requires the satisfaction of the Minister of Mines and Labour estimates and they must i n total meet the overall figure of $2.50 per acre for the total of 28,000 acres on Malcolm Island. In the case of a dispute, the Minister of Lands and Labour shall refer the matter to a court of arbitration where one member i s appointed by the Minister of Lands and Labour and one by the company. If the members of the court of arbitration 282 cannot r e a c h a s o l u t i o n a t h i r d member w i l l be appointed by them t o s e t t l e the d i s p u t e . 7) The company s h a l l l o c a t e a s e t t l e r or the head of a household f o r each 80 a c r e s on Malcolm I s l a n d . The remainder o f t h i s agreement has been l o s t so t h a t I cannot d i s c l o s e i t f u r t h e r . However, i n the A i k a newspaper there i s a p u b l i c a t i o n o f them by M a t t i K u r i k k a and from i t the contents o f t h a t document can be understood b e t t e r than from the above source. I w i l l p r e s e n t i t i n i t s e n t i r e t y . We have reached the summit, the s t r a i n s o f the p a s t y e a r have a t l a s t ended i n an agreement wit h the government of B r i t i s h Columbia and the temporary d i r e c t o r s h i p o f the Kalevan Kansa. A c c o r d i n g t o i t the e n t i r e Malcolm I s l a n d w i t h a s u r f a c e area o f approximately 28 ,000 a c r e s o f l a n d which i s mostly f l a t and s u i t a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r e but which i s a t present mostly f o r e s t e d has been awarded under the f o l l o w i n g terms. The i s l a n d and a l l i t s r e s o u r c e s w i l l immediately be governed by the company but the f u l l deed o f ownership w i l l be granted o n l y a f t e r seven y e a r s when 350 men have made t h e i r home t h e r e and when $2 .50 worth of improvements per acre have been completed. Every member who s e t t l e s on the i s l a n d as a permanent r e s i d e n t w i l l be r e q u i r e d to o b t a i n B r i t i s h c i t i z e n s h i p and the r e g u l a t i o n s of the company i n F i n n i s h or the MemorandumVof A s s o c i a t i o n about them and to d e c l a r e t h a t they w i l l conform to the requirements of the law without r e f e r e n c e t o any conscience c l a u s e or r e l i g i o u s and p o l i t i c a l d o c t r i n e s as the words i n the agreement s t i p u l a t e so as to prevent a l l causes f o r disagreement. C h i l d r e n beyond the age o f two y e a r s o f elementary s c h o o l are to go t o an E n g l i s h language s c h o o l . The members are f r e e from a l l other taxes except the Revenue Tax o f three d o l l a r s per person, on the c o n d i t i o n t h a t the company undertakes on i t s own expense a l l p u b l i c t a s k s such as roads, b r i d g e s , wharves, e t c . except s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n which the government w i l l b u i l d . The M i n i s t e r of Lands must approve a l l p u b l i c p r o j e c t s b e f o r e they can be undertaken and he i s t o r e c e i v e a y e a r l y account of the company's a f f a i r s . I f the company becomes s u c c e s s f u l , the government w i l l g r a n t t o i t another 2 8 3 t r a c t of l a n d o f s i m i l a r s i z e as near to Malcolm I s l a n d as p o s s i b l e . These then are the main t e n e t s o f the agreement. We had by then passed by the s t e e p e s t p r e c i p i c e . The F i n n s from Nanaimo and E x t e n s i o n and p a r t i c u l a r l y those 19 men who without f l o u n d e r i n g have prepared t h i s g r e a t t a s k , have performed a deed which I b e l i e v e w i l l be mentioned i n the h i s t o r y o f humanity. We have i n the midst o f the r i c h e s t o f n a t u r a l bounty, amidst the most prosperous o f s h i p p i n g r o u t e s , w i t h i n the most i d y l l i c geography and c l i m a t e , the a r e a o f a s m a l l c o u n t r y . A c o u n t r y s h e l t e r e d w i t h i n the s e l f - o r d a i n e d company r u l e s . Our company has the r i g h t t o undertake such broad a c t i v i t y t h a t we can without a l t e r i n g the r u l e s b r i n g even the whole o f the F i n n i s h n a t i o n a l i t y t o l i v e w i t h i n t h e i r s h e l t e r . F i s h i n g and f o r e s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , l i v e s t o c k r a i s i n g and mining: a l l the branches o f technology, and i n t o the d e a l a l l the r i g h t s and p r i v i l e g e s among people, the p r i n c i p l e s o f s o c i a l i s m ' s u n b r i d l e d r i g h t s t o be gained under the p r o t e c t i o n o f the mighty B r i t i s h f l a g belong to the a c t i o n s o f our company. We can b r i n g about the p r o d u c t i o n o f e v e r y t h i n g t h a t we o u r s e l v e s w i l l need so t h a t e v e n t u a l l y we w i l l not need t o buy a n y t h i n g from anyone e l s e and we w i l l s e t f o r our products the o n l y guide t o t h e i r v a l u e the amount o f human e f f o r t t h a t has been consumed i n t h e i r c r e a t i o n . Unemployment, s i c k n e s s and the d i f f i c u l t i e s which ensue from a death which now make our l i v e s severe s h a l l be evaporated i n t o the p a s t . S t r i k e s and p e r i o d s of p o v e r t y s h a l l become unknown among us. Through the medium o f p r i n t I can now say t h a t i t depends upon us to say i f we want t o break f r e e from the f e e t o f the c a p i t a l i s t c o n f e d -e r a t i o n i n t o the p r o t e c t e d and ordered ways o f e q u a l i t y where the a t t r i b u t e s o f our n a t i o n a l i t y have an o p p o r t u n i t y t o blossom and prosper, even though our c h i l d r e n w i l l be amongst o t h e r s who are of a d i f f e r e n t q u a l i t y as a r e s u l t o f t h e i r E n g l i s h h e r i t a g e . Through these ways o f b e i n g we can f r e e l y develop our s p i r i t u a l g i f t s and grow beyond the d e s t r u c t i v e animal i n s t i n c t s ; o f t h a t we are a l r e a d y c e r t a i n . Now the q u e s t i o n i s , "Are t h e r e those who want t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n such a company, are there among our s o u l mates those who are capable t o pay i n cash the c o s t of a share, $ 2 0 0 . 0 0 (or a t l e a s t $ 5 0 . 0 0 before the next t h r e e months are up)?" We have been granted f r e e from the government $ 2 8 , 0 0 0 the v a l u e o f which w i l l r i s e by a f a c t o r o f f i v e as soon as we have e s t a b l i s h e d even a s m a l l community on the i s l a n d . What say now the oppressed people o f F i n l a n d ? 284 Now we had l a n d along w i t h the honest a s p i r a t i o n t o get a home f o r o u r s e l v e s and f o u r hundred o f our n a t i o n a l i t y who, having been abused by the world, were s t r u g g l i n g t h a t same hard and hopeless o r d e a l o f l i f e which p r e c i s e l y we o u r s e l v e s had f e l t . We needed companions who i n e a r n e s t approved of t h i s k i n d of community founded on Utopian p r i n c i p l e s , but foremost we wished t o get companions from without who had f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s which would a l l o w us to b e g i n the work a t Malcolm I s l a n d . But K u r i k k a who a t a l l times had a compulsive need t o h u r r y ahead came t o f e a r t h a t the v e l o c i t y of our progress was too slow. At the same time as he w i t h a l l h i s might t r i e d t o e n l i s t prosperous members, he was c a r r i e d by h i s enthusiasm so f a r t h a t he generated h a t r e d toward the Kalevan Kansa members among the o r ganized mine workers. He had of h i s own acc o r d made an agreement w i t h the owner o f the mines, the o f t e n mentioned m i l l i o n a i r e and s k i n n e r o f workers, t o procure f o r him c o a l mine workers f o r a d a i l y wage of $2.50 even though the o v e r a l l miner's wage o f the time was $3.00. About t h i s agreement K u r i k k a made a statement i n the A i k a newspaper. The Kalevan Kansa matter now has t r u t h f u l l y begun to take shape which promises f o r i t t h a t b readth which i t has the r i g h t t o expect. Now t h a t a l l o f Vainamoinen's o l d descendants are c r y i n g f o r h e l p when the country's l a r g e s t employer had decided i n h i s own way t o f u r t h e r the se t t l e m e n t venture, t h e r e then, the r e a l t a l e i s born. He has asked the a d m i n i s t r a t o r , K u r i k k a , t o search f o r miners, s p e c i f i c a l l y temperate and, i f p o s s i b l e , men w i t h f a m i l i e s who would i n the f u t u r e work i n the mines. Por each of the miners who the a d m i n i s t r a t o r , K u r i k k a , g i v e s a l e t t e r o f i n t r o d u c t i o n , Dunsmuir w i l l guarantee a p l a c e i n the mines, a t f i r s t f o r 285 a hundred and subsequently a second hundred. N a t u r a l l y no others w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d except those s t e a d f a s t men who w i l l j o i n the Kalevan Kansa and b e g i n to s t r a i g h t e n out l i t t l e by l i t t l e t h e i r f i n a n c i a l membership dues t o the Kalevan Kansa t r e a s u r y . Let us suppose t h a t those one hundred miners w i l l undertake t o pay f i v e d o l l a r s each month t o the Kalevan Kansa t r e a s u r y then each payday f i v e hundred d o l l a r s w i l l be c o l l e c t e d . With t h i s money the company can undertake a sub-s t a n t i a l amount o f work on Malcolm I s l a n d and p r o v i d e the o p p o r t u n i t y through which other members can d i s c h a r g e the membership o b l i g a t i o n s through l a b o u r . Does i t take a profound understanding t o r e a l i z e the b e n e f i t s which w i l l f o l l o w ? Since the p u l p and paper company has f u r t h e r n o t i f i e d t h a t i t i s ready t o complete the p r e v i o u s l y agreed upon c o n t r a c t , t h e r e i s then no need to doubt t h a t by next s p r i n g we w i l l have underway l a r g e p r o j e c t s . S k i l l e d temperate miners can w i t h a l l c o n f i d e n c e b e g i n t o come t h i s way. These now were Kurikka^s p r i n c i p l e s , t o procure f o r the o r g a n i z e d workers' most hated employer a d d i t i o n a l i n e x p e n s i v e l a b o u r , t o trample the wage l e v e l s o f o t h e r s while forwarding the cause o f us other workers. T h i s was the f i r s t o c c a s i o n on which K u r i k k a and we had a s u b s t a n t i a l d i s p u t e . K u r i k k a became angry as he began t o pound h i s f i s t on the t a b l e and as he r o a r e d , "We have no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y toward those o t h e r s , on b e h a l f of those drunkard workers; we have the Kalevan Kansa t o whom we have a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . " Most l i k e l y we i n our anger d i d the same as we shouted, "The Kalevan Kansa w i l l not be founded by t r a m p l i n g the wages o f other workers, i n j u r i n g them and thereby i r r i t a t i n g them t o be a g a i n s t us." K u r i k k a had made a grave e r r o r . Those F i n n i s h miners not p a r t of the Kalevan Kansa had l e t t h e i r E n g l i s h speaking companions know of Kur i k k a ' s p l a n s and n a t u r a l l y t h a t 286 brought h a t r e d and anger toward him. Kurikka's u n d e r t a k i n g was a l l the more unreasonable and provoking because a t those v e r y times t h e r e was among Nanaimo's mine workers the i n t e n t to ask t h a t mine baron's workers, who were r e p r e s e n t e d by Kurikka, to j o i n i n t o a union. F o r t h i s purpose t h e r e was a l a r g e miners' meeting a t the Nanaimo Opera House and the tense q u e s t i o n about the i d e n t i t y of the man who planned t o e n l i s t low p a i d F i n n i s h workers f o r the mines a r o s e . Some o f the E n g l i s h speakers and a few of the F i n n s e x p l a i n e d who t h a t person was and f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t he had a r r i v e d here from A u s t r a l i a on money which he had begged f o r , e t c . K u r i k k a , h i m s e l f , was keen to s t a y away from the meeting. The "Mine L o r d " advocated to us by K u r i k k a had p r i o r knowledge about the mine workers meeting and came on the same day from h i s home i n V i c t o r i a t o the mines. Only a few men were a t the above mentioned meeting from E x t e n s i o n , but n e a r l y a l l the men were there from the A l e x a n d r i a mine a t South W e l l i n g t o n . Upon i n q u i r i n g from the foreman t h e r e about the f a c t t h a t the men weren't working and upon having been g i v e n an e x p l a n a t i o n , the "Lord" r i p p e d from h i s pocket book a s t r i p o f paper and wrote a n o t i c e upon i t : "At t h i s mine work w i l l be d i s c o n t i n u e d i n d e f i n i t e l y ' . " The i r r i t a t e d c a p i t a l i s t showed h i s dominating a u t h o r i t y . T h i s mine has remained c l o s e d f o r over t e n years a f t e r the death o f Dunsmuir h i m s e l f . Those miners who had e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r homes t h e r e needed t o go elsewhere t o seek work. S i n c e 287 there had been a few o f us Kalevan Kansa members a t t h i s mine, K u r i k k a was f o r c e d t o agree t h a t no more miners were needed and he immediately stopped the e n l i s t m e n t o f such miners through the A i k a newspaper. K u r i k k a looked upon those workers who were not members o f the Kalevan Kansa as i f they were enemies a g a i n s t whom one needed t o s t r u g g l e f o r the betterment o f the Kalevan Kansa. Many o f us understood t h a t t h a t s o r t o f t h i n k i n g was j u s t cheap s t r e e t corner p o l i t i c s . Workers needed t o be brought i n t o our p l a n s i n a t h o u g h t f u l and t r u s t w o r t h y manner and not by h u r t i n g t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t i e s or by i r r i t a t i n g them t o anger. I t would have been a g r e a t l o s s and a shame upon the Kalevan Kansa i f K u r i k k a had been allowed the o p p o r t u n i t y t o continue r e c r u i t i n g F i n n i s h c o o l i e s . The F i r s t Members o f Kalevan Kansa Leave f o r Malcolm I s l a n d The w i n t e r had passed on t o December and s t i l l we had not s t a r t e d on the work a t Malcolm I s l a n d . But then the o p p o r t u n i t y came. The Kalevan Kansa members Teodor Tanner and Johan Mikkelson came from f i s h i n g on the F r a s e r R i v e r . Mikkelson, a competent s a i l o r , owned a s a i l b o a t named "Aino" on which one c o u l d f e e l secure enough to undertake even a l o n g e r voyage. So i t was dec i d e d t h a t Mikkelson as the c a p t a i n o f the "Aino" and Tanner as the n a v i g a t o r a l o n g w i t h t h e i r companions K a l l e Hendrikson, Otto Ross and Malakias Kytomma would embark on the 180 mile journey t o Malcolm i s l a n d . Tanner has w r i t t e n about the t r i p i n the A i k a 288 newspaper. Having reached the d e c i s i o n t o go t o Malcolm I s l a n d t h e r e was a l l s o r t s o f h u r r y and one o r another k i n d o f a c t i v i t y t o be done i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r the t r i p . E v e n t u a l l y , these matters having been s t r a i g h t e n e d out, we came i n ^ the evening t o spend the n i g h t i n the s h e l t e r o f our "Aino". With the c o n d i t i o n s p e r m i t t i n g i n the l i g h t o f the e a r l y morning o f the f i r s t day we p u l l e d the white s a i l -c l o t h s up and we f i v e men and one " l i l y " began t o speed toward the promised l a n d . I t was the s i x t h of December. The f i r s t p a r t of the morning was completely calm d u r i n g which time we adhered t o our oars and thought amongst o u r s e l v e s t h a t even by rowing we w i l l r e a c h our d e s t i n a t i o n . However, i n the a f t e r n o o n t h e r e appeared a s w i f t t a i l w i n d which h u r r i e d us some f o r t y m i l e s ahead. We s e t t l e d t o spend the darkness of the n i g h t near the shores of an i s l a n d where a s t r o n g wind rocked the boat. T h i s p l a c e robbed us o f our anchor, i t deadened our excitement f o r t r a v e l t o such a degree t h a t having t i e d a l i n e t o a t r e e we d i d not wish t o go out i n t o the wide open sea i n the s t r e n g t h e n i n g wind. We remained there the r e s t of the day and the f o l l o w i n g n i g h t . During t h i s time we f a s h i o n e d from wood, e t c . such an anchor t h a t upon completing i t we were t h i n k i n g about o b t a i n i n g a p a t e n t f o r our i n v e n t i o n . I t has t h e r e a f t e r been bound to be so t r u s t w o r t h y i n use t h a t we have s l e p t the n i g h t s i n complete c o n f i d e n c e . Towards the evening of the t h i r d day a stong t a i l w i n d h u r r i e d us over the most open waters. Upon r e a c h i n g the r e s t r i c t e d water-ways our t r a v e l was r a t h e r slow. Ocean c u r r e n t s and headwinds made e f f e c t i v e o b s t a c l e s t o the progress of the t r i p . Having reached the much f e a r e d Seymour Narrows, we waited f o r s i x hours a t which time i t was p e a c e f u l f o r us to pass through* S h o r t l y a f t e r , h a v ing passed through the a f o r e -mentioned channel, our companion Mi k k e l s o n s u f f e r e d a t r a g i c and f e a r a r o u s i n g a c c i d e n t . Somehow a shotgun had been l e f t on the c a b i n r o o f and when he proceeded to take i t indoors i t d i s c h a r g e d and r i p p e d the v i e n s and sinew o f h i s r i g h t w r i s t . Having dressed i t as b e s t we c o u l d , we continued our journey onward i n the hope of o b t a i n i n g medical a s s i s t a n c e somewhere. We d i d not f i n d any u n t i l A l e r t Bay. When we reached A l e r t Bay we sensed an unusual warmth toward the i n j u r e d p a r t y and toward us as w e l l . I t seemed as though people were competing to see who would t r e a t him. Having obtained good l o d g i n g the p a t i e n t remained a t the aforementioned p l a c e and we proceeded toward the 289 end o f our journey o f which there remained about t h r e e t o f o u r m i l e s . On Sunday the 15th o f December we a r r i v e d a t the sought f o r Malcolm I s l a n d where we anchored our "Aino" a t the bottom o f K o t i l a h t i . We spent t h i s l a s t n i g h t i n our boat. In the dim l i g h t o f the next-morning we b r i s k l y walked along the shores t r y i n g t o f i n d the b u i l d i n g which the p r i o r s e t t l e r s had l e f t behind. At l a s t we found a b u i l d i n g amidst a t h i c k e t o f bushes. I t was m i s s i n g i t s doors and windows. A f t e r a d a y s h u s s l e the b u i l d i n g was by n i g h t f a l l i n a l i v e a b l e c o n d i t i o n . By o v e r l o o k i n g i t s immediate dampness we, wit h s a t i s f a c t i o n and f r u s t r a t i o n f r e e a s p i r a t i o n s , looked toward the f u t u r e . T h i s was the f i r s t t r i p by members o f the Kalevan Kansa to Malcolm I s l a n d . That u n f o r t u n a t e event i n which Mikkelson came so near t o l o s i n g h i s whole arm a f f e c t e d us a l l deeply. Mikkelson was sent from A l e r t Bay t o Nanaimo h o s p i t a l on board the next s h i p . A well-known and p r o g r e s s i v e surgeon a t f i r s t thought t h a t Mikkelson's haid would need t o be amputated. We attempted t o e x p l a i n t h a t we should f i r s t t r y a l l other methods t o h e a l the hand. So i t was done, and w i t h some success, s i n c e o n l y the thumb needed t o be amputated. I t was a sad occurrence f o r the young man who had a t f i r s t g i v e n to the Kalevan Kansa h i s m a t e r i a l p o s s e s s i o n s and now a p o r t i o n o f h i s p h y s i c a l s e l f . However, as soon as Mikkelson's hand had h e a l e d as w e l l as i t c o u l d he moved to Malcolm I s l a n d where he worked as a s k i l l e d fisherman, a l e a d hand f o r the f i s h i n g crew and the c a p t a i n o f our steamship " V i n e t a " . As soon as the f i r s t men had a r r i v e d on Malcolm I s l a n d we had g o t t e n underway. We had many p l a n s t o formulate and much work t o take care o f i n Nanaimo. K u r i k k a always 290 had h i s own v a s t d e s i g n s , f a r r e a c h i n g and f o c u s i n g i n t o the d i s t a n c e . They were impressive and b e a u t i f u l , but j u s t as s u r e l y they were q u e s t i o n a b l e when i t came time to put them i n t o use. Inasmuch as he had an u n d e r l y i n g f e a r t h a t we would not soon enough a t t r a c t those k i n d s o f members who c o u l d d i s c h a r g e t h e i r membership dues i n cash, i t was d i f f i c u l t f o r him t o g i v e up the i d e a t h a t i t was n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n members around us t o whom we could guarantee employment. Even though h i s p r i o r attempt a t e n l i s t i n g workers brought o n l y misery and d i f f i c u l t y he p u b l i s h e d i n the A i k a newspaper on the 27th of December the f o l l o w i n g a r t i c l e . I t was an i l l u s t r a t i o n o f h i s f a n t a s t i c but i m p r a c t i c a l v i s i o n . Designs f o r the Future Even though f o r the p r e s e n t we have enough work i n the settlement o f Malcolm I s l a n d and i t s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s , i t i s not a disadvantage to focus our thoughts onto q u e s t i o n s which i n the near f u t u r e may become d a i l y f a r e . We are a l r e a d y aware of how f o r the b e t t e r -ment o f our company here, which i s n e a r e r t o the d e s t i n a t i o n o f more secure working circumstances, we c o u l d i n the f u t u r e be asked t o v o l u n t e e r s t i l l more workers to l o c a l employers, i f they are w i l l i n g t o engage them under honourable terms. But t h e r e i s another i n s t a n c e which i s j u s t as important. That i s , by what means can a non-r e s i d e n t member, the owner o f a share i n the com-pany, who because of h i s v o c a t i o n or some other o b s t a c l e has not y e t been a b l e t o become a f u l l r e s i d e n t member, and t h e r e f o r e has not been a b l e t o come t o enjoy the s e c u r i t y t h a t the Kalevan Kansa g i v e s to i t s members? I s i t not so t h a t i n t h i s l o c a l i t y , i n a f o r e i g n country, i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t one i n a thousand i s i n any way one's own k i n d except f o r one's own f a m i l y ? S u r e l y , t h e r e i s w i t h each concerned f a m i l y head a co n s t a n t , burden-some and n i g h t m a r i s h thought, "How w i l l t h i n g s f a r e w i t h t h a t unfortunate wife and w i t h those dear l i t t l e ones i f I do not r e t u r n from the w o r k s i t e ? " 291 I t i s j u s t as f r i g h t e n i n g a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a person may become an i n v a l i d . S u r e l y there are s t i n g y l i f e and a c c i d e n t insurance companies as w e l l as brotherhood organ-i z a t i o n s f o r these purposes to g i v e a s s i s t a n c e to members and members' f a m i l i e s . But we know t h a t , i n the p r e s e n t c a p i t a l i s t - o w n e d l i f e i n s urance companies, a sense o f j u s t i c e and the d e s i r e t o be moral do not take precedence, but, there i s , i n s t e a d an u n f e e l i n g c r a v i n g f o r p r o f i t . I f they can escape r e s p o n s i b l i t y by s l i p p i n g f r e e o f the r e l a t i o n s h i p they w i l l always do so. Of t h a t t h e r e are so many examples. I n d i v i d u a l f i r m s are r e f l e c t i v e of t h i s sentiment i n v a r y i n g degrees. But does a workman i n a strange l a n d know how t o chose among the d i f f e r e n t companies? Secondly, the premiums i n these companies are u n r e a l i s t i c a l l y h i g h f o r the working man, and the c o n t i n u i n g pay-ments make a workman's l i f e t e r r i f y i n g , s i n c e the o p p o r t u n i t y to get money i s e r r a t i c , depending on the unfathomable whims o f the workers' marketplace. What about those a s s o c i a t i o n s to which many Fi n n s belong, some o f which are c o m p a r a t i v e l y good? There i s so l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e i r adminis-t r a t i o n and about t h e i r d i s c h a r g i n g of a f f a i r s t h a t i t i s a cause f o r amazement to see how much co n f i d e n c e i s p l a c e d i n them. The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s o f the organ-i z a t i o n s are unknown as i s the breadth o f t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s . I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t we know how t o w r i t e t h e i r names and s t i l l we pay i n t o them and seek s e c u r i t y from them. P r i m a r i l y , i t i s those F i n n s who speak the language of the l a n d who belong to such o r g a n i z a t i o n s and are t h e r e f o r e more capable o f s e a r c h i n g out the d e t a i l s of t h e i r a f f a i r s . Unions under many circumstances can p r o v i d e a s s i s t a n c e f o r t h e i r members. But how f a r can a widow go i f she r e c e i v e s a couple o f hundred d o l l a r s upon the death of her husband? Without e l a b o r a t i n g i t f u r t h e r i t becomes c l e a r t h a t i f every Kalevan Kansa member l i v i n g i n whatever remote corner of America c o u l d become u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y p r o t e c t e d from death and d i s a b i l i t y r e s u l t i n g from work, t h a t alone would p o s i t the i d e n t i t y of the Kalevan Kansa as the s i n g l e most important e n t i t y i n America. When, i n a d d i t i o n t o the above, t h e r e w i l l come t o be an insurance a g a i n s t unemployment, a p o s i t i o n t o which we may soon come as matters develop s l i g h t l y more, then the Kalevan Kansa member can move wherever he wishes w i t h f u l l p r o t e c t i o n . I f an emergency should a r i s e he can, by u s i n g h i s membership as s e c u r i t y , r e c e i v e from the t r e a s u r y o f the Kalevan Kansa a l o a n f o r t r a v e l l i n g expenses r e q u i r e d t o r e a c h home. 292 By what means can i t be thought t h a t the Kalevan Kansa b e g i n t h i s i n s u r a n c e b u s i n e s s among i t s members? For those r e s i d e n t members, those who are employed by the Kalevan Kansa f o r one hundred and f i f t y days a y e a r , the p r i v i l e g e s w i l l belong a u t o m a t i c a l l y . But can i t be guaranteed f o r the f a m i l y o f the n o n - r e s i d e n t t h a t upon h i s death or d i s a b i l i t y they w i l l be p r o v i d e d a means o f l i v e l i h o o d on Malcolm I s l a n d ? Without a doubt a t pr e s e n t there are such p r e c i s e f i g u r e s about the percentages of deaths w i t h i n the d i f f e r e n t age c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s and s i m i l a r i l y f o r the number of a c c i d e n t s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n the p a r t i c u l a r t r a d e s t h a t i t i s a simple matter to deduce how;:many f a m i l i e s a t t h e i r maximum per thousand w i t h i n a g i v e n year w i l l be l e f t f a t h e r l e s s and how many miners, c a r p e n t e r s , e t c . , w i l l be l e f t d i s a b l e d . The Kalevan Kansa does not need to guarantee them money but a normal l i v e l i h o o d on Malcolm I s l a n d where under most circumstances the widow and the o l d e r c h i l d r e n as w e l l as the i n v a l i d h i m s e l f w i l l be a b l e t o c o n t r i b u t e some amount t o t h e i r b e n e f i t . The Kalevan Kansa would not need t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a gamble, r a t h e r i t would do t h a t which has a t a l l times belonged t o the n a t u r a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the f a m i l y . As soon as we proceed through the p r e p a r a t o r y a c t i v i t i e s and on to next summer a l a r g e number o f r e s i d e n t members a l o n g w i t h the company a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w i l l r e s i d e on Malcolm I s l a n d . The o v e r a l l d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h i n our meetings w i l l be-l o n g amongst the most enjoyable a c t i v i t i e s o f the week and we w i l l then take t h i s matter under rough and d e l i b e r a t e study. I do not doubt i n the l e a s t t h a t a t t h i s time, when we have completed the r e q u i r e d c a l c u l a t i o n s and searched out the other b u s i n e s s c r i t e r i a and i n f o r m a t i o n , the Kalevan Kansa w i l l e a s i l y be a b l e to put the p l a n i n t o use. A f t e r the f i r s t f i v e Kalevan Kansa members had l e f t f o r Malcolm I s l a n d on Johan Mikkelson's s a i l b o a t the d i r e c t o r -s h i p d e c i d e d to send the Kalevan Kansa s e c r e t a r y A. B. Makela there on an i n s p e c t i o n and r e s e a r c h t r i p . The r e s u l t s which he obtained from there about the topography and f o r e s t s along w i t h h i s p l a n s f o r f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n and the a l l o t -ment of a g r i c u l t u r a l lands were p u b l i s h e d i n the A i k a newspaper of January 1902. E v e n t u a l l y the c o n s t r u c t i o n 293 plans and the a l l o t m e n t ofXland f o r homes, e t c . d i d not come to be r e a l i z e d i n accordance w i t h Makela*s p l a n s . The l a s t p a r t o f the a r t i c l e has been pr e s e r v e d and i s p u b l i s h e d here. The P l a c e o f Our Home E i t h e r v i l l a g e or town, t o whichever b i r t h w i l l be g i v e n here, we have decided to suggest f o r i t s name K o d i s k i s i n c e K o t i i s a name which i s s h o r t , unassuming, a p p r o p r i a t e and r i c h i n i t s s u b j e c t matter. Of i t s e l f i t always reminds us t h a t we belong as i f t o one f a m i l y . In the b e l i e f t h a t i t w i l l be found a c c e p t a b l e , I w i l l a l r e a d y use the name. On the whole breadth of Malcolm I s l a n d t h e r e are o n l y two s u b s t a n t i a l s i z e d bays, both of which are on the southern shores. There i s no s h e l t e r on the n o r t h c o a s t and i t i s away from the passage r o u t e s . Of the two southern bays one i s d e s i g n a t e d as M i t c h e l l Bay on the maps. I t i s near the e a s t e r n end of the i s l a n d , d i s t a n t from the areas to be c u l t i v a t e d and to the s i d e o f the s h i p p i n g r o u t e s . I t i s s u f f i c i e n t l y deep but b a d l y e n c i r c l e d by r o c k y r e e f s and i t i s l e s s s h e l t e r e d than the bay f u r t h e r t o the west near the c e n t e r of the i s l a n d which on the/maps has been desi g n a t e d as Rough Bay but which we have begun to c a l l K o t i l a h d e k s k i . The p e n i n s u l a on the bay's e a s t e r n shores, our K o t i n i e m i , s h e l t e r s i t from the southern g a l e s and from i t s p o i n t t h e r e extends a shallow sandbar i n t o the p r o x i m i t y o f Haddington I s l a n d . Presumably the shallows would need to be staked out u n l e s s i t was found t o be f e a s i b l e t o s h i f t a l t o g e t h e r the passage way to the west s i d e o f Haddington I s l a n d . The bottom of the bay f a c e s toward the western winds and the mouth o f the bay i s not w e l l p r o t e c t e d . Only f u r t h e r toward the bottom are we p r o t e c t e d from them as w e l l . For these reasons we have contemplated p u t t i n g -the wharf c l o s e r t o the base o f the bay than what the Welsh people had proposed to do. The t i d a l range between low and h i g h a l o n g these shores i s t e n to twelve f e e t . The apex o f K o t i n i e m i p e n i n s u l a , l i k e other l e s s e r p e n i n s u l a s on Malcolm I s l a n d i s r a t h e r low but: we are proposing t o c o n s i d e r f o r the s e t t l e m e n t s i t e the h i g h p o r t i o n i n the approximate v i c i n i t y of the wharf. I t i s on .the most a p p r o p r i a t e r i d g e which i s almost one m i l e i n l e n g t h , but narrow, b a r e l y one h a l f m i l e wide. The other shore i s a more sunny slope but the r i d g e a l o n g i t i s even lower and narrower and the water entrance i s much more shallow t h e r e . However, we won"t need to 29* h u s t l e v e r y l o n g a t K o t i n i e m i b e f o r e p l e n t y of d a y l i g h t w i l l shine t h e r e to make our work e a s i e r . S ince the bank i s so narrow i t would not do t o award a l l o t m e n t s o f more than one acre a t the most from t h e r e . I n l i e u o f t h a t i t would be f i t t i n g to award p i e c e s of two t o three a c r e s from the . apex p o r t i o n o f the p e n i n s u l a . I t i s not so low t h a t a farmer c o u l d not c o n s t r u c t his. home there i f he d i d not b r i n g i t r i g h t t o the water's edge. For those who would want l a r g e r p r i v a t e acreage, they c o u l d be accommodated on the west s i d e o f the bay a l o n g i t s southern shores, and i f needed even at the western end. There would be a narrow sea-s i d e c l i f f f o r homesites and behind the r i d g e some low l y i n g l a n d f o r c u l t i v a t i o n . The t e r r a i n en the whole appears to be r a t h e r uniform so t h a t i t would be more or l e s s the same as t o where one r e c e i v e d h i s share of l a n d . There would be s u f f i c i e n t water f r o n t a g e f o r everyone i f no s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l were to be a l l o t e d a l o n g s t r e t c h . The owners o f the p o r t i o n s on the i s l a n d ' s western s i d e c o u l d f r e e l y s e l e c t whether they wished to s e t t l e t here on t h e i r a l l o t m e n t s or amongst the others a t K o t i n i e m i , e i t h e r a l o n g the bank or a l o n g the s i d e o f the p o i n t . Proceeding i n t h i s f a s h i o n t h e r e would be ample o p p o r t u n i t y and freedom f o r everyone to chose the k i n d of o r g a n i z a t i o n which would s u i t h i s l i f e . No one would need t o compete wi t h one another t o procure the outer a l l o t m e n t s , many of which when taken under such s p e c u l a t i o n would remain u n c u l t i v a t e d . When one has f i r s t put the a l l o t m e n t on which h i s home i s l o c a t e d i n t o shape, he can then take the time to a c q u i r e those o u t l y i n g p o r t i o n s i n accordance w i t h how w e l l he has become accustomed with the r o u t i n e of h i s l i f e and w i t h h i s a b i l i t y t o put them i n t o use. The suggested s i t e :for the settlement i s g i v e n support to a l a r g e extent by the circumstance t h a t i t would be l o c a t e d i n a c l o s e p r o x i m i t y to the c u l t i v a t e d f i e l d s and even more so i t i s a t the b e g i n n i n g o f the most p r o d u c t i v e a r e a to be c u l t i v a t e d , which a t the present time of unemployment i s a v e r y important advantage. You r e a l i z e , t h a t i n t o the bottom o f the bay from behind K o t i n i e m i there runs a brook. I t i s the r i c h e s t of a l l i n terms o f i t s water content of Malcolm I s l a n d ' s brooks. Even now the a r e a around i t s mouth grows t h i c k w i t h g r a s s e s and a l o n g i t s shores i s l a n d which i s the most open t o c u l t i v a t i o n t h a t we have come a c r o s s . C l e a r i n g the v a l l e y a l l the way t o the r i s e on the e a s t e r n s i d e o f the bay would be important f o r the reason t h a t our s e t t l e m e n t would be p r o t e c t e d from f o r e s t f i r e s which might by chance be s t a r t e d 295 elsewhere on the i s l a n d , i t would be s u i t a b l e t o expand t h i s c u l t i v a t i o n t o the lowlands w i t h i n the c e n t r a l a r e a o f the i s l a n d . At the p l a c e known as K o t i l a h t i t h e r e i s a l s o a r i s e over which t h e r e must o f n e c e s s i t y be a road so t h a t both shores are j o i n e d f o r the purposes o f f i s h i n g and f o r e s t r y . The shores are here n e a r e r to one another than they are a t any o f the more c e n t r a l s e c t i o n s of the i s l a n d , approximately one m i l e from shore to shore. A l l o f t h a t a r e a i s o f the b e s t s o r t o f l a n d f o r c u l t i v a t i o n w i t h the e x c e p t i o n o f the most n o r t h e r n r i d g e of the sea c l i f f . Of secondary importance, t h e r e would be a l o n g the brook a good f a c i l i t y f o r doing l a u n d r y and a l o n g the back s i d e of the bay there i s a smooth sandy bottom so t h a t c h i l d r e n can swim. Along s i d e of Kotitorma near the ramshackle shack o f the Welsh we have found the most pure c l a y d e p o s i t s t o be found on the i s l a n d . The extent o f the c l a y d e p o s i t s or i t s k i n d has not been determined but i t can be a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t i n a p i n c h we c o u l d get our b r i c k s and our ovens from t h e r e . Ovens or stoves w i l l over time be o f g r e a t expense t o us and t h e r e w i l l not come a time when t h i n g s other than wood are burned f o r f u e l . The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f waterworks under p r e s e n t o b s e r v a t i o n i s not f e a s i b l e , but from the t e r r a i n i t would appear t h a t each person c o u l d get f o r him-s e l f a good w e l l . We have not found any r o c k f a c e s anywhere. Pl a n s f o r B u i l d i n g I t i s not y e t p o s s i b l e to make s p e c i f i c p l a n s and suggestions extending i n t o the f u t u r e about the l a y o u t and format of b u i l d i n g s . F i r s t i t i s necessary to a t l e a s t c l e a r the a r e a enough so t h a t i t can be measured. For now a few o v e r a l l obser-v a t i o n s are s u f f i c i e n t . The aforementioned road a c r o s s the i s l a n d would need t o be d i r e c t e d toward the east a l o n g the l o n g e r shore o f K o t i l a h t i which my guesswork suggests w i l l be the f i r s t a rea s e t t l e d . As p r o t e c t i o n a l o n g the shore i t would be necessary to l e a v e a row of t r e e s now s t a n d i n g t h e r e , a t s e c t i o n s even wider areas, s i n c e the road would not need t o f o l l o w a l l the contours o f the s h o r e l i n e . The road would come t o t r a v e l a l o n g the i n s i d e o f the row of s h o r e l i n e t r e e s and the a l l o t m e n t s would b e g i n from the r o a d . The roadway f o r a l l i t s purposes should be l e f t s u f f i c i e n t l y wide and no homes should be_ b u i l t so near the s h o r e l i n e road t h a t the t r e e s i f they f a l l c o u l d r e a c h them. The storm which was p r e v i o u s l y mentioned gave to us t h a t v a l u a b l e p i e c e of knowledge. In l o o s e ground t r e e s which are 296 d e n s e l y grown and f r a g i l e by nature do not make p l e a s a n t neighbours on stormy n i g h t s . The men had to l e a v e the p l a c e of t h e i r n i g h t ' s l o d g i n g and r u n t o the shore to seek s h e l t e r by the Welshmen's steam b o i l e r when the t r e e s began t o f a l l around them. The ramshackle shack had become a f r i g h t e n i n g p l a c e . T h i s i s the reason t h a t not even the most ardent nature l o v e r should i n s i s t on s a v i n g any but the s m a l l e s t and the most r e c e n t l y seeded t r e e s a l o n g the roadway or b u i l d i n g l o t s . They would not be dangerous i n the storms. A road should a l s o be b u i l t on the south s i d e o f the bay i n accordance wi t h the growth o f the s e t t l e m e n t . S t r e e t s l i k e the shore road ought to be planned w i t h one i n the middle of K o t i n i e m i and the second along the e a s t e r n r i m . Narrower c r o s s s t r e e t s should be l e f t between the b u i l d i n g l o t s . On t h i s k i n d o f sandy r i d g e the c o n s t r u c t i o n and the maintenance o f roads would demand nothin g more than the c l e a r i n g of the t r e e s and s a p p l i n g s from under f o o t . B u i l d i n g a l l o t m e n t s a l o n g the bank would be b e s t s u i t e d t o l o n g and narrow shapes. From the b e g i n n i n g i t i s necessary t o c o n s t r u c t our homes i n a more i m a g i n a t i v e f a s h i o n than i s the u s u a l p r a c t i c e hereabouts, keeping i n mind t h a t many a stormy wind w i l l come to t e s t t h e i r s t r e n g t h . I t would be sad to r u n a l o n g the shores on a stormy n i g h t as i s the custom among A l e r t Bay Indians as they f e a r t h a t t h e i r ramshaekle c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i l l f a l l . There i s no l o n g e r a f e a r o f f a l l i n g t r e e s l ; t h e r e s i n c e the t r e e s a l o n g those shores have been c l e a r e d away a l l too w e l l . I t w i l l r e q u i r e a g r e a t d e a l o f ; l a b o u r t o win Malcolm I s l a n d over to c u l t i v a t i o n . E a r n e s t , zealous work and unavoidable d e n i a l s on the p a r t o f the new s e t t l e r s are r e q u i r e d i n the b e g i n n i n g . But s t i l l i t i s a l t o g e t h e r d i f f e r e n t from F i n l a n d ' s b a r r e n stony h i l l s or c l e a r i n g i t s f r o s t y backwoods. They are p l a c e s where, i n a d d i t i o n , so o f t e n f r o s t dooms a l l the a s p i r a t i o n s o f the c u l t i v a t o r . Here i t i s a l t o g e t h e r unknown. In F i n l a n d t h e r e s u r e l y would be i n the thousands those who would seek admission "into t h i s k i n d . o f p l a c e . As soon as we g e t underway, what d i s t r e s s f u l circumstances c o u l d there be here? The world's b e s t f i s h i n g waters are around us, t h e r e i s a p l e n i t u d e o f f o r e s t r y on the near shores, our i s l a n d from shore t o shore i s - e a s i l y c u l t i v a t e d and waste l a n d does not even need to be mentioned. When we have our own scheduled s h i p p i n g and m a i l s e r v i c e , the s c h o o l and meeting h a l l s , s t o r e and c a f e t e r i a , p l e a s a n t homes f o r each w i t h t h e i r garden and f i e l d p l o t s , f r u i t t r e e s , the i s l a n d f u l l o f m a g n i f i c e n t 297 l i v e s t o c k , harboured v e s s e l s and c h i l d r e n and c a l v e s f r i s k l y romping i n c o m p e t i t i o n along our shores; what e l s e would a l i f e such as t h i s need? C a p a b i l i t y , i n t e n s i t y , enthusiasm and endurance i s a l l . However, before a l l e l s e there must be s i n g u l a r i t y o f purpose i n our endeavours, focused towards the l i g h t and freedom. Remember, i n a l l our o r d e a l s t h e r e must not be even one complaint, not even i n the beginning!, As can be seen from Makela's w r i t i n g s there*was not from the be g i n n i n g of the f o r m u l a t i o n o f the Kalevan Kansa*s terms the i n t e n t i o n t o have complete adherence t o c o l l e c t i v e or communistic n o t i o n s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n . The s i z e o f b u i l d i n g l o t s was d i s c u s s e d and argued over as the terms were b e i n g f o r m u l a t e d . As i t was, some would have wanted f o r them-s e l v e s a home p l o t as l a r g e as s i x t y a c r e s and when such p l o t s were not granted they s w i f t l y f e l l away from our group. G e n e r a l l y we were of the o p i n i o n t h a t an o v e r l y l a r g e home p l o t would make communal a c t i v i t y d i f f i c u l t . However, the r e g u l a t i o n s conceived a t Nanaimo o f ^ n e c e s s i t y needed t o be d i s c a r d e d i n the course o f time. And t h i s was v e r y n a t u r a l . When new t h i n g s are being t r i e d , then f u l l y developed plans cannot be made before hand. Even government s t a t u t e s are a l t e r e d and added t o as needs a r i s e . Immediately, from the beginning, we made a s u b s t a n t i a l e r r o r i n t h a t we took t o Malcolm I s l a n d f a m i l i e s without means. For them the founding o f homes brought g r e a t d i f f ^ -i c u l t y e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e we d i d not y e t even have a s a w m i l l . We should have begun a t a slower pace, a t f i r s t a l l o w i n g o n l y s i n g l e men t o s e t t l e on the i s l a n d w i t h o n l y as many 298 women as were needed i n the k i t c h e n and la u n d r y . In p a r t -i c u l a r , t h i s d i d not f i t i n t o K u r i k k a ' s p l a n s a t a l l , he wanted to o b t a i n many members and q u i c k l y . As an outcome of t h i s we were f o r c e d to make debts and to l i v e on c r e d i t . That, unknowingly and u n c l e a r l y seen, was our f i r s t major blunder. When the f i r s t men who had t r a v e l l e d t o Malcolm I s l a n d on board the "Aino" had been t h e r e f o r over a month, doing the most urgent t a s k s , t h e r e a r r i v e d f r o m the o u t s i d e r e q u e s t s to become Kalevan Kansa members. Since they wanted to b e g i n work immediately, the d i r e c t o r s h i p decided t o send to the i s l a n d H e i k k i K i l p e l a i n e n , an experienced c a r p e n t e r to b u i l d f o r the Kalevan Kansa i t s f i r s t l o g c a b i n . So they departed, K i l p e l a i n e n and V i c t o r S a a r i k o s k i , w i t h a d d i t i o n a l t o o l s and food, a t the end o f January, t o undertake the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a c a b i n from cedar l o g s . R i g h t a f t e r the aforementioned had departed there a r r i v e d from F i n l a n d a t Nanaimo three young men, workers from a wood p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t , A l f r e d Ruis, V i h t o r i J a l o and Mr. Vuorinen who was a book b i n d e r by p r o f e s s i o n . They had from the time o f t h e i r departure from F i n l a n d intended t o become Kalevan Kansa members and so they straightaway departed f o r Malcolm I s l a n d . By the end of January there were a l r e a d y nine people t h e r e . During these times there a r r i v e d a d d i t i o n a l i n d i v i d u a l s d e s i r i n g membership. Now three shoemakers came from Chicago. Of them Johan Nummi and h i s f a m i l y remained i n Nanaimo while the o t h e r s , A. K. Aho and Jooseppi I h a l a i n e n h u r r i e d t o work 299 on the i s l a n d . About the same time there a r r i v e d from New York a young couple, j u s t married p r i o r t o t h e i r d e parture, A. and Anna Wilander. From the s t a t e of Washington came K a l l e H o f f r e n and to Nanaimo v i a A u s t r a l i a came my f r i e n d , Johan Malm. Since a l l these people immediately demanded t o go t o work on Malcolm I s l a n d i t was necessary, i n a d d i t i o n t o them, t o take a l o n g approximately f i v e tons of f o o d and other s u p p l i e s . T h e r e f o r e the d i r e c t o r s h i p decided t o purchase from a c e r t a i n countryman a s a i l b o a t which was named " K a l e v a t a r " . With t h a t the companions decided t o b e g i n t h e i r s a i l i n g voyage to Malcolm I s l a n d . The woman companion was encouraged not to go on the s a i l b o a t t r i p and t o go up by steamship, but t h a t i n t r e p i d and f e a r l e s s l a d y d e c l i n e d the o f f e r and went a l o n g as w e l l . The t r i p which these s i x newcomers made was as dangerous as i t c o u l d be. F i r s t t here were the f i e r c e storms of mid-winter, which were o f t e n noted f o r t h e i r shipwrecks; then passage a l o n g such f e a r e d channels as Seymour Narrows where numerous steamships had been shipwrecked, and f i n a l l y the f a c t t h a t they were i n e x p e r i e n c e d s a i l o r s i n what were to them unfam-i l i a r passages and c u r r e n t s . H o f f r e n , who had been a seaman i n the American navy, undertook the manning o f the s a i l s , a lthough he had not become f a m i l i a r with those d u t i e s on the warships. The voyagers had twice been on the verge o f drowning, on the second o c c a s i o n t h e i r mast and s a i l s were s t r u c k down by the storm, but f o r t u n a t e l y there was a calmer p l a c e i n .the near v i c i n i t y which they reached and 300 thereby saved t h e i r l i v e s . There they r e p a i r e d the mast and s a i l s . And so they a r r i v e d a l i v e and w e l l a t t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n . Anna Wilander was the f i r s t Kalevan Kansa female to come t o Malcolm I s l a n d . Not u n t i l the f i r s t days o f March was there an oppor-t u n i t y f o r the author along w i t h J . E. Jerrman t o move to Malcolm I s l a n d . The s h i p s d i d not y e t a t t h i s time c a l l a t Malcolm I s l a n d so t h a t i t was necessary, to remain a t A l e r t Bay f o r the n i g h t . I n the morning we met a group o f Norwegian fishermen and got them to take us to Malcolm I s l a n d on t h e i r boat. Upon a r r i v i n g on the shores o f the i s l a n d , a t the p r e s e n t s i t e o f S o i n t u l a , we saw our companions, w i t h p e r s p i r a t i o n d r i p p i n g from t h e i r heads, hoeing the f i e l d s . The members o f Spencer's i d e a l i s t i c community had at some time a t t h a t spot c l e a r e d an a r e a which had i n the course of time a l r e a d y become covered w i t h s a p p l i n g s . They had a l s o barked the stumps o f s e v e r a l o f the l a r g e r t r e e s which had by now d i e d and d r i e d out. On our departure the Kalevan Kansa d i r e c t o r s a s s i g n e d us the t a s k o f measuring the width of the b u i l d i n g l o t s which would be s i t u a t e d a l l around K o t i l a h e t i . On completion of t h a t assignment I undertook-to j o i n i n the d i g g i n g o f drainage d i t c h e s and t h a t job l a s t e d f o r ; an e n t i r e y e a r . That was f a m i l i a r work s i n c e I had become accustomed to i t a l o n g the edges of Lappua's p l a i n s from e a r l y c h i l d h o o d . Now there were f o u r t e e n men and one woman on the i s l a n d , two had r e t u r n e d to Nanaimo. The c a b i n was not y e t complete 301 and the board shack l e f t by Spencer's group was crowded. Some of the men i n t h e i r h u r r y s l e p t i n the makeshift sauna. However, harmony c r e a t e s space o f i t s e l f . Anna Wilander was our cook and S a a r i k o s k i was her a s s i s t a n t . Others were working i n the f i e l d s t o be c u l t i v a t e d , s t i l l o t h e rs were working on the c a b i n and a couple o f men were c u t t i n g boards and lumber w i t h an o l d country c l e a v e saw. That type o f saw, some of which were l e f t over from the A l a s k a g o l d f i e l d s , was a v a i l a b l e f o r purchase i n Vancouver i n those times. When the c a b i n was^completed there was enough room, e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e the k i t c h e n , which was made o f boards, was l o c a t e d a t one of i t s ends. There was no shortage of work f o r the men. Some were c l e a r i n g and working on the a g r i c u l t u r a l areas, others were c l e a r i n g s a p l i n g s from the base o f K o t i l a h e t i . For spare time a c t i v i t y we c l e a r e d around the c a b i n and kept b o n f i r e s a t the base of the l a r g e stumps t o remove t h e i r p e r s i s t e n t remains. There were more than enough o f those jobs t o do t h e r e . The Marsh i s D i s c o v e r e d On a c e r t a i n March morning t h r e e men named J a l o , J e r r i m a n and t h i s author l e f t f o r a s h o r t e x p l o r a t i o n venture i n t o the c e n t r a l areas o f the i s l a n d . Our companions who had a r r i v e d e a r l i e r , had a l r e a d y c l e a r e d a path from the base of K o t i k a h e t i , a c r o s s the i s l a n d ' s narrowest p a r t , s t r a i g h t 302 to the n o r t h . T h i s d i s t a n c e was approximately one m i l e . We f o l l o w e d the path to the n o r t h e r n shores and from t h e r e we made t r i p s t o the c e n t r a l areas o f the i s l a n d . On coming upon the mouth of a brook we encountered an o l d shack, b u i l t presumably a t some time by a t r a p p e r o f beaver and mink. We scrambled through t h e r e , over the most annoying and t h i c k undergrowth arid f a l l e n t r e e s . Some while l a t e r t here appeared i n f r o n t o f us an opening the l i k e s o f which we had not y e t come upon on the i s l a n d . I t dawned upon us t h a t i t was a marsh and t h a t i t was the source o f the brook which we had met on the shore. The banks of the brook grew t h i c k stands of sedge g r a s s . Since i t was the r a i n y season the marsh was f u l l o f water. Upon r e a c h i n g the seashore a g a i n dusk had begun t o descend upon us and by the time we reached the path i t was p i t c h dark. We searched and wandered about f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e l e n g t h o f time before f i n d i n g the path a g a i n . J a l o , who was the youngest and had the best e y e s i g h t , took the l e a d . Although i t was not the l o n g e s t , t h i s was the most d i f f i c u l t journey t h a t I have undertaken i n my l i f e . I scrambled over f a l l e n t r e e s , some of which l a y crossways, others lengthways and a t times c r i s s - c r o s s above one another. A f t e r t r y i n g to walk along and crawl a l o n g them, f a l l i n g , doing h e a r t y summersaults and then e i t h e r l a u g h i n g or c u r s i n g we came upon an almost unpenetrable a r e a o f new growth which were of u n t o l d s i n u o s i t y . F i n a l l y we reached the island*;s southern shore j u s t as darkness was about t o 3 0 3 f a l l . From there i t Was a s h o r t d i s t a n c e to the c a b i n . Although the s u r f a c e a r e a of Malcolm I s l a n d i s f a i r l y -s m a l l , i t n e v e r t h e l e s s i s not good p r a c t i c e f o r the i n e x p e r i e n c e d without the a i d o f a compass on cloudy days to venture f a r from the shores. That f a c t was thoroughly experienced a t a l a t e r date by a p u b l i c s c h o o l t e a c h e r a t S o i n t u l a , a Scotsman named John Stevens. He i n h i s c u r i o u s -i t y and f o r the sake of adventure had l e f t the s h o r e l i n e and gone i n some d i s t a n c e f u r t h e r . He became l o s t and c o u l d not f i n d h i s way back t o the shores. As a r e s u l t the man wandered f o r two days and one n i g h t i n the h e a r t l a n d o f the i s l a n d u n t i l h i s absence was n o t i c e d . From t h a t time on the sawmill's steam w h i s t l e was c o n t i n u a l l y sounded a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , and a search p a r t y was formed. At l a s t he was found by a couple o f young men from V i r o who had an encamp-ment on the n o r t h e r n shore. The man was found exhausted and h a l f dead from hunger and c o l d . Without h e l p he c e r t a i n l y would have p e r i s h e d t h e r e . Many have made these t r i p s a s t r a y on Malcolm I s l a n d , although not w i t h such harsh consequences. As a r e s u l t of d i s c o v e r i n g the marsh we began to c l e a r a path to i t d i r e c t l y from the c a b i n . On the way t h e r e those doing the c l e a r i n g d i s c o v e r e d a s m a l l e r marsh, two or three ponds of water and a b e a u t i f u l l a k e . Having opened up a path to the marsh, we b u i l t on i t s rim, a c c o r d i n g t o the custom o f Etelapohjanmaa, a b a r n f o r meadow gras s and, a t a l a t e r time, a s t u r d y l o g b u i l d i n g , a barn and a shed f o r 304 hay. Two f a m i l i e s who owned, among other p o s s e s s i o n s , a cow, l i v e d t here f o r about a y e a r . The c u l t i v a t i o n o f marsh lands on Malcolm I s l a n d has shown i t s e l f as b e i n g a favourable a c t i v i t y . The o n l y problem which t r o u b l e d us i n the be g i n n i n g was an o v e r l y sour s o i l which was caused by the marsh being under water f o r l o n g p e r i o d s of time i n the wet season. With drainage these problems were g o t t e n r i d o f . C o n t r a r i l y , on the h i g h e r areas the p l e n t i f u l r a i n s f l u s h e d out from the sandy humus s o i l s the m i n e r a l s needed f o r growth and i t was necessary t o f e r t i l i z e them. During the dry s p e l l s o f J u l y and August they s u f f e r e d from drought. W i t h i n the marsh where i t seemed we c o u l d w i t h the l e a s t amount of e f f o r t c l e a r a f i e l d f o r v e g e t a b l e s and hay, we took the t a s k i n t o our hands w i t h enthusiasm and wi t h g r e a t stamina. How promising i t seemed then, the f u t u r e o f our new s o c i e t y , among such companions whose morale, s t a t e o f e v o l u t i o n a r y development and stamina t o labou r were e n t i r e l y admirable. With t h a t s o r t o f s e l e c t group i t would be p o s s i b l e t o b u i l d a new s o c i e t y . More S t r e n g t h During these times more workers s t a r t e d to come and, as i t i s s a i d , work progresseds d i t c h e s were dug a t the l a r g e marsh, potato f i e l d s were t i l l e d and b u i l d i n g s were c o n s t r u c t e d . C e r t a i n l y , people o f v a r y i n g s k i l l s were represented? a couple o f shoemakers, t h r e e c a r p e n t e r s , two 305 miners, a stone mason, a book b i n d e r , e t c . among whom t h i s author r e p r e s e n t e d a d i t c h d i g g e r t r a i n e d i n F i n l a n d . C l o s e r t o s p r i n g more men came wit h t h e i r f a m i l i e s . F i r s t from P o r i came K. A. Northted-Neva w i t h h i s wife and M a t t i Ricksman wi t h h i s f a m i l y , and soon a f t e r w a r d from F i n l a n d came H e i k k i Lukkarinen w i t h h i s f a m i l y and one other f a m i l y who soon r e t u r n e d . Now there were f o u r wives on the i s l a n d . At the beginning o f June Dr. Aswald H. Beckman from A s t o r i a , Oregon a r r i v e d . Beckman, who had been v e r y young when he came t o the Uni t e d S t a t e s from F i n l a n d , h ad under-taken m e d i c a l t r a i n i n g a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f Pennsylvannia, p r a c t i c e d medicine i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , and l a t e r , a f t e r the death o f h i s American w i f e , he moved t o A s t o r i a . There he had married a F i n n i s h woman named Miss Pernu. He had maintained a p r i v a t e h o s p i t a l a t A s t o r i a and, as a consequence o f h i s coming t o S o i n t u l a , he moved i t s equip-ment t h e r e . Now we a l s o had a F i n n i s h d o c t o r which brought f o r t h a f e e l i n g o f s e c u r i t y i n case o f i l l n e s s and a c c i d e n t s . There had not i n the past been a proper d o c t o r f o r n e a r l y hundreds o f m i l e s . I t was announced b e f o r e hand from Nanaimo, a t a time when the A i k a newspaper and a l l the management a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan Kansa were s t i l l t h e r e , t h a t there would a r r i v e a s u b s t a n t i a l group of members onto the i s l a n d f o r Juhannus on a proper h o l i d a y e x c u r s i o n . Now the r u s h began t o c o n s t r u c t a d d i t i o n a l housing. Since there was not 306 s u f f i c i e n t time to c o n s t r u c t l o g b u i l d i n g s the c a r p e n t e r s t a c k l e d the l a r g e cedars and s p l i t from them a t t r a c t i v e boards. Others b r i s k l y b r andished c l e a v e saws. In such a manner we f i n i s h e d a spacious h a l l - l i k e b u i l d i n g which t h e r e a f t e r became known as s e e t e r i h a a l i . i n time f o r the Juhannus c e l e b r a t i o n s . The grounds around the c a b i n were c l e a r e d and cleaned t h o r o u g h l y . Nearby we c o n s t r u c t e d a speaker*s podium atop a l a r g e cedar stump and i n a l l ways attempted to c r e a t e space and comfort f o r the people coming t o c e l e b r a t e . In those k i n d s o f ways we made p r e p a r a t i o n s . We went elsewhere to purchase a l a r g e s l a u g h t e r animal from a l i v e s t o c k rancher some f o u r t e e n m i l e s away. He was W i l l i a m May, the f i r s t white r e s i d e n t i n these p a r t s and he a l o n g w i t h h i s I n d i a n w i f e l i v e d a c r o s s from Malcolm I s l a n d . The p r e p a r a t i o n s and the a n t i c i p a t i o n o f Juhannus c e l e b r a t i o n s were f o r us as p l e a s u r e a b l e as were those i n our homeland when we were c h i l d r e n because we had l i v e d on Malcolm I s l a n d i n excess of one h a l f of a year l i k e w i l d men o f the woods away from the progress of the world. Now and a g a i n as companions a r r i v e d , we r e c e i v e d news and i n f o r m a t i o n about the s o - c a l l e d c a p i t a l i s t world. There was no p o s t a l s t a t i o n y e t and no k i n d o f l a n d i n g p i e r . Two s m a l l company s h i p s , " C u s u i t l a n " and "Kapilano" came to blow t h e i r steam w h i s t l e s near the i s l a n d when some newcomer wished t o come ashore. However, i f the newcomer happened to be on board the " K a s s i a r " , which belonged to the same company, he was l e f t a t A l e r t Bay from where he would have to t r y by whatever 307 means p o s s i b l e t o be brought over by the I n d i a n s . The a r r i v a l o f new companions always i n c r e a s e d our sense o f s e c u r i t y and our b e l i e f i n the p r o s p e r i n g o f our attempt. Was i t any wonder t h a t we were i n a euphoric s p e l l o f happiness? At l e a s t t h i s author can witness on b e h a l f o f h i m s e l f t h a t these were the o n l y p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r Juhannus i n h i s l i f e t i m e , when h i s b e l i e f i n h i s i d e a l s t a t e and i n a b e t t e r l i f e appeared t o be w i t h i n grasp. The Days o f C r e a t i o n or the Founding Days o f S o i n t u l a F i n a l l y the awaited day came to l i g h t . The Kalevan Kansa f e s t i v e guests a r r i v e d f o r the Juhannus c e l e b r a t i o n s or f o r the Luomis p a i v i l l a as they were c a l l e d . They had r e n t e d a s h i p , the "Kapilano", and there were many o f them, men and women, boys and g i r l s , and almost everyone remained on the i s l a n d . The f e s t i v e s p i r i t was h i g h and we c e l e b r a t e d f o r many days. M a t t i K u r i k k a through h i s o r a t o r y r e v e a l e d h i s luminescent v i s i o n s . A l s o speaking a t t h a t time were A. B. Makela, Dr. Beckman and M a r t i n Henrickson, a man who a l r e a d y a t t h i s time was known i n lab o u r c i r c l e s , and who a l o n g w i t h h i s wife had come to Malcolm I s l a n d . Poems were r e c i t e d and sung, p l e a s u r e e x c u r s i o n s were taken and the i s l a n d was e x p l o r e d . Only a t t h a t time d i d we g i v e our e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y b e a u t i f u l , harmonious and sonorous homesite f o r our U t o p i a n s o c i e t y the name S o i n t u l a . An a l t e r n a t e s u g g e s t i o n f o r the name was K o t i but i n a show of votes the former won overwhelmingly. We h e l d many meetings and organized many new p r o j e c t s . Among other t h i n g s , we decided t o b e g i n l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n s i n an area behind I m p i l a h e t i or M i t c h e l l Bay s i n c e e a r l i e r i n the s p r i n g a steam engine operator, J . Hoikka, had come t o be among us. He a l o n g w i t h the b l a c k s m i t h , Nygren, had put toge t h e r a donkey engine f o r h a u l i n g l o g s . They had put i t tog e t h e r from v i r t u a l l y s c r a p m a t e r i a l s brought from e l s e -where, and even a f t e r the Kalevan Kansa was disbanded i t continued t o f u l f i l l i t s purpose w i t h p r i d e . However, we were o n l y a b l e to be g i n t h i s l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n because B r i t i s h Columbia's new p r o v i n c i a l government had r e c i n d e d the e a r l i e r l a r g e f o r e s t g r a n t s t o the p r e v i o u s l y mentioned paper company so t h a t the f o r e s t s o f Malcolm I s l a n d were l e f t f o r the Kalevan Kansa. The g r a n t i n g o f Malcolm I s l a n d to us c o u l d not be revoked because the agreement was made i n the name of the B r i t i s h Crown and the Crown can never e r r . In t h i s way the u n p r o f i t a b l e pulp wood c o n t r a c t became w o r t h l e s s . The o n l y outcome of the c o n t r a c t agreement was t h a t we had begun t o assume debts. When K u r i k k a presented the c o n t r a c t which was worth thousands of d o l l a r s t o Vancouver's wholesale l o g g i n g f i r m s , s u p p l i e s were q u i c k l y d i s p a t c h e d f o r the Kalevan Kansa. K u r i k k a most s u r e l y had the courage t o do t h a t . The f i r s t annual r e p o r t o f the Kalevan Kansa was a l s o r e a d d u r i n g the founding days. I t , along w i t h a copy of the A i k a newspaper, has been pr e s e r v e d and w i l l now be p u b l i s h e d . 309 Although a l l the members o f the Kalevan Kansa have been able t o c a r e f u l l y f o l l o w the d u t i e s o f the d i r e c t o r s h i p and the a s s o c i a t e d changes w i t h i n our a f f a i r s w i t h the a s s i s t a n c e o f the A i k a newspaper, i t i s s t i l l important to c a s t an o v e r a l l l o o k a t t h a t u n f a i l i n g p r o g r e s s i o n o f events which have gathered us here onto the shores of t h i s i s l a n d lapped by the P a c i f i c Ocean. Everyone o f us F i n n s f e e l s w i t h i n h i m s e l f t h a t we are not people who favour d e s t r u c t i o n , r a t h e r do we favour c o n s t r u c t i o n . We do not t e a r to p i e c e s the f r u i t o f other people's l a b o u r , but have as our l o f t i e s t endeavour the growth o f f r u i t from our own l a b o u r s . Peace we c r a v e , a l o n g w i t h d i s c i p l i n e and o r d e r l i n e s s , but a l s o independence. Not one o f us who has been e x i l e d from F i n l a n d ' s p e a c e f u l shores can say t h a t the g r a n t i n g of t h i s new homeland i s not the i d e a of h i s i m a g i n a t i o n . No'. E v e r y proper F i n n c a r r i e s t h i s i d e a l w i t h i n h i s bosom even when on the s u r f a c e he appears used t o and s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h a t ungodly t u r m o i l which has taken a u t h o r i t y i n the c u l t u r e d world a t p r e s e n t . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , n a t u r a l t h a t when the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of new i d e a s l e f t F i n l a n d as a r e s u l t o f the l a t e s t p o l i t i c a l events t o search f o r a new f a t h e r l a n d and f e l l upon America's most d i s t a n t shores t o be among those o t h e r s f o r c e d to search f o r a home, the r e would n a t u r a l l y a r i s e the need to g i v e r i s e t o something b e t t e r . We d i d not c o n s t r u c t an e l u s i v e and vaporous image which was not a c c e p t a b l e to the e x i s t i n g ambiance and which was not capable i n time to j o i n w i t h them i f need be i n t o m e a n i n g f u l l s t r u g g l e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , we have not l e f t unaccounted those e x t e r n a l and fundamental t r u t h s whose n e g l e c t has caused the p r e s e n t form of s o c i e t y to verge on d e s t r u c t i o n . J u s t as f i r m and s t a b l e as the b l a c k s o i l o f Malcolm I s l a n d i s under our f e e t , as s o l i d as i s our company's l e g a l f o u n d a t i o n , i s our s e c u r i t y under England's Union Jack. And i n our midst the l i g h t of undeniable t r u t h shines j u s t as b r i g h t l y . Our steps are d i r e c t e d toward knowledge and k ind-heartedness. Ever s i n c e our b r o t h e r M a t t i K u r i k k a and M a t t i Halminen began t h e i r exchange of l e t t e r s , t h e r e has been among our misguided countrymen i n A u s t r a l i a and America a new t i d e which, i n i t s mysterious ways, has d i r e c t e d us toward l i g h t and s a l v a t i o n , b r i n g i n g our s t r i v i n g steps c l o s e r t o g e t h e r . The group which f i r s t took the matter o f the K alevan Kansa upon i t s s h o u l d e r s here a t Nanaimo and E x t e n s i o n was s m a l l . I t was o n l y a group of twenty men, one of whom M a t t i Sjobakka, was a c c i d e n t l y k i l l e d i n a mining mishap. Those men were M a t t i K u r i k k a , A. Oberg, H. K i l p e l a i n e n , J . Kangas, 310 J . P e l t o , H. Halminen, P. H a k u l i n , G. Hermanson, V. Mattson, H. T a n t t a r i , K. Henrickson, V. R o s s i , J . Klemola, J . Parkkoomaki, H. Baund, V. S a a r i k o s k i , M. Lofbackka and M. Kytomaa. However, p r o p o r t i o n -a t e l y and without f a i l , our concern has advanced. I t i s n a t u r a l t h a t when the s u b j e c t under c o n s i d e r -a t i o n i s the r e a l i z a t i o n o f i d e a l s , we would need to b e g i n from i d e a l i s t i c p r i n c i p l e s . We f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d our own newspaper through which we immediately p u b l i s h e d a p l a i n program without c o n d i t i o n s , without any s o r t o f o p p o r t u n i s t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d p o i n t o f view which would have entangled and hidden the newspaper's own p l a t f o r m . As a f o r m a l i t y the newspaper was e s t a b l i s h e d separate from the Kalevan Kansa, but from the b e g i n n i n g we were cognizant t h a t i t would n e c e s s a r i l y be sub-sumed i n t o the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company. The newspaper has s i n c e then done i t s job by keeping the Kalevan Kansa a f f a i r a c t i v e , and by i l l u m i n a t i n g those q u e r i e s which were not y e t understood by our s o u l mates, those who share the i d e a l s , both males and females. However, the a c q u i s i t i o n o f the i s l a n d , the b a s i c q u e s t i o n i n our a f f a i r s , d i d not depend on the i n f l u e n c e of the A i k a newspaper s i n c e i t s e d i t o r i a l s are t o the government and the g e n e r a l p u b l i c unknown. Our i d e a l s are to our new E n g l i s h speaking n a t i o n a l s j u s t as unknown as were the i d e a l s of the f i r s t c e n t u r y C h r i s t i a n s t o the Greeks and Romans. That i s why we f i r s t needed t o s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t problems which appeared i n s o l u b l e b e f o r e we c o u l d get our i d e a l s c r y s t a l l i z e d i n t o a c c o r d with the laws o f the country, i n t o the r e g u l a t i o n s o f the company. T h i s needed t o be accomplished b e f o r e we c o u l d get our company l e g a l i z e d , b e f o r e we c o u l d o b t a i n a u t h o r i t a t i v e and s i n c e r e a t t e n t i o n , b e f o r e there c o u l d be r e c i p r o c a l a c t i o n among our company's d e l e g a t e s and before we c o u l d a t l a s t o b t a i n the government's l e g a l agreement t o the g r a n t i n g o f the i s l a n d t o the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company, what w o r r i e s and annoyances were brought upon our l e a d i n g men j u s t alone by t h a t i n c i d e n t by which the i s l a n d ' s f o r e s t s were g i v e n over to the custody o f the I n d u s t r i a l Power Company'. That problem has o n l y r e c e n t l y been r e s o l v e d t o our t o t a l s a t i s f a c t i o n and o f t h i s the g e n e r a l p u b l i c has not r e c e i v e d but a s m a l l c l u e . The a f f a i r s o f the company have up u n t i l now been d i r e c t e d and a d m i n i s t e r e d by the d i r e c t o r s h i p which the f i r s t s h a r e h o l d e r s nominated f o r t h a t purpose. Among the d i r e c t o r s h i p harmony and b r o t h e r -hood has been so common t h a t i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t a t 311 any time the a f f a i r s needed to be s e t t l e d through a v o t e . They have always been s e t t l e d through mutual d i s c u s s i o n . Temporary d i r e c t o r s have been August Oberg, A u s t i n Makela, H. T a n t t a r i , Herman Baund, Bekka Hakulin, Johan Klemola, K u s t o f Hermansson, M a t t i Halminen, Johan Parkkoomaki, John P e l t o and H e i k k i K i l p e l a i n e n . M a t t i K u r i k k a was p r e s i d e n t . The v i c e - c h a i r m a n was Hermansson, the s e c r e t a r y Makela and the t r e a s u r e r was Oberg. Our a f f a i r s appeared incomplete a t the end o f the l a s t year when our s o u l mates Tanner and Maikson came to Nanaimo from the F r a s e r R i v e r w i t h t h e i r s u p p l i e s and t h e i r o f f e r t o go t o Malcolm I s l a n d on board t h e i r own boat. Although i t was a wet autumnand the company's a s s e t s were s m a l l , the enthusiasm of the above mentioned companions c a s t o f f a l l doubts. Rig h t away the q u e s t i o n arose as to which other b r o t h e r s wished t o go along, and so b r o t h e r s Henrickson, Kytoraaa and R o s s i l e f t . The b e g i n n i n g -was not o v e r l y i m p r e s s i v e , but c r e d i t goes to these f e l l o w s who d u r i n g those times and i n those c o n d i t i o n s l e f t to make the f i r s t c u t t i n g i n t o the w i l d e r n e s s . I f i t had been l e f t undone a t t h a t time, the b e g i n n i n g would have been delayed u n t i l t h i s s p r i n g . In t r u t h t h a t i n i t i a l e x p e d i t i o n d i d not accomplish a g r e a t d e a l , but c o u l d one have demanded much more o f i t ? We have s i n c e then advanced step by step, our work f o r c e and our m a t e r i a l p o s s e s s i o n s have c o n t i n u a l l y grown. Now we are i n such a p o s i t i o n t h a t the burden cannot f a l l upon any s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l i f our a f f a i r does not succeed. Now there are 127 members i n the Kalevan Kansa, o f whom twenty have not f u l f i l l e d the r e g u l a t i o n s of the company i n the d e s i g n a t e d manner, and who must, as a r e s u l t , be c o n s i d e r e d q u e s t i o n a b l e . In a c t u a l i t y some of them separated, but l a t e r sought t o r e t u r n , so t h a t the m a j o r i t y o f t h a t twenty w i l l i n a l l l i k e l i h o o d s t i l l meet one another i n S o i n t u l a . In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e are others who have o f f e r e d themselves f o r membership but whose a p p l i c a t i o n s the d i r e c t o r s h i p has not had the o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r o c e s s . The number o f new a r r i v a l s i n r e c e n t times has grown a p p r e c i a b l y and i s a t par w i t h the r e s t o f our advancements. Because some of the company's f i n a n c e s have j u s t been accounted f o r on Malcolm I s l a n d , and s i n c e the t r e a s u r y has been a t Nanaimo, the d i r e c t o r s h i p cannot a t t h i s time i n the middle of the f i s c a l year g i v e e x a c t l y p r e c i s e f i g u r e s concerning the company's f i n a n c i a l s t a t u s . Of prime concern a t the moment i s t h a t our p o s i t i o n i s v e r y advantageous and t h a t we have not been f o r c e d t o make any agreements which we c o u l d not w i t h a l l 312 c e r t a i n t y f u l f i l l i n time. P r i o r t o the f i f t e e n t h of t h i s month the membership dues, which have been accumulated, t o t a l $3,313.60, and t h e r e i s an a d d i t i o n a l amount o f $150.00 secured by the s e l l i n g o f shares i n the A i k a newspaper. The amount o f money b e i n g d i s c h a r g e d through l a b o u r has not been t o t a l l e d . G i f t s which t o t a l $114.45 have been r e -c e i v e d , and of t h a t $108.95 has been a p p r o p r i a t e d f o r the piano fund, and $4.00 f o r the immigration a s s i s t a n c e fund. The advance payment of $300.00 f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the l i v i n g q u a r t e r s has been kep t . A d d i t i o n a l sources o f income equal $3.00. The A i k a P r i n t i n g Company has been awarded a l o a n of $200.00 which i s to be used to s t r a i g h t e n out the debts i n c u r r e d by the A i k a newspaper. Expend-i t u r e s f o r establishment c o s t s , t r a v e l l i n g expenses, e t c . , have been $380.00; f o r machinery and equip-ment, boats, v e s s e l maintenance and f i t t i n g , d i s h e s and other f u r n i s h i n g s $1,388 .90; f o r c l o t h i n g and shoes $410.90; f o r food s u p p l i e s $1,019.40; f o r wages $250.00; f o r p r i n t i n g c o s t s $100.00; f o r medicine $3.50 and f o r r e n t $3 . 5 0 . A l l of the above t o t a l t o $3,556 .50 . We now have money i n hand which t o t a l s t o $174.55 and $150.00 i n the shares of the A i k a newspaper. In machinery and equipment the company, a t t h i s time, has an a c t i v e debt o f about $600.00; i n food and c l o t h i n g about $400.00, which a l o n g w i t h the p r e v i o u s l y mentioned advance payment c r e a t e a debt o f $1,300.00 not w i t h s t a n d i n g the wages due t o the company's own members. Without s u b s t a n t i a l p r i v a t e c a p i t a l s t o c k or l o a n s we have g o t t e n o f f t o a good s t a r t w i t h a k i n d of momentum which c o u l d not be b e t t e r . When the d i r e c t o r s h i p now surrenders i t s a u t h o r i t y and t r a n s f e r s i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s onto the j o i n t assembly o f a l l the Kalevan Kansa*s present membership, i t sees as i t s moral duty once more t o impress upon the thoughts o f every one o f the company's members t h a t g r e a t t r u t h which can never be f o r g o t t e n . That t r u t h became e v i d e n t when we decided about the a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan K a n s a — n o t h i n g humane can be c o n s t r u c t e d without c o - o p e r a t i o n and c o l l a b o r a t i o n ? no c o - o p e r a t i o n can s u s t a i n i t s e l f without o r g a n i z a t i o n and t h e r e can be no o r g a n i z a t i o n without guidance. I f you want t o preserve t h a t which we a l r e a d y have, f i n d amongst y o u r s e l v e s those t o whom you can t r u s t the d i r e c t i o n o f your a f f a i r s . But when they have been^chosen, t r u s t i n them as much, if- m o t more, than i n y o u r s e l f . That people which i s capable o f c o n t i n u o u s l y governing i t s e l f , o f c h o s i n g t r u s t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from i t s ranks, i s capable o f governing the e n t i r e world. 313 S o i n t u l a , B. C , June 20, 1902 M a t t i K u r i k k a A u s t i n Makela P r e s i d e n t S e c r e t a r y From the annual r e p o r t I p e r c e i v e d t h a t we had a l r e a d y used a s u b s t a n t i a l amount o f money on, among other t h i n g s , equipment and t o o l s , s m a l l machinery, b l a c k s m i t h t o o l s and other a c q u i s t i o n s . And t h e r e a r r i v e d without r e s t r a i n t a d d i t i o n a l members to the work f o r c e . A d d i t i o n a l members were the b e s t p o s s i b l e i n d i c a t o r s and those sentiments were seen i n the d i s p o s i t i o n s of everyone d u r i n g those times. However, l e t us a g a i n r e t u r n to those founding days. There was a thorough e x p l a n a t i o n of them by A. B. Makela ( a l s o known as A u s t i n Mckela) i n two e d i t i o n s o f t h e , A i k a newspaper. The a r t i c l e s were e n t i t l e d " C r e a t i o n Days a t S o i n t u l a " . I t would be o f the g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t t o p u b l i s h them i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y . But u n f o r t u n a t e l y the f i r s t e d i t i o n has been l o s t and -therefore I can r e v e a l n o t h i n g o t h e r than what was contained i n the l a t t e r h a l f o f the a r t i c l e . The Townsite and the D i v i s i o n i n t o B u i l d i n g L o t s We were single-minded about the t o w n s i t e . I t w i l l be l o c a t e d on the e a s t e r n shores o f K o t i l a h e t i on K o t i n i e m i b e g i n n i n g almost a t the base o f the bay and r e a c h i n g almost to the p o i n t o f the cape. From the p o i n t i t s e l f w i l l be s e l e c t e d an a r e a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e f o r a park. I n the same manner from w i t h i n the c e n t r a l area o f the t o w n s i t e , from the v i c i n i t y o f the p r e s e n t Welshman* s house a t the bend of the p e n i n s u l a , we w i l l s e t a s i d e a s t r i p r e a c h i n g a c r o s s the townsite f o r a s h o r e l i n e market p l a c e and f u r t h e r along a park. Everywhere al o n g the shore w i l l be l e f t approximately t e n t o f i f t e e n fathoms of l a n d f o r the company f o r the time when there w i l l be a s t r a i g h t s h o r e l i n e s t r e e t , s m a l l f o r e s h o r e parks and a p r e s e r v a t i o n f o r the embankment. The major s t r e e t s w i l l come to r u n the l e n g t h o f the p e n i n s u l a . T h e i r width was determined to be t e n fathoms and t h a t o f the c r o s s s t r e e t s seven fathoms. 31* The b l o c k s w i t h i n the townsite are t o be f o u r s i d e d and from each a p i e c e w i l l be l e f t f o r the company. Arguments arose over the s i z e of the b u i l d i n g a l l o t m e n t s . Support was g i v e n f o r one a c r e , one h a l f acre and one q u a r t e r acre s i z e d l o t s . F i n a l l y those s u p p o r t i n g the one h a l f acre a r e a r e c e i v e d the major b a c k i n g . As the most a p p r o p r i a t e shape i t was decided t h a t the l o t s should be l o n g w i t h the width equal to two t h i r d s o f the l e n g t h . When the d i r e c t o r s h i p had made i t s f i n a l d e c i s i o n on the shape of the l o t s i t was agreed t h a t they should measure 120 f e e t i n l e n g t h and 80 f e e t i n width which would make them s l i g h t l y l e s s than one h a l f acre i n a r e a . At the same time i t was decreed t h a t the l o t s c o u l d not be s u b d i v i d e d i n t o s m a l l e r p i e c e s . But w i t h the a p p r o v a l of the d i r e c t o r s h i p more than one f a m i l y c o u l d s e t t l e on a g i v e n b u i l d i n g l o t . Upon the a u t h o r i t y of the r e g u l a t i o n s which we had formulated i t was f u r t h e r decided t h a t from out-s i d e the townsite i t s e l f no one w i l l be g i v e n c o n t r o l over a l a r g e r p o r t i o n o f l a n d on Malcolm I s l a n d than t h a t which has now been agreed upon as a p p r o p r i a t e f o r b u i l d i n g l o t s . Ownership o f shore-l i n e areas w i l l be g i v e n on a temporary b a s i s only, under the understanding t h a t the company i f i t should so need can r e c l a i m i t without recompense. However, i n our d i s c u s s i o n s i t was p o i n t e d out t h a t the company w i l l i n the near f u t u r e attempt to a c q u i r e other areas w i t h i n the v i c i n i t y of the i s l a n d and from those l a r g e r areas t r a c t s would be made a v a i l -a b l e f o r those w i s h i n g t o have l a r g e r p r i v a t e areas of c u l t i v a t i o n or broader areas of l a n d f o r a s p e c i f i e d time. I t was proposed t h a t the sawmill be l o c a t e d i n the same p l a c e as had e a r l i e r been planned by the Welshmen. Arguing a g a i n s t t h a t s u g g e s t i o n T. Tanner informed us t h a t he wished to p l a c e the sawmill a t a s m a l l cape near the base o f the bay where the company's b l a c k s m i t h shop now stands. We d e c i d e d t o l o c a t e the f i r s t b u i l d i n g upon the bank, s l i g h t l y towards the back of the bay from the sawmill, toward the t i p o f the p e n i n s u l a , a generous one h a l f m i l e from the present s i t e t o S o i n t u l a . The l o c a t i o n o f the wharf n a t u r a l l y should be near the s a w m i l l . An o p i n i o n was g i v e n t h a t i t should be c o n s t r u c t e d on the deepest shore, a t the cove near the t i p of the cape. The O r g a n i z a t i o n of P r o j e c t s I t was an undertaking which r e q u i r e d much thought. I t was our i n t e n t i o n t o put i n t o e f f e c t the p o t e n t i a l l y most rewarding o r g a n i z a t i o n of work, while a t the 315 same time keeping an eye out so t h a t everyone would f e e l t h a t i n h i s t a s k he was as independent and r e s p o n s i b l e as p o s s i b l e . Because o f t h i s we decid e d to c r e a t e the p o s i t i o n o f a p r o j e c t o r g a n i z e r who would r e p r e s e n t the d i r e c t o r s h i p i n a l l matters r e l a t e d t o work. For t h i s important task August Oberg was e l e c t e d , and f o r h i s a s s i s t a n t A. Ru i s , should he be needed. I n d i v i d u a l work groups s e l e c t e d from t h e i r midst a work o r g a n i z e r who, i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the p r o j e c t o r g a n i z e r , would a s s i g n to each h i s t a s k , obeying the most e x a c t i n g p r i n -c i p l e s o f work d i s t r i b u t i o n . The work o r g a n i z e r s would assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w i t h i n t h e i r s e c t i o n s f o r the p r o p e r t y o f the company: machinery, v e s s e l s , t o o l s , c l o t h i n g , e t c . In a d d i t i o n , he w i l l g i v e n o t i c e o f what needs t o be g o t t e n and he w i l l keep a r e c o r d o f the workers* days. Complaints about the conduct o f the work o r g a n i z e r are to be presented t o the p r o j e c t o r g a n i z e r or i n the event t h a t he should be of no a s s i s t a n c e , t o the d i r e c t o r -s h i p . I f the work crew i s unanimously d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i r work o r g a n i z e r , i t can s e l e c t another. However, d u r i n g work i t i s necessary t o obey the or g a n i z e r without c a u s i n g any o b s t r u c t i o n s . The l e n g t h o f the workday f o r a l l the t a s k s was s e t a t e i g h t hours and t h a t w i l l h o l d f o r some time t o come. That p e r i o d o f times does not take i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n the d i s t a n c e t o the wor k s i t e nor the d i s t a n c e back. T h i s d e c i s i o n was reached a f t e r much d i s c u s s i o n d u r i n g which there was a t f i r s t v i g o r o u s support f o r the thus f a r accepted standard of a ni n e hour work day. However, t h a t i d e a was g i v e n l e s s support i n a v o t e . The work undertaken by women was organized i n a separate meeting w i t h the women. Other A f f a i r s About them l e t i t be mentioned t h a t i n the busine s s a f f a i r s a u t h o r i z e d by the p r o p r i e t o r s h i p of a l e g a l l y i n c o r p o r a t e d company, i n which the p a r t i c i p a n t s i n the matter do not unhold the d e c i s i o n s o f t h e i r d i r e c t o r s h i p as b e i n g n e c e s s a r y o r a n t i c i p a t e them t o be f e a s i b l e , a u t h o r i t y be granted t o the f o l l o w i n g company t r u s t e e s : p r e s i d e n t , a c t i n g manager, t r e a s u r e r , s e c r e t a r y and stock keeper, each a c c o r d i n g t o h i s own domain. Since the p r i n t i n g b u s i n e s s and the newspaper cannot be moved t o the i s l a n d u n t i l we have obtained a permanent post o f f i c e , the company's s e c r e t a r y i s , f o r t h i s reason, f o r c e d t o l i v e a t Nanaimo. There-f o r e he has been granted the temporary a u t h o r i t y t o approve membership a p p l i c a t i o n s when those matters appear t o be s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . However, under ot h e r 316 circumstances he must submit the a p p l i c a t i o n t o the d i r e c t o r s h i p f o r t h e i r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , while l e n d i n g to the matter a t hand h i s own o p i n i o n . For t h i s p e r i o d the s e c r e t a r y s h a l l a l s o a c t as the company's f i n a n c i a l agent a t Nanaimo. The task of being i n charge of the post o f f i c e was l e f t i n the care of the manager. He w i l l r e p r e s e n t the l e g a l post master and w i t h the company s s a n c t i o n the p o s i t i o n of i t s f i n a n c i a l c a r e t a k e r . Dr. Beckman was s e l e c t e d t o f i l l the p o s i t i o n o f the f u t u r e p o s t master and manager. I t was a l s o our p l a n t o e s t a b l i s h our own customs o f f i c e on the i s l a n d . The q u e s t i o n of e s t a b l i s h i n g a s c h o o l has a l r e a d y been up f o r d i s c u s s i o n as w e l l . We decided t o redeem from Dr. Beckman and h i s f o r m e r l y owned p r i v a t e h o s p i t a l a t A s t o r i a , Oregon, the necessary beds and equipment to found a h o s p i t a l . In a d d i t i o n , we decided t h a t to the extent t h a t i t i s not c o n t r a d i c t o r y to the company's b e n e f i t , we would as a matter of c a s u a l p r a c t i c e redeem p r i v a t e l y owned equipment, v e s s e l s , f i s h i n g and l o g g i n g s u p p l i e s , e t c . T h e i r v a l u e would f i r s t be a p p l i e d a g a i n s t the purchase of shar e s . Concluding E x e r c i s e s We a g a i n h e l d a s e l e c t i o n o f s p i r i t e d and j o y f u l speeches, r e c i t e d p o e t r y and sang songs. A few s p e c i f i c i n s t a n c e s have remained i n my memory. Kur i k k a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y presented h i s u n b r i d l e d and d i s t a n t p l a n s f o r the f u t u r e . Makela hoped t h a t the growth o f our i n t e r n a l i d e a l s would continue to;keep up w i t h our e x t e r n a l achievements. Dr. Beckman i n a p l e a s i n g manner p i c t u r e d t h a t e a r t h l y g r i s t m i l l through which each o f us had been t o s s e d here t o S o i n t u l a . At the same time he proposed a d e s i g n f o r the Kalevan Kansa f l a g . On a blue background t h e r e would be a white i s l a n d the shape of Malcolm I s l a n d , and on ;this i s l a n d would appear a golden K a n t e l e . The s u g g e s t i o n was agreed 317 upon by p u b l i c a p p r o v a l . To View the I s l a n d In the times between s e s s i o n s some people q u i t e o f t e n went to admire the m a g n i f i c i e n t f o r e s t s , where our w e l l -v e r s e d l o g g e r s claimed to have encountered the b e s t cedar woods t h a t they had ever seen as w e l l as other l u x u r i a n t vegetation some of which was s i x f o o t h i g h b e r r y canes. That i s how the b l u e b e r r y canes a r e , l i k e s m a l l t r e e s . At t h e i r peak, ready to gather, were two k i n d s of b e r r i e s , some y e l l o w i s h l i k e F i n n i s h c l o u d b e r r i e s , and others dark brown, resembling the a r c t i c bramble b e r r y . T h e i r t a s t e s had s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as w e l l and they grew on the above mentioned h i g h bushes. Our l a s t w i n t e r ' s d e s p i s e d nuisance bushes turned out to be n o t h i n g more than b e r r y bush s t o c k s , the most v a l u a b l e k i n d to be found .here a t t h a t , s i n c e we hear t h a t they are the b e s t k i n d to use. The sheep and the non-milking cows here s u r v i v e the year around on t h e i r l e a v e s s i n c e they are v e r y j t i i c y and always green. These s o - c a l l e d nuisance bushes i n t h e i r own r i g h t deserve thanks, otherwise the i s l a n d would not be under our c o n t r o l . The Indians would s u r e l y have taken i t f o r t h e i r r e s o r t . These same bushes a l s o had prevented the government surveyors from going beyond the sandy shores. As a r e s u l t they had made a lump e s t i m a t i o n d e s i g n a t i n g the i s l a n d as having o n l y sandy s o i l , a f a c t o r which has d e t e r r e d white farmers from coming to the i s l a n d . Makela wrote the f o l l o w i n g 318 o b s e r v a t i o n s . The c u l t i v a t i o n i n the marsh a r e a i s s a i d to be promising as w e l l as e x t e n s i v e by those who have ventured t h a t f a r . I d i d not see them s i n c e i n ;the absence of meetings the d i r e c t o r s h i p would ga t h e r or some other heated debate would a r i s e i n which one had t o take p a r t . I f I should venture i n t o the marsh area, they have promised t o cover me over with c l a y , the r eason b e i n g t h a t then I too c o u l d f i n a l l y under-stand the nature o f the c l a y d e p o s i t s on t h i s i s l a n d , b e t t e r than I had been a b l e t o , judging from my p o o r l y grounded o b s e r v a t i o n s l a s t w i n t e r . As you can see the matter might be so c u r i o u s t h a t the e n t i r e i s l a n d i s formed of c l a y loam s o i l . However, t h a t i s no more of a l o s s t o me than i t i s to anyone e l s e . At t h i s time the n a t u r a l s e t t i n g appears to be much more f u l l o f l i f e and s p i r i t e d than i t had been i n the w i n t e r . The world d i d not appear v e r y r o s y when we had t o w r e s t l e w i t h the storms and r a i n and were f o r c e d t o take s h e l t e r f o r the n i g h t i n the wet woods or a t b e s t i n the ramshackle shack of the Welshmen. Even t h e r e i t was not p o s s i b l e t o get d r y c l o t h e s f o r a week. The b e r r y canes were j u s t a hazard and the c l a y s o i l f e l t l i k e sand. Now there were abundant song b i r d s t h e r e . Every morning I was awakened by t h e i r t w i t t e r i n g a l t h o u g h i n the winter I would not have b e l i e v e d t h a t they c o u l d be found here. There were n o t i c e a b l y many o f the world's s m a l l e s t b i r d s , those b e a u t i f u l hummingbirds which f l y l i k e the f l a s h o f arrows. These shores are the o n l y p l a c e s on e a r t h where the e q u a t o r i a l and p o l a r w i l d l i f e ; the hummingbird and the whale, meet w i t h one another. T h i s i s what I had e a r l i e r r ead i n books but I d i d not b e l i e v e t h a t there would be such a generous number of hummingbirds on Malcolm I s l a n d . The whales I most c e r t a i n l y saw i n the water. We waited u n t i l the l a s t moment, although i n v a i n , f o r the a r r i v a l o f a photographer, A. J a r v i n e n , from V i r g i n i a , Minnesota, to come t o our c e l e b r a t i o n w i t h h i s s k i l l and equipment. We purchased a s m a l l camera w i t h which a l o n g w i t h our own s k i l l s we took p i c t u r e s along the way and on the i s l a n d i t s e l f . However, when a p r o f e s s i o n a l photographer was a f t e r w a r d engaged t o develop the f i l m s , the p i c t u r e s from the p l a t e s taken from on board the s h i p were found to be damaged. In the absence of a darkroom l i g h t had f i l t e r e d through to them, damaging the f i l m s . On the whole those taken on the i s l a n d have been p r e s e r v e d r a t h e r w e l l and c o p i e s of them are o f f e r e d f o r s a l e i n the advertisement s e c t i o n of our paper a t a low p r i c e . 319 S t i l l , not u n t i l J a r v i n e n a r r i v e s can we show our scenery through the k i n d s of p i c t u r e s t h a t i t s v a s t beauty deserves. The m i n i a t u r e s t h a t we have taken now are but a temporary expedient. A u s t i n McKela In the e d i t o r i a l of the A i k a newspaper o f June 27, 1902 there was the f o l l o w i n g r e p o r t about the founding days. Since we want our paper to appear a t l e a s t i n some form by now, i t i s necessary to leave a f u l l e r r e p o r t f o r f o l l o w i n g e d i t i o n s . For now, l e t i t j u s t be mentioned t h a t w i t h amazing unanimity, agreement and harmoniousness the hundred s t r o n g group r e s o l v e d to support those important p r i n c i p l e s upon which our f u t u r e communal l i f e w i l l be b u i l t . Not one d i s c o r d a n t sound was heard. The main c h a r a c t e r -i s t i c s o f the s u p p o s i t i o n s were p u b l i s h e d i n t h e A i k a newspapers before they were r a t i f i e d . Other f a c t o r s which q u i c k l y need t o be mentioned are the e l e c t i o n s which were conducted w i t h s e c r e t b a l l o t s . M a t t i K u r i k k a was e l e c t e d as p r e s i d e n t w i t h the e n t i r e membership o f v o t i n g a b i l i t y g i v i n g him unanimous a p p r o v a l . The d i r e c t o r s h i p was s e l e c t e d i n accordance w i t h the r u l e s and t r e n d s o f e l e c t -o r a l p r a c t i c e s , so t h a t those e l e c t e d r e c e i v e d votes of v a r y i n g amounts: August Oberg, A u s t i n Mckela, M. Kyto, A l f . R u i s , V. J a l o , A. Beckman, H. Lukkarinen, G. Iron, JP. Tanner, V. Vesa, K. Aho, and M. Halminen. V. Karstunen and R. Puro were appointed as a u d i t o r s i n an open e l e c t i o n and A. W i l l a n d e r and J . H. Tonsk as a s s i s t a n t a u d i t o r s . Aswald Beckman was e l e c t e d to be v i c e - p r e s i d e n t and manger, A u s t i n Mckela to be s e c r e t a r y , A u s t i n Oberg to be t r e a s u r e r and p r o j e c t o r g a n i z e r , V. J a l o to be a s s i s t a n t s e c r e t a r y , A l f . Ruis to be l a b o u r o r g a n i z e r and V. Karstunen t o be s t o c k keeper. A Monumental Task i s Begun; the Economy Expands On founding day when we had put t o g e t h e r a s m a l l machine f o r h a u l i n g l o g s and when we had the m a j o r i t y o f the members tog e t h e r , we began our l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n s a t I m p i l a h e t i on Malcolm I s l a n d some e i g h t m i l e s away from S o i n t u l a . The f i r s t l o g g i n g crew was not o f p r o f e s s i o n a l c a l i b r e . I t i s u n l i k e l y 320 t h a t a l l of them had ever seen l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n s i n what-ever form. In the group were shoemakers, t a i l o r s , carpenters, axe men and other l e s s s k i l l e d men to handle the g i a n t t r e e s . In a d d i t i o n , the donkey engine was too s m a l l and under-powered and t h e r e f o r e the l o g s had to be cut so s h o r t as to be v a l u e l e s s before they c o u l d be removed from the f o r e s t . A salmon se i n e was purchased f o r the company s t r a i g h t away f o r the purpose of f i s h i n g . In J u l y the company manager, Br. Beckman went to Vancouver t o buy a s m a l l steam v e s s e l , the " V i n e t a " . Now there were proper work groups: the l o g g i n g crew, the f i s h i n g crew, the c u l t i v a t o r s , the b l a c k s m i t h and the m a c h i n i s t s and machine o p e r a t o r s . The need f o r housing was s t r a i n i n g . Both the c a b i n and the h u r r i e d l y put t o g e t h e r cedar h a l l were f i l l e d w i t h f a m i l i e s . I t became necessary f o r us to get t e n t s . L i v i n g i n them d u r i n g the summer was t o l e r a b l e enough but i n the autumn r a i n s and i n w i n t e r i t was a d i f f e r e n t s t o r y . We s u f f e r e d i n the f o l l o w i n g w i n t e r from the housing shortage. A keen q u e s t i o n arose about how and where can we get m i l k s i n c e there a l r e a d y was on the i s l a n d a s i z e a b l e group of women and c h i l d r e n and more were coming. Not much m i l k t r i c k l e d from the two cows which the company had and which had to forage w i l d . The constant i n c i t e m e n t to get people t o come t o the i s l a n d by the A i k a newspaper was, from the b e g i n n i n g , a curse s i n c e there was no s h e l t e r and none of the means o f 321 production were i n order. Logs at that time were without much value, and since the cost of dragging them to Vancouver's sawmills was high with unskilled workers and poor equipment, there was at this time very l i t t l e value in the logging work. If we had from the very beginning arranged our company's affairs i n a different manner we would have been spared many miseries and tribulations. It i s especially necessary to comprehend the anxiousness of those mothers who had small children, and who i n the past had not needed to suffer from much of anything, since their husbands had been well paid professionals whose standard of l i v i n g had been comparatively high. In addition, some, even from the beginning, had not understood the ideas and ideals which we had come here to bring into existence. When such women found themselves i n thoroughly cramped and chaotic conditions, when their small children suffered from a lack of milk, not to mention the delicacies which they had become accustomed to receive and offer, i t i s understandable that they would be easily dissatisfied and in a bitter frame of mind. This was the condition of affairs i n August as Kurikka l e f t for Vancouver. It was necessary to do something. In the Nanaimo newspaper there happened to be an advertisement about a certain dairyman who was discontinuing his operation. We looked into this matter, Kurikka, Mekela and this author went to have a glance at the herd and i t appeared to be of good quality. There was a directorship meeting and, with their approval, McKela and myself went to select some cows 322 and a breeder b u l l . Into the same herd o f the Kalevan Kansa I a l s o gave up my p r i v a t e l y owned cow as w e l l as my chickens. In the A i k a newspaper o f August 22, 1902 was the f o l l o w i n g announcement. S o i n t u l a Grows L a s t Saturday n i g h t on board the f r e i g h t e r named " C a p i l i n o " t here departed from Nanaimo t o S o i n t u l a a group o f r e s i d e n t s f o r Malcolm I s l a n d . I t c o n s i s t e d o f about twenty a d u l t s and about the same number o f c h i l d r e n . Except f o r a few who had come from elsewhere the m a j o r i t y were Finns from Nanaimo and E x t e n s i o n , among them some o f the founding members of the Kalevan Kansa. Having a t l a s t separated themselves from t h e i r a f f a i r s , they, a l o n g w i t h t h e i r b e l o n g i n g s , l e f t here f o r good. Some of the men have a l r e a d y been to the i s l a n d and now are t a k i n g t h e i r f a m i l i e s and p o s s e s s i o n s t h e r e . Indeed, e a r t h l y goods have been accumulated, as can be seen when e v e r y t h i n g needs to be taken a l o n g . On board the same s h i p to S o i n t u l a was sent the nucleus o f a herd. Up t o t h i s time there have been o n l y a couple o f cows and t h e i r c a l v e s which have been bought i n A l e r t Bay. Now e l e v e n c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d m i l k cows have been obtained a l o n g w i t h a potent f i v e year o l d purebred Durham b u l l . The cows f o r the most p a r t are f o u r t o f i v e year o l d s and of mixed breeds. A l s o on board the s h i p went a two and a h a l f horsepower steam engine complete w i t h i t s b o i l e r . I t was bought to be used p r i m a r i l y on the p r i n t i n g p r e s s when the p r i n t i n g b u s i n e s s i s moved from Nanaimo to S o i n t u l a . T h i s i s how S o i n t u l a advances b i t by b i t . Upon the a r r i v a l o f t h i s group the number o f f a m i l y members w i l l be c l o s e t o two hundred persons. Toward the end of the week s e v e r a l f a m i l i e s w i l l go t h e r e . They are from A s t o r i a , Oregon, and w i l l pass through Vancouver on board the m a i l s h i p bound f o r the i s l a n d . T h i s does not mention the s i n g l e or i n d i v i d u a l t r a v e l l e r s of which there are always a few who are heading f o r Malcolm I s l a n d . The mining magnates here are a l r e a d y b e g i n n i n g to get a presentiment o f what i s t a k i n g t h e i r F i n n s from them. That was not the i n t e n t of the govern-ment they argue, the lan d should not be granted t o others than to those who come d i r e c t l y from F i n l a n d . I t i s not f o r those who have a l r e a d y s e t t l e d here to work. Whatever the i n t e n t of the government was, 323 i t was our i n t e n t to e s t a b l i s h a settlement where those who come str a i g h t from F i n l a n d w i l l be accepted a l o n g w i t h t h e i r s o u l mates who are a l r e a d y r e s i d i n g here. I t i s i n accordance w i t h these sentiments t h a t the documents have been w r i t t e n . On the same s h i p the author of t h i s book went to S o i n t u l a . That l i t t l e s h i p was l i k e Noah's Ark: men, women, c h i l d r e n , c a t t l e , hens, dogs, e t c . , a l l bound f o r S o i n t u l a . At the Nanaimo p i e r there had gathered a l a r g e crowd, some of whom re p r e s e n t e d other n a t i o n a l i t i e s as w e l l , t o see our departure. When t h i s s o r t o f new a r r i v a l s landed on the i s l a n d the need f o r f u r t h e r housing became unbearable. To add t o the d i f f i c u l t i e s the autumn r a i n s had a l r e a d y begun; i t was r a i n i n g when we a r r i v e d a t the f r o n t o f the c a b i n . Where t o s h e l t e r our group and where t o put the t h i r t e e n head o f c a t t l e when there was no cover f o r even the people? Some-how the needed adjustments were made, f i r s t f a m i l i e s w i t h c h i l d r e n were p l a c e d i n :the c a b i n and the h a l l , o t h e r s were put i n t o the t e n t s . As had been decided d u r i n g the founding days, no f u r t h e r l i v i n g q u a r t e r s were b u i l t near the c a b i n , but r a t h e r a t the pre s e n t s i t e o f S o i n t u l a . There we undertook t o c o n s t r u c t a l a r g e b u i l d i n g i n which there was to be a kitchen, c a f e t e r i a and d i n i n g area and a storage room a l l under the same r o o f . I t turned out t o be so spacious t h a t i t was s u f f i c i e n t f o r i t s purpose f o r the d u r a t i o n - o f the Kalevan Kansa's e x i s t e n c e . By the time t h a t the e a t i n g p l a c e was completed we had a l r e a d y c o l l e c t e d enough equipment so t h a t we c o u l d under-take the c o n s t r u c t i o n of a sawmill. Now the same problem appeared t h a t had done so a t the commencement o f our l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n s . Experienced c a r p e n t e r s there s u r e l y were but none had seen the c o n s t r u c t i o n and assembly o f a sa w m i l l . The r e s u l t was t h a t the saw cut boards a t a v e r y slow r a t e from the timber, so s l o w l y i n f a c t t h a t w i t h j u s t i t s a s s i s t a n c e we would not have been ab l e t o b u i l d the desper-a t e l y needed q u a r t e r s . That was f r u s t r a t i n g and annoying f o r those who had been b u i l d i n g and p u t t i n g the sawmill i n t o shape. I t was c e r t a i n l y t r u e t h a t the s u p p l i e s were scavanged, haphazardly g o t t e n and p r e v i o u s l y used. I t would have been d i f f i c u l t f o r even the experienced b u i l d e r t o put toge t h e r a p r o p e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g apparatus from them. T h i s w i n t e r o f 1902 was a p e r i o d of misery and t r i a l s . P a r t i c u l a r l y , the impoverished s t a t e o f the l i v i n g q u a r t e r s made the women e s p e c i a l l y i m p o s s i b l e -to s a t i s f y and s l o w l y members began t o leave the i s l a n d . Some o f them sent m a l i g n i n g l e t t e r s t o be p u b l i s h e d . Among them was the recognized working c l a s s a g i t a t o r and t r a v e l l i n g l e c t u r e r , M a r t i n Henrickson. At f i r s t he was one of Kurikka*s b e s t companions and admirers, but he soon came to argue w i t h K u r i k k a t o the p o i n t t h a t he was f o r c e d t o leave the i s l a n d . The same k i n d of r e l a t i o n s h i p came to pass f o r a l l those who from the v e r y b e g i n n i n g came to admire and honour K u r i k k a t o the utmost. Sooner or l a t e r they came t o be h i s worst enemies. 325 Dr. Beckman had a l r e a d y i n J u l y t r a v e l l e d to A s t o r i a t o get h i s f a m i l y . Of t h a t there was the f o l l o w i n g n o t i c e i n the A i k a newspaper. Dr. Aswald Beckman t r a v e l l e d l a s t Tuesday to s e t t l e . w i t h h i s f a m i l y on Malcolm I s l a n d . H i s r e g u l a r o c c u p a t i o n w i l l be post master but he a l s o has p e r m i s s i o n t o p r a c t i c e medicine among the membership o f the Kalevan Kansa u n t i l such a time as when a d o c t o r can be g o t t e n who has been awarded new c e r t i f i c a t i o n a c c o r d i n g to the laws of B r i t i s h Columbia. Our I m p r a c t i c a l Flowers We had a l r e a d y had the o p p o r t u n i t y to gather numerous such f l o w e r s or blunders, but one o f the most l a s t i n g we got from our attempt a t stock r a i s i n g . Even wi t h the l a r g e work f o r c e we d i d not have time to b u i l d a barn f o r the c a t t l e we purchased. Nor d i d we b u i l d r e s i d e n c e s f o r our people from l o g s although new s e t t l e r s wherever they might be put them to g e t h e r i n a s h o r t time and w i t h a s m a l l work f o r c e . We s t i l l needed to take the m a j o r i t y o f our m i l k cows to a d i f f e r e n t a r e a on Vancouver I s l a n d where there were a couple of abandoned shacks d i s c a r d e d a t some time by new-comers who had l e f t . Around them th e r e was a l i t t l e c l e a r e d l a n d . We had t o c a r r y food there f o r the animals, attendants had to remain t h e r e and one-man had to d e l i v e r the m i l k t o S o i n t u l a . These ki n d s of circumstances, i n d i c a t i n g the mismanagement o f our household economy, were j u s t a c o n t i n u a t i o n of our e a r l i e r mistakes. L e t i t be known i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n without any attempt 326 to hide the matter, t h a t K u r i k k a and Mckela were not p r a c t i c a l managers, nor were they s u i t e d t o d i r e c t economic l i f e i n the circumstances i n which we the poor workmen t r i e d t o b e g i n t o c r e a t e a s p i r i t u a l l y guided i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y w i t h i n the v i r g i n f o r e s t . We t r i e d to accomplish i t p r i m a r i l y by enthusiasm and good wishes. When educated gentlemen, and e s p e c i a l l y those who have r e c e n t l y come from F i n l a n d and w r i t e i n t e l l i g e n t and p e n e t r a t i n g a r t i c l e s about a l l the f a c e t s of s o c i e t y and on the support of t h e i r knowledge evaluate the v a r i o u s t r a n s a c t i o n s , i t must be s a i d t h a t they are j u s t i m p r a c t i c a l t h e o r i s t s working on paper. They are the ones who h a s t e n to deceive i n order to put t h e i r i m p r a c t i c a l i d e a s i n t o experience i n p r i m i t i v e , r i g o r o u s and strange circumstances. I n many i n s t a n c e s t h e i r p r a c t i c a l p u t t e r i n g s appear a t times to be q u i t e c h i l d i s h and they have a g r e a t d e a l of d i f f i c u l t y to lower themselves to accept a workingman's knowledge which he has gained through experience. We too, a t Malcolm I s l a n d , had our own experiences i n these matters. About the i s s u e of i d e a l marriage or f r e e l o v e , p e r s p e c t i v e s which K u r i k k a encouraged, he and Mckela c o u l d not agree a t a l l . In other more p r a c t i c a l matters K u r i k k a t r u s t e d Mckela's judgement completely and t h i s was e x a c t l y the purpose f o r which he had brought him here. In the d i s c u s s i o n s and the r e s o l u t i o n of Kalevan Kansa's important a f f a i r s K u r i k k a and Mckela were o f the same o p i n i o n . The a f f a i r s were always d i s c h a r g e d as they wished s i n c e a t the 327 time of v o t i n g the t a i l o r s and other such people were always o f the same o p i n i o n as they. But l e t us r e t u r n to the time a t hand. A f t e r t r i a l s and adjustments the saw began to push through a l i t t l e more lumber, so t h a t i t became r e a l i s t i c t o t h i n k about the c o n s t r u c t i o n of a l a r g e r communal l i v i n g area f o r the members who were s t i l l s u f f e r i n g as a r e s u l t of the p i t i f u l c i r cumstances. T h i s author d i d not have the o p p o r t u n i t y to f o l l o w a l l the meetings o f t h a t p e r i o d s i n c e he a l o n g w i t h h i s f a m i l y was ordered to take up r e s i d e n c e near the shack of the p r e v i o u s l y mentioned Danish hermit. I t was c l o s e to the l a k e of approximately t e n a c r e s i n s i z e which was d i s c o v e r e d e a r l i e r i n the s p r i n g . I, along w i t h the h e l p o f one other person was g i v e n the t a s k of d i g g i n g drainage d i t c h e s f o r i t . T r a v e l l i n g on f o o t we c o u l d o n l y get t o S o i n t u l a on Sundays to a t t e n d the meetings, and t o hear the g e n e r a l news about our company's undertakings and i t s s t a t e of a f f a i r s . The communal b u i l d i n g which we had planned needed to be q u i t e l a r g e and i t was most c e r t a i n l y demanded by the c o n t i n u a l a r r i v a l of new members on the i s l a n d , although a few had l e f t . Along w i t h others t h e r e a r r i v e d from the Dakota p r a i r i e s f i v e f a m i l i e s w i t h f i f t e e n c h i l d r e n . They were farmers. They brought w i t h them s i x s t r o n g work horses, of which two had been s o l d i n Vancouver. -These f o u r horses, a l o n g with the f i f t e e n head of c a t t l e we were f o r c e d t o f e e d w i t h hay bought and brought a l l the way from Vancouver without the b e n e f i t of t h e i r s e r v i c e s . I t was 328 necessary to buy food along w i t h other s u p p l i e s f o r the people on c r e d i t . There was a p l a n to feed the horses without i n c u r r i n g a d d i t i o n a l s u b s t a n t i a l expense, but even t h a t attempt ended i n m i s f o r t u n e . We loaded on board the " V i n e t a " some lumber and s e v e r a l men among whom was the s e c r e t a r y of the Kalevan Kansa. They were to b u i l d a barn f o r the horses a t Wakeman Sound, some s i x t y m i l e s away. But on t h e . g r a s s y a l l u v i a l l a n d s t i d e waters r i s e t o a h e i g h t of s i x f e e t twice a day, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the w i n t e r . Quite l i k e l y these a f f a i r s seemed d o u b t f u l even to the s e c r e t a r y s i n c e the lumber was p i l e d and s t o r e d i n the f o r e s t beneath a l a r g e f i r t r e e . There i t remained to be gathered up by the Indians a l t h o u g h there was a desperate need f o r lumber a t S o i n t u l a . The A i k a Newspaper Ceases P u b l i c a t i o n A s h o r t time p r i o r t o the above mentioned i n c i d e n t the A i k a newspaper had ceased p u b l i c a t i o n i n Nanaimo. The l a s t e d i t i o n on hand f o r my p r e s e n t use i s September 20, 1902 and i n i t K u r i k k a suggests to the d i r e c t o r s h i p of the Kalevan Kansa t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a s h o r t term l a p s e i n the p u b l i c a t i o n from t h i s date u n t i l the end of the year, a t which time i t w i l l reappear from S o i n t u l a . However, circumstances i n S o i n t u l a delayed the appearance o f the paper f o r over a year or u n t i l November 1903. During these times K u r i k k a d i d not have h i s own newspaper to defend the a f f a i r s o f the company a g a i n s t the a t t a c k s coming from without. Other p r i v a t e or 329 company newspapers aimed at American Finns were not enthus-i a s t i c t o p u b l i s h Kurikka's w r i t i n g s . The p u b l i c a t i o n of the A i k a newspaper as a matter of circumstance had become d i f f i c u l t s i n c e a l l the company a f f a i r s had a l r e a d y moved to S o i n t u l a . Yet a t S o i n t u l a there was no way of accommodating i t , e s p e c i a l l y when there was not s u f f i c i e n t accommodation f o r the wives and c h i l d r e n : A Communal House i s B u i l t C o n s t r u c t i o n o f the l i v i n g q u a r t e r s was s t a r t e d i n November. As a r e s u l t of the r a i n s and the f o u l weather t h i s author c o u l d o n l y r a r e l y go to S o i n t u l a . So s e v e r a l weeks had passed b e f o r e , on a c e r t a i n Sunday, I went t o S o i n t u l a . There I saw to my amazement and joy a l a r g e t a l l b u i l d i n g f i r m l y s t a n d i n g and almost complete. At l e a s t i t was complete t o the p o i n t where the r o o f was b e i n g hammered on w i t h g r e a t h a s t e . I t was s a i d t h a t there was a " t a l k o u t " and many men were on the r o o f . I t was a s i g h t to r e v i v e my s p i r i t s . I had not on my departure from E l l i m a n ' s shack even been a b l e t o e e n v i s i o n t h a t so much might have been accomplished i n S o i n t u l a . In my memory there has remained a c e r t a i n occurrence from these times which seems somewhat unimportant but I s h a l l r e l a t e i t j u s t the same. In f r o n t o f t h a t b u i l d i n g next to the base of a stump was a campfire and i n i t s midst was a s t a n d i n g l e n g t h of p i p e . I d i d not understand the purpose of the pipe u n t i l Mckela came t o f e e l the hot a i r which was 330 coming from the end of the p i p e . Soon K u r i k k a a r r i v e d and began t o do l i k e w i s e . Then i t dawned upon me t h a t they were t e s t i n g the h e a t i n g system f o r t h a t new b u i l d i n g and I took i t upon myself t o mention t o Ku r i k k a t h a t there were in h e r e n t dangers w i t h i n those kinds o f h e a t i n g methods. Kurikka turned immediately and began t o walk away, o b v i o u s l y h u r t by my o b s e r v a t i o n . D i d t h a t experiment r e l a t e t o the use o f the h e a t i n g system which was l a t e r so f a t e f u l f o r th a t unlucky b u i l d i n g and i t s i n h a b i t a n t s ? L e t us say t h a t i t d i d . Among us were many s k i l l e d b u i l d e r s and c a r p e n t e r s . Therefore the b u i l d i n g was soon completed t o the p o i n t where i t c o u l d be put to f u l l use. I t was th r e e s t o r e y s h i g h . Two f l o o r s were g i v e n over to l i v i n g q u a r t e r s w i t h a hallway i n the middle and the l i v i n g areas a l o n g both s i d e s . On the f i r s t f l o o r the door t o the ou t s i d e was on the end w a l l i n l i n e with the h a l l on the bottom f l o o r . On the f i r s t f l o o r the f i r s t room next t o the door and on the l e f t was the o f f i c e which a l s o served as Kurikka's l i v i n g q u a r t e r s . On the r i g h t was a s t a i r c a s e to the second f l d o r and from there extended another to the t h i r d f l o o r where there was a l a r g e meeting h a l l which t e m p o r a r i l y served as a t a i l o r ' s shop. On the other end of the b u i l d i n g was a l a r g e baking oven made of mortar and from i t was c o n s t r u c t e d some form of h e a t i n g system which passed through the w a l l s i n t o the l i v i n g q u a r t e r s . During t h i s time and much before Christmas the f i n a n c i a l 331 a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan Kansa were r a t h e r hazy. The debt grew as we l i v e d on c r e d i t , both the people and the animals. Sources of income c o u l d b a r e l y be named. The t a s k of p r o c u r i n g c r e d i t f e l l upon the neck o f K u r i k k a . The job was not easy s i n c e we needed l a r g e amounts of many k i n d s of s u p p l i e s beyond the necessary f o o d s t u f f s . However, K u r i k k a executed h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y incomparably. Often he would complain about the d i f f i c u l t y o f h i s t a s k , a g r e e i n g t h a t a t times i t was necessary f o r him to l i e a l i t t l e . But always when the l a c k of s u p p l i e s became an urgent matter K u r i k k a would t r a v e l to Vancouver and from the l o g g i n g exchange s u p p l i e s would a r r i v e . In the end of January 1903 he was on such b u s i n e s s i n Vancouver. At t h a t time the c r e d i t o r s of the Kalevan Kansa demanded to know what there was on the i s l a n d . Was i t worth g i v i n g us f u r t h e r c r e d i t ? For t h a t purpose they sent a man named B e l l , one of t h e i r t r u s t e e s , t o examine S o i n t u l a * s f o r e s t s and other a s s e t s . He came to see i f any f u r t h e r debts c o u l d be p a i d from h e r e . The examiner went over a l l the work p r o j e c t s and t h e r e f o r e came to our drainage d i t c h p r o j e c t as w e l l . I t had become a h a b i t t h a t when K u r i k k a r e t u r n e d from Vancouver we would gather f o r a meeting and l i s t e n t o K u r i k k a e x p l a i n about the company's debts and about i t s present s i t u a t i o n . Now once a g a i n the members gathered t o g e t h e r t o l i s t e n t o Kurikka's e x p l a n a t i o n . I was not a t t h a t meeting. I was r e a d i n g something l a t e i n t o the n i g h t 332 a t my q u a r t e r s a t E l l i m a n ' s shack when upon going o u t s i d e I n o t i c e d t h a t the h o r i z o n i n the d i r e c t i o n of S o i n t u l a was gleaming and glowing r e d . Although I suspected something I d i d not r e a l i z e a t the time i t was: S o i n t u l a ' s Unfortunate F i r e I n the morning, a t the b r e a k i n g o f the day, I s t a r t e d along the s h o r e l i n e f o r S o i n t u l a . In S o i n t u l a there were two l a r g e b u i l d i n g s as has been p r e v i o u s l y mentioned. I had a premonition and s u s p i c i o n t h a t one of these had now burned because the r e s t o f S o i n t u l a ' s c o t t a g e s or any o t h e r sources would not have made such a l a r g e b l a z e . Upon a r r i v i n g a t K o t i n i e m i Bay, my h e a r t began t o beat so hard t h a t I c o u l d f e e l i t s s t r o k e s through my c l o t h i n g . Which one of these has burned, the c a f e t e r i a - s t o r a g e b u i l d i n g or the communal l i v i n g q u a r t e r s , I f r a n t i c a l l y pondered. Upon a r r i v i n g a t the t i p o f the cape i t became c l e a r t o me t h a t the communal l i v i n g q u a r t e r s were missing'. H u r r y i n g and upon meeting the f i r s t group o f people I i n q u i r e d , "Have any people been k i l l e d by the f i r e ? " E l e v e n I w i l l not t r y to p r e s e n t a d e s c r i p t i o n o f the e f f e c t o f t h a t blow. I w i l l simply say t h a t the s t r e n g t h was gone from my f e e t . I l u r c h e d and slumped i n t o a c h a i r . J u s t t h i n k t h a t e l e v e n people, who were to me l i k e b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s have been k i l l e d a t the same time'. I heard the name 333 of those who had d i e d and a f t e r a few moments brought myself t o g e t h e r and went t o the s i t e o f the f i r e . There were the bodie s , some of which were j u s t remains, s t r e t c h e d out a t the f i r e s i t e . In the cabins and t e n t s l a y those who had r e c e i v e d burns or had i n some other way been h u r t , among whom was my own daughter. The f a c e s and hands of many were bad l y burned, f o r i n s t a n c e , A. B. Mckela, who we a t f i r s t thought would completely l o s e h i s e y e s i g h t . News of the tragedy had reached A l e r t Bay and from there a r r i v e d a policeman, clergyman, some other t h i r d person and a j u s t i c e o f the peace. A p o l i c e i n q u i r y was h e l d and a board sworn i n . I too had to p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h a t a l t h o u g h my h e a r t was s i c k with g r i e f . I n accordance with the accounts g i v e n by those who had been a t the f i r e , I w i l l t r y to g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n about i t and about how i t had got s t a r t e d . Almost a l l o f the Kalevan Kansa members who had been a t S o i n t u l a had gathered t o hear Kurikka*s news from Vancouver which concerned us a l l , i n the u p s t a i r s meeting h a l l o f the communal l i v i n g q u a r t e r s . While the meeting was i n s e s s i o n someone had n o t i c e d a t h r e a t e n i n g danger and made i t known t h a t f i r e had broken l o o s e . F o l l o w i n g t h a t t h e r e was a h u r r i e d l y o rganized attempt t o go down so t h a t there would not be any c o n f u s i o n on the s t a i r c a s e . But downstairs the f i r e had taken such c o n t r o l t h a t only some people had an op p o r t u n i t y t o save themselves by t h a t r o u t e . Others were l e f t u p s t a i r s i n the smoke to f i g h t f o r t h e i r l i v e s . The 3 3 * b u i l d i n g had been c o n s t r u c t e d of green lumber and when they had d r i e d and shrunk l a r g e cracks were l e f t . The baking oven had j u s t been brought up to heat. The f i r e began a t t h i s end and s i n c e the door t o the o u t s i d e a t the opposite end had been l e f t open a powerful d r a f t was born. The gapped board w a l l s burned as r a p i d l y as a basket made of s p l i n t e r wood. People jumped from the windows of the u p s t a i r s second and t h i r d f l o o r s . Those who were a l r e a d y too overcome from smoke and were f a i n t were dropped down from the windows by o t h e r s . Therefore there were many who r e c e i v e d i n j u r i e s . The examiner, B e l l , who had accompanied K u r i k k a back from Vancouver, had been put up i n Kurikka*s bed i n the o f f i c e and was able to escape from there w i t h h i s belongings without i n c i d e n t . In the morning he had been taken to A l e r t Bay from where he had immediately g o t t e n to Vancouver by s h i p . He straightaway wrote about the news and gave an e x p l a n a t i o n about the S o i n t u l a f i r e t o the newspapers. From Vancouver two nurses were immediately sent and an a s s i s t a n c e fund was s t a r t e d , which i n p a r t i c u l a r p r o v i d e d the much needed c l o t h i n g ? t h a n k f u l l y . Is i t even necessary t o present those f e e l i n g s as we l i v e d w i t h our a f t e r t h o u g h t s about t h a t u p s e t t i n g i n c i d e n t ? E l e v e n people had been k i l l e d and a l a r g e group was s u f f e r i n g from severe burns*. The f o l l o w i n g are the ones who l o s t t h e i r l i v e s . 1. Herman Hantula's wife Maria and t h e i r c h i l d r e n , Herman, I l m a r i , V i l p a s and A i l i . They had a r r i v e d a t S o i n t u l a j u s t 3 3 5 b e f o r e Christmas from t h e i r farm i n the Dakotas. 2. The widow Maria Lofback and her two c h i l d r e n , T e k l a and Oiva. Her husband, M a t t i Lofback, had d i e d i n the p r e v i o u s s p r i n g i n a mining a c c i d e n t a t E x t e n s i o n . 3. August Oberg's two c h i l d r e n , Elma and Hilma. They were born a t Nanaimo. 4. The b l a c k s m i t h V i c t o r S o r t e l l . He was an o l d e r man who had been born i n Tampere. At the time when h i s "whole f a m i l y p e r i s h e d i n the f i r e , H antula had been i n Vancouver on b u s i n e s s . In a d d i t i o n , a l l those who had been l i v i n g i n .the b u i l d i n g l o s t a l l t h e i r b elongings and some l o s t what l i t t l e remained of t h e i r money as w e l l . A l l s o r t s o f n o t i o n s about the causes o f the f i r e began to haunt the minds of people, even the p o s s i b i l i t y o f out-r i g h t arson. These f e e l i n g s arose from the chaos amidst those who had l o s t t h e i r a b i l i t y t o d e l i b e r a t e and to make r a t i o n a l judgements and i n the minds of those who had been d r i v e n t o despondency. However, i t can e a s i l y be understood t h a t i t would take n o t h i n g more than the k i n d of h e a t i n g apparatus which was i n use. The p i p e s were drawn from the bake oven and then through the w a l l s . At an e a r l i e r time, they had come c l o s e t o s t a r t i n g a f i r e . That was the cause of the f i r e , t h a t alone, n o t h i n g e l s e . The author was not p a r t o f those meetings which were h e l d i n S o i n t u l a c o n cerning the causes of the f i r e . He had n e i t h e r the o p p o r t u n i t y nor the d e s i r e t o be t h e r e . I dug my drainage d i t c h and worked alone a t the marsh s i n c e my 3 3 6 companion had "been asked to come to work a t S o i n t u l a . Those weeks and months I would not wish to l i v e over a t any p r i c e , i f i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n one can take the o p p o r t u n i t y t o t a l k about h i s own s t a t e of mind. Since one has taken i t upon h i m s e l f t o t a l k about the f a t e o f the Kalevan Kansa, I see i t to be i n due form -to p u b l i s h Kurikka's w r i t i n g s about the causes of t h a t f i r e . That p i e c e appeared i n the A i k a which was now b e i n g p u b l i s h e d i n the form of a j o u r n a l from S o i n t u l a . I t appeared on the f i r s t o f November 1 9 0 3 . The f o l l o w i n g i s taken from i t . The F o l l o w i n g A r t i c l e Which Was Read a t the Next General Meeting W i l l E x p l a i n the S i t u a t i o n Everyone knows t h a t t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c e i n our conduct when we are among f r i e n d s and when we are among enemies. In the company of our f r i e n d s we are dressed i n l i g h t weight everyday c l o t h i n g and we handle the hoe and the s h o v e l . However, when we go out amongst our enemy we dress o u r s e l v e s i n heavy m i l i t a r y garb and we exchange our hoes f o r murderous weapons. Among f r i e n d s we d i s c u s s our s e c r e t s and r e v e a l even our weaknesses but among enemies we remain on guard and keep the necessary d i s t a n c e away. We a l l yearn f o r f r i e n d s h i p and attempt to f i n d i t . But before we can enjoy our f r i e n d s h i p we must l e a r n t o d i s t i n g u i s h our enemies from our f r i e n d s . But by what means? They can be i d e n t i f i e d from the consequences of t h e i r a c t i o n s . He who t h i n k s bad t h i n g s a l s o speaks and does e v i l . He who does not t h i n k e v i l w i l l not speak b a d l y of another nor w i l l he do e v i l toward him. And by what means w i l l we be a b l e t o a t t r a c t f r i e n d s ? By coaxing and f l a t t e r i n g ? That s o r t of f r i e n d s h i p w i l l not endure l o n g . By o f f e r i n g of o u r s e l v e s we can a t t r a c t f r i e n d s , by g i v i n g of o u r s e l v e s and not by t a k i n g . We can do t h i s by s a c r i f i c i n g our own p l e a s u r e s and our own peace. I f we are o v e r l y h e s i t a n t i n h e l p i n g our h e l p l e s s f r i e n d s , i n a r o u s i n g our own peace and comfort t o a p o i n t o f anger and f i g h t i n g i n the search f o r our enemies, then we w i l l soon d r i v e away our f r i e n d s . We have come here to S o i n t u l a t o s e a r c h f o r 3 3 7 f r i e n d s and t o make f r i e n d s h i p s . Have we been s u c c e s s f u l i n our undertaking? wot y e t , not y e t ! T h i s i s so because not everyone has come here to seek f r i e n d s h i p and comradeship. Instead they have been allowed to pursue t h e i r own s e l f - i n t e r e s t s because we have not developed s u f f i c i e n t l y t o under-stand t h a t the s e e k i n g o f s e l f - i n t e r e s t s i s not g i v i n g , r a t h e r t a k i n g , we have been s a t i s f i e d i n the same manner t h a t animals a r e , to accept them a l l as f r i e n d s , p r o v i d i n g t h a t they do not push, k i c k , s c r a t c h and bite us. No one has a r r i v e d here who as a matter of f a c t has horns on h i s head, hoofs on h i s f e e t , n a i l s on h i s paws or sharp i n c i s o r s a t the c o r n e r s of h i s jaw. But there have a r r i v e d here those who m a i n t a i n a d e s i r e to cause anger and t o engage i n b a c k b i t i n g . They b i n d t o g e t h e r i n s i d i o u s g o s s i p as i f i t were a n a t u r a l r i g h t . That, how-ever, has not been the worst o f i t . Prom those s o r t s o f b i t e r s and stompers we got away once and we w i l l s u r e l y get away a g a i n . But here and now we are completely and openly t o l e r a t i n g t h i s misery. Here, where we have had completely harmonious thoughts those s o r t s of horn-headed i n d i v i d u a l s have been pe r m i t t e d to p r a c t i c e t h e i r d e s p i c a b l e s p o r t . I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t anyone has stepped a s i d e , s a c r i f i c i n g h i s own w e l l - b e i n g f o r the f r i e n d who i s absent. Desp i c a b l e rumours have been allowed to spread f r e e l y among our comrades and to s o i l t h e i r esteem and to p o i s o n the peace. Nothing has been done to search f o r the t r u t h behind these rumours and to b r i n g these s l a n d e r e r s to account f o r t h e i r deeds. Take a look a t the form t h a t these rumours have taken as they have been p e r m i t t e d t o spread f r e e l y among us. L e t us take a few and l e t them stand as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of them a l l . Since l a s t f a l l the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company has been i n a t i g h t spot over money matters. I t was a n a t u r a l outcome s i n c e o n l y a m i n o r i t y under-took to underwrite t h e i r membership c o s t s i n cash and because the l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n d i d not b r i n g the a n t i c i p a t e d b e n e f i t s . I t went p o o r l y . The member-s h i p grew and i n a d d i t i o n to t h a t there were more women and c h i l d r e n among them. There was no way t o make the men understand t h a t s i n c e we needed food, t o o l s and c l o t h i n g the o n l y work which should be undertaken was the k i n d through which these s u p p l i e s might be o b t a i n e d . They knew v e r y w e l l t h a t w i t h the d i t c h e s and other such p r o j e c t s these r e q u i r e -ments o f l i v e l i h o o d c o u l d not be procured. They c o u l d be had o n l y through one k i n d of work, l o g g i n g , s i n c e there was a market f o r l o g s . The problem became c l e a r o n l y a f t e r the p a s s i n g o f a h a l f a year when a l l s o r t s of other p r o j e c t s , which i n 338 themselves were v a l u a b l e enough had been completed. But they were a l s o a cause f o r the burdensome debt which the company accumulated. The means by which the w r i t e r of t h i s c a r r i e d the burden of debt upon h i s s houlders can be seen from the l e d g e r , which i s s t i l l p r e s e r v e d . Then came the f i r e . Because of urgency and need a l l the H e l l i s h powers took on a u t h o r i t y . They who had sought p e r s o n a l g a i n s from the company but had u n t i l now kept t h e i r cover, no l o n g e r saw i t to be p r o f i t a b l e t o c o n c e a l t h e i r e v i l . Now we see the backside o f the F i n n i s h people's n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i n a l l i t s o b s c e n i t y . Everyone i s aware t h a t i n the management o f the company f i n a n c e s no e r r o r s have occurred, s i n c e the l e d g e r through which a l l the money came i n and was d i s c h a r g e d i s s t i l l i n s a f e keeping. Furthermore, the contents of the book i n which th e r e were the r e c o r d s o f work days, e t c . , i s c l e a r and w i l l be made known without any k i n d of e n t a n g l e -ment. There i s not a s i n g l e person who can say t h a t he has p a i d t h i s or t h a t much or t h a t he has t h i s or t h a t many work days, which cannot be read out f o r h i s b e n e f i t . And a l l the money which has been r e c e i v e d from the s a l e o f l o g s , e t c . , i s r e c o r d e d to the penny i n the book. However, there are among our own Kalevan Kansa members those who openly t e s t i f y t h a t thousands o f d o l l a r s have been embezzled from the company and t h a t they can prove t h a t a t any time. L e t them s t e p aside*. L e t them b r i n g the a c c u s a t i o n s and p r o o f i n t o the open. I am ready w i t h a l l the other accused to leave the c l o t h e s on my back t o the com-pany and t o leave here t o go to some other p l a c e without a t r a c e and without a sound. That i s not enough. They s t i l l have a more treacherous a c c u s a t i o n a g a i n s t us. Supposedly we are a l s o murderous a r s o n i s t s . : To a p o i n t .which out-reaches hope I have s t r u g g l e d to keep up the com-pany's c r e d i t . I r e t u r n e d t o S o i n t u l a f a t i g u e d and i n i l l - h e a l t h and a l o n g w i t h me came a c e r t a i n gentleman whose employers i n Vancouver had sent him here to see i f there t r u l y were l o g g i n g f o r e s t s here so t h a t they c o u l d g i v e us f u r t h e r c r e d i t . Although a f t e r t h a t I had organized a meeting, p. J . Vanhanan, a member who was subsequently asked t o leave the i s l a n d , demanded a new meeting and p r e s i d e d over i t a g a i n s t the wishes o f myself and Makela. Then d u r i n g the meeting the b u i l d i n g caught f i r e and q u i c k l y became l i k e a b a r r e l o f f u e l o i l e n g u lfed by the s t r e n g t h o f the flames. Out o f c o u r t e s y the comrades made way f o r me so t h a t of the men I was amongst the f i r s t t o g e t out. Makela, however, was b a d l y burned and h i s l i f e was saved o n l y by a m i r a c l e . I l o s t e v e r y t h i n g , a l l t h a t I had over the p a s t twenty y e a r s kept as v a l u a b l e and dear, a l l the o l d memorandums and l e t t e r s , a l l those works by which I had hoped t h a t i n the f u t u r e I c o u l d make my way even i f a world f l o o d came t o be. I t i s common knowledge to us and t o those who t e l l those murderous t a l e s of how the f i r e got s t a r t e d . They p r o t e s t e d t h a t Mr. B e l l was sent by the government t o examine the r e c o r d s of the Kalevan Kansa. What would the government have t o do w i t h the r e c o r d s of the Kalevan Kansa? And, t h a t I a l o n g w i t h the other o f f i c a l men of the Kalevan Kansa p u r p o s e l y burned a l l our own p o s s e s s i o n s and, i n a d d i t i o n to t h a t , k i l l e d e l e v e n people i n order t o d e s t r o y those r e c o r d s which b r o t h e r Makela had kept w i t h g r e a t care and which I had not y e t seen. What evidence do they have f o r these k i n d s o f d r e a d f u l a c c u s a t i o n s ? 1. When i n my absence a temporary meeting h a l l was l o c a t e d on the upper f l o o r above the l i v i n g q u a r t e r s , I, though not an expert i n b u i l d i n g , n o t i c e d t h a t the steps were dangerously narrow. As a r e s u l t of t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n I s a i d , "This b u i l d i n g has been c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h the i n t e n t o f f r y i n g p e o p l e . " I immediately began t o t h i n k about how i n these times o f s u f f e r i n g and need the problem might be c o r r e c t e d . The f a c t t h a t the matter was c o r r e c t e d i n my absence i n a haphazard manner was not the f i r s t nor the l a s t such occurrence i n our midst. However, my statement of warning w i l l serve as testimony a g a i n s t me w i t h those b a c k b i t e r s . I f p o s s i b l e , s t i l l more r i d i c u l o u s , are the a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t Makela s i n c e he had q u i t e o f t e n c a u t i o n e d about the use of f i r e t h e r e . 2. Upon s e e i n g t h a t sorrow and d e s p a i r which had gained power over our weaker companions a f t e r t h i s d r e a d f u l tragedy I t r i e d t o gather myself. R e a l i z i n g my r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o encourage and com-f o r t my f r i e n d s I u t t e r e d a l i n e from a renowned t h i n k e r , " T r i b u l a t i o n s are a t times d i s g u i s e s f o r b l e s s i n g s . " Who knows what b e n e f i t s t h i s tragedy might b r i n g w i t h i t . I would not have been a b l e t o b e l i e v e t h a t an o r d i n a r y mortal human c o u l d under-stand t h i s i n any o t h e r manner than as f a t h e r l y a d v i c e to reawaken new hopes among those who had sunk i n t o d e s p a i r . At any r a t e t h e r e are such b l a c k s o u l s here who understood i t to have been pr o o f of my c r i m i n a l i t y and g u i l t . 3. Upon my l e a v i n g on a l e c t u r e t o u r a couple of months a f t e r the f i r e , I managed t o get b r o t h e r 3*0 Hakala t o s e t i n t o p r i n t i n the g r e a t e s t of haste my l a t e s t poems. In the l a s t i n s t a n c e I had the f o r t u n e t o i n c l u d e among them some o f the poems w r i t t e n by the other members so t h a t we c o u l d c a l l the f o l i o Kalevan Kansan S o i n t u i a . These I s o l d on the r e a d i n g t o u r and sang them on so many occasions t h a t my v o i c e became hoarse. I s o l d two thousand f i v e hundred c o p i e s and made an a c c o u n t i n g of t h i s t o the company. But t h i n k beloved b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s , t h i n k , about t h a t d e s p i c a b l e nature which can r e s i d e among our own i d e a l - s e e k i n g companions' h e a r t s when here i n our midst such a s t o r y i s put i n t o c i r c u l a t i o n t h a t I supposedly i n s e c r e t salvaged those poems from the f i r e and then went out i n t o the world t o s e l l them. *. Here there has been unwarranted d i s c u s s i o n about the f a c t t h a t when the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company advances and gets i t s base of c r e d i t i n t o an u n f a l t e r i n g p o s i t i o n , i t can e s t a b l i s h and make l e g a l i t s own bank. In i t American F i n n s w i l l be ab l e t o save t h e i r wealth and they can b e g i n -to l e n d money f o r t i c k e t s f o r those who are coming here from F i n l a n d . Having d i s c h a r g e d t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n s through l a b o u r a f t e r having a r r i v e d here a t the d e s t i n a t i o n , some of our own i n n e r members are s a i d t o have p l a c e d t h e i r money i n t o a common savings account even b e f o r e the bank has begun i t s o p e r a t i o n o r even before such an und e r t a k i n g c o u l d be thought o f as r e a s o n a b l e . Was not the d e s i r e f o r i n c o r r e c t d i s c l o s u r e o f f a c t s and f o r d e c e p t i o n s t r o n g when a t t h a t time t h i s s m a l l matter was c r e a t e d i n t o such a tremendous a f f a i r ? I t was s t a t e d t h a t K u r i k k a and the others have without the knowledge of the government e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r own bank and are s p e c u l a t i n g w i t h t h e i r money without any c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the s e t t l e r s who are made t o work without compassion. . There appear t o be such f o o l s even among the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the F i n n i s h Americans t h a t they see i t as t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o people t o t e s t i f y t o t h e i r innocence i n such s l a n d e r . In the midst o f e n l i g h t e n e d people such s l a n d e r e r s and defamers are e v i l doers, i f they can-not s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e i r a c c u s a t i o n s . There can be some d e l i g h t f o r the F i n n i s h American newspapers and t h e i r r e a d e r s i n s e e i n g me pursue a l l those companions i n b e t r a y a l ; those who had sneaked i n t o our c l o s e comradeship and who are now secure i n the c a p i t a l i s t anarchy, r e p r o a c h i n g us w i t h p o i s o n arrows. However, i t i s o f no consequence what American F i n n s s h o u l d t h i n k o f me, say of me, or w r i t e o f me, as long as my i d e a l i s t i c companions, be they F i n n i s h o r o f some o t h e r n a t i o n a l i t y , a re 341 c l e a r of the k i n d s o f elements i n our midst from which we must advance i f we are t o p u r i f y o u r s e l v e s . Before a l l e l s e i t touches upon the people from S o i n t u l a . I s i t necessary t h a t we cease t o be here as i t i s s a i d w i t h bare heads and w i t h bare hands as i s f i t t i n g among our own? Do we need to become s t a t i o n e d f o r combat or do we demand to c r e a t e a b r o t h e r l y open heartedness and a s i s t e r l y j o y f u l n e s s which i s even more f u l f i l l i n g than b e f o r e ? I have t o know t h i s s i n c e upon i t hangs my p r e s e n t r e l a t i o n -s h i p t o S o i n t u l a . I can wait twenty years f o r t h a t harmony which my s p i r i t t h i r s t s f o r , but I do not i n t e n d t o be along t o accept even an i n c h of d i s c o r d . I t i s obvious from the reasons which I have s t a t e d c o n c e r n i n g the t e r i b l e occurrence t h a t t h e r e were people on Malcolm I s l a n d who were not r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i r a c t i o n s . I am encouraging the d i r e c t o r s h i p of the Kalevan Kansa t o decide a t an e a r l y date whether i t i s necessary to take l e g a l a c t i o n a g a i n s t the s l a n d e r e r s . Or can we s t i l l through companion-like means t r y t o b r i n g them back i n t o t h e i r r i g h t minds. Let the d i r e c t o r s h i p decide one way or the other; I, the w r i t e r , am w i l l i n g t o accept the d e c i s i o n of the d i r e c t o r s h i p . M a t t i K u r i k k a The l e n g t h y and c o n t r o v e r s i a l piece o f polemic w r i t i n g by K u r i k k a g i v e s an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t the author had an under-s t a n d i n g of the concerns around t h i s event. But i t shows t o even a g r e a t e r degree a r e f l e c t i o n of t h a t embroiled d i s c o r d , s u s p i c i o n and argumentativeness which soon a f t e r t o r e a p a r t the c o l l e c t i v e community of S o i n t u l a . When i t came time to. d e a l w i t h the suggestions i n Kurikka»s a r t i c l e , the d i r e c t o r s h i p of the Kalevan Kansa was of the o p i n i o n t h a t i t would be f r u i t l e s s t o t r y such companion-like methods. However, be f o r e t a k i n g any a c t i o n the d i r e c t o r s decided to l i s t e n t o the o p i n i o n s Df the r e s i d e n t s on the i s l a n d a t a g e n e r a l meeting. At t h a t time the m a j o r i t y f e l t t h a t l e g a l a c t i o n was the o n l y f i t t i n g 3L2 recourse a g a i n s t such s l a n d e r e r s . A m i n o r i t y would have been s a t i s f i e d i f those known to have spread the rumours would openly p u b l i s h t h e i r r e t r a c t i o n s i n the newspapers. Based on t h i s a u t h o r i t y the d i r e c t o r s h i p decided to suggest t h a t M a t t i K u r i k k a and August Oberg toward whom the slanderous remarks were p r i m a r i l y d i r e c t e d should undertake l e g a l a c t i o n a g a i n s t the worst o f the defamers. I t was decided t o l e a v e the matter where i t stood f o r those two who p u b l i s h e d an announcement s a y i n g t h a t the a c c u s a t i o n s a t t r i b u t e d t o them were without t r u t h . Having begun to prepare a case M a t t i K u r i k k a t r a v e l l e d to Nanaimo, B r i t i s h Columbia, t o d i s c u s s the matter w i t h the company's lawyer. In the i n t e r i m , however, a l l those g u i l t y ones who were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o r g a n i z i n g those slanderous a c t i v i t i e s and whose i d e n t i t y c o u l d be made p u b l i c i n t o the newspapers wi t h the a s s i s t a n c e of witnesses, had l e f t f o r Vancouver. Remaining were o n l y two simpletons who c o u l d not be asked t o account f o r t h e i r words. S i n c e the g u i l t y ones had f l e d and because the l e g a l p rocess now would have brought about many d i f f i c u l t i e s and a d d i t i o n a l expenses, M a t t i K u r i k k a , the company's p r e s i d e n t , suggested upon h i s r e t u r n t h a t the l e g a l a c t i o n be l e f t f o r another o c c a s i o n . I t should be l e f t a t l e a s t u n t i l the r i n g l e a d e r s can be found w i t h i n Canada'a b o r d e r s . The d i r e c t o r s h i p on i t s own b e h a l f d i d not push the matter any f u r t h e r . In a d d i t i o n , i t should be mentioned t h a t the a t t o r n e y s i n d i c a t e d t h a t those kinds of slanderous remarks i n t h i s 3*3 country belong t o the order o f the day. T h e r e f o r e , anyone who g i v e s h i m s e l f t o a p u b l i c t a s k should a t the same time be ready t o accept a l l s o r t s o f downpours o f f i l t h . He i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be l o o k i n g f o r p e r s o n a l vendettas, who from such s m a l l matters undertakes l e g a l a c t i o n i n order to s a t i s f y h i s p r i d e and r e p u t a t i o n . For the American, the weapons i n these matters a r e the f i s t and the r e v o l v e r , but by no means the law. The person who has taken i t as h i s task to d i s c u s s h i s t o r i c a l matters, the k i n d which w i l l be p r e s e r v e d i n h i s t o r y , must h o n e s t l y d i s c u s s those a f f a i r s as he sees and knows them t o be. Because o f t h i s I saw i t as my respon-s i b i l i t y t o p u b l i s h K u r i k k a ' s w r i t i n g from the A i k a news-paper d e s p i t e the dark p i c t u r e i t g i v e s of some o f the members o f the i d e a l i s t i c community. I d i d not have an o p p o r t u n i t y t o f o l l o w a l l those sad and troublesome wrangles and f a n a t i c a l meetings which f o l l o w e d the t r a g i c f i r e . From the b e g i n n i n g i t was the duty o f the Kalevan Kansa d i r e c t o r s h i p t o serve i n the s e l e c t i o n o f members by examining t h e i r r e q u e s t s f o r membership:and then t o e i t h e r accept them or r e j e c t them. R e j e c t i o n v e r y seldom took p l a c e . I, on my p a r t , do not r e c a l l t h a t i t ever happened because we were always hoping t o a t t r a c t more members. Furthermore, i t was i m p o s s i b l e on the b a s i s o f the a p p l i c a t i o n s t o decide about the p e r s o n a l i t i e s and d i s p o s i t i o n s of the a p p l i c a n t s and about t h e i r shortcomings and t h e i r f a u l t s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h a t , the i d e a s and p e r c e p t i o n s about our company among many 344 F i n n i s h workers were e n t i r e l y s i n g u l a r and t w i s t e d . Many o f them took the K a l e v a n Kansa t o be some form o f p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s headed by K u r i k k a . S i n c e t h e r e were unemployed F i n n i s h workers i n Vancouver and because t h e r e appeared t o be no hope o f f i n d i n g j o b s , t h e y among themselves t h o u g h t , " S h o u l d we go t o Malcolm I s l a n d t o work f o r K u r i k k a ? " When the membership under such c i r c u m s t a n c e s grew l a r g e i t was a n a t u r a l outcome t h a t the c o n g r e g a t i o n would be a m i x t u r e . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t we were a l l i n some ways u n s u i t e d t o b e g i n t o b u i l d a new i d e a l i s t i c community, but t o a l a r g e e x t e n t t h e r e were members who l o o k e d toward i t w i t h e a r n e s t i n t e r e s t and g o o d w i l l . T h e y , however, c o u l d not compensate f o r t h o s e m i s t a k e s w h i c h had been made and were b e i n g made i n i g n o r a n c e and s t u p i d i t y on the b a s i s o f K u r i k k a ' s speeches and w r i t i n g s . We had come t o M a l c o l m I s l a n d as i f t o come t o s c h o o l , t o be c l e a n s e d and t o grow s p i r i t u a l l y i n a c c o r d -ance w i t h the t e a c h i n g s o f Nazareen theosophy and o t h e r l e s s o n s . However, t h e y were not h e l p f u l i n a s s i s t i n g us i n o r g a n i z i n g our a f f a i r s and i n p u t t i n g t h e i r l e s s o n s i n t o p r a c t i c e . There was g r e a t i n t e r e s t , however , i n s p i r i t u a l m a t t e r s . They were much d i s c u s s e d and t h e r e were many mind e n gagi n g and i n t e r e s t i n g meetings and d e b a t e s , e s p e c i a l l y on t h o s e o c c a s i o n s when two s e p a r a t e w o r l d v i e w s b o t h i n terms o f t h e i r s p i r i t u a l and m a t e r i a l components , dashed a g a i n s t one a n o t h e r . These d e b a t e s were f o l l o w e d w i t h e n t h u s i a s m , e s p e c i a l l y when K u r i k k a and M a k e l a took 3 * 5 c o n t r a d i c t o r y v i e w p o i n t s . The F i r s t Annual Meeting A f t e r the Large F i r e i n 1903 We h e l d a d i r e c t o r s h i p meeting i n the begi n n i n g o f February b e f o r e the annual meeting o f the Kalevan Kansa. There a board o f members was s e l e c t e d t o d i s t r i b u t e the c l o t h i n g a s s i s t a n c e which had been sent from Vancouver and elsewhere f o r those who had s u f f e r e d a f t e r the f i r e . The o v e r a l l annual meeting began on the 21st of February. I t was the f i r s t such meeting a f t e r the l a r g e f i r e . I t was h e l d i n the n e a r l y f i n i s h e d sauna which was c o n s t r u c t e d from l o g s . A c c o r d i n g t o the "Proceedings" t h e r e were 93 members t a k i n g p a r t . The f i r s t matter on the d a i l y agenda was a q u e s t i o n o f withdrawal. I t concerned two members who l e f t the company and the community. About i t there immediately arose a f i e r c e c o n t r o v e r s y between K u r i k k a and the other members. The m a j o r i t y o f the assembly opposed the withdrawal o f the member-sh i p s i n q u e s t i o n and a t t h a t time K u r i k k a threatened t o r e s i g n as the p r e s i d e n t o f the company and to l e a v e from the i s l a n d e n t i r e l y . Because of t h i s the assembly, on the next day, decided i n the p r e v e n t i o n o f f u r t h e r d i s c o r d t o support Kurikka's wishes and to d i v o r c e those members from the com-pany. The h a n d l i n g o f t h i s a f f a i r f o r the f i r s t time caused a r u p t u r e i n the r e l a t i o n s h i p between K u r i k k a and Makela. I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t the r e l a t i o n s h i p ever a g a i n r e t u r n e d t o i t s former shape. 346 New Undertakings and F i n a n c i a l Designs A f t e r the February annual meeting when n e a r l y a l l those* i n j u r e d i n the f i r e had r e c o v e r e d , we began the g r e a t task of b u i l d i n g l i v i n g q u a r t e r s , f i r s t f o r those f a m i l i e s who had c h i l d r e n . Towards s p r i n g we b u i l t a spacious barn and a shed f o r the p r o t e c t i o n o f the f o l l o w i n g summer hay c r o p . In a l l honesty there were not enough hay f i e l d s on Malcolm I s l a n d t o make i t worth mentioning but t h e r e was a f a i r amount of n a t u r a l g r a s s to be c u t . We c o u l d be assured o f a h a r v e s t . For those who are u n f a m i l i a r w i t h the c o a s t a l areas of B r i t i s h Columbia, t h i s space i s a l l o t t e d t o g i v e them a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n . Along the shores i n the v i c i n i t y o f Malcolm I s l a n d there are carved grooves, i n l e t s , i n t o whose bases r i v e r s descend from the mountains, i n t o the l a r g e r ones there are a t times two r i v e r s . In the passage of thousands of years the f l o o d waters from those r i v e r s have brought w i t h them s i l t which through time has f i l l e d the grooves o f the i n l e t s . ;"In t h i s way i n the bases o f the l a r g e r i n l e t s t here have come to be hundreds of a c r e s of t i d e l a n d which grow m a g n i f i c i e n t w i l d c l o v e r . C a t t l e eat i t w i t h v i g o u r and the n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e of t h a t g r a s s i s s a i d t o be equal t o t h a t of the domesticated g r a s s e s . The o n l y problem w i t h t h a t g r a s s i s t h a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o d r y due to the dampness of the s o i l . Since we knew of the e x i s t e n c e of s e v e r a l such g r a s s -lands we began e a r l y i n the year to prepare a l l the equipment 3 * 7 needed f o r hay making. We b u i l t a roomy f l a t b o a t w i t h a t a l l r a c k around i t made from a lathwork of wood s t r i p s , got a two horse mower and a horse p u l l e d r a k e . The c l o s e s t of these haying areas was a t a d i s t a n c e o f s i x t y t o seventy m i l e s . The time f o r making hay having a r r i v e d , the steam v e s s e l " V i n e t a " p u l l e d the f l a t b o a t , the men, the equipment and the two horses t o the s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n . A f t e r the t e n t s were e r e c t e d we began to cut hay, a process which went w e l l s i n c e the l a n d s u r f a c e was smooth l i k e a t a b l e . Since the low t i d e waters of the summer d i d not r i s e t o the g r a s s l a n d s i n these p a r t s we h a r v e s t e d the crops without d i f f i c u l t y . In t h i s way we managed to a v o i d the expense o f buying f e e d i n Vancouver f o r the animals. In the meantime l i v i n g q u a r t e r s had been b u i l t i n S o i n t u l a f o r the most needy and on Sundays and d u r i n g the evenings the s i n g l e men had e r e c t e d f o r themselves a shack i n which they c o u l d s l e e p d u r i n g the n i g h t s . Because o f these a c t i v i t i e s i t was l a t e r i n the summer b e f o r e we c o u l d get around t o sawing the boards and planks needed t o make a s h e l t e r f o r our newspaper. At the February meeting i t was decided t h a t the p u b l i c a t i o n of the newspaper should b e g i n , but i t was not u n t i l November 1 , 1903 t h a t the f i r s t e d i t i o n was p r i n t e d i n S o i n t u l a . On the 1 9 t h of December a s p e c i a l company meeting was h e l d a t S o i n t u l a . There were c l o s e to 80 members h o l d i n g v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e s i n attendance. I t was d e c i d e d t h a t i n order to s t r a i g h t e n out the debts o f the company a l o a n 348 amounting t o a maximum v a l u e of $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 should be a p p l i e d f o r and t h a t the v a r i o u s b u i l d i n g s and equipment which had a value i n excess of $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 should be g i v e n up as s e c u r i t y . The company's r e p r e s e n t a t i v e was a u t h o r i z e d t o s o r t out the d e t a i l s o f the l o a n . No ot h e r means e x i s t e d a t t h a t time f o r t a k i n g care o f the matter. The o n l y sources of income f o r the company were from the s a l e o f wood products and from f i s h i n g . The b u s i n e s s o f producing and s e l l i n g wood products a l o n g the B r i t i s h Columbia coast was g e n e r a l l y s m a l l a t t h a t time. . AtVfche time there were e x c e l l e n t l o g g i n g areas t o which there was easy access i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o Vancouver. They s u p p l i e d the need f o r wood products so t h a t l o g s were r e l a t i v e l y v a l u e l e s s . F i r s t grade pine s o l d f o r $ 5 . 0 0 per thousand board f e e t i n Vancouver and cedar and f i r l o g s s o l d f o r $ 4 . 0 0 . Hemlock and l a r c h l o g s were not accepted f o r s a l e . Towing from Malcolm I s l a n d t o Vancouver c o s t approximately $ . 7 5 per thousand board f e e t . Since not a l l the l o g s would be f i r s t c l a s s i t can be c a l c u l a t e d t h a t the most t h a t the company c o u l d r e a l i z e would be about $ 3 . 0 0 per thousand board f e e t from i t s l o g s . For the sake o f i n t e r e s t and o b s e r v a t i o n l e t i t be mentioned t h a t afterwards i n Vancouver a t the b e s t times the l o g market has p a i d $ 3 0 . 0 0 or more per thousand board f e e t which t r u l y i n d i c a t e s a t what s m a l l wages l o g g i n g work was done a t t h a t time on Malcolm I s l a n d . During the wartime when spruce was needed f o r a i r p l a n e c o n s t r u c t i o n i t s o l d f o r 3*9 up to $60.00 per thousand board f e e t . For c l a r i f i c a t i o n i t i s f i t t i n g t o mention t h a t one board f o o t i s equal to a p i e c e one i n c h t h i c k , twelve inches l o n g and as wide as i t s l e n g t h . L e t us then l o o k a t the p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r income and l i v e l i h o o d o f f e r e d by f i s h i n g a t t h a t time. From the o u t s e t i t should be made known t h a t f i s h was a t t h a t time u n u s u a l l y i n e x p e n s i v e . At R i v e r s I n l e t , which i s a t present the c e n t e r of f i s h i n g f o r people from Malcolm I s l a n d , they p a i d a t t h a t time f o r the most v a l u a b l e summer salmon $.07 a p i e c e , whether they were b i g or s m a l l . T h i s was because the can-n e r i e s owned the nets w i t h which the f i s h i n g was done. The government had granted s o l e f i s h i n g r i g h t s around the mouth of the Nimpkish R i v e r and f o r seven m i l e s i n e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n t o the A l e r t Bay cannery. F a l l salmon which i s not q u i t e as v a l u a b l e as the summer salmon couldobe caught abundantly from the b e g i n n i n g of Augusts on and i t was consumed f r e s h or s a l t e d . Due to i t s abundance t h e r e was no c a l l f o r i t s h a r v e s t and i t d i d not enhance our income so t h a t i t deserves mention. The i d e a of c o n s t r u c t i n g our own cannery i n those t i g h t times c o u l d not even be d i s c u s s e d d e s p i t e the f a c t t h a t the company had been g i v e n s o l e r i g h t t o c o n s t r u c t such an o p e r a t i o n a t Knight I n l e t where i t was known t h a t a substan-t i a l r u n o f the v a l u a b l e summer salmon r o s e t o spawn. With matters b e i n g i n t h i s s t a t e t h e r e was no other o p t i o n than to get a newer and l a r g e r sawmill, s i n c e the o l d one was not p r o f i t a b l e , even though a new $2,000.00 machine f o r 3 5 0 h a u l i n g l o g s from the f o r e s t had been bought f o r i t . But s u r e l y t h e r e would be other sources of income f o r the company? There was a shoemaker's and t a i l o r ' s shop, a foundry, a b r i c k works, a b l a c k s m i t h shop w i t h the n e c e s s a r y equipment and a twice monthly appearing A i k a newspaper. L e t us look a t t h e i r v a l u e as producers of income. I t was not worth while f o r the shoemakers to f i n i s h shoes by hand because by the time t h a t the l e a t h e r was brought t o Malcolm I s l a n d i t c o s t n e a r l y as much as the f i n i s h e d boots. There was no q u e s t i o n about the n o n p r o f i t -able r e p a i r work which was brought t o the c o b b l e r . There always was a s u r p l u s o f t a i l o r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the summer j u s t p r i o r t o the salmon spawning season. Because t h e i r work ended i n the s p r i n g and'sthe p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r the w i n t e r d i d not b e g i n u n t i l the f a l l , they became v i s i b l e . That was taken t o be an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t soon the salmon would be seen a t the spawning grounds. Only a few of the t a i l o r s were s u i t e d t o the more arduous o u t s i d e work. But even o f them th e r e were o n l y a few who were s u i t e d t o the l o g g i n g t a s k s . Manufactured f a b r i c was purchased f o r the t a i l o r s and they sewed c l o t h e s from i t , but they came t o be more expensive than those which c o u l d be bought as f i n i s h e d goods. To remain i n accordance w i t h the p r i n c i p l e s on which S o i n t u l a was founded i t was necessary t o p r o v i d e the two d i e c a s t e r s on the i s l a n d a foundry even though those p i e c e s of equipment which were needed c o u l d j u s t as e a s i l y have been c a s t i n Vancouver. At S o i n t u l a there a l s o happened 351 to be a competently s k i l l e d wood d i e or mould craftsman. A few machine p a r t s were c a s t a t the foundry f o r A l e r t Bay, f o r the sawmill and f o r the r e i n f o r c e m e n t s needed f o r the two b r i d g e s which were being c o n s t r u c t e d as an u n d e r t a k i n g by the Kalevan Kansa i n Vancouver and about which a more d e t a i l e d account w i l l f o l l o w l a t e r . The income from the b r i c k works from which we had hoped to r e a l i z e a p r o f i t d i d not m a t e r i a l i z e because i t was reduced j u s t t o p r o v i d i n g m a t e r i a l f o r our own needs. Due t o the l a c k o f a means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n the b r i c k s c o u l d n ' t be sent t o more d i s t a n t p l a c e s and our c l o s e s t neighbours were the w i l d e r n e s s and the I n d i a n s . The l a s t mentioned most l i k e l y were not i n need of b r i c k s s i n c e they kept t h e i r f i r e s on the earthen f l o o r s of t h e i r communal houses. Then what more i s t h e r e to come? I t became nec e s s a r y to search f o r a new press f o r the A i k a newspaper s i n c e the one obtained from the purchase a t Nanaimo was a v e r y o l d model and too slow. For the newspaper a new b u i l d i n g was needed although as a r e s u l t o f the f i r e t h ere was a more c r i t i c a l need f o r housing f o r the people. In t o t a l f o u r t e e n e d i t i o n s o f the newspaper were p u b l i s h e d there and the whole p r o j e c t brought f o r t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e f i c i t t o add to the many other l o s s e s . The b l a c k s m i t h shop was a p a r t i c u l a r l y important t h i n g and there we had a l l the equipment which was g e n e r a l l y needed i n a b l a c k s m i t h shop. As w e l l as a l l the o t h e r s there were among us t r a i n e d b l a c k s m i t h s and people w i t h mechanical knowledge so %hat i n t h i s r e g a r d the company was w e l l s u p p l i e d . The unfortunate year o f 1903 f i n a l l y came to an end and we moved i n t o the year 1904. The s e c r e t a r y of the Kalevan Kansa, A. B. Makela, drew up the annual r e p o r t f o r 1903. The Annual Report of the Kalevan Kansa f o r the Year 1903 Under the circumstances i t n a t u r a l l y blossomed i n t o an expansive document, which K u r i k k a and Makela had authored on b e h a l f of the d i r e c t o r s h i p on the 1 5 t h of February 1904. T h i s document which i n i t s b e g i n n i n g d e a l s w i t h the l a r g e f i r e on January 2 9 . 1903 and i t s consequences a l o n g w i t h the v a r i o u s s o r t s of t a s k s which needed to be done as a r e s u l t o f t h i s tragedy a t S o i n t u l a i s too l a r g e t o p u b l i s h here. But c e r t a i n e xcerpts from i t are s u r e l y i n t h e i r p l a c e here. That can be s a i d i n r e l a t i o n t o the f o l l o w i n g segment which d e a l s w i t h the f i r e . F i r s t impressions would have l e d one t o under-stand t h a t from such a g r e a t mutual tragedy as the f i r e was f o r us t h e r e would come about i n our midst a f e e l i n g which would draw us t o g e t h e r and ennoble us. But the experiences o f the p a s t y e a r have i n d i c a t e d t o us j u s t the o p p o s i t e . A group o f Kalevan Kansa members who r e s i d e here have p u b l i c l y j o i n e d w i t h our enemies, t a k i n g w i t h them t h a t segment o f the F i n n i s h American p r e s s which u n t i l t h i s time had remained f a v o u r a b l e t o our a f f a i r s . T h i s does not even mention the s p r e a d i n g o f slanderous undercover remarks. I f our enemies have been a l e r t and e n e r g e t i c , they w i l l now p e r c e i v e to e x i s t a c r i s i s p e r i o d d u r i n g which t h e r e w i l l be the most convenient o p p o r t u n i t y to^cause the d e s t r u c t i o n of the Kalevan Kansa. From the other s i d e there have come forward i n f u l l s t r e n g t h proper men of i d e a l s p l e d g i n g a l l t h e i r b e i n g to make the a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan Kansa t h e i r a f f a i r s . That i s the reason why our renewal d e s p i t e a l l of our t r o u b l e s has gone f o r -ward w i t h good speed. The mood i n our midst i s i n d e f a t i g a b l e and our t r u s t i n the f u t u r e i s d e f i n i t e . From t h a t t h e r e f o l l o w s an e x t e n s i v e e x p l a n a t i o n about t a s k s c o n c e r n i n g p r o d u c t i o n among S o i n t u l a r e s i d e n t s . The account i s g i v e n i n the same manner as has a l r e a d y been e x p l a i n e d and an account i s g i v e n of the weak p r o f i t s as w e l l . Future hopes, as was s t a t e d i n the above a r t i c l e , a re t o be focused toward the sawmill and i t was suggested t h a t the s a l e o f wood products i n the form o f uncut l o g s should be ended as soon as p o s s i b l e . F u r t h e r , the a r t i c l e touches upon the e d u c a t i o n of c h i l d r e n and on the o r g a n i z a t i o n of h o s p i t a l care f o r the i n f i r m on the i s l a n d . Both are understood to be i n a needy s t a t e . A s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t o f the annual r e p o r t touches upon the new a l l o t m e n t of l o t s which became nec e s s a r y as a r e s u l t o f the f i r e . There w i l l s t i l l be a d i v i s i o n i n the work t h a t needs t o be done. The f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n from the annual r e p o r t w i l l be p u b l i s h e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y because i t i l l u s t r a t e s the f u t u r e p l a n s o f t h i s s o c i e t y ' s d i r e c t o r s . The q u e s t i o n 'of what w i l l c o n s t i t u t e the spheres o f work o f women who are m a r r i e d i s borne from t h e i r suggestions and from the d e c i s i o n which was reached a t the l a s t annual meeting and which has been i n p r a c t i c e s i n c e t h a t time. When they have a s u f f i c i e n t number o f c h i l d r e n t o care f o r they are not expected to perform other work which would otherwise be r e q u i r e d as p a r t of the o b l i g a t i o n o f b eing an i n n e r member. Only a f t e r 354 we have realized our plans for a children's residence school and a handcrafts building and after the main-tenance and rearing of the children becomes the responsibility of the company can the troublesome distinction relating to the spheres of women's work disappear. Continuing, i t i s said i n the annual report^about the financial affairs of the Kalevan Kansa that: In order to provide for the financial needs of the company there have during the past year been several attempts to seek out a substantial loan with the company's possessions being offered as security. Since these attempts have not been successful the attention needed to run the company's affairs has brought onto the parties concerned undue hardships. The following stat i s t i c s touching on population figures also deserve attention. At the beginning of the year there were a total of 193 people on the island of which 87 were men, 39 were women and 67 were children. At the end of the year there were 100 men (47 married and 53 single), 50 women (43 married and 7 single) and 88 children (53 toys and 35 g i r l s ) which combine to form a total of 238 i n a l l . Of them 117 were spending their f i r s t year on the island, 138 were on their third year and 10 were born on the island. Finally there w i l l be a description of the spi r i t u a l aspirations of the island's residents, their meetings and proposals, the discussions which they had arranged, etc. The Children's Home In Sointula there had not been taken, for a long time, 3 5 5 a s t e p as important f o r the c r e a t i o n o f a new s o c i e t y as t h a t which happened a t the end of March 1904 when a communal home was opened f o r the c h i l d r e n o f the Kalevan Kansa. That matter had been under c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a l o n g time. There had been p u b l i c i t y over people's f e e l i n g s concerning i t and pe r s o n a l views had been argued over. The a f f a i r had been s i f t e d over i n the women's meetings and the d i r e c t o r s h i p accepted t h e i r f i n a l p o i n t s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n . However, a f t e r e v e r y t h i n g had been gone over, we s t i l l found o u r s e l v e s unable t o move although there were over t h i r t y c h i l d r e n o f f e r e d t o the communal home and about t e n mothers c o u l d thereby be f r e e d t o be p a r t o f the work f o r c e doing communal t a s k s . Whenever the matter was brought up the company found more important s o r t s o f t a s k s t o be engaged i n . We c o u l d not get a b u i l d i n g f o r the home and when f i n a l l y we began t o d i s c u s s i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n t h a t too was a h a r s h i p . However, we e v e n t u a l l y made t h a t home o p e r a t i o n a l a t S o i n t u l a a f t e r i t had f i r s t been t a l k e d about f o r y e a r s . The home was orga n i z e d i n the f o l l o w i n g manner. Lempi and M a t t i M y r t t i took i t as t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o care f o r the b u i l d i n g i n which there i n i t i a l l y were three l a r g e w e l l l i t rooms. Outside there was a dry sunny y a r d . Each mother would take a l l her c h i l d r e n to t h i s home except those s t i l l i n arms. I f the c h i l d r e n were e n t r u s t e d e n t i r e l y t o the home, t o s t a y t h e r e day and n i g h t and t o be brought up t h e r e , then the home was r e s p o n s i b l e t o care f o r t h e i r c l o t h i n g and hygiene. I f f o r some reason a mother 3 5 6 i n s i s t e d on talcing her c h i l d r e n away f o r the n i g h t , a s t e p she was not i n any way prevented from doing, she then became r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the c h i l d ' s maintenance and c l o t h i n g , But as can be expected S o i n t u l a ' s c h i l d r e n ' s home d i d not become what i t was expected to^be. Not a l l the mothers were s a t i s f i e d w i t h the care t h a t t h e i r c h i l d r e n r e c e i v e d t h e r e . When the a p p l i c a t i o n of the i d e a l s concerning the c h i l d r e n ' s home took t h i s unfavourable t u r n o f events, M a t t i K u r i k k a l e n t h i m s e l f to the a f f a i r . He wrote a l e n g t h y e d i t o r i a l about i t i n the A i k a newspaper. As an i l l u s t r a t i o n o f h i s thought c o n c e r n i n g c h i l d r e a r i n g and as an i n d i c a t i o n of h i s demdgogic nature the f o l l o w i n g excerpt i s p u b l i s h e d . . . . what do they know about c h i l d r e a r i n g who have not had a s i n g l e c h i l d ? There i s the argument which s p r i n g s f o r t h from them almost a t the s t r e n g t h of God's word, when one i s f o r c e d t o d i s c u s s communal c h i l d r e a r i n g w i t h mothers. But i s t h i s t r u t h f u l l y so? Is t h a t what teaches one to r a i s e c h i l d r e n p r o p e r l y ; to c a r r y them, to g i v e them b i r t h , t o s u c k l e them and t o wash and pamper them? That much a c a t does f o r i t s k i t t e n s and I have not thus f a r heard t h a t a c a t has been made a model f o r c h i l d r e a r i n g . Does i t guarantee f o r an i n d i v i d u a l the s k i l l s o f a d o c t o r t h a t he as a c h a r l a t a n feeds p o i s o n t o people and thereby a s s i s t s them to t h e i r graves? . . . t h a t a woman has been a b l e to become a man's l i f e l o n g dependent, t h a t she has g i v e n b i r t h t o and r o u g h l y t r e a t e d t e n or so c h i l d r e n , mauled them when she h e r s e l f happened t o be i n a bad mood and s l o b b e r e d on them on those occasions when her humour happened to be good; t h a t does not make a woman competent t o r a i s e her c h i l d r e n . The argument t h a t o n l y women themselves under-stand c h i l d r a i s i n g i s s t u p i d t a l k . However, the matter has s t i l l another s i d e which makes i t even more outrageous. I f a c h i c k e n has made i t s n e s t i n some dangerous p l a c e and you go t o b r i n g her a l o n g w i t h her c h i c k s i n t o some b e t t e r p l a c e , what w i l l 3 5 7 the c h i c k e n do? She w i l l squawk, peck and t r y out a l l her r e s o u r c e s t o prevent the move. That she does from motherly l o v e . How many tender l o v i n g mothers i n past times have prevented t h e i r husbands from p l a c i n g her o n l y c h i l d i n t o a s c h o o l and f o r what reason? Prom the problem t h a t her motherly lo v e has not been able t o l e t the c h i l d go away from h e r . How l a r g e i s t h a t m a j o r i t y o f mothers who de s t r o y t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s sense o f r i g h t a l r e a d y i n t h e i r e a r l y years by making them c r y i n g l y obey t h e i r mothers. And how v e r y many mothers as t h e i r c h i l d r e n are t a k i n g t h e i r f i r s t steps d i v e r t t h e i r thoughts away from the l o g i c a l l y n a t u r a l path? And why? Because they imagine t h a t t h e i r c h i l d r e n are f o r them. By be i n g obedient t o t h e i r own i d i o s y n c r a c i e s and weaknesses they f o r g e t t h a t t r u e (.nurturing begins only a t t h a t moment when the mother begins t o s e a r c h f o r the reasons f o r her c h i l d ' s wrong doings and f o r methods t o remove such reasons. So l o n g as the mother, while b e i n g i n good s p i r i t s , permits h e r : c h i l d even on'one o c c a s i o n t o do bad t h i n g s without i n d i c a t i n g her d i s p l e a s u r e or without p u n i s h i n g the c h i l d a c c o r d i n g t o the problem and so l o n g as she even on a s i n g l e times s c o l d s , g i v e s a f a s t r a p or s t r i k e s her c h i l d because she, the mother, happens to be i n a bad mood, she w i l l not be a n u r t u r e r a t a l l . Rather, she w i l l be an i n j u r e r and a t the presen t time i n d i v i d u a l s who i n j u r e t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n t h i s way are a m a j o r i t y . By h o l d i n g on t o them they t e a r away from t h e i r c h i l d r e n d u r i n g t h e i r e a r l y years the noble q u a l i t i e s o f t h e i r b i r t h r i g h t . . . . f o r the most p a r t these are the k i n d s o f r e t u r n s t h a t mother's n u r t u r i n g b r i n g s a t the present time but undoubtedly t h e r e are i n t h e i r midst proper mothers who can separate motherly l o v e fitom a lo v e of humanity. The former encourages love and a d m i r a t i o n of one's own c h i l d i n s p i t e o f h i s f a u l t s and above a l l i t encourages j e a l o u s y of the f i n e q u a l i t i e s of other c h i l d r e n . But love o f humanity encourages us t o l o v e a l l t h a t i s good . . *h« concerns nf the Company and the O r g a n i s a t i o n of i t s Tnner Members Since the members of the company were compelled t o do work f o r the company and because some of them had l e n t t h e i r money t o i t and because the f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s o f the company were now i n a t i g h t s i t u a t i o n , i t was seen as a necessary p r o t e c t i o n f o r the company to draw up some k i n d of agree-ment wit h the i n n e r members. I t would pr o v i d e s e c u r i t y f o r the company a g a i n s t such members who i n the f u t u r e might p o s s i b l y o b t a i n t h e i r r e l e a s e from i t by l e g a l means. For t h a t purpose A. B. Makela, the s e c r e t a r y o f the company, drew up the f o l l o w i n g agreement b i n d i n g the members, The d i r e c t o r s h i p approved i t . There c e r t a i n l y were some members who disapproved of i t and not a l l were w i l l i n g t o s i g n i t . The form of the agreement speaks f o r i t s e l f . The Agreement Concerning L i a b i l i t y o f the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company By becoming an i n n e r member of the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company on Malcolm I s l a n d i n B r i t i s h Columbia, I g i v e n o t i c e by s i g n i n g my name i n t h i s c o n t r a c t u a l l e t t e r t o b eing c l e a r about the nature of i t s c o - o p e r a t i v e a c t i o n s , j o i n t owner-s h i p and c o l l e c t i v e economic un d e r t a k i n g s . I r e c o g n i z e i t s a u t h o r i t y here and agree t o i t , so t h a t I w i l l not look upon my p e r s o n a l shares, c o n t r i b u t i o n s of work, money or other donations from the p e r s p e c t i v e o f normal wage workers and c r e d i t o r s on the o u t s i d e . I w i l l keep these c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n our midst f o r the purpose of founding and p r e s e r v i n g our own home and our s o c i e t y ' s i d e a l s . Such a c t i o n s I take to be my r e s p o n s i b i l i t y u n l e s s some other form o f agreement has been made i n my name between myself and the other members of the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company. The p r e v i o u s l y mentioned way o f l o o k i n g a t t h i n g s i s most l i k e l y q u i t e f o r e i g n w i t h i n the p r o v i n c e of B r i t i s h Columbia, w i t h i t s p r e v a i l i n g views toward l e g a l matters, even a t the present time. Since t h i s i s so and because i t i s g e n e r a l l y d i f f i c u l t f o r the s t r a n g e r t o become completely c l e a r about the new understandings which we c r e a t e d i n our midst, i t would o b v i o u s l y be wrong t o submit our i n t e r n a l and our Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company's p o s s i b l e disagreements or demands r e l a t i n g 359 to p e r s o n a l ownership to be i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h i n the law c o u r t s of the l a n d . For t h a t r e a s on the under-signed makes a commitment on h i s b e h a l f to have a l l the disagreements which c o u l d a r i s e and a l l the matters r e q u i r i n g l e g a l i n t e r v e n t i o n between h i m s e l f and the other members of the Kalevan Kansa r e s o l v e d on h i s b e h a l f through a r b i t r a t i o n . Towards t h i s k i n d o f c o n t r a c t u a l s o l u t i o n both p a r t i e s concerned must s e l e c t an equal number of members who i n t u r n w i l l s e l e c t one a d d i t i o n a l judge. In t h i s manner the d e c i s i o n of the m a j o r i t y o f the a r b i t r a t i o n judges become f i n a l . However, i f the undersigned r e f u s e s or h e s i t a t e s an excess of f o u r t e e n days before s e l e c t i n g h i s a r b i t r a t i o n judges, i t i s taken to mean t h a t he w i l l f i n d a c c e p t a b l e those a r b i t r a t i o n judges which have been s e l e c t e d f o r him on h i s b e h a l f and w i l l comply wi t h t h e i r d e c i s i o n s . I f the panel of a r b i t r a t i o n judges does not w i t h i n f o u r t e e n days come t o an agreement about the a d d i t i o n a l judge, then one or the other of the d i s -a g r e e i n g p a r t i e s , having g i v e n n o t i c e t o the other p a r t y , w i l l demand t h a t the n e a r e s t c o u r t of law appoint the a d d i t i o n a l m i s s i n g judge. Both of the d i s a g r e e i n g p a r t i e s w i l l c a r r y t h e i r own expenses and h a l f o f the expenses o f the a d d i t i o n a l a r b i t -r a t i o n judge, u n l e s s the d e c i s i o n of the c o u r t has otherwise decreed. A u t h o r i z e d by s e c t i o n 21 o f the Rules o f Memorandum of the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company i t i s s t a t e d t h a t I w i l l not under any o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s except w i t h the company's s p e c i f i c consent, demand p o s s e s s i o n o f any more of the company's l a n d then what i s the g e n e r a l a l l o t m e n t g i v e n t o a l l the i n n e r members. Acc o r d i n g t o s e c t i o n 20 o f the Rules of the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company i t i s necessary t h a t I, i n the v e r y l e a s t , above and beyond the 150 days o f l a b o u r w i l l become o b l i g a t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o my a b i l i t y and p o t e n t i a l t o do work f o r the company under the c o n d i t i o n s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t h a t are m u t u a l l y d e c i d e d . Only through c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the company's d i r e c t o r s can I t e m p o r a r i l y be excused from the communal work, i n a d d i t i o n , I w i l l not demand f i n a n c i a l or other remuneration f o r the days of work put i n except t h a t which i s granted t o everyone, such as the n e c e s s a r y s u p p l i e s needed f o r l i v e l i h o o d , medicines, shares t o the company, e t c . T h i s s h a l l p e r s i s t u n t i l the f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s o f the Kalevan Kansa C o l o n i z a t i o n Company are on such a f o u n d a t i o n t h a t the y e a r l y d i v i d e n d s can be d i s p e r s e d a c c o r d i n g to s e c t i o n 32 of the Rules o f Memorandum r e g a r d i n g compensation f o r the company's working p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s agreement aroused argument and d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n among c e r t a i n members and i f I don't remember i n c o r r e c t l y there were some who d i d not underwrite i t . But those members who saw i t t o be t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o make the company's i n t e r n a l s a a f f a i r s secure and who were w i l l i n g t o s a c r i f i c e t h e i r p e r s o n a l g a i n s i n order t o keep the company tog e t h e r were a l a r g e m a j o r i t y . T h i s was the experience w i t h many other i s s u e s when the matter i n q u e s t i o n was the p r o s p e r i t y o f the Kalevan Kansa. A New Sawmill — Hew I n s p i r a t i o n s A f t e r the above problems had been r e s o l v e d the company had no other means by which i t c o u l d make i t s e x i s t e n c e more secure than by b u i l d i n g a l a r g e r sawmill capable o f g r e a t e r p r o d u c t i o n . T h i s matter was apparent t o the company members much bef o r e the annual meeting i n February. Upon the a r r i v a l o f a new companion who had savings amounting t o s e v e r a l thousands of d o l l a r s i t was decided t o use t h a t member's money al o n g w i t h the s a v i n g s of those e a r l i e r members who s t i l l had c o n s i d e r a b l e savings l e f t t o b u i l d a new sa w m i l l . I n r e t u r n , ownership of the sawmill was granted t o a l l those who loaned money towards i t . Work was begun j u s t b e f o r e Christmas 1903 and i t progressed so b r i s k l y t h a t by the end of January the b u i l d i n g had a r a i n - p r o o f r o o f . Since a l l the other p r o j e c t s were h a l t e d f o r the p e r i o d o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , except logging,:,'we b u i l t a separate b u i l d i n g from b r i c k s f o r the steam b o i l e r along 361 s i d e the other, dug a deep w e l l t o feed the b o i l e r , a w e l l which never went dry, and f i n a l l y we were ab l e to i n s t a l l the machinery. Soon boards began t o come out of the sawmill although not as r a p i d l y as c o u l d have been expected from such a f a s t sawmill, most l i k e l y not i n excess o f 10,000 board f e e t p e r day. The machinery was too weak. From the o l d sawmill we made a p l a n e r and we obtained f o r i t two s m a l l used p l a n e r s which were s t i l l p r a c t i c a l and i n r u n n i n g o r d e r . In a d d i t i o n to these, we obtained s t i l l another l a r g e r new p l a n e r and we moved the o l d shake saw from the o l d sawmill t o the new. I n t h i s way with g r e a t s a c r i f i c e we put our new mechan-ism o f p r o d u c t i o n i n t o o p e r a t i o n . At t h a t time on Malcolm I s l a n d we s t i l l l i v e d i n v e r y withdrawn circumstances and f a r from the p l a c e s o f commerce where our b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s were needed. As a r e s u l t there was no way we c o u l d s e l l them from home. Since there was a s m a l l sawmill owned by the I n d i a n m i s s i o n a r y s o c i e t y and operated by Indians a t A l e r t Bay i t s u p p l i e d the m a t e r i a l s f o r the surrounding a r e a s . I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t the Indians needed much lumber f o r t h e i r s i m p l i s t i c lodges and t h e r e were o n l y a few white skinned people i n an a r e a o f hundreds o f m i l e s . Because o f t h i s t here arose before us the important q u e s t i o n o f how to get the lumber and the b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s to market. The s m a l l steam v e s s e l - V i n e t a " which we had purchased i n the summer of 1902 was too s m a l l and low-powered to perform the t a s k o f towing on l o n g e r t r i p s . 3 6 2 We were, however, f o r t u n a t e i n o b t a i n i n g from Vancouver a new c r a f t f o r a p r i c e o f $1 , 9 5 0.00, the c o s t of which we hoped t o underwrite i n terras of lumber p r o d u c t s . The name of the v e s s e l was " L o t t i e " and w i t h i t we hoped t o tow lumber and other c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s to where th e r e would be a demand f o r them. Under thescircumstances the purchase of the v e s s e l was a good d e a l because the p r i c e which c o u l d be d i s c h a r g e d though the s a l e of wood products c o u l d a l s o be p a i d i n s m a l l i n s t a l l m e n t s . Now we had overcome t h a t problem as w e l l and wet c o u l d w i t h enthusiasm a d j u s t o u r s e l v e s to the f u t u r e . In a d d i t i o n , we had o btained from the B r i t i s h Columbia government f u l l r i g h t s o f ownership to 640 a c r e s of l a n d around the town o f S o i n t u l a f o r the Kalevan Kansa under the c o n d i t i o n t h a t the company undertakes t o c o n s t r u c t a s c h o o l house of a minimum value of $2,000.00. These were the c o n d i t i o n s under which we pursued our r i g h t s of ownership. Concerning t h i s development, the d i r e c t o r s h i p was a u t h o r i z e d t o g i v e n o t i c e t h a t the s c h o o l house would be completed by the f i r s t day o f the f o l l o w i n g August. With t h i s d e c i s i o n on b e h a l f of the government o f B r i t i s h Columbia we understood t h a t there would be sub-s t a n t i a l i n d i c a t i o n s of the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the company's f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s . T h i s was because the l a n d on which the company's most v a l u a b l e b u i l d i n g s and p o s s e s s i o n s were l o c a t e d now had become our own. We had progressed so f a r t h a t the company had a sawmill which produced n e a r l y 10,000 board f e e t per day, p l a n e r s which c o u l d d r e s s f i r s t c l a s s b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s of a l l the r e q u i r e d k i n d s and we had an almost endless supply of raw m a t e r i a l s . Therefore i t seemed t h a t we c o u l d d i s e n t a n g l e o u r s e l v e s from the c u r r e n t f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s , even i f s l o w l y . T h i s was p a r t i c u l a r l y so s i n c e there were among the company's members more than enough men who had s k i l l s i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of wood p r o d u c t s . However, i t would have been unheard of and p r e v i o u s l y unseen i n the b u s i n e s s a f f a i r s and economic management of the Kalevan Kansa i f we c o u l d have progressed i n t h i s way without major misunderstandings, s t u p i d i t i e s and l o s s e s . They accompanied the progress of events from the b e g i n n i n g t o the end. The Unfortunate Bridge Venture On one o f the occasions i n the s p r i n g o f 1904 when Ku r i k k a had been i n Vancouver he had n o t i c e d an a d v e r t i s e -ment from the m u n i c i p a l government o f North Vancouver see k i n g a c o n t r a c t to b u i l d two b r i d g e s over two r i v e r s . F i r s t , K u r i k k a ' s n o t i c e about i t i n the A i k a newspaper w i l l be p u b l i s h e d . The f i r s t major c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t o f the Kalevan Kansa has been undertaken by c o n t r a c t s i n c e the m u n i c i p a l government of the township o f North Vancouver had approved our o f f e r t o c o n s t r u c t road b r i d g e s over the C a p i l a n o and North Seymour R i v e r s . The b r i d g e s must be completed by the end of next September and the $3 ,000 .00rsum of the c o n t r a c t i s v e r y low. But s i n c e we p l a n t o prepare a l l the wood products on the i s l a n d - a n d from our own f o r e s t s we judge t h a t i t w i l l be worthwhile. The main advantage was t o g a i n the acquaintance of t h a t town which i s j u s t now b e g i n n i n g t o b u i l d so t h a t we might get c o n t r a c t s v a l u e d a t tens o f thousands of d o l l a r s 364 p r o v i d i n g t h a t t h i s f i r s t c o n t r a c t i s p r o p e r l y d i s -charged. So i n n o c e n t i n appearance was the matter of which K u r i k k a had news i n h i s newspapers. K u r i k k a cannot be blamed f o r the c o n t r a c t sum having dropped so low. The man who drew up those-estimates f o r K u r i k k a was a c e r t a i n f e l l o w from the Un i t e d S t a t e s , from S e a t t l e . H i s worth was doubt-f u l but he was a man who enjoyed Kurikka's t r u s t . He was a businessman named Jacobson. As a guarantee toward completing the agreement i t was nec e s s a r y t o i n c l u d e a l o n g w i t h the b i d $150.00 which would be l o s t i f the d e a l was not completed. K u r i k k a had hastened t o leave an o f f e r i n the name o f the Kalevan Kansa. At the same time he l e f t behind some money as a guarantee. T h i s c o n t r a c t o f f e r was f o r the woodworkers o f S o i n t u l a a matter f o r e n e r g e t i c debate. We made new estimates o f the expenses and the g e n e r a l understanding was t h a t i t would be b e t t e r to back out of the whole o f f e r and t o l o s e the $150.00 than t o adhere t o a p r o j e c t which would b r i n g a g r e a t e r l o s s . But K u r i k k a , i n keeping w i t h h i s pa s s i o n a t e manner, e x p l a i n e d t h a t our a f f a i r s were so t i g h t t h a t our s u p p l i e s and even our food s u p p l i e s would end u n l e s s we undertook the c o n t r a c t . L a t e r , when the work began t o s t r e t c h out, K u r i k k a saw what a tremendous f o l l y had occurredlwhen the estimates had been drawn up and he began t o encourage the workers t o s t r i k e . But these men would no lo n g e r bend t h e i r e a r s t o c a t c h Kurikka's t a l k s . 365 In the f o l l o w i n g I w i l l put f o r t h a few p i e c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n about the b r i d g e s . 1. On the b r i d g e over the Seymour R i v e r t h e r e was t o be a 180 f o o t a r c h which needed s t r o n g f o u n d a t i o n s a t each end. 2. Over the Capilano R i v e r t h e r e was t o be a s i m i l a r a r c h o f equal l e n g t h and i n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s t h e r e would be on the o p p o s i t e shore a b r i d g e span o f s i m i l a r l e n g t h supported on 36 f o o t b u t t r e s s e s . The e n t i r e * b r i d g e came t o be 360 f e e t l o n g and i t too needed a s t r o n g f o u n d a t i o n . 3. I n the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the estimates o f the expenses there was no allowance made i n any way f o r the work r e l a t i n g t o the fo u n d a t i o n s , 4. S i m i l a r l y , there were no estimates or, a t l e a s t o n l y minimal ones, f o r the metal s i d e supports f o r the b r i d g e spans, b o l t s , n a i l s , e t c . However, t o the Kalevan Kansa they came to c o s t $1,600.00 and when we made a complaint about the matter t o those who gave us the c o n t r a c t they were a b l e t o reduce our misfort u n e by $600.00 5. A l s o i t was not taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n the estimates t h a t the b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s would need t o be t r a n s p o r t e d from the seashore which was a t a d i s t a n c e o f three q u a r t e r s t o one m i l e . For t h a t purpose i t became ne c e s s a r y t o buy a team of horses and a proper conveyance. By the accounts made a t t h a t time the t o t a l sum o f the e x t r a work, metal products, e t c . came t o over $3,000.00. When a l l t h i s was taken i n t o account and the f i n a l expenses concerning the b r i d g e s w e r e - t o t a l l e d i t became c l e a r t h a t the Kalevan Kansa 3 6 6 men d i d $8,000.00 to $9,000.00 worth o f wage f r e e l a b o u r f o r the m u n i c i p a l i t y of North Vancouver. In a way the c o n t r a c t ' s disadvantages are r e v e a l e d by the f o l l o w i n g numerical i n f o r m a t i o n . In the annual February meeting which was h e l d i n S o i n t u l a ' s r e c e n t l y f i n i s h e d meeting h a l l , T a i d etemppeli, i t became apparent from the company's books t h a t i n the broadest estimates o f the d i r e c t o r s h i p t h e r e were 210 members who had s t r a i g h t e n e d out t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n s w i t h a t l e a s t $50.00. Almost a l l o f the Kalevan Kansa members had been bound t o the b r i d g e c o n t r a c t i n one way or the o t h e r . Some worked i n the woods s u f f e r i n g the h a r d s h i p s of timber work, others t r a n s p o r t e d the l o g s t o the shore and to the sawmill and a t h i r d group sawed from them square timbers f o r beams, lumber or whatever other wood products were needed i n the b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n . A l l the m a t e r i a l was towed t o North Vancouver by the " L o t t i e " , the boat we had purchased s h o r t l y b e f o r e f o r t h i s purpose. F i n a l l y , t h e r e were tens o f men b u i l d i n g those b r i d g e s . A f t e r the p r e v i o u s l y mentioned annual meeting i n the s p r i n g t h e r e was new l a b o u r s t r e n g t h as a d d i t i o n a l workers came t o the i s l a n d f o r the purpose of doing the b r i d g e work. We can estimate t h a t many more than a hundred Kalevan Kansa members d i d c l o s e t o f o u r months of unpaid work under t h e i r own board i n order t o complete the b r i d g e c o n t r a c t . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h a t , we s a c r i f i c e d f o r i t thousands of f e e t of the b e s t wood products t o be found on Malcolm I s l a n d . T h i s s o r t o f t h i n g s u r e l y sounds almost i m p o s s i b l e to 367 b e l i e v e , but i t was t r u e . Since m a t e r i a l l i f e i n the midst of the Kalevan Kansa had a g a i n s u f f e r e d an i r r e p a r a b l e shipwreck, the hopes of i t s members were d e a l t a severe blow. Temperaments were embittered enough but they had not y e t r i s e n t o a ferment. A l l t h i s touched p a i n f u l l y those who thought w e l l o f our s o c i e t y and who had s a c r i f i c e d t h e i r a l l t o take our i n t e r e s t s forward. But s i n c e the d i r e c t o r s were what they were, what e l s e c o u l d be done except t o s u f f e r onward or t o go away from the i s l a n d and g i v e up a l l the a s p i r a t i o n s on b e h a l f o f which so much had been s a c r i f i c e d . In an embittered s t a t e of mind many chose the f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e and went a g a i n t o work f o r the company. But not even t h a t was done wi t h enthusiasm. We c e r t a i n l y had an i s l a n d which was n a t u r a l l y well-endowed, f o r e s t s t o an excess, w i t h enough even f o r f u t u r e needs and a sawmill where once a g a i n we c o u l d b e g i n t o cut:wood products, even f o r s a l e . There was such a su p p l y o f f i s h i n the ocean t h a t even i n poor times a f a m i l y man c o u l d make a l i v e l i h o o d . Disagreement About Free Love In a d d i t i o n t o a l l t h i s c o n f u s i o n i n S o i n t u l a , t h e r e was s t i l l f u r t h e r c o n f u s i o n c o n c e r n i n g morals focused around the i s s u e of f r e e l o v e . K urikka*s a r t i c l e s i n the A i k a newspaper had for- some time, without any attempt t o c o n c e a l the f a c t , p o i n t e d toward the f a c t t h a t women need not be ashamed of t h e i r motherhood o u t s i d e of wedlock. Those a r t i c l e s a t t r a c t e d such a t t e n t i o n t h a t even among the languaged there was t a l k t h a t on Malcolm I s l a n d they were thought t o p r a c t i c e f r e e l o v e and n o t i c e of t h i s was g i v e n to the government. However, none of t h a t s o r t of f r e e love had t r a n s p i r e d here i n our midst up t o t h i s time. Because of t h i s the more s t e a d f a s t men and women rose i n s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n t o those k i n d s of t e n d e n c i e s , knowing f u l l w e l l t h a t i f t h a t s o r t of young men's eagerness came to the i s l a n d and became s e t t l e d i n , the government wi t h the support of the c l e r g y would become entangled i n the a f f a i r . In t h a t event the l i f e of the Kalevan Kansa c o u l d e a s i l y become p a r t of h i s t o r y because the government i n g r a n t i n g t i t l e t o Malcolm I s l a n d had s p e c i f i e d t h a t we needed to honour and obey the laws of the l a n d . The k i n d s of disagreements which arose i n t h i s f a s h i o n we c o u l d not f i n d the means among o u r s e l v e s to r e c o n c i l e . The meetings which were h e l d concerning t h i s matter were d i s c o r d a n t and because the matter took on the form o f a f a c t i o n a l d i s p u t e one s i d e c o u l d not concede the l e a s t l i t t l e b i t o f v a l i d i t y f o r the p e r s p e c t i v e s o f the o t h e r . We needed t o wait t o see what the company's p r e s i d e n t K u r i k k a s a i d h i m s e l f when he r e t u r n e d home from Vancouver. When t h i s f i n a l l y happened and K u r i k k a and the b r i d g e b u i l d e r s r e t u r n e d home i t was coming to the end of September. Sin c e the p r e s i d e n t had i n p r a c t i c e observed h i s t h e o r i e s and because he had the support of the young men the 369 b i t t e r n e s s o f the d i s c o r d became o n l y more f i e r c e . I n these matters K u r i k k a and Makela were s t a u n c h l y a g a i n s t one another. On the b a s i s of t h i s i t was suggested t h a t both should be asked to leave Malcolm I s l a n d f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d of time u n t i l t h e i r temperaments had calmed. That s u g g e s t i o n d i d not win support, although now, afterwards, i t seems so reasonable when a l l the other p o s s i b i l i t i e s have been t r i e d . K urikka*s manner a t those meetings was so anger i n s p i r i n g and blameworthy t h a t there e v e n t u a l l y arose among those who f e l t d i f f e r e n t l y from him the q u e s t i o n , can such a man remain as the d i r e c t o r of the Kalevan Kansa? We then began t o arrange f o r a g e n e r a l meeting of the Kalevan Kansa so t h a t the i s s u e might be decided i n favour o f one s i d e or the o t h e r . I n o r d e r to h o l d such a meeting we undertook a g e n e r a l a c c o u n t i n g o f names which brought f o r t h the r e q u i r e d number of names which a c c o r d i n g t o :the r u l e s were needed to b r i n g a g e n e r a l meeting i n t o b e i n g . Having become aware of t h i s and knowing t h a t h i s p o s i t i o n was threatened, K u r i k k a a t the d i r e c t o r s h i p meeting of October 10, 1904 gave n o t i c e of h i s i n t e n t t o separate and l e f t Malcolm I s l a n d never a g a i n to r e t u r n t o S o i n t u l a . On two separate occasions he l i v e d f o r l e n g t h y p e r i o d s of time on the o u t s k i r t s of Vancouver r a i s i n g c h i c k e n s . The chickens were kept on the lower l e v e l of h i s shack and he l i v e d above them. From there he sent news t o New York. Upon Ku r i k k a * s departure from Malcolm I s l a n d t o Vancouver he began t o s p e c u l a t e about a l a r g e communal home 370 and undertook t o r e n t one. Soon a f t e r h i s l e a v i n g a l l o f Kurikka's f a i t h f u l supporters l e f t S o i n t u l a f o l l o w i n g him. T h e i r departure was on the same company f l a t b o a t on which t h e r b r i d g e workers had r e t u r n e d from t h e i r d i s a s t r o u s u n d e r t a k i n g . In t h i s way n e a r l y one h a l f o f the Kalevan Kansa members " h i t the road"? men, women and c h i l d r e n among whom were those who had s a c r i f i c e d e v e r y t h i n g i n the br i d g e c o n t r a c t . These companions w i t h whom_ we had worked i n b r o t h e r l y agreement a t S o i n t u l a l e f t e mbittered. Together we had a s p i r e d , s u f f e r e d and known need and m i s f o r t u n e , but we had a l s o r e j o i c e d whenever we found reason f o r j o y . Since we knew t h a t among those who were l e a v i n g t h e r e were young men with whom we were not acquainted, we f e a r e d t h a t the b i t t e r n e s s o f mind might unload i n some form o f dis t u r b a n c e before t h e i r d e p a r t u r e . The moment of t h e i r departure, however, passed without such happenings because A. B. Makela's t h o u g h t f u l and so o t h i n g speech had a calming e f f e c t . Those who l e f t a r r i v e d i n Vancouver without m i s f o r t u n e . They l i v e d the wint e r there and then founded, under Kurikka's d i r e c t i o n , a new communistic s o c i e t y c a l l e d Sammon Tako.iat. As an i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h i s e n t e r p r i s e l e t i t be s a i d t h a t when K u r i k k a r e t u r n e d from h i s t r i p t o F i n l a n d and attempted to go back and put the Sammon Tak o j a t onto a f i r m f o u n d a t i o n he was no lo n g e r wanted. P r i o r t o t h i s time K u r i k k a worked z e a l o u s l y i n F i n l a n d d u r i n g and a f t e r the g r e a t s t r i k e i n the w i n t e r o f 1905-06. A f t e r h i s attempt a t g e t t i n g back 371 to Sammon Tako.iat had f a i l e d , he became embittered and cut o f f h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the r e s t of h i s s u p p o r t e r s . A f a i r amount c o u l d be s a i d about Kurikka*s departure but I w i l l be s a t i s f i e d w i t h j u s t a l i t t l e . He had taken as h i s l i f e ' s work the emancipation of the oppressed and the worker and he t r i e d t o make t h e i r l i v e s more j o y f u l w i t h a l l h i s a b i l i t y by t r y i n g t o found a new s o c i e t y which would a c t as a road marker f o r those others who are s u f f e r i n g . He knew w e l l t h a t i n the c r e a t i o n of such a s o c i e t y everyone must be w i l l i n g to: s a c r i f i c e h i s own means and h i s own p e r s o n a l d e s i r e s . K u r i k k a h i m s e l f d i d not have any p o s s e s s i o n s t o s a c r i f i c e but he had l e a d e r s h i p , the o c c u p a t i o n o f b e i n g the company's p r e s i d e n t . However, when matters developed to such a p o i n t t h a t as a r e s u l t o f the p r e v i o u s l y mentioned shortcomings he would have needed t o g i v e up t h a t p o s i t i o n f o r a s h o r t w h i l e , he was ready t o d e s t r o y a l l o f i t i n s t e a d , e v e r y t h i n g which he had put t o g e t h e r . That was the form of K u r i k k a ' s s a c r i f i c e t o the Kalevan Kansa. I t i s s a i d t h a t "about the dead o n l y the good p o i n t s are mentioned" and i t i s not my i n t e n t i o n t o s t r i k e a t a dead man who cannot defend h i m s e l f . K u r i k k a was a complete complement t o the F i n l a n d e r who i s s t e a d f a s t and tough and enduring i n s u f f e r i n g . H i s out-wardly b r i l l i a n t a t t r i b u t e s a t t r a c t e d honest and s t r a i g h t -forward workers t o him w i t h b l i n d obedience. I n t u r n they, having become p e r c e p t i v e of the shadowy s i d e s of h i s n a t u r e , condemned and hated him. 372 Without denying K u r i k k a was i n h i s own way i n g e n i o u s , at the same time he was ambitious and had h i g h a s p i r a t i o n s . He was b r o t h e r l y t o those who b l i n d l y f o l l o w e d him but he was c o l d and unsympathetic towards those who found themselves i n the way of h i s p l a n s . Despite h i s i n g e n u i t y he always destroyed h i s own accomplishments a t e x a c t l y the moment when i t was necessary t o gather t h i n g s t o g e t h e r and t o b u i l d . The Kalevan Kansa honoured him f o r what he had been. However, once h i s c r e d i b i l i t y had been l o s t , h i s work had no s i g n i f i c a n c e . D i s s o l u t i o n The Kalevan Kansa had now s p l i t i n t o two. N e a r l y one h a l f o f i t s members had l e f t and gone elsewhere. The work f o r c e had decreased i n a s i m i l a r way and an enormous debt was l e f t upon the shoulders of those who were l e f t on the i s l a n d . I t c e r t a i n l y f e l t h opeless t o b e g i n anew but t h e r e were no other o p t i o n s . A l l the more we needed t o r e s o r t t o those means of p r o d u c t i o n which we had. Before a l l e l s e the saw-m i l l needed t o b e g i n making lumber. Those jobs which d i d not u r g e n t l y need to be done were reduced i n t o as few as p o s s i b l e and the men were p l a c e d i n t o those t a s k s from which we knew some b e n e f i t c o u l d be d e r i v e d , namely, s a w m i l l i n g and l o g g i n g . These busy undertakings prospered comparatively w e l l i n l i g h t o f the work f o r c e which was a v a i l a b l e . From the f o r e s t s we dragged good q u a l i t y cedar t r e e s . We began i n October and a f t e r Christmas 3 7 3 we had f i n e l o ads of lumber w a i t i n g to be planed. We t r i e d t o s e l l t h i s m a t e r i a l a c c o r d i n g t o the p o s s i b i l i t i e s which presented themselves to us so t h a t we c o u l d get a s s i s t a n c e f o r f o o d and s u p p l i e s . From the p a s t s p r i n g ' s p l a n t i n g we had such a f i n e crop of potatoes t h a t they e a s i l y l a s t e d u n t i l the next h a r v e s t and we had more s a l t e d f i s h than was needed. However, we were u n c e r t a i n as t o how we c o u l d g a i n a l i v e l i h o o d and how we c o u l d f r e e o u r s e l v e s from the l a r g e burdensome debt. The company's most worthwhile belongings were t o t a l l y committed. The new sawmill however, was owned by our s o c i e t y ' s members so t h a t we were able t o h o l d on t o i t . But the other commitments, e s p e c i a l l y the agreement between the government and the Kalevan Kansa were more complicated. In order t o make our p o s i t i o n more secure A u s t i n Makela suggested a t the meeting h e l d on the - 5 t h of December 1904 t h a t the company should r e n t , a l l o t m e n t s of 80 a c r e s f o r a p e r i o d of 50 years t o those members who wanted to remain on the i s l a n d under the o p t i o n of r e n t i n g . The purpose of the s u g g e s t i o n was t h a t the company c o u l d secure f o r i t s e l f those p i e c e s of l a n d which i t r e n t e d to the members i n i t s name even i f the r e s t o f the l a n d would have v. to be f o r f e i t e d , t o the government. In .this way the p o s s i b i l i t y f o r continuance e x i s t e d without concern f o r the e x i s t e n c e of the company and the communal economy. Those new a l l o t m e n t s were made on the e l e v e n t h day o f / 374 the same month. Almost a l l the former f a m i l y heads took them as d i d some of the s i n g l e men and women as w e l l . In the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the a l l o t m e n t s i t was arranged t h a t i f two i n d i v i d u a l s wanted the same p i e c e the f i r s t r i g h t was g i v e n to the i n d i v i d u a l t o whom the company owed the most. There was a map t o be c o n s u l t e d a t the meeting and a l l the a l l o t -ments were taken from the shore a t the i s l a n d ' s s o uth end i n an area where the m a j o r i t y of the i s l a n d ' s c l e a r i n g work had been done. In the d i r e c t o r s h i p meeting o f the company on December 4 , 1 9 0 4 i t was decided t o end the p u b l i c a t i o n of the A i k a newspaper and t o balance the l o s s s u f f e r e d by s u b s c r i b e r s w i t h other l i t e r a t u r e . On the 1 8 t h of January 1 9 0 5 i t was decide d t o s e l l the p r i n t i n g p r e s s f o r $ 5 0 0 . 0 0 ; Prom t h a t purchase as w e l l the company undertook a l o s s o f many hundreds of d o l l a r s s i n c e the pre s s was s o l d f o r about h a l f the c o s t a t which i t had been brought to S o i n t u l a . The L a s t Company Meeting o f the Kalevan Kansa The l a s t g e n e r a l meeting o f the s t o c k h o l d e r s was h e l d a c c o r d i n g t o *he r u l e s of the Kalevan Kansa on February 5 , 1 9 0 5 . F i f t y owners of shares had gathered and t e n were r e p r e s e n t e d by l e t t e r s o f proxy. Among other t h i n g s i t was decided a t the meeting t o i n v i t e new s e t t l e r s t o the i s l a n d and t o o f f e r them some of those p r e v i o u s l y mentioned 80 acre a l l o t m e n t s f o r a r e n t a l charge of $ 1 . 0 0 an a c r e . The f i r s t twenty who would come would get t h e i r a l l o t m e n t s without a 375 r e n t a l fee. S e v e r a l months p r i o r t o t h i s two miners from Washington s t a t e had come t o Malcolm I s l a n d l o o k i n g f o r l a n d . However, s i n c e the s e c r e t a r y of the Kalevan Kansa had demanded t h a t the newcomers must j o i n and "become Kalevan Kansa members and because they were aware t h a t the bank-r u p t c y of the company was imminent, the i n d i v i d u a l s s e e k i n g l a n d r e f u s e d t o agree to do so. Otherwise the men were q u i t e p l e a s e d w i t h the i s l a n d and under d i f f e r e n t circumstances i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e might have been other newcomers. In the same meeting i t was d e c i d e d to d i s c o n t i n u e the p r a c t i c e of g r a n t i n g i n n e r memberships. From t h i s day forward the company was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r compensating a l l the work days wi t h cash or by some other means. Recompense f o r wages co u l d be p r o v i d e d from the m a t e r i a l s b e i n g produced, through land and so f o r t h . Since there was no l o n g e r any c e r t a i n t y about whether the company would s t a y i n t a c t , a l l those members i n whose name the 80 acre a l l o t m e n t s had been g i v e n now demanded f u l l and l a s t i n g ownership o f them. Since there was c l e a r i n g work done on these a l l o t m e n t s , w i t h more on some than on o t h e r s , i t was decided t h a t on b e h a l f o f the company two a p p r a i s e r s would be s e l e c t e d . They would a p p r a i s e the anoint o f work done i n cash terms. We f u r t h e r decided t h a t everyone would need to be i n agreement w i t h the a p p r a i s a l s of these two men and t h a t t h e i r judgement would be f i n a l . I n t h i s way we f e l t t h a t we c o u l d p r o t e c t everyone's 376 advantage. However, i t d i d not t u r n out t h a t way. One a f t e r another i n d i v i d u a l s who were unhappy with the a p p r a i s a l s appeared. The a p p r a i s e r s had c l e a r l y made mistakes i n t h e i r estimates about how much work had been done and i n some i n s t a n c e s they had shown favour as w e l l . Even t h i s matter f e l l upon the d i r e c t o r s h i p t o be handled on February 8 , 1 9 0 5 . About i t a d e c i s i o n was reached but the quandary d i d not s u b s t a n t i a l l y c l e a r up. Since the company had d i s s o l v e d i n the meantime, i t was necessary f o r the owners o f these a l l o t m e n t s t o now pay the government $1.00 per acre b e f o r e the government would g r a n t them f u l l r i g h t s o f ownership. In a d d i t i o n , t e n d o l l a r s would need t o be p a i d f o r a deed o f t r a n s f e r . A c c o r d i n g t o