Beyond the GenerAsians: INTERGENERATIONAL PROGRAMMING AND VANCOUVER'S CHINATOWN by ANDREA TANG B.A. in Geography, University of British Columbia, 2002 A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Arts (Planning) in The Faculty of Graduate Studies School of Community and Regional Planning We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard The University of British Columbia July 2004 ©Andrea Tang, 2004 Library Authorization In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Name of Author (please print) Date (dd/mm/yyyy) Title of Thesis: fey^( ^ <£r&t^AsrA»S : \^VtAr^fy\/'^k\/ruM Degree: Master c{ Arte O p p o r t u n i t i e s for l i fe- long c i v i c e n g a g e m e n t All age groups are involved in community planning initiatives, and there is a social expectation of services at all stages of life, with a range of opportunities for traditional volunteer, stipened volunteer, and paid work force available for all age groups. 68 These opportunities are supported by a solid infrastructure for the recruitment, training, placement, and support of all people engaged in service. > C o l l a b o r a t i o n a c r o s s s y s t e m s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s Partnerships exist across systems serving different age groups, facilitated by age-integrated funding streams that encourage collaborative efforts. > O p p o r t u n i t i e s for l i fe- long l earn ing Educational (and cultural) institutions are utilized as centres for life-long learning. Quality learning opportunities for extended learning are available for all ages. Older people may also be included as learners as well as teachers, tutors, and mentors. These may include schools, educational centres, cultural centres, libraries, and museums. > S u p p o r t for c a r e g i v i n g fami l i es This includes accessible services in the community for families caring for children, people of disabilities, and frail older adults, with assistance available to navigate service delivery systems. Different kinds of care are acknowledged and services are available to respond to their unique needs. These might include family support services, community centres, and daycares. > A c c e s s to qual i ty heal th c a r e a n d s o c i a l s e r v i c e s a c r o s s the life c o u r s e Age-and culturally-appropriate health, mental health, and social services are available across the life course. Community activities are developed to respond to the developmental needs of especially, children, youth, and older adults. I would also like to add that community activities developed to respond to those of "middle age" or "the generations in between" are also important. This includes diverse health centres and facilities that promote growing up and aging in place. 69 > Institutions wi th a l i f e - span p e r s p e c t i v e Policies, seamless services, and programs support lifelong individual development and health, as well as the ability to transition between phases of education, work, and leisure. This continuum of services supports people and families at all life stages. Basic needs such as housing, safety, food, and transportation are met across the life course. > P hys i c a 11 nfrastru c tu re Housing, childcare, transportation and public buildings are designed to be safe and developmentally appropriate for diverse age groups. Tangible intergenerational gathering places are also important such as parks and recreational sites. > P l a n n e d efforts to p r o m o t e m e a n i n g f u l c r o s s - a g e interact ion Structured opportunities exist for intergenerational, multigenerational, and cross-cultural interaction, with no age barriers to participation. These opportunities provide the "soft" spaces for all ages to identify common issues, engage in community improvement projects, and consequently, better understand each others' needs, strengths, and visions. These might include rituals, celebrations, workshops, and coffee/tea houses. Examples of "Communities of All Ages" in the Making Although these criteria are far reaching and may require the parallel development of short-term and long-term goals and outcomes, together, they create a firm foundation for a life-course oriented, age-integrated, and more sustainable community development and neighbourhood revitalization strategy. A number of cities and neighbourhoods have already begun to adopt this approach (or at least elements of it) to their community programs. This next section will highlight the stories and testimonies of a few of these communities. 70 •Charlottesville Charlottesville, VA, with an aging population and issues of age-segregation in the community, was one of the first to embrace the Community of all Ages approach to its community planning process. This approach was initially adapted to remodel a Charlottesville thoroughfare to make it more pedestrian-friendly, by involving people of all ages, with an emphasis on children and seniors. The success of this project in Charlottesville has since meant integrating the approach in larger community planning processes there, including a diverse cross-section of agencies, organizations and activities, building bridges across service providers that in the past, focused on distinct populations and issues. •Victoria, BC Very early on in the 1980s, the University of Victoria began to develop their intergenerational program to address issues of age-polarized communities. This is often due to the pattern of young people leaving the city after high school or university in search for jobs. Youth-retention, participation, and tension between different age groups are therefore commonly sited as community issues. In 1999, the Intergenerational Week Committee, gave a keynote address on the importance of positive intergenerational relationships at the University's Centre on Aging Community Forum. Those who attended this forum brought back to their own neighbourhoods and community ideas to incorporate intergenerational programming - including the Community for all Ages approach. What followed were a number of intergenerational projects, processes, and initiatives. For example, an intergenerational planning group began the Festival of the Ages in 1999, featuring a cross-generational "Fashions Then and Now" show. The younger generations dressed in fashions that are "in style" today, while the older 71 generations of different cultures dressed in fashions that were "in style" when they were younger. As Carol Matusicky of BC Council for Families recalled, . . . the event in 1999 was a great success, bringing mutual learning among the different generations. It catalyzed and invigorated various community age-integrated processes in Victoria and brought out about better understanding, and actively engaged everyone . . . it was fun too. The festival now occurs annually in May. Since the first Festival, a number of community-based initiatives began including information about short- and long-term intergenerational projects, life histories, an intergenerational paper "quilt," intergenerational sports days and dinners, and facilities were developed in various neighbourhoods in Victoria. The University of Victoria Centre for Aging and Intergenerational Programming continues to work with diverse communities to adopt age-integrated strategies like the Community for all Ages approach in building and revitalizing their neighbourhoods. *Netherlands A neighbourhood-oriented strategy which incorporates elements of the Community for all Ages approach for improving intergenerational communication and connections has been underway in the Netherlands since 2000. Initially, community workers facilitated a developmental process that involved all age groups to discuss how the neighbourhood could better meet their needs. Working together to identify areas of common interest while building trust, neighbourhoods developed specific intergenerational projects that fit existing policy frameworks such as community plans, education, parent support, and care for young and old (Penninx, 2002). This process has encouraged the younger and older to enter each others' living environments and to be actively engaged in changing the way residents and social service and community practitioners of all ages think and work. Alongside, numerous other community-based intergenerational initiatives are integrated with larger community processes. 72 Furthermore, the Netherlands Institute of Care and Welfare (NIZW) has developed two methods for promoting the integration of generations (and cultures): neighbourhood reminiscence and intergenerational neighbourhood improvement. Both methods have been noted as successful strategies in promoting social cohesion and community development at the neighbourhood level in the Netherlands.36 Integrating these strategies is effective in that it deals with both the cultural and remembered landscape as well as the physical place, integrating those of all ages and cultural groups. Communities in the Netherlands continue to lead by example in research and practice. *Westchester County, NY Westchester County reflects a story of how a community might strategically and creatively make use of funding opportunities to pursue intergenerational programming and its consequent benefits. In 2000, the Helen A. Benedict Family Foundation applied for an intergenerational funding strategy to make Westchester County a place where one could age and grow in community. Although beginning with a focus on older people, they eventually adopted the Community for all Ages approach, developing a mandate to "enhance the quality of life for people of all ages" in Westchester County. Moving away from traditional ways to apply for funding, the foundation's stated mandate was to make an impact on the well-being of children and families in Westchester. It then reached out to policymakers and planners to develop new mechanism to meet the goal, eventually moving towards the development of an Intergenerational Fund, which awarded 21 intergenerational grants to 15 organizations interested in implementing programs in which younger people and older adults worked together in their communities. The 3 6 C . M e r c k e n a n d K. Penn inx p resen ted o n , " in tergenera t iona l c o m m u n i t y bu i ld ing at the n e i g h b o u r h o o d level" at the f i rst ICIP In ternat iona l In te rgenera t iona l C o n f e r e n c e he ld Apr i l 2-4, 2002, a t Kee le Univers i ty , E n g l a n d . P lease s e e the C o n f e r e n c e Repor t for m o r e in fo rmat ion the i r p resen ta t i on , w h i c h h igh l igh ted t h e N e t h e r l a n d s c a s e s tudy to i l lustrate the benef i ts o f in te rgenera t iona l p ro jec ts fo r c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t a t n e i g h b o u r h o o d leve ls . 73 Benedict Foundation also gave 15 grants to nine regional or national experts to serve as "field-builders" to local grantees, to guide leadership and capacity building. After adopting the Community for all Ages approach, changes at the policy level and leadership include the following. • Nonprofits throughout the area now sponsor intergenerational programs/projects • Residents and leaders have expressed change in the way they view their community • Neighbourhood associations, non profits, city, and county governments have adopted intergenerational concerns, criteria, and indicators in their policies and projects. • A directory has been created, based on asset-based mapping • A Yonkers Intergenerational Task Force was established to promote interdisciplinary partnerships for intergenerational initiatives; • Reduced tensions in neighbourhoods Intergenerat ional P r o g r a m m i n g in C o n t e x t While each community continues to develop strategies, goals, and anticipated outcomes in their unique contexts, having adopted elements of the Community for all Ages approach, they share some common themes as well as diverse lessons that can be learned from. The success of the ongoing community programs depends on its involvement of diverse members of the community as well as sensitivity to the community's history, culture, geographical, socio-political and economic factors. . . . clearly specific contact programs need to take into account the local cultural dynamics operating in a cross generational communication. Until recently, much of the literature on intergenerational contact programs implicitly assumes cultural equivalence. (Giles et. al, 2002:22) There is a lot of cross-cultural as well as intercultural variation on conceptions of "aging", family, community, and "meaningful" intergenerational interaction (Kaplan et. al, 2002: 1). Other factors may include history, religion, economic factors, and indigenous patterns of social organization. 74 Chapter Conclusion Intergenerational programming is a vehicle that bridges the diverse experiences, needs, and stories of the younger and older members in a community. Recent developments demonstrate that intergenerational programming does not only promote bio-psychological health but also provides numerous benefits at the community level. For this reason, intergenerational programming is an effective tool for neighbourhood revitalization and community development. The "Community of All Ages" approach serves as a framework for communities who are moving in that direction. The next chapter will introduce Vancouver's Chinatown and its revitalization program as a case study for evaluation. 75 Charlie I remember getting hair cuts and eating at the restaurants in Chinatown with my parents as a young child. My main interest when joining the revitalization process was not just for the cultural aspect, but I was interested in the process of city planning and the idea of bring back the younger generations . . . myself, I would also like to see more entertainers and artists in Chinatown . . . there's also no formal representations of faith-based groups. Age 30 76 Chapter 4 The Case Study Situating Vancouver's Chinatown and the VCRC In this Chapter, I introduce this paper's case study, Vancouver's Chinatown, by asking the following questions: From the age lens, what are the key challenges in Vancouver's Chinatown revitalization process and how is the VCRC trying to address them? Challenge 1: Changing Age-Distribution As with many North American communities, demographic aging is already impacting Greater Vancouver immensely. The figures below illustrate that there is the greatest number of people currently in the mid-age categories (25 to 65 years of age) who, as they continue to age in the next twenty years, will become the largest group of seniors we have seen in the last century. In Chapter 3, I have discussed some implications of demographic aging and the challenges that will need to be confronted in the community. Figure 4.0 The Age of Immigrants in Figure 4.1 The Age of Vancouver Greater Vancouver Metropolitan Area Although Chinatown is moving towards mixed land uses, Strathcona, just east to Chinatown still remains as an important residential neighbourhood that houses the most families and Chinese seniors in the larger area. In particular, the percentage of seniors living in Strathcona is very high (over 20% of the total population in this neighbourhood Ago of Residents in the Vancouver Census Metropol i tan Area The age of Immigrants En the community & BC Source: Statscan, 2 0 0 1 Census Source: Statscan, 2001 Census 77 is 65 years of age and older). Many of the seniors living in the Strathcona neighbourhood are of Chinese-ethnicity and may be or were active members of the Chinatown community. To them, Chinatown remains an important place - a community they have aged in that has brought them refuge and many memories. Chinatown has also served them as a commercial and service centre that has provided them with their daily needs in their own language. Contrastingly, there are still relatively few children and youth residing in or near Chinatown. There is however, a growing number southeast of Chinatown in Strathcona (age 6 to 10 category) and west of Chinatown in the International District as well as Yaletown area (age 20 to 24 category). These age demographics point to the challenge of developing a more "multi-age" community while responding to the reality of an aging population, including a significant number of Chinese seniors that will continue to remain in Chinatown's immediate vicinity. Although there appears to be a growing number of children and youth in the larger area, this number remains small and affirms the need for outreach to youth in the Region. Challenge 2: The Changing Chinese Canadian Community Vancouver, as a gateway city (Ley & Murphy, 2001), is a prime example of what Leonie Sandercock calls the mongrel city of the 21 s t century (Sandercock, 2003). One of the most prominent distinguishing characteristics of the City of Vancouver is its increasing ethnic, racial and linguistic diversity.37 According to new research, Vancouver is currently the second most ethnically diverse (second to Toronto) and Canada's most A l t h o u g h t o d a y V a n c o u v e r is s e e n a s a mul t icu l tura l ci ty w e still s e e m a n y s t rugg les o f r a c i s m , p re jud ice , a n d m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g a c c o m p a n y the h igh inf lux o f n e w c o m e r s a n d c h a n g i n g d e m o g r a p h i c s in V a n c o u v e r a n d the Grea te r V a n c o u v e r Reg iona l Distr ict ( S e m o t u k , 2 0 0 3 ) . 78 ethnically integrated city . The changing Chinese-Canadian community in Vancouver testifies to this increasing diversity but poses challenges to Chinatown's revitalization process, as the committee seeks to respond to it. While many early Chinese that formed Chinatown, were primarily from the rural Say Yap ("Four Districts") region of Guangdong province of China speaking Cantonese or the sub-dialect of Toishan, the origins of Chinese immigrants have changed immensely since the mid-1900s. In British Columbia, up to 1990, major sources of immigration have been from Hong Kong, Taiwan, as well as countries from Southeast Asia. More recently Vancouver has been experiencing a large influx of immigration from Mainland China. Of the 18% of the Canadian total Vancouver represents, recent Census results illustrate that Asia was the most common origin of Greater Vancouver immigrant arrivals between 1996 and 2001 - led by the Peoples Republic of China (20 percent), followed by Taiwan (13 percent), India (9 percent), Hong Kong (9 percent) and the Philippines (8 percent).39 Figure 4.2 Most Numerous Groups of Immigrants Living in Vancouver in 2001 S o u r c e : Soc ia l Ind icators Repor t 2 0 0 1 , Ci ty o f V a n c o u v e r . Country of Origin # of Recent Immigrants Percent of Total Recent Immigrants Vancouver GVRD BC People's Republic of China 16,845 31.9* 20.3% 18.5% Philippines 6,190 11.7* 8.4% 8.0% Hong Kong 5,085 9.6% 9.2* 8.3% Taiwan 4,945 9.4% 13.0% 11.9% India 2,545 4.8% 9.3% 10.8% Other 17,250 32.6% 39.7% 42.4% TOTAL 52,860 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% While "Chinese" was the top language registered in 1996, English returns as the top language in 2001. Note that the "Chinese" category has also been changed to three separate dialects of "Chinese n.o.s", "Cantonese", and "Mandarin" in 2001 (Figure 4.3). 3 8 C. Ske l ton , " B e y o n d Divers i ty : W h y V a n c o u v e r is a w o r l d Leader , " The Vancouver Sun, 22 May , 2 0 0 4 , C 1 , C 3 3 9 h t tp : / /www.qvrd .bc .ca /pub l i ca t ions / f i l e .asp? ID=599 , sou rce : S ta ts C a n , 2 0 0 1 79 Figure 4.3 T o p 5 Languages in Greater Vancouver (Mother Tongue) S o u r c e : S t a t s c a n , 2001 C e n s u s . 2001 1996 25 20 15 10 5 0 150,560 ! 101,785 English 575 ! 58,345 Chinese Cantonese Punjabi n.o.s. 42,600 Mandarin 35 30 25 o 200, 495 .150, 150 48, 700 23,785 21, 185 Chinese English Punjabi German Tagalog While this reflects the growing diversity within the Chinese community, it also reflects perhaps, the growing number of native-born Chinese-Canadians, or simply the struggle for Census categories to be more sensitive to increasing diversity.40 While in the past, there has been recognition of ethnic stratification, there is growing awareness of "internal community stratification" within the cultural groups which follows a number of lines: class, religion, regional, immigrant vs. local-born, and gender (Isijaw, 1999:124). *Satellite Chinatowns and other Ethnic-defined Concentrations The emergence of Chinese commercial centres and "satellite Chinatowns" outside of Vancouver's Chinatown is a reflection of this phenomenon. Vancouver's significant change in "look and feel" in the 1980s and early 1990s was largely facilitated by the Canadian government's prioritization of human capital (education, marketable skills, and language proficiency) and financial capital in dollars as key criteria for citizenship. Such laws in BC have led to consequent patterns of Chinese ethnic residential and commercial concentrations or centres such as Richmond and Victoria Please see Pau l O n g (ed. ) , 2001. Transforming Race Relations. A pub l ic po l icy d o c u m e n t fo r L E A P A s i a n Paci f ic A m e r i c a n Publ ic Pol icy Inst i tute a n d U C L A A s i a n A m e r i c a n S tud ies C e n t r e . Th i s d o c u m e n t po in ts to the g row ing comp lex i t y in race re la t ions a n d its c o n s e q u e n t p r e s s u r e s o n A m e r i c a n c e n s u s to p r o d u c e e thn ic ca tegor ies s u c h a s "mul t i - rac ia l " or "mixed racia l " . 80 and 41 in Vancouver. Characterized with high literacy, capital, specific tastes for consumption, and values, those who immigrated from Hong Kong to Vancouver in the 1980s, for example, poured investment into the real estate market in Vancouver, Richmond and other areas and "literally changed Vancouver's landscape" (Yan, 2001). The Asia West initiative in Richmond, which included the initial construction of an Aberdeen mall is an illustration of this. The Asia West Project was built to cater to the taste of the wealthier group of Hong Kong immigrants that moved to Greater Vancouver after the 1980s and was seen as "an alternative to Chinatown"42. The project drastically quickened the pace of a trend that had begun with standard Chinese goods moving out of Chinatown and into other areas and even mainstream grocery destinations like Safeway, IGA, and Superstore. While other such malls followed, including Yaohan and Parker Place in Richmond, and Crystal Mall in Burnaby, smaller Asian supermarkets like T&T started to show up at new major developments such as Vancouver's International District (adjacent to Chinatown), Richmond, Burnaby, and Renfrew-Collingwood. This pattern meant trading off the pedestrian-oriented shopping experience along with variety and freshness for one-stop parking-oriented supermarkets. More than 10 years later, a new Aberdeen Centre has been built and opened on December 12 th, 2003 in Richmond, promising to be an East meets West "centerpiece of North America"43 that will draw multicultural youth from the entire region. To some degree, this development has been seen as one of "many new threats" to the livelihood of Chinatown - a suburban development that would draw young Yarn's w o r k ( 2 0 0 1 ) i l lust rated a re la t ionsh ip b e t w e e n i n c o m e a n d mobi l i ty o f C h i n e s e in V a n c o u v e r -not ing tha t C h i n e s e C a n a d i a n res iden ts h a d inc reas ing mov ing f r o m C h i n a t o w n (nor th ) , to V ic tor ia a n d 4 1 s t , to R i c h m o n d (a lso k n o w n a s "As ia W e s t " ) . 4 2 N a m e d af ter H o n g K o n g ' s A b e r d e e n harbour , it w a s the largest e n c l o s e d A s i a n retai l cen t re o f i ts k ind in Nor th A m e r i c a n at the t i m e of its o p e n i n g , h t t p : / /www.abe rdeencen t re . com/en /h i s to rv .php 81 people further away from the once vibrant cultural centre of Chinatown44. Some but not all members currently involved in Chinatown's revitalization recognize that developments like the Aberdeen centre is a reality that began many years ago with the change of demographics and globalization, and repositioning Chinatown as a revived regional cultural centre is a key way to respond to these changes. The 2001 Census also reports that higher percentages of residents of "Chinese ethnicity" are residing in a diversity of neighbourhoods within the lower Mainland like Victoria-Fraserview, Renfrew-Collingwood, and Hastings-Sunrise (Figure 4.8).4 5 Figure 4.4 Spatial Distribution of Residents: "Chinese ethnicity' Source: Statscan, 2001 Census. Spatial Distribution of Residents: "Chinese-ethnicity" in Greater Vancouver Chinese (LO) A 2.88 - 4.01 I Vancouver Chinatown * m i an Vancouver 1.58-2.00 M a i n | a n d Richmond 1.15-1.5P 0.85-1.15 8.58-8.85 0.0? 0.5(1 Ho data Areas of hiahei concentration 20 Km Recent immigrants to Vancouver usually move to areas in the city that already have high concentrations of immigrants or those immediately adjacent to high concentrations.46 Interestingly but perhaps not surprisingly, the architect of the new Aberdeen Centre is Bing Thorn, one of the key members of the youth of the 1970s in Chinatown's community activism. 4 5 City of Richmond social planners note that there has been some movement of first generation Chinese immigrants from the City of Richmond to Vancouver over the last 10 years. For more information, see the City of Richmond website: www.city.richmond.bc.ca. 82 Interestingly, while recent immigrants from Mainland China largely live in East Vancouver, a large number of them have also moved to Marpole although it did not previously have a large concentration of these immigrants. Similarly, the earlier wave of immigrants from Hong Kong (i.e. up to 1990) was concentrated in the Aberdeen District, in Richmond, B.C. In 2001, however, although decreased by 7.7%, they are more spread out residentially throughout the city than any other immigrant group. The undeniable residential and mobility patterns of recent immigrants from China and even the earlier wave of immigrants from Hong Kong pose questions also to the sustainability of ethnic commercial centres such as Richmond, B.C. Chinatown is therefore, not alone in discussions of responding and repositioning to a growing Cosmopolis. Challenge 3: Aging Institutions and Service Deliverers in Chinatown The third challenge is perhaps one of the most significant in the context of Chinatown's revitalization process - institutions and service deliverers in Chinatown that are aging in the biological, but even more so, conceptual sense. The Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Garden, a landmark and Chinatown attraction is already seeking solutions to succeed an aging volunteer pool - a problem that has crept up on them over the last ten years. "We have a core group of women in their fifties who are literally irreplaceable . . . if we don't do something soon, we may have to consider computerized technology," says Kathy Gibler, a member of the Garden's board.47 More pro-active mentorship and training of younger volunteers and more strategic outreach to younger clientele are options that the Logan a n d Mo lo tch ( 1 9 8 7 ) exp la in , i m m i g r a n t s m a y o f ten jo in "urban g r o w t h m a c h i n e s " (as s u g g e s t e d by) or local in terest coa l i t ions in p ro fess ions s u c h a s realtors w h o s teer c u s t o m e r s to s o m e t i m e s racia l ly s e g r e g a t e d n e i g h b o u r h o o d s - c o m m e r c i a l or res ident ia l . Th i s bu i lds o n P a l m ' s w o r k ( 1 9 8 5 : 6 6 ) w h i c h f o u n d that h o m e buye rs o f ten c h o s e real es ta te b roke rs part ia l ly on the bas is o f race a n d the b roke rs t e n d to w o r k e r for "b rokers o f the s a m e race or ethnic i ty" . T h u s , L igh t no tes that ra ther than see ing res ident ia l a n d c o m m e r c i a l f o rma t ion a s a leader less soc ia l p rocess , " immig ran t p lace e n t r e p r e n e u r s c rea te cho i ce con tex ts by c o n s c i o u s en t rep reneur ia l in i t iat ive" ( 2 0 0 2 : 225 ) . 4 7 In terv iew w i th Ka thy Gib le r o n March 1 8 t h , 2 0 0 4 . 83 Garden is considering. Traditionally key organizations in Chinatown including the Chinese Benevolent Association (CBA), Vancouver Chinatown Merchants Association (VCMA), S.U.C.C.E.S.S., the Chinese Cultural Centre (C.C.C.) are among many others that are also experiencing this challenge. The Garden's experience is a reflection of a slow but sure epidemic, a "crisis of succession", that is sweeping through Chinatown, but also of the tensions between the conceptually aging service provider and yet the desire to reach out to a younger population. In the context of revitalization, the challenge of aging institutions and services poses questions for the community's search for new meanings, functions, and identities for Chinatown, a process that is happening and that will benefit from dialogue through intentional intergenerational programming. This means that service providers and institutions in Chinatown will need to be more open and responsive towards changing community composition and needs. Towards a Pan-Asian Identity? As more younger people of diverse backgrounds move into Chinatown, its identity will change. Many Vietnamese and residents of various Southeast Asian origins, especially those who speak Chinese, have also settled and established businesses in or nearby Chinatowns. The "Pan-Asian" community is a trend happening in many North American cities.49 A l t h o u g h the Dr. S u n Y a t - S e n G a r d e n con t i nues to be a potent ia l in tercu l tura l i n te rgenera t iona l ga the r ing p lace , w i thou t s u p p o r t i n g in f rast ructure and amen i t i es in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d a n d w i thou t s t ra teg ic o u t r e a c h to d iverse a g e g r o u p s , fu l l - t ime g a r d e n m e m b e r s h i p h a s d e c r e a s e d in every c a t e g o r y - d r o p p i n g f r o m 6 0 0 in 2 0 0 1 to rough ly 4 0 0 in 2 0 0 4 . W h i l e sen io r m e m b e r s cons is t o f 2 7 % o f the m e m b e r s h i p , on ly 8 % a re s tudents . A s a G a r d e n v o l u n t e e r says , "it 's t rue tha t m e m b e r s h i p h a s d r o p p e d . W e recogn ize tha t w e n e e d to t rain y o u n g e r v o l u n t e e r s to w o r k wi th a n d eventua l l y s u c c e e d the o lder o n e s a n d to d o s t ra teg ic o u t r e a c h as wel l . S u c c e s s i o n a n d reach ing out to d i f ferent a g e g r o u p s n e e d s to be a par t o f ou r l o n g - t e r m w o r k p lan . " W h i l e a l m o s t every serv ice p rov ider in C h i n a t o w n is fac ing or an t ic ipa t ing th is s i tua t ion , t h o s e w h o w o r k at the G a r d e n a re the f e w to recogn ize that they m u s t t ake ac t ion . 4 9 l n the Un i ted S ta tes , the comp l i ca t i ons a n d c h a l l e n g e s o f " p a n - A s i a n " c o m m u n i t i e s a re a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e tens ion b e t w e e n a g e g r o u p s - w h e r e s o m e of the older, m o r e t rad i t ional m e m b e r s o f the C h i n a t o w n c o m m u n i t y ma in ta in the "o lder Ch ina town" , wh i le the y o u n g e r t e n d t o w a r d t h e n e w e r m o r e " in ternat iona l " distr ict in the e x a m p l e o f Sea t t le ' s Ch ina town- In te rna t iona l D is t r i c t /N ihonmach i . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e 84 Although this phenomenon is relatively new and is lacking research in North America, what is clear from the emergence of these communities, is that multiculturalism is increasingly embraced and celebrated. For example, younger generations in Vancouver, the most ethnically integrated city in Canada, increasingly embrace inter-racial marriages and friendships like no other generation before them.5 0 What will this mean for Chinatown? As Baldwin Wong, multicultural planner at the City Vancouver notes, "besides the young, the new immigrants . . . the many mixed couples and children in Vancouver. . . how do they fit into Chinatown's picture?" Clearly, this is a critical issue for Chinatown and has implications for its residential (surrounding areas), commercial, recreational, and cultural uses and directions. Already, on the fringes of Vancouver's Chinatown a number of "fusion" businesses are emerging. These include businesses near Chinatown's gate on Pender Street such as the Wild Rice restaurant and the Peking Lounge antique store. Some of these businesses are not run by Chinese people. The issue of welcoming newcomers to the neighbourhood while preserving Chinatown's stories will mean a more pro-active approach in bridging younger and older people in Chinatown's revitalization process. distr icts is a n in t r igu ing p h e n o m o n e n tha t poss ib ly s p e a k s to the fu tu re o f n e i g h b o u r h o o d s a n d c o m m u n i t i e s , a n d is wel l wo r th m e n t i o n i n g in the con tex t o f V a n c o u v e r ' s C h i n a t o w n . It is however , impor tan t to no te the d i f fe rences in race, ethnic i ty , a n d ident i ty b e t w e e n C a n a d i a n a n d A m e r i c a n c i t ies. T h e sus ta inab i l i t y o f t h e s e n e w n e i g h b o u r h o o d s h a s b e e n d e b a t e d , however , a s O n g n o t e s , " . . . th is ident i ty is ' f ragi le ' " ( O n g , 2 0 0 1 ) . For more in fo rmat ion regard ing Sea t t l e ' s p a n - A s i a n c o m m u n i t y see Seattle's International District: The Making of a Pan-Asian American Community ( 2 0 0 1 ) , in w h i c h D o u g Ch in ch ron ic les the tens ion - r i dden j ou rney tha t Sea t t le ' s A s i a n c o m m u n i t i e s t o o k to e m b r a c e d ivers i ty t h r o u g h fo rm ing a la rger p a n - A s i a n c o m m u n i t y . S e e a lso B o b S a n t o s , 2 0 0 2 . Hum Bows, Not Hot Dogs: Memoirs of a saavy Asian American activist. Seat t le , W A : In ternat iona l E x a m i n e r P ress . 5 0 C. Ske l ton , " B e y o n d Divers i ty : W h y V a n c o u v e r is a w o r l d Leader , " The Vancouver Sun, 22 May , 2 0 0 4 , C 1 . C 3 85 A V e h i c l e for R e s p o n s e : V a n c o u v e r ' s C h i n a t o w n Rev i ta l i za t ion P r o c e s s The Vancouver Chinatown revitalization process is a key vehicle of response for these three key challenges. The VCRC's mandate in the 2004-2006 work term is to act as a "vehicle venue for information sharing and problem solving where all people who live, work, or visit Chinatown - individuals and organizations - can identify issues, carry open discussions and develop work items that will help revitalize Chinatown."51 Discussions and their consequent recommendations from this committee are communicated to the Planning Department and/or City Council. The outstanding characteristic of. Chinatown's revitalization process is that from its conception, it has a more inclusive and "age" outlook than any other efforts in the past. After some preparatory research work52, from August of 2001 until February 2002, the VCRC Vision subcommittee developed a public outreach process "recognizing that Chinatown is a community not only for people to live and work there, but also for all Vancouverites who care about this historic area" (Chen-Adams, 2002). This outreach culminated in a set of Vision Directions which, in summary, stated that the future Chinatown should be "a place that tells the area's history with its physical environment, serves the needs of residents, youth and visitors and acts as a hub of commercial, social and cultural activities". Responding to Age Demographics An emergent theme of the focus groups was that Chinatown needed to be a "real place" that was inclusive linguistically and culturally and brought together the "young and old" (Chen-Adams, 2002). The challenge of this theme however, reflected in the findings 5 1 Th i s w a s a g r e e d u p o n in Feb rua ry 2 0 0 4 at a V C R C pr ior i t iz ing w o r k s h o p . 5 2 Qu i te a s ign i f icant a m o u n t o f p repara to ry research w o r k w a s d o n e pr ior to e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f th is c o m m i t t e e . Fo r e x a m p l e , a L a n d U s e S u r v e y a n d Ana lys is : 1970 - 2 0 0 0 w a s c o n d u c t e d in 2 0 0 0 , a B u s i n e s s T e l e p h o n e S u r v e y o f the C h i n e s e - C a n a d i a n Marke t fo r C h i n a t o w n in 2 0 0 1 , a n d resea rch o n Nor th A m e r i c a n C h i n a t o w n s ' c h a l l e n g e s a n d e x p e r i e n c e s in 2 0 0 1 . Th i s resea rch se t a gu id ing f o u n d a t i o n fo r a n ex tens ive pub l ic o u t r e a c h p r o c e s s , w h i c h w a s expl ic i t ly d e s i g n e d to invo lve a d ivers i ty o f peop le inc lud ing y o u t h . 86 from the focus groups and surveys, was that Chinatown still does not attract and cater to the needs of young people. This was recognized by those involved in the revitalization process as a critical issue as "[d]rawing youth back to the community will help develop the next generation of Chinatown's leaders" (Chen-Adams, 2002). It was recognized that an intergenerational Chinatown is also needed for the purpose of succession and sustainability, but that strategic outreach to youth was needed. Strategic Outreach to Youth With it a heightened level of discussion, interest, and excitement in the revitalization process regarding this issue, youth began to join the process. A year-end party for the Asian Heritage Month on May 31 s t , 2002 in Chinatown's "C-town Dance Revolution"53 and a youth talent show were the first among many youth-awareness raising events held in Chinatown. The Vancouver Chinatown Revitalization Youth Subcommittee formed in the Spring of 2003 as the eighth subcommittee - almost exactly at the 30 year mark since the rise of the youth of the 1970s who took leadership in Chinatown's Chinese Cultural Centre. Over time, this new youth group's mandate was clear: to promote youth presence, voice, and participation in Chinatown.54 On October 18 th 2003, the youth group had their inaugural event - a workshop that brought together over a hundred university and college students of diverse backgrounds to discuss Chinatown's past, present, and future.55 In preparation for the workshop, the youth group aimed to do both extensive "outreach" (to students) and "inreach" (to existing organizations, business owners, and service providers in Chinatown). The theme of this workshop was "Choosing Chinatown: Past, Present, and 5 3 "C-Town Revo lu t ion " w a s a h ip -hop d a n c e c o m p e t i t i o n w h i c h a t t rac ted h u n d r e d s o f you th into the a r e a . 5 4 T h e co re g r o u p m e m b e r s o f the y o u t h s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s smal l cons is t ing o f Dex te r L a m , T r a c y L a u , H e r m a n C h e n g , E u g e n e Lok, Char l ie C h o , a n d mysel f . 5 5 Rep resen ta t i ves a lso a t t ended f r o m you th - invo lved o rgan iza t i ons l ike Civ ic Y o u t h S t ra tegy ( C Y S ) , S .U .C.C.E .S .S . Uth Rev , Bet ter Env i ronmenta l l y S o u n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( B E S T ) , Env i ronmen ta l Y o u t h A l l iance ( E Y A ) , C h i n e s e C o m m u n i t y Pol ic ing Cen t re ( C C P C ) vo lun tee rs a n d S t r a t h c o n a C o m m u n i t y C e n t r e . Y o u n g art is ts, p ro fess iona ls , a n d b u s i n e s s e n t r e p r e n e u r s w e r e a lso present . 87 Future". It included a historical presentation of Chinatown's past battles and successes from Hayne Wai, a diverse panel discussion of younger and older people with interest in Chinatown about present initiatives56, and a visioning exercise. Participants sought to hear the local stories and histories of those involved in Chinatown, the current revitalization process, and how they too, could participate. One output of the workshop was a top-ten list of vision priorities which would guide the youth subcommittee's work plan from 2004 to 2006.5 7 A community bike event, a youth-oriented night market, and a new mentorship program, are only a few of the projects underway. While there remains discussions on physical infrastructure in the community on issues such as heritage conversion and the creation of live-work studios for younger people, the VCRC Youth subcommittee finds that most of its work plan has to do with building social and cultural infrastructure, diverse networks, awareness of Chinatown-based issues, opportunities for dialogue and participation. Today, the C.C.C. no longer attracts the involvement of youth as it did in the 1970s. Although it is not physical buildings that the youth are constructing, the newer generations of youth involved in Chinatown's revitalization process find themselves in a place to construct "bridges" for example, with surrounding neighbourhoods (which have also changed immensely, including the socially stigmatized Downtown Eastside), with different cultural groups, communities, organizations, and generations. This process inevitably means connecting rather than disassociating themselves with the new so-called "satellite Chinatowns" and encouraging Chinatown merchants to take a more aggressive rather than residual approach by being more responsive to changing demographics. Now moving into 5 6 T h e pane l i nc luded a d ive rse g r o u p o f peop le o f va r ious a g e g r o u p s w h o w o r k , l ive, or a re ac t ive in d i scuss ions a n d in i t iat ives in C h i n a t o w n : F red M a h ( c o m m u n i t y v o l u n t e e r a n d V C R C ) , H a y n e W a i ( c o m m u n i t y v o l u n t e e r a n d U B C pro fessor ) , S t e v e n T o n g (art ist) , Chr is L e e ( e n t r e p r e n e u r w i th fami ly bus iness in C h i n a t o w n ) , M ichae l Benne t t (en t repreneur ) , a n d J e s s i c a C h e n - A d a m s (Ci ty o f V a n c o u v e r , p lanner ) . 7 T h i s inc ludes : m o r e d i ve rse b u s i n e s s e s , m ixed hous ing , sa fe r e n v i r o n m e n t , t ranspor ta t i on , h is tory , spec ia l even ts , y o u t h o u t r e a c h , spat ia l p r o g r a m m i n g , cul tural l a n g u a g e , a n d m o r e soc ia l c l ubs a n d o rgan iza t i ons . 88 implementation phase, the VCRC faces the challenge of developing ways to integrate and sustain this growing number of youth participants. New Housing and Live-work Options Another way that the VCRC is seeking to respond to changing age demographics is through pushing for more mixed, affordable, and non-market housing options. The possible conversion of present heritage buildings may mean new and exciting possibilities of live-work such as artists' studios and galleries. A housing and economic feasibility study will be complete by fall 2004 and will inform the community's directions and potential residents. Responding to the Changing Chinese-Canadian Community The VCRC is currently seeking to reposition Chinatown culturally, socially, and geographically, through strengthening it as a regional cultural and social hub for Chinese-Canadians. Building on community cultural assets, the VCRC is seeking ways to reach out to key players such as family associations to document and share the stories of not only the earlier Chinese in Vancouver, but diverse Chinese-Canadians as well. Growing partnerships with groups that work with more recent Chinese immigrants such as S.U.C.C.E.S.S. and other new immigrant service providers, for example, is moving VCRC in this direction. Furthermore, the VCRC is seeking ways to strengthen Chinatown as a cultural learning centre. This means creating intentional opportunities as well as supporting existing resources in the community such as the Cultural Centre, Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Garden, and the new Chinese Canadian Historical Society. Responding to the Aging Institutions and Service Providers This area is a key focus in the VCRC's current work program and this area includes initiatives for cultural management, economic revitalization, and marketing and promotion. Besides active outreach to family associations and other cultural resources, the VCRC is also trying to reach out to property owners, key organizations like the 89 VCMA, and the CBA, encouraging them to recognize changing realities in the community and to adapt. To build on the community's strengths, the VCRC is continuing to encourage organizations and merchants to participate in the revitalization process through various means. The VCRC has focused also on developing a Chinatown marketing and promotion plan which will guide these organizations in their succession and adaptations in the coming years. A New Work Term From being handheld to walking on its own, the committee is now increasingly taking full ownership of the process. Although the City fully supported the administration and coordination of the VCRC through a five year funding program, the VCRC must now face significant new challenges in developing its own means for fundraising, capacity building, and facilitation, among other priorities. It also faces questions of how it will sustain the revitalization process in the long term. The committee is currently working on a variety of shorter-term and longer-term revitalization projects. Through the Chinatown vision and the heritage bonus system already in place, we are ready to welcome up to 5,000 new residents to this neighbourhood while respecting the community's unique character. This is the opportunity we want to highlight for investors and developers. Chinatown is ready to begin a new era. 5 8 City of Vancouver Councilor Raymond Louie, 2004 In May 2004, the Mayor and Councillor Raymond Louie discussed with members of the Chinatown community the development of a comprehensive community plan, based on the Chinatown Vision directions. Such a plan would encourage private sector investment and would emphasize the following: © an expansion of residential housing stock, including non-market housing « revitalization of the retail and business district • youth involvement City o f V a n c o u v e r , M a y 14 , 2 0 0 4 . " C a m p b e l l , Lou ie s e e k adv ice o f C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t y leaders , " Ci ty Counc i l /Mayor ' s Repor t . W e b s i t e : h t tp : / / vvvvw.c i t y .vancouver .bc .ca /c tyc le rk /counc i l l o rs /mayor /announcements /2004 /051404 .h tm 90 • support for Chinatown's further development as a social and cultural hub of the region's Chinese-Canadian population. Targeting youth, this plan emphasizes creating more accessible housing as well as revitalizing Chinatown's businesses and functioning as a regional Chinese-Canadian cultural and social centre. The success of this plan, in my opinion, will depend on its active involvement of the Chinatown community and surrounding neighbourhoods. Furthermore, youth-targeted initiatives will need to be re-evaluated in light of a more intergenerational perspective, since it is not only their presence but their active participation with existing members that will promote a more sustainable community. Explicit provisions to incorporate intergenerational programming will therefore need to be made. C h a p t e r C o n c l u s i o n This Chapter has situated Vancouver's Chinatown by identifying three key challenges that the VCRC is currently forced to respond to from the age lens: changing age demographics, the diversifying Chinese-Canadian community, and aging institutions and service providers. Facing changing demographics and geographically-related pressures such as social issues in the adjacent downtown eastside, Chinatown revitalization efforts are complex. Although youth are beginning to return to Chinatown, the issues in the implementation phase of the VCRC's vision are now much broader and have implications that are far reaching and extend to numerous groups. A critical question is whether the community will remain actively involved and how age-integrated rather than age-segregated future initiatives will be. In the next chapter, I will evaluate the application of intergenerational programming, a mechanism which will enhance Chinatown's revitalization process and help respond to challenges identified in this chapter. 91 Dexter New generations of Canadians face a different kind of fight. The battle for our identity has two fronts - one in determining our niche in an increasingly intricate social fabric, and the other in ensuring that we respect our heritage and keep sight of how we have reached where we are today. Efforts to renew Chinatown reflect this struggle, as we seek to bring diversity and vitality to the community while ensuring that the vivid culture and history are preserved. age 24! Dexter 's s p e e c h at the W a r V e t e r a n s ' Memor ia l C e r e m o n y at the Kee fe r T r iang le in V a n c o u v e r ' s C h i n a t o w n in N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 3 , e n c a p s u l a t e s wel l t he s e n t i m e n t s a n d v is ion o f a n e w g r o u p o f you th w h o have too, l ike the g e n e r a t i o n be fo re t h e m , re tu rned to C h i n a t o w n in r e s p o n s e to the i r conv i c t i ons a n d s e a r c h for cul tural ident i ty . 92 C h a p t e r 5 A n a l y s i s M o v i n g V a n c o u v e r ' s C h i n a t o w n T o w a r d s a Community for all Ages It's time that people recognize that Chinatown is not just a place for consumption, it is also a place for production. workshop participant, age 26 6 0 In the previous chapter, through the age lens, I introduced the key challenges that the VCRC is currently facing in its revitalization process. In this chapter, I use the Community for all Ages model as a framework to analyze, inform, and move the VCRC's existing work program, directions, and implementation goals towards age-integration and a more life course-oriented approach. Figure 5.0 The Community for All Ages Model: Key Elements/Criteria Process-oriented Criteria Outcome-based Criteria > Oppor tun i t i es fo r l i fe- long c iv ic e n g a g e m e n t > A c c e s s to qua l i ty hea l th ca re a n d soc ia l se rv i ces a c r o s s the life c o u r s e > Co l labora t ion a c r o s s s y s t e m s a n d o rgan iza t ions > S u p p o r t to ca reg iv ing fami l i es > Inst i tut ions w i th a l i fe -span perspec t i ve > Phys ica l in f ras t ruc ture > Oppor tun i t i es fo r l i fe- long learn ing > P l a n n e d ef for ts to p r o m o t e mean ing fu l c r o s s - a g e in teract ion The following are a few key assumptions and constraints in this analysis: • This analysis focuses on the current process as a key vehicle for revitalization in Chinatown. However, there may also be various contributing efforts outside of this framework. • Although this chapter focuses mainly on Chinatown in scope, since Chinatown's City-defined boundaries ignore its vital connections to Strathcona, a more 6 0 Choosing Chinatown workshop, October 18th, 2004. 93 holistic view of the area and a continued movement towards collaboration with surrounding neighbourhoods is needed. • Another key assumption in this paper is that the present revitalization process is ongoing and is just entering the phase of vision implementation. Therefore, I acknowledge that although Chinatown is not yet a Community for all Ages, discussing its present and future directions in such a framework is important in getting there. This analysis therefore differentiates "process-oriented" versus "outcome-oriented" criteria. While I will focus on the "process-oriented" elements, "outcome oriented" criteria (pertaining to physical infrastructure and amenities) are not appropriate as criteria for intergenerational programming , evaluation at this point and thus outside of the scope of this paper. Based on these assumptions, the following analyzes whether the Chinatown revitalization process, Vision, and work program are helping move Chinatown towards a Community for all Ages and makes some recommendations. P r o c e s s - O r i e n t e d Cr i t er ia : T h e Rev i ta l i za t ion P r o c e s s > Opportunities for lifelong civic engagement A strength of the VCRC is that from the initial outreach process in 2000 onwards, it has tried to actively involve a diversity of people in the community. Emphasizing capacity building, the structure of this organization promises the involvement of youth not only as labourers, but also partners in decision-making.61 Members of the youth subcommittee are encouraged to be represented on each of the various subcommittees of the VCRC, have "two votes"62 and have opportunity to sit on the committee executive. The youth subcommittee also has its own executive and youth-oriented priorities and 6 1 T h e you th s u b c o m m i t t e e h a s t w o v o t e s at g e n e r a l m e m b e r s h i p m e e t i n g s , par t ic ipa tes in p lann ing , d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g , a n d is r e p r e s e n t e d in the c o m m i t t e e execu t i ve . A s a m e m b e r o f the you th s u b c o m m i t t e e , I a m a lso secre ta ry o n the execu t i ve in the 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 5 t e r m . 6 2 Each m e m b e r o rgan iza t ion h a s 1 vo te . T h e you th s u b c o m m i t t e e , m a d e up o f ind iv iduals , is r e p r e s e n t e d in the genera l m e m b e r s h i p by at least 2-3 p e o p l e a n d h a s t w o vo tes . 94 projects based on their own visioning process, while partnering with the committee's general members. On the flip side, as a "vehicle" for those who want to work on revitalization initiatives together, the VCRC needs to be more inclusive. When the process was catalyzed, the process took off with those who were interested, without criteria for sustained outreach to diverse groups. This means that although a handful of local businesses and organization are represented, the full range of people that make up the community including seniors, residents and other minority groups in Chinatown may not be heard. From a life course perspective, the involvement of seniors is important. How can the VCRC be changed to include the larger community? What are mechanisms to involve seniors, and to promote intentional interaction between the different participants of different ages? While youth presence in Chinatown is on the rise, as mentioned before, their presence does not necessarily equate to active and meaningful participation. As a member of the VCRC noted, "the question is not just who's in the picture, but is there a heart in it? I can show up, but if my heart isn't in it, I'm just whistling in the wind. How can you help people more meaningful and actively integrate and participate in Chinatown's revitalization?" 1) Interests & Gifts One of the ways to meaningfully involve those of different ages is to better understand their interests and gifts to the community. This is consistent with a number of planning models including John Mcknight's work on asset-based capacity building (Kretzman & McKnight, 1998). Although this form of outreach continues to be done with younger people in the revitalization process, so far there has not been any strategic outreach to older members in the community. As illustrated in Figure 5.1, 38 participants in the Choosing Chinatown youth workshop indicated their potential areas of interest in Chinatown Vancouver's revitalization process. Their responses help gage where 95 strategic points of youth involvement are, but also not surprisingly, reflect some of the critical issues of Chinatown today. The top four areas of interest include: arts and culture, heritage issues, entertainment, and housing. Figure 5.1 Choosing Chinatown: T o p Areas of Interest in Participation from Youth Chinatown Revitalization Interests of Workshop Participation Q. i i. *' Jfe" ! iii-r }-'\ -Rather than "meeting to death", as Fred Mah notes, "it is more important to help participants of all age groups and backgrounds understand the larger picture and to respond based on her abilities and passions".63 Given this understanding, it is important to consider integrating diverse strategies for revitalization - what are some arts-based community development strategies or cultural community development strategies (Borrup, 2003: 2, Pacific, 1999) that younger and older people can be effectively involved in, for example? These different revitalization and community development strategies have not been considered in Chinatown's revitalization so far. 2) Range of Activity Although the process allows anyone to be involved in the planning or execution of initiatives, it does not strategically provide opportunities for intergenerational partnership characterized by a range of activity and physical mobility. An example of this is the "Adopt-an-Alleyway Program" in San Francisco's Chinatown revitalization 6 3 In terv iew w i th F red M a h , Apr i l 1 0 t h , 2 0 0 4 . 96 work program where students adopt an alleyway in Chinatown as part of a public realm improvement strategy. While students work with teachers, mentors, and older members of the community in the re-design of the alleyways (including furniture, flowers, and murals, for example), they are responsible for the physical upkeep of their alleyways. In Chinatown's revitalization process, strategic partnership with Chinatown-based groups like the Chinese Community Policing Centre, run mainly by younger people will be important.64 3) Financial Support and Training A range of opportunities for involvement - volunteering, stipened volunteering, and paid work, should be available to support younger as well as older members who want to participate, but may not have the capability due to time and financial constraints. The availability of these possibilities may help to recognize in some situations, that the young and old are not only labourers, but actively and meaningfully involved, valued for their skills and abilities. Although the VCRC does on occasion, retain community members to take up paid work and special projects65, there are limited resources, and such opportunity has been restricted thus far. As the VCRC continues to look at creative and meaningful ways to involve, for example, students in their areas of training66, honorariums and stipened amounts may help facilitate their work (e.g. purchase of supplies). 04 C h i n a t o w n ' s C h i n e s e C o m m u n i t y Pol ic ing Cen t re ( C C P C ) , fo r e x a m p l e , f o r m e d its p r o g r a m s ou t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y ' s c o m m o n c o n c e r n fo r safety . Involv ing a f e w h u n d r e d y o u n g v o l u n t e e r s a n d f ive fu l l - t ime staff, t he C C P C s ince 1 9 9 2 , h a s s e r v e d the C h i n e s e c o m m u n i t y t h r o u g h o u t the G r e a t e r V a n c o u v e r Distr ict by of fer ing v ic t im ass i s tance , t rans la t ion serv ices , publ ic e d u c a t i o n , a C h i n a t o w n wa lk , foo t a n d b ike pat ro l p r o g r a m , tour is t ass i s tance , a n d graff i t i r emova l p r o g r a m . Major i ty of the vo lun tee rs are C h i n e s e - C a n a d i a n s and b e t w e e n 15 a n d 30 y e a r s o f age . T h e C C P C p lays a h igh ly impor tan t role in C h i n a t o w n a n d is wel l apprec ia ted by the y o u n g a n d o ld w h o work , l ive, a n d visit C h i n a t o w n . V o l u n t e e r s o f the C C P C repor t a s e n s e o f c o m m u n i t y pr ide a n d o w n e r s h i p a s they p lay a part in bu i ld ing a n d rev i ta l iz ing the c o m m u n i t y . 6 5 E x a m p l e s o f pa id c o m m u n i t y w o r k in C h i n a t o w n , inc lude, fo r e x a m p l e , p r o g r a m eva lua t i on a n d in terv iews. 6 6 For e x a m p l e , the Un ivers i ty o f Br i t ish C o l u m b i a Arch i tec tu re d e p a r t m e n t h a s set up a s tud io in C h i n a t o w n ' s C h i n e s e Cul tu ra l Cen t re . A n a g r e e m e n t h a s b e e n m a d e b e t w e e n the Ci ty a n d the a rch i tec tu re d e p a r t m e n t fo r s t u d e n t s to be invo lved in the d e v e l o p m e n t o f a C h i n a t o w n c o m m u n i t y p lan . 97 4) Support for Life course-oriented Participation Another critical question that has not been considered in Chinatown's revitalization process is not only how to bring people (i.e. of different ages and cultural backgrounds) into the process, but also, how to facilitate their continued/lifelong involvement and meaningfully integrate them in the process with other members. With inevitably growing numbers of young urban professionals, young couples, and families moving into and around Chinatown, the VCRC will need to consider both how to facilitate their participation as well as how to retain them through transitional points in their lives. For example, will daycares be available for new parents? How do we help students, who tend to be more "mobile", remain in the process? Can school-community programs be set up to encourage sustained involvement and long-term relationship building? How can different members of families be involved? So far, these questions have not been discussed for the most part, and where there has been discussion, it has tended to concentrate on groups in one or two life stages as if they will remain unchanged and static. Recommendations While the VCRC needs to continue to build a more inclusive framework in the short-term (i.e. strategic outreach to younger and older members in the community among others), in the long-term, members will need to consider implications and diverse ways for sustained involvement over the long-term and life course. To do this, the VCRC and others involved in the current revitalization process need to move from the dominant paradigm of age-segregation (i.e. "we need youth"), to a more age-integrated or life course-oriented approach. This entails designing strategic opportunities for intergenerational engagement. 98 > Collaboration across systems & organizations Do partnerships currently exist across systems serving different age groups and are they facilitated by age-integrated funding schemes? As a community vehicle for discussion, information-sharing, and participation, the VCRC has been active in building partnerships with different members and organizations inside and outside of the Chinatown community. There has been little intentional evaluation and partnerships however, from the age "lens". For the VCRC youth, partnerships have not only built stronger initiatives, but have enabled the organization to reach out to a greater diversity of youth, while making use of resources located elsewhere in the community (e.g. S.U.C.C.E.S.S., Uth Rev67 youth worker and volunteers, and the Civic Youth Strategy from the City of Vancouver).68 These partnerships however remain oriented around "youth" issues. There have been no partnerships built with the intention of engaging different age groups. A key challenge then is to bridge the work of the VCRC Youth with specific groups in the community. 1) Seniors Groups There are a significant number of seniors groups, homes, and facilities in or near Chinatown. The S.U.C.C.E.S.S. care home and the Chinese-Canadian War veterans association, for example, are two among many groups that could be partnered with. None of these groups are currently involved or represented in Chinatown's revitalization D ' T h e w a v e o f immig ra t i on f r o m H o n g K o n g in the 1 9 7 0 s to the ear ly 9 0 s w a s a c c o m m o d a t e d by the creat ion o f a h igh ly inf luent ia l Un i ted C h i n e s e C o m m u n i t y En r i chmen t Serv ices Soc ie ty ( S U C C E S S ) in 1972 by a g r o u p o f y o u n g p ro fess iona l f r o m H o n g K o n g w h o h a d c o m e in the 1960s ( N g , 1999 :123) . By the 1980s , S U C C E S S h a d g a i n e d a f e w t h o u s a n d vo lun tee rs both y o u n g and o ld , a n d b e c a m e an o rgan iza t ion that a ler ted f u n d e r s a n d soc ia l serv ice p rov iders to the n e e d s o f immig ran t C h i n e s e . W h i l e S U C C E S S ' h e a d of f ice r e m a i n s in C h i n a t o w n , it n o w h a s a ne twork o f e leven of f ices t h r o u g h o u t the lower m a i n l a n d a n d is b ranch ing into n e w a r e a s s u c h e thn ic sen io rs h o u s i n g prov is ion . S U C C E S S in 2 0 0 1 , f o r m e d a you th g r o u p ca l led Uth Rev to take par t in rev i ta l izat ion ef for ts in C h i n a t o w n and to jo in f o rces wi th the V C R C . 6 8 For e x a m p l e , t h r o u g h jo in t e f for ts a n d co l labora t ion in the la rger d o w n t o w n eas ts ide c o m m u n i t y , a c o m m u n i t y you th v ideo w a s put t o g e t h e r invo lv ing you th in C h i n a t o w n , G a s t o w n , S t r a t h c o n a , a n d the D o w n t o w n Eas ts ide . It wil l be a i red in the s u m m e r o f 2 0 0 4 . 99 process. They are an important but neglected resource in the community. Collaborating with these groups will encourage the development of a Chinatown that is more sensitive to the needs and abilities of those who are aging or wish to age in the community such as seniors who choose to remain "connected" to Chinatown over the years. 2) Merchants and Property Owners Reaching out and building strong relationships with the aging Chinatown merchants and property owners are a constant challenge for the VCRC. As with the youth of the 1970s, the VCRC Youth subcommittee recognizes the importance of building relationships with merchants and property owners, echoing Chinatown News back in March 1973 on construction of the Cultural Centre: "Chinatown merchants and property owners should be eager to participate too" and that "it is in their interest and profitability" too.7 0 A critical issue is the fragmented ownership patterns and the prevalence of vacant buildings, which limits the use of land as well as the kinds of services in Chinatown, facilitated by globalization, changing socio-demographics, and the presence of inactive family associations that continue to hold property.71 The active participation of merchants and property owners is also important considering the financial support, goods and services, infrastructure, and cultural amenities needed in building Chinatown. The current involvement of the members from the VCMA, the Chinatown Business Improvement Area (BIA) association, and local business representatives, should lead to more strategic outreach to the wider business community 6 9 Sen io rs ' a g e a n d d e p e n d e n c e o n C h i n a t o w n h a s m e a n t h is tor ical ly , tha t they have b e e n o n e o f t h e "hardest hit" g r o u p s w h e n it c o m e s to demol i t i ons , h igher rents d u e to gent r i f i ca t ion , d i s p l a c e m e n t a n d re locat ion. For s o m e C h i n e s e sen io rs in V a n c o u v e r , C h i n a t o w n is a p lace o f cul tura l a n d soc ia l i m p o r t a n c e -a p lace tha t p rov ides the dai ly g o o d s a n d serv ice t h e y m a y n e e d a n d fac i l i ta tes the i r pe rsona l soc ia l ne tworks . 7 0 C i ted in A n d e r s o n , K. 1998 . Chinatown News, 20 no .12 , 3 March 1973 . 7 1 A n ind icat ion o f w h a t h a s h a p p e n e d is that in a 10 y e a r land use s tudy o f C h i n a t o w n - it w a s s h o w n tha t the v a c a n c y rate o f c o m m e r c i a l bu i ld ings has near ly d o u b l e d . W e n o w h a v e jus t a r o u n d 2 8 res tau ran ts c o m p a r e d to th ree d o z e n or s o j us t 10 yea rs o r so . 100 in Chinatown. The future of businesses in Chinatown will depend on how willing merchants and property owners, and younger/newer community members are in working together. 3) Neighbouring Communities The VCRC is doing well in building relationships with people and organizations in surrounding communities (more recently, with Downtown Eastside groups and the First Nations groups, for example), although these efforts need to continue. Since Chinatown is lacking some educational and recreational amenities, it may be more dependent on neighbouring communities to meet some of the needs of its future residents. As mentioned a more "holistic" view of the area is necessary. Numerous intergenerational and intercultural partnership opportunities could exist by involving for example, the Strathcona Community Centre or the many seniors housing centres located nearby. Even though Strathcona has been important to Chinatown for many years, the VCRC surprisingly, does not have a strong relationship with Strathcona community groups. 4) Age-integrated Service Providers, Organizations, and Funders Although the present revitalization process will increasingly support "youth" initiatives, moving towards an age-integrated community will mean strategically bringing together those initiatives with the efforts of other "age-oriented" service providers and funders. This may include "inter-age" partnerships (e.g. youth group/funder and older adults group/funder), "intra-age" partnerships (e.g. one youth group/funder and another), or partnerships with "multi-age" or "life course" oriented groups (e.g. B.C. Council for Families, Beth Johnson Foundation, MOSAIC, United Way, Big Brothers/ Sisters, S.U.C.C.E.S.S, community centres). As Hayne Wai, UBC professor noted, "Who are you fundraising from? Who your funding partners are, speak to your 101 community's goals and objectives. In seeking a more intergenerational Chinatown, the VCRC therefore must consider partners and funding sources that support that objective. As illustrated in the Westchester County example in Chapter 3, strategic fundraising is often necessary to implement intergenerational initiatives. Recommendations The VCRC must strategically reach out to groups that are aging in the community: seniors, merchants, and property owners. New partnerships with neighbouring communities and age-integrated service providers and funding resources are also necessary to facilitate the development and implementation of a more intergenerational and life course-oriented Chinatown. > Institutions wi th a l i fe -span p e r s p e c t i v e The lack of life course-oriented policies, strategies, and programs in Chinatown is reflected in the current challenge of succession of service providers and business owners, as well as outreach to a younger clientele. The "crisis of succession" situation, noted in Chapter 4, has evolved with the changing role of family associations and socio-demographics. 1) Family Associations Ironically, although family associations are currently represented by not strategically involved in the revitalization process, they played an important role in succession and intergenerational programming in Chinatown and in the lives of many older wa kiew for many years. Family associations were initially developed in Vancouver often to facilitate the settlement of new immigrants, and to help provide work and social support upon arrival. Family associations integrated strategies to encourage young people in their group to transition life stages such as offering employment advice and scholarship funds. The role of family associations in today's revitalization framework is 7 2 In terv iew w i th H a y n e W a i on March 1 5 t h , 2 0 0 4 . 102 currently debated as settlement services like S.U.C.C.E.S.S. and neighbourhood houses have for the most part, taken over those functions. While some family associations are still somewhat active, many are no longer active but continue to hold property. Consequently, their buildings, as one family association member admittedly said, "are often vacant or wastefully used only for a handful of meetings a week . . . adding to the already fragmented land and ownership patterns in Chinatown."73 Besides renewed land use opportunities, more importantly, family associations bring to the revitalization process, their rich history and meaning and diverse opportunities for intergenerational and intercultural exchange. The role of family associations will need to be redefined, reflecting change in the Chinese-Canadian community. A member of the Zhong San Association noted the importance for family associations to join the revitalization efforts: "The Zhong San Association is atypical in that we do integrate intergenerational activities, we recognize the diversity of youth." This is reflected by his family association's presence at the annual Chinese New Year Parade in Chinatown - where some of members of the first generation holding the banner were followed by the second and third generations, a visual spectrum that reflected an increasingly multicultural make-up from the oldest to the youngest. Although this is a rare example, it hints at the future of this community and the M a n y i m m i g r a n t s to a spec i f ic locat ion w o u l d be f rom the s a m e v i l lage in C h i n a , and there fo re o f ten o f the s a m e s u r n a m e . T h e fami ly assoc ia t ion w a s s e e n a s a natura l ex tens ion o f a n a l ready ex is t ing p r o c e s s . 7 3 A s a result , it w a s of ten the c a s e in t hose ear ly y e a r s tha t a par t icu lar s u r n a m e c lan w o u l d comp le te l y con t ro l a cer ta in j ob s u c h as ba rbe rs , bake rs , etc. S o o n after, m e r c h a n t assoc ia t ions w e r e a lso d e v e l o p e d . A s d i scussed in ear l ier chap te rs , s o m e of t h e s e assoc ia t ions took par t in f ight ing d iscr iminatory leg is la t ion and buil t mutua l a id ne tworks . In m a n y Nor th A m e r i c a n C h i n a t o w n s , t h e s e assoc ia t ions for a per iod o f t ime , g r e w a n d con t i nued to evo lve into m o r e o f a q u a s i - g o v e r n m e n t a l b o d y wi th in C h i n a t o w n . I l legal " tongs" a lso g r e w in ex is tence (wh ich m e a n s , " m e e t i n g hal l ,") a n d g a v e pro tec t ion to the assoc ia t ions u p o n a smal l fee . "Tong W a r s " invo lv ing terr i tor ial c la ims a n d i l legal act iv i ty raged in C h i n a t o w n s th roughou t A m e r i c a f r o m the 1850s to the 1930s . A f te r all t h e s e y e a r s , t h e n u m b e r o f fami ly assoc ia t ions have g o n e f r o m m o r e t h a n e igh ty in the 1970s to a b o u t four ty fami ly assoc ia t ions a n d m e r c h a n t assoc ia t ions in V a n c o u v e r ' s C h i n a t o w n - a lmos t all o f the fami ly assoc ia t i ons ho ld p roper ty in C h i n a t o w n . W h i l e s o m e have b e c o m e d o r m a n t w i th c h a n g i n g t i m e s , a hand fu l l ike t h e Z h o n g S a n A s s o c i a t i o n is still ac t ive a n d invo lved in c o m m u n i t y in terests . 103 adaptation of family associations (if they are to remain active) and alludes to new directions that the VCRC will need to consider. The VCRC is currently trying to reach out to these associations, encouraging them to be pro-actively involved in the revitalization process as well as to consider new opportunities (e.g. heritage preservation and density bonus programs) for mixed use. To support this, the City has sponsored economic feasibility and housing studies (to be completed in summer 2004) for the conversion of heritage buildings for various uses such as live-work studios, housing, among other options that suit the needs for younger people and a more diverse population. New stories are created as new users of the heritage buildings remember and respect the stories preserved within family associations, for example, the Yip Sang family74, while bringing new revived uses to them. Language barriers and fear of change have led to resistance from some family associations to cooperate with the VCRC. While the VCRC has developed "road shows" - a mobile presentation used to reach out to these associations, encouraging them to join and consider new uses for their buildings, they have been put on hold due to some unexpected challenges. There has been no consideration yet, however, of the possibility of reviving the role of family associations in playing a more active role implementing intergenerational programming in Vancouver's Chinatown. In terms of the commercial function of Chinatown, such an approach would be strategic both in succession and catering to diverse age groups, since businesses in Chinatown are unlike the franchise, corporate, and chain stores that characterize many neighbourhoods in the City, but for the most part, continue to be family-owned and run. Strategies for succession and a life span approach need to be integrated with the current revitalization process, outreach, and work program. Although there are some 7 4 P lease s e e h t tp : / /co l lec t ions . ic .qc .ca /v ipsanq/ fo r a "Ch inese C a n a d i a n Story : T h e Y ip S a n g Fami ly " 104 family-run businesses with succession plans, these examples are rare. As a member of the VCRC youth subcommittee who manages her family's two Chinatown appliance stores said, "we need a larger framework to help other young people like me work in Chinatown. The more we can do this, the more interested they would be in participating in Chinatown." As this happens however Chinatown will continue to change and adapt, as new meets old. It is highly unlikely for example, that Chinese seniors that currently work for low wages, but tirelessly, at serving regular customers by picking the best bunch of bok choy and moving boxes of produce, will remain there in the next ten years. What kinds of programs and/or strategies can be developed to encourage businesses as well as service providers in Chinatown to begin involving younger people before it is too late? How can family associations be meaningfully brought into this revitalization equation? 2) Other mechanisms Besides partnering with newer organizations like S.U.C.C.E.S.S., in developing succession and life span mechanisms, as discussed in the last section, the VCRC will need to build new partnerships, (e.g. with schools, new businesses) as well as developing incentives that cushion the involvement of younger generations (e.g. Chinatown artist's program, new entrepreneur program). The VCRC may also develop ways to actively encourage service providers and merchants to develop a more life-span oriented approach, through facilitating opportunities for co-ops, internships and learning exchanges with colleges and universities.75 Both the Choosing Chinatown workshop and Uth Rev focus group findings76 indicate that youth currently feel that Chinatown One w a y the V C R C Y o u t h wil l s e e k to do th is is t h r o u g h e n c o u r a g i n g univers i ty c o m m e r c e s t u d e n t s to set up thei r o w n b u s i n e s s e s at the a n n u a l C h i n a t o w n s u m m e r n ight marke t . 7 6 Uth R e v t o o k on a pi lot p ro jec t in the s u m m e r o f 2 0 0 3 , w h i c h en ta i led su rvey ing you th f r o m the i r o w n m e m b e r s h i p , 6 c o m m u n i t y c e n t r e s ( D o u g l a s Park, W e s t E n d , T rou t Lake , Dunbar , Marpo le , a n d Ri ley Park ) , a n d the Y o u t h V o l u n t e e r C o r p s o f C a n a d a . T h e y a lso c o n d u c t e d 4 f o c u s g r o u p s at Dunbar , Marpo le , Ri ley 105 does not yet adequately meet younger people's needs. While some believe the problem has to do with a lack of promotion of what is already in Chinatown, the majority agree that the most deliberate ways of addressing this issue is by connecting younger people with opportunities to promote positive change in Chinatown. Recommendations Over time, new cultural services in the City as well as societal tendencies towards age-segregation have led to institutions, service providers, and family businesses in Chinatown that lack mechanisms to deal with the issue of succession and responding to a younger clientele. Adopting a more lifespan approach to revitalization will entail re-evaluating the existing resources in the community, redefining and perhaps, recapturing the role of family associations in succession, and forming new partnerships and programs in a succession strategy. Reaching out to family associations should return as a priority in the VCRC's work plan. While completely absent from the vision directions at the moment, a more intergenerational Chinatown will call for the revitalization process to encourage programs and policies so that more sustainable and "seamless" changes occur in the community, as aging is recognized as a continuum. As demographic aging continues, this will be a critical issue. > Opportunities for lifelong learning 1) Educational Partnerships Chinatown's landscape is rich in historical and cultural stories. As a community that is changing rapidly and where issues of difference are so explicit in a multicultural city, Chinatown is a community that facilitates bountiful opportunities for lifelong learning. Despite the lack of educational centres in the larger area (Chapter 4), the VCRC is beginning to play an increasingly strategic and important role in catalyzing, visioning, Park, a n d T r o u t L a k e C o m m u n i t y cen t res wi th 9 to 19 par t i c ipants in e a c h fo r t h o s e b e t w e e n 12 a n d 22 yea rs o f a g e ( C h a n a n d C h a n , 2 0 0 3 ) . 106 and bridging groups to realize opportunities for cultural learning and experiences that are beyond what Jacobs identify as surface-level (Jacobs, 2004). Recent partnerships and learning exchanges with Simon Fraser University City Program and the University of British Columbia planning, architecture, and history testify to this. Although the planning and implementation subcommittee has a full work plan which includes organizing public lectures with S.F.U. and actively involving school groups in Chinatown's planning process through development of future plans (e.g. UBC Architecture) and initiatives, its scope is still currently quite narrow, focusing on building relationships with a few departments of two key university institutions as a starting point. These are exciting developments nevertheless. Learning partnerships will need to diversify, connecting young and old from inside and outside of Chinatown. 2) Joint Life course Learning There is a place for the "mentorship model" where the skilled teaches the unskilled, but let's move towards "joint learning" where both equally have something to offer. Norma Jean McLaren77 A strength of the VCRC is that since its conception, it has designed a process for participation which seeks to be open, receptive, and respective of younger members. While the traditional model generally views younger people as recipients of education and older people as givers (which has its benefits), a more intergenerational approach also includes opportunities for mutual learning and learning through the life course (e.g. older people may teach cultural stories and skills to younger people, younger people may teach older people how to use the internet or computer). Consequently, older people may also be included as learners as well as teachers, tutors, and mentors. In terv iew wi th N o r m a - J e a n M c L a r e n o n Apr i l 10 , 2 0 0 4 . 107 Although it has not been explicitly discussed, the VCRC is increasingly progressing towards a joint learning approach - where regardless of younger or older, each participant has something to offer, and even more, to learn together. While some efforts have been made by City staff to help build capacity in the VCRC by offering training sessions on leadership, fundraising, evaluation, and facilitation workshops in the past, the committee must now look for ways to incorporate formal and informal ways to build capacity and sustain their growing committee and maturing process. In moving towards an intergenerational community, newer learning opportunities and topics will need to be ventured into such as workshops dealing with age integration, cooperation, conflict resolution, creative mediation, and issues of succession. Members of the VCRC will need to build in priorities to update itself with new available research, policies, and programs. With limited resources, more educational partnerships will need to be formed, for example, with nearby libraries (Carnegie and Strathcona), schools, community centres, family associations, cultural centres, and organizations to build on their assets and strengths. S.U.C.C.E.S.S., for example, has been frequently identified as an intergenerational gathering place where volunteers young and old visit, work, and learn together. An admirable quality of S.U.C.C.E.S.S. is its focus on education and training for families, the young, and the old. It also offers a diversity of activities, services, and programs such as a mentorship program for recent immigrants from Hong Kong and Mainland China (regardless of age) and long-term residents in Vancouver. Although S.U.C.C.E.S.S. continues to cater mainly to a specific Chinese immigrant population and is not as accessible by the larger community, it is a good partner in moving towards intergenerational initiatives in the revitalization process. 108 3) Fighting Stereotypes Although the VCRC is quickly learning to battle media and develop initiatives like positive media campaigns based on their research, age and cultural stereotyping is still a challenge. Rick Lam, Chair of the VCRC noted, "There are currently some age perceptions that Chinatown is a place for "older Chinese" and that it is no longer relevant to today's multicultural youth, but this is a stereotype."78 Furthermore, Choosing Chinatown workshop participants articulated the need to be more pro-active in redeveloping positive intergenerational and multicultural images for Chinatown through media, creative community participation, special events, and promotion. The new marketing and promotion material of Chinatown, events, youth initiatives such as mentorship, public realm and housing studies facilitated by the current VCRC speak to many of these concerns. The growing involvement of a vocal and literate group of younger Chinese-Canadians and formal media training for leaders, have meant step-by-step victory in this area. 4) Chinese-Canadian Cultural Identity and Education Vancouver's Chinatown is of great importance to today's youth. It is a link to our roots, exposing modern Canadian-Chinese culture to be much more than bubble-tea and karaoke. Dexter Lam As the VCRC continues to move closer to its vision of enhancing Chinatown as a regional Chinese-Canadian cultural centre, it will need to incorporate intentional strategies to connect the diverse cultural narratives and treasures of the evolving Chinese-Canadian community in Vancouver that help people connect, find belonging, and learn about others. Working with the Chinese Cultural Centre there, those involved in San Francisco's Chinatown planning developed the "In Search of Roots Program". The 7 8 Interview with Rick Lam on March 20*, 2004. 109 program allows Chinese American youth to interact with overseas Chinese, bridging their experiences with past generations. Through exposing common and divergent points in cultural experience, the program has aided numerous Chinese American youth in search of their cultural identity (Louie, 2004). Although there were a few similar programs at the Chinese Cultural Centre in Vancouver's Chinatown in the past, including historic tours led by older wa kiew women and a cultural exchange to Chinatown to reconnect with roots, they have been discontinued for many years due to lack of funding. If Chinatown is to be a regional Chinese-Canadian cultural centre, it will have to seriously consider bringing in renewed programs and initiatives that play a role in shaping Chinese-Canadian identity for younger generations and in turn, reflect the multicultural values of today. As an active member in Chinatown noted, Something like the Roots program is needed in our Chinatown. So we might not have the resources right now, but we can certainly do things that have a similar effect - intergenerational storytelling, ceremonies, or fund students partially to go abroad . . . this is important for a richer revitalization process. It is recognized that Chinatown also has a role to play for those who may not be "rooted" in Chinatown as well. Beyond tourism and bi-lingual signs, Chinatown may also be an important centre that includes culture and language education for a diversity of people. A repeated suggestion from public surveys is the need for Chinatown to develop more accessible cultural/language education for non-Chinese speaking people including Canadian-born Chinese and those of other cultural backgrounds (e.g. C.S.L. or Chinese as Second Language) of different ages. Although there has been no formal discussion, the VCRC is slowly beginning to identify and support key cultural anchors. Although the VCRC continues to encourage the Chinese Cultural Centre to take a more pro-active role in this area, the future of the 110 Centre remains in debate. VCRC members and others involved in Chinatown's revitalization process or interested in preserving the stories of the Chinese Canadian community, are developing a new Chinese Canadian Historical Society (CCHS) in Vancouver - a project that will be an important contribution to Chinatown as a regional Cultural Centre that will promote learning for all ages and cultures. The CCHS, registered and with a developed constitution, is currently in the fundraising phase of their establishment. A long awaited initiative and the first of its kind in Canada, the CCHS will present exciting opportunities to collect, preserve, and share past, present, and future stories of those in Chinese-Canadian communities in evolving stories and forms. The VCRC could play a highly strategic role in bridging members in the community in support for such an initiative. As one of the organizers stated, "we will emphasize collecting the stories of families and Chinese Canadians through the generations and eventually, it is our hope that we will develop programs and activities that will bring people together and promote interactive learning." The diversity they seek to reach out to is reflected in the range of the CCHS organizers which includes professors, community activists, students, and community organizations. Their first step will be to set up an archive and website which will be run by Simon Fraser University students. Although the CCHS is still at an early phase of development, its connection to Chinatown would be beneficial to the current revitalization process. Although there are increasing numbers of local interactive T h e C h i n e s e Cul tura l Cen t re is cur rent ly in a s ign i f icant deb t s i tua t ion a n d is u n d e r g o i n g a p r o c e s s o f eva lua t ion . A l t h o u g h the C h i n e s e Cul tu ra l Cen t re w a s bui l t w i th i n te rgenera t iona l in terac t ion , a s m a n y n o t e d in in terv iews, the Cen t re h a s c h a n g e d its f o c u s e s . A s a pas t m e m b e r o f the C . C . C . no tes , " this v is ion h a s not been ful ly rea l ized. " A l t h o u g h the re a re se rv i ces at the Cu l tu ra l C e n t r e fo r t h o s e o f va ry ing a g e g r o u p s s u c h a s Tai Ch i c lasses , E.S.L. c lasses , a n d ch i ld ren 's art, t he re is litt le in terac t ion a n d in tegrat ion o f t h e di f ferent a g e g r o u p s a s wel l as little ef for t to r e a c h out a n d ca te r to a m o r e d i ve rse c o m m u n i t y - th is is ref lected in the i r News le t te r w h i c h is ma in ly wr i t ten in C h i n e s e , w i th s o m e o r litt le Eng l i sh . T h e issue o f l anguage is o n e a m o n g severa l bar r iers that c h a l l e n g e in te rgenera t iona l in te rac t ion a n d par t ic ipa t ion . I l l storytelling museums like the newly developed Storyeum in Vancouver80, the endeavours of the CCHS more closely resemble that of the Museum of Chinese Americas (MOCA). [B]ecome a part of Chinese American history. . . MoCA's CHINESE RESTAURANTS: A FAMILY BUSINESS documentation project will highlight and bring to the forefront those who work behind the scenes, capturing the families for which a restaurant is an extension of the home, a testimony to their entrepreneurship and a legacy passed from generation to generation. If you or people you know are connected to a restaurant, MoCA would love to see your photos and hear your stories. All snapshots, whether amateur or professional ones, are accepted . . . MOCA website6 The Museum of Chinese in the Americas (MoCA) seeks to be the "cultural and historic cornerstone" and a vital component of community's revitalization in New York's Chinatown since the tragedies of September 11 t h . MoCA is the first full-time, professionally staffed museum dedicated to reclaiming, preserving, and interpreting the history and culture of Chinese and their descendants in the Western Hemisphere. Currently, MoCA has nine full-time staff, but 100 volunteers that support and drive their their initiatives which include a spectrum of creative and intentionally intergenerational strategies. Diverse gallery displays, education and outreach, historical walking tours, among numerous other activities are aimed at the development of "shared stories" of different generations of immigrants - newer and older. The year 2004, for example, is MoCA's year of "Food". The entire year is marked with events that bring about cultural S t o r y e u m is the f i rst in teract ive a n d story te l l ing cen t re w h i c h f o c u s e s o n re- te l l ing the his tory o f W e s t C o a s t C a n a d a a n d a i m s s p e a k s to t h o s e o f all a g e s a n d cu l tura l b a c k g r o u n d s toge ther . L o c a t e d in G a s t o w n , n e i g h b o u r i n g V a n c o u v e r ' s C h i n a t o w n , the S t o r y e u m a lso s e e k s to act a s an " e c o n o m i c s t imu lus" a n d "her i tage s h o w c a s e " . Invo lv ing a n u m b e r o f d ive rse cu l tura l g r o u p s inc lud ing t h e First Na t ions , C h i n e s e - C a n a d i a n s , a n d J a p a n e s e C a n a d i a n s , t h e s u c c e s s o f S t o r y e u m wil l d e p e n d o n w h o ' s te l l ing the stor ies a n d h o w t h o s e w h o par t ic ipa te a re e n g a g e d . W h i l e S t o r y e u m s e e k s to "br ing together " key t h e m e s in C a n a d i a n W e s t C o a s t h is tory t h r o u g h the d i f ferent cu l tura l g r o u p s , its f o c u s is still geograph ica l l y de f i ned rather t h a n cu l tura l ly de f i ned ( i .e. t h e in d e p t h e x p e r i e n c e s wi th in cul tura l g r o u p s ) . 8 1 M o C A w e b s i t e : w w w . m o c a - n y c . o r g 112 stories through the use of "Food" as a theme. In its May-June 2004 newsletter, MOCA also asks for favourite family recipes for the MoCA Chinese Family Recipe, asking participants to submit their "Chinese American equivalent of meatloaf and mashed potatoes". Other projects are centred around stories such as experiences after September 11 t h and oral history projects. An outstanding feature of MOCA is that it integrates a highly intergenerational focus. MoCA does not only incorporate intergenerational initiatives - they are part of an intentional intergenerational program. MoCA NEXT or their "young associates program" facilitates opportunities for museum members in their 20s and 30s to meet one another as well as with older members to discuss the museum's projects and to explore Chinese history and culture - a deliberate part of a succession and multigenerational leadership plan. MoCA serves an exciting example for the CCHS and informs the future intergenerational initiatives of the VCRC in promoting cultural education and continuity. Recommendations The VCRC needs to continue building new and innovative educational partnerships with universities and organizations such as the CCHS, while continuously embracing possibilities to develop revitalization strategies that promote Chinatown as a community for lifelong cultural learning. Despite lacking resources, the VCRC must act as a living example of this, updating itself with the educational resources and learning from its educational partners and other communities (e.g. MoCA), as well as finding means for training, workshops, and other forms of capacity building opportunities. By doing so, the committee would be more equipped to fight, respond to, and capitalize on media for a more accurate representation of the community. 8 2 M O C A ' s cu r ren t exh ib i t ions t ie in w i th the i r t h e m e of " F o o d " : "Genera l L e e ' s B a n q u e t R o o m " i l lust rates the story o f L.A. 's C h i n a t o w n ' s o ldes t res tauran t wh i le " C h o p Suey" d o c u m e n t s p h o t o g r a p h e r R ick W o n g ' s t rave ls to " chop s u e y h o u s e s " a l o n g the Pacf i ic W e s t C o a s t a n d u n c o v e r s u n i q u e s tor ies f r o m the o w n e r s . O the r exh ib i t ions cen t re a r o u n d the t h e m e o f s tor ies: "Many t rue s tor ies : l ife in C h i n a t o w n O n a n d A f te r S e p t e m b e r 1 1 t h " a n d "The Te l l ing L ives Ora l History Project" . 113 > P l a n n e d efforts to p r o m o t e m e a n i n g f u l c r o s s - a g e interact ion "From little things, BIG things grow." Urban Village Well Although there are overlaps with the last section, this section focuses on the integration of more small-scale, intentional, regular, and sustainable opportunities for intergenerational dialogue, interaction, and collaboration in the revitalization process and work program. 1) Sports and Recreation Sports and recreation is increasingly recognized as a tool which draws intergenerational and intercultural crowds. Although the promotion of sports is one of the current VCRC focuses, there has been little effort in this area. Despite the availability of some sports and recreational infrastructure (e.g. Andy Livingstone Park and C.C.C. and S.U.C.C.E.S.S. multi-purpose halls) in the larger community,83 there has been no strategic spatial programming for regular activities or special events such as community picnics and barbecues, family sports day, and other sporting events. 2) Intentional Intergenerational Forums Besides special events and VCRC general membership meetings, there are very few opportunities for regular intentional intergenerational discussions regarding issues of community, culture, and identity. "What we need is an intergenerational philosopher's cafe or a monthly tea house gathering to discuss topics relevant to Chinese-Canadians, an increasingly multicultural population, and the role of Chinatown . . . this could happen, 83 T h e few parks a n d c o m m u n i t y cen t res in C h i n a t o w n ' s i m m e d i a t e vic ini ty are underu t i l i zed , at least by those w h o are a s s o c i a t e d wi th C h i n a t o w n . S p o r t s a n d recrea t ion a re inc reas ing ly s e e n as a r e n a s fo r in te rgenera t iona l act iv i ty. C h i n a t o w n d o e s not have its o w n c o m m u n i t y cen t re . Howeve r , t he re a re a n u m b e r o f c o m m u n i t y c e n t r e s n e a r b y inc lud ing S t r a t h c o n a , R a y C a m , the R o u n d h o u s e , a n d Coa l Harbour . A n d y L iv ings tone Park ( b o u n d e d by K e e f e r S t ree t to the nor th , Expo B lvd . to the s o u t h , Tay lo r S t ree t to the W e s t , a n d Q u e b e c St ree t to the eas t ) is the key recrea t iona l g r e e n s p a c e in the vic in i ty o f C h i n a t o w n . W i t h a la rge art i f icial tur f f ie ld a n d a p l a y g r o u n d , it is cur rent ly u n d e r u s e d , serv ic ing on ly s o c c e r t e a m s f r o m the o u t s i d e o f the c o m m u n i t y in the a f t e r n o o n s a n d w e e k e n d s fo r g a m e s . 114 for example, at the Dr. Sun Yat-Sen garden," said a VCRC youth member. The Repositioning Chinatown in Time and Space summer public lecture series held at Simon Fraser University hints at the school-community joint efforts to involve the public more regularly on Chinatown revitalization efforts. Although discussions such as those facilitated by the lectures will be important in Chinatown's community development, this more academic approach by itself does not fully capture the potential range of participants in the community; for example, older ethnic Chinese residents, or high school students. More creative and strategic approaches therefore need to be developed in addition to current efforts. An example which illustrates the VCRC's possible role in creative intergenerational "bridging" is the Chinatown as Home Workshop led by Steven Dang and Jocelyn Yu, as part of the Spring 2003 UBC Learning Exchange Program. This workshop was held at the newly renovated Cooper's Place - an assisted living complex in Strathcona which houses a significant number of Chinese seniors who have lived and worked in the Chinatown community most of their lives. The four-day learning exchange, of which the workshop was a part, creatively brought together students and seniors for mutual learning and discussion where possible on topics such as storytelling and Chinatown in the past, present, and future. It also encouraged interactive effort in arts and crafts, cooking classes, and the construction of a roof-top garden at Coopers' Place. The multicultural group of students and seniors co-learned to respond creatively and sensitively to overcome barriers of language and physical disability. The effectiveness of this workshop was reflected in the fact that many student participants and the staff at Cooper's were willing to develop a formal intergenerational volunteer program beyond the four days. The VCRC should develop ways to encourage more of these small-scale but creative, meaningful, and interactive intergenerational opportunities to be happening regularly in and near Chinatown. 115 3) Arts & Culture There has been a growth in verbal and non-verbal use of intergenerational storytelling and art in Vancouver's Chinatown, as expressions of cultural experience and identities. For the last few years, through City celebration grants and community grants, the VCRC has been organizing a one-month summer arts and culture festival in Chinatown annually. Involving Chinese, South Asian, First Nations, and Japanese community groups, the festival highlights music and dance, food tasting, kids craft and an artisan marketplace. Drawing all different age groups, like the annual Chinatown New Year Parade, the festival is an important community celebration of arts and culture and a yearly symbolic gesture of Chinatown's special role as a cultural meeting place. While Chinatown organizes many "special events", the difference that the VCRC can make to promote a more sustainable revitalization process is developing strategies to encourage different age groups to visit Chinatown for arts and culture more regularly. One of these strategies is to join in existing arts and cultural events and activities in the larger community. The VCRC Youth, for example, has taken part in a community video-project developed by the Civic Youth Strategy (CYS) which will be shown at a summer open air movie-night as part of the Chinatown night market84. Although these joint community arts events are beginning to emerge, more support and coordination with different community groups is necessary. 4) Story Projects Imagine how it might be like if we had storytelling tour guides in Chinatown - one younger, one older, each telling their stories . . . just imagine what kind of community we would have. A VCRC Youth Member 8 4 T h e C Y S v i d e o pro jec t invo lved y o u t h rep resen ta t i ves in v a r i o u s D o w n t o w n Eas ts ide n e i g h b o u r h o o d s ( C h i n a t o w n , S t r a t h c o n a , D o w n t o w n Eas ts ide ) . Th i s jo in t v ideo inc ludes insp i r ing s tor ies o f the past , p resen t , a n d fu ture o f the i r c o m m u n i t i e s a n d po in t to t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s fu tu re co l labora t ion - e n c o u r a g i n g cu l tura l a n d socia l hea l ing o f pas t w o u n d s a n d t e n s i o n s . In the p r o c e s s o f c rea t ing th is v ideo , the publ ic w a s inv i ted to jo in the you th rep resen ta t i ves in a n u m b e r o f capac i t y -bu i ld ing s e s s i o n s inc lud ing d i scuss ions o f d e m o c r a c y , you th i n v o l v e m e n t in c o m m u n i t i e s , a n d ident i fy ing c o m m u n i t y a s s e t s . 116 Story projects are slowly but surely emerging in Vancouver's Chinatown as a critical intergenerational and cultural tool in revitalization. Originating in Toronto, the [murmur] project in Vancouver, an archival audio project that has collected stories set in specific locations throughout Vancouver's Chinatown, was one of the two events featured by the "Chinatown in a New Way" initiative. This event was held to introduce and revive some historical memories of Chinatown in a continually modernizing city, and to encourage reflection on the cultural significance of the community, [murmur] in Vancouver involved collecting 30 stories for 18 different locations throughout Chinatown. At each of these locations, a neon-green [murmur] sign marks the availability of a story with a telephone number and location code. By dialing the number with a mobile phone, one can listen to a first-person account or an anecdote of the specific location while engaging in the full physical experience of being there. While such a uniquely designed story project excludes those who do not have mobile phones, it does catalyze new ideas and possibilities for future storying proceses in Chinatown. The VCRC can support groups like the CCHS (Chinese Canadian Historical Society) to ensure that there is a means for ongoing telling and preserving of stories, as well as to ensure accessibility to these means. 5) New Rituals and Celebrations New rituals and celebrations are collective expressions of something important in a community. This area, although identifiably significant to the community in Chinatown, has not been fully recognized for its intergenerational value and role in cultural continuity. The unveiling of a monument that recognizes Chinese Canadian war veterans and CPR workers at the Keefer Triangle (corner of Keefer and Columbia Street) in Chinatown in November 2003 illustrates the importance of rituals and celebrations. 117 The Youth Network of the VCRC is trying to instill in today's youth that pioneering spirit and pride that those before us had.. . This memorial serves to remind us all of the challenges that have been overcome, and to inspire us to stay vigilant with the obstacles we now face. Chinatown has been built on perseverance, diversity and the ability to adapt, and it will continue to thrive on these same principles. We will take the lessons ingrained in our heritage and continue to be pioneers in a modern Canada. A pivotal moment of this ceremony was when Dexter, representing the VCRC youth, handed his scroll containing his speech, to a Chinese-Canadian war veteran representative. This action was a symbolic gesture, a ritual, which reflected the promises of the youth involved in the current revitalization to continue the fight that the older generations of Chinese-Canadians had begun, now in a more multicultural city that has benefited from their selfless efforts. The "passing on of the scroll" was to some extent, a form of rite of passage (Chapter 3) - a mutual agreement for partnership between the younger and older generations. Monuments, like the war memorial, need to be "activated" through the intergenerational sharing of stories and rituals as was done on the day of the celebration. These stories in turn "activate" enthusiasm, vision, and action in the community. Without these elements, monuments like the heritage buildings that some in the community are trying to preserve, remain only as "shells" of the past - the community then too, is also stuck there, excluding many who cannot identify with it. Chinatown faces this predicament also if it does not consider developing new rituals and means for storytelling. New rituals should be developed in Chinatown on a regular basis from the community. A community participant and UBC planning student noted, "new rituals have to come from the community . . . we try to structure and order things too much, there is sometimes too much emphasis on built form." He recalls the time after the completion of the Chinatown Millenium Gate where two symbolic "stone balls" trapped in the two granite lions' mouths were stolen and replaced several times. After each consecutive disappearance, pedestrians would put oranges as a temporary replacement for the 118 stone ball. This became a pattern that intrigued the Chinatown community as well as the public. "What might have happened if this was maintained as community ritual?" he asked. One possibility is that it may have served as a catalyst to draw people to the bountiful stories that the gate represents. The VCRC can encourage the development of creative rituals which help physical landmarks like the Millenium Gate come to life through joint storytelling, rather than simply be looked at for their grand and glittering beauty. Recommendations The VCRC and other members of Chinatown hold many special events like the annual New Year Parade and festivals that indeed, draw intergenerational and multicultural crowds. In this section, however, I have alluded to the need for the VCRC and other Chinatown groups to stand back and develop collaborative ways to facilitate more small-scaled, but regular, sustainable and meaningful, planned and as well spontaneous opportunities for meaningful intergenerational storytelling and interaction. Exciting arts and cultural as well as story projects have been emerging in Chinatown -the VCRC can encourage more of them to be intentional and intergenerational. New creative yet meaningful rituals can also be integrated into the life of the Chinatown community as markers and collective expressions. O u t c o m e - b a s e d Cr i t er ia : L o o k i n g into the Future Up to now, Chinatown's revitalization process has identified some key issues in the Vision Directions. Already in the process of developing a new Chinatown Plan, the VCRC must now consider issues of implementation and means to carry out stated goals and strategically build on initiatives so far in the process. Addressing the last three criteria of the Community for all Ages model, this next section briefly discusses considerations for the future development of a more intergenerational Chinatown. No recommendations are made in this section. 119 > S u p p o r t for c a r e g i v i n g fami l i e s Currently, there are very few services that support the families who may decide to reside in or near Chinatown. There are not many daycares available, nor a range of supporting services for those who want to age in the community. Although SUCCESS does offer some family counseling services and programs, they are once again, aimed towards new immigrant families from Hong Kong and East Asia. The Chinese Community Policing Centre also offers some family assistance in the area of violence and intervention. Beyond a few examples, there is little support for care giving families currently available in Chinatown. Chinatown and Strathcona will need to be evaluated in light of the shared resources in the larger community. As Chinatown becomes a more intergenerational community and houses another 5000 residents, support for care giving families of diverse backgrounds will be increasingly important. Besides partnering with nearby community centres and facilities, implementing a neighbourhood house or centre similar to the 3-in-1 Tampines in Singapore should be considered. 8 5 Such centres in or near Chinatown would facilitate the growing diversity of people and families that will be living, working, or visiting Chinatown and encourage joint community-building efforts. > A c c e s s to qual i ty heal th c a r e a n d s o c i a l s e r v i c e s a c r o s s the life c o u r s e An intergenerational Chinatown to me is one where my changing needs for facilities and services as I continue to age are met, but where I don't just hang around older people. I like younger people too . . . they have their needs too. A senior at Goldstone Bakery in Chinatown Chinatown continues to have the highest concentration of traditional Chinese medicinal shops, herbalists, and acupuncturists in Greater Vancouver, servicing a T h r o u g h n u m e r o u s p r o g r a m s s u c h a s "Fami ly P lace" a n d " N o b o d y ' s per fect" , t he C o l l i n g w o o d n e i g h b o u r h o o d h o u s e ( C N H ) o f fers educa t i ona l , cu l tu ra l , rec rea t iona l , c o u n s e l i n g a n d soc ia l p r o g r a m s to suppor t fami l ies a n d peop le o f all a g e g r o u p s a n d cu l tura l b a c k g r o u n d s . S e e w w w . c n h . b c . c a fo r m o r e in format ion a s wel l a s S t e v e n D a n g ' s thes is ( 2 0 0 3 ) . 120 growing population of both Chinese and non-Chinese users. There are also a significant number of medical clinics in the area. All of these health-related services are critical for the needs of a variety of people, but especially for Chinese seniors, who can communicate with these service providers in their own language. Despite the availability of these services however, the challenge of meeting the health and social needs of seniors who want to age in place in or near Chinatown remains. Since the 90s, more recent developments in social planning have begun to recognize the challenge of meeting the needs of ethnic Chinese seniors in Vancouver (Wood, 1991; City of Vancouver, 1993). This may include those who are rooted in Chinatown or who have been in Vancouver for many years and speak various dialects of Cantonese, as well as those who have recently immigrated to Vancouver and may speak other dialects of Mandarin and Taiwanese. In Vancouver, a large group of the older generation wa kiew Chinese Canadians continue to be very dependent on Chinatown as a meeting place that offers a range of amenities all within one area of Vancouver (Chen-Adams, 2002). Adequate age-sensitive physical infrastructure (e.g. wheelchair accessibility) and culturally-sensitive care homes are needed in the larger community to facilitate aging in place. Concepts like aging in place and naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCS) (Hirsch de Haan & Poliakoff, 2002), should be increasingly considered for Vancouver's Chinatown.86 B a c k in 1 9 8 1 , Lai h a d s tud ied the potent ia l o f V ic to r ia 's C h i n a t o w n a s a s t ra teg ic re t i rement cen t re . In the mids t o f res ident ia l a n d e c o n o m i c dec l ine , V ic to r ia 's C h i n a t o w n had at tha t t ime lost a persona l c a r e h o m e a n d hospi ta l in 1977 a n d 1979 respec t ive ly (La i , 1 9 8 1 : 7 1 ) . T h e ques t ion Lai s tud ied w a s w h e t h e r a rehabi l i ta t ion s c h e m e for V ic to r ia 's C h i n a t o w n o u g h t to be d e v e l o p e d as a c o m m e r c i a l d ist r ic t ca te r i ng to tour is ts or a r e s i d e n t i a l - c u m - c o m m e r c i a l a r e a , w h i c h inc luded m a k i n g C h i n a t o w n a res ident ia l s i te fo r C h i n e s e sen io rs . Lai c o n d u c t e d su rveys w h i c h a s k e d C h i n e s e in the V ic tor ia Met ropo l i tan A r e a w h e t h e r they (espec ia l ly sen io r c i t i zens) w o u l d c o n s i d e r l iv ing near or in C h i n a t o w n a g a i n . His su rvey r e v e a l e d tha t V ic tor ia 's ag ing C h i n e s e popu la t ion w o u l d c o n s i d e r l iving in a i m p r o v e d l iv ing e n v i r o n m e n t in C h i n a t o w n (serv ices , g o o d s , & low renta l h o u s i n g ) a n d tha t t he re w a s genera l suppor t fo r the hypo thes is tha t " C h i n a t o w n s in Nor th A m e r i c a are potent ia l re t i rement cen t res fo r e lder ly res iden ts (La i , 1981 :79) . " M u c h o f th is had to d o wi th the p rox imi ty a n d avai labi l i ty o f cu l tura l a n d soc ia l ne tworks , serv ices , a n d g o o d s . M a n y o f La i ' s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e a c c e p t e d by Counc i l t o w a r d s a rehabi l i ta t ion p lan fo r V ic tor ia 's C h i n a t o w n . Desp i te tha t m a n y C h i n e s e sen io rs h a v e r e m a i n e d V ic to r ia 's C h i n a t o w n , M icky L a m , p lanner a t t h e Ci ty o f V ic to r ia , s ta tes tha t t he re is n o w still g rea t di f f icul ty in ma in ta in ing the y o u n g e r a n d m idd le g e n e r a t i o n s . 121 The S.U.C.C.E.S.S. Simon Y. K. Seniors care home in Vancouver's Chinatown is a rare example of a health facility that has been successfully designed and programmed to allow residents to age and transition in place.87 The centre recognizes that aging is a continuum - providing services and facilities that help residents age in place and to stay in the Chinatown neighbourhood. The Home provides professional care 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for residents from the Intermediate Care 2 Level (someone who has a physical or mental limitation, for example, has difficulty going up and down stairs, bathing) to the Extended Care Level (someone who is bed-ridden and requires 24 hours care). Also, the Chieng Adult Day centre at the complex provides health monitoring, therapeutic activities and social/personal activities for seniors current living at home with their families. The S.U.C.C.E.S.S. facility is an interesting example because it incorporates cultural and intergenerational strategies. It houses both long-time Canadian wa kiew as well as seniors who are more recent immigrants from Hong Kong, providing services in a few Chinese dialects. As such, it responds to the changing Chinese-Canadian community, and to the more recent challenges of ethnic senior health care (Masi & Disman, 1994). The facility also integrates some level of intergenerational programming as youth volunteers work with seniors weekly and often engage in joint activities. Facilities such as the S.U.C.C.E.S.S. care centre contribute to a more intergenerational and inclusive Chinatown and act as models for future developments. They may also be a strategic source for seniors' involvement and potential partnership in Al though s u c h a s tudy h a s not b e e n c o n d u c t e d in V a n c o u v e r , the re are e n c o u r a g i n g e x a m p l e s o f in i t iat ives that "work" a n d m e e t the n e e d o f d e m o g r a p h i c a l l y - c h a n g i n g c o m m u n i t i e s . T h e S .U .C .C .E .S .S . S i m o n K. Y. Lee Sen io rs C a r e H o m e is a mul t i - level ca re faci l i ty pro jec t w a s in i t ia ted in 1989 in r e s p o n s e to the d e m a n d fo r a l inguist ical ly a n d cul tura l ly sens i t i ve faci l i ty by a g r o w i n g popu la t i on o f C h i n e s e - s p e a k i n g sen io rs in V a n c o u v e r . O p e r a t e d by the S . U . C . C . E . S . S . Mul t i -Level Ca re Soc ie ty , the faci l i ty w a s c o m p l e t e a n d b e g a n o p e n i n g res iden ts af ter 12 y e a r s o f cons t ruc t ion in S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 1 w i th 103 pr ivate e n sui te beds . 122 Chinatown's revitalization process. It will be increasingly important to involve service providers like the S.U.C.C.E.S.S. care home and their residents in community discussions and revitalization efforts. > P h y s i c a l Infrastructure Physical infrastructure sensitive to the "life course" will need to be integrated in the design of future developments and in any heritage conversion sites. As the VCRC continues to push for more live-work and family-friendly living options, the "life course" perspective must influence the design of future amenities, facilities, and buildings in the community - everything from parks to street furniture to pedestrian walkway and facilities that meet the recreational, educational, and social needs of a more intergenerational population. From housing, to the public realm, to the design of stores and buildings, Chinatown will need to re-evaluate its current use of space through the "age" lens and consider the following: • Infrastructure that is missing or inadequate and needs to be built or rebuilt • Infrastructure that could be programmed or reprogrammed more effectively • Infrastructure that is missing that can be "shared" with surrounding communities • Infrastructure that should be removed because it is unsafe for children and seniors 123 C h a p t e r C o n c l u s i o n : M o v i n g C h i n a t o w n T o w a r d s Community for all Ages Figure 5.2 Summary of Recommendations from the Analysis Process-oriented Criteria Key Recommendations > Oppor tun i t i es for l i fe- long civic e n g a g e m e n t • Deve lop w a y s to bui ld a m o r e inc lus ive f r a m e w o r k ( y o u n g e r & o lder peop le ) • C rea te s t ra teg ies to sus ta in i n v o l v e m e n t o v e r the life c o u r s e • M o v e f r o m age-spec i f i c i t y / seg rega t ion to m o r e a g e - i n t e g r a t e d a p p r o a c h > Co l labora t ion a c r o s s s y s t e m s a n d o rgan iza t ions • S t ra teg ic o u t r e a c h to a g i n g popu la t i on • D e v e l o p n e w pa r tne rsh ips w i th n e a r b y c o m m u n i t i e s & a g e -in tegra ted o r g a n i z a t i o n s > Inst i tut ions w i th a l i fe-s p a n pe rspec t i ve • E n c o u r a g e m o r e l i fe -span o r i en ted p r o g r a m s & po l ic ies • Rede f ine role o f fami ly a s s o c i a t i o n s , in te rgenera t iona l l ink • Identi fy ex is t ing "age" r e s o u r c e s & potent ia l pa r tne rs in m o v i n g t o w a r d s a s u c c e s s i o n s t ra tegy > Oppor tun i t i es fo r l i fe- long learn ing • Bui ld m o r e innova t ive e d u c a t i o n a l pa r tne rsh ips • Con t inue to incorpora te jo in t l ea rn ing • Inc lude d ive rse t ra in ing a n d c o m m u n i t y - b a s e d capac i t y bu i ld ing (life s p a n - o r i e n t e d ) • Deve lop m e c h a n i s m fo r in tegra t ing n e w resea rch • A d o p t d i f ferent f o r m s o f cu l tura l e d u c a t i o n n e e d e d > P l a n n e d ef for ts to p r o m o t e mean ing fu l c r o s s - a g e in teract ion • Inc lude sma l l - sca le regu la r in te rgenera t iona l oppor tun i t i es fo r d ia logue , in terac t ion , & co l labora t ion (ar ts , spor ts , s to r ies , f o r u m s , & r i tuals) Using the Community for all Ages framework, this Chapter has analyzed and discussed whether Chinatown's revitalization process, vision, and work program are moving the community towards age-integration and helping the community responded to some of the three key challenges identified in the last chapter. Using the "age lens", one can see that the current process has strengths as well as weaknesses. Intergenerational programming was not explicitly identified in the original Chinatown vision. The focus so far in the process, has been on reaching out and bringing youth back to Chinatown's revitalization process. In the long term, however, it will be increasingly important for the VCRC to move from this age-specific and segregated paradigm to a more age-integrated and life course approach which leads to a more sustainable revitalization process. Such an approach demands 124 broadening the current VCRC outreach framework to include more diverse people including seniors, surrounding communities, other cultural groups, and community organization, as well as adopting a more holistic view of the larger area and community that Chinatown is a part of. As reflected in the recommendations of the analysis, developing more creative, collaborative, and strategic ways to incorporate intergenerational programming in the process will be needed in the revitalization process and work program. Although the VCRC is already working on some initiatives that will help the process respond to changing age demographics, the evolving Chinese-Canadian community, and aging institutions, the recommendations of this paper will strategically enhance and build on them. A brief discussion of the more outcome-based elements of the Community for all Ages model alludes to some supporting infrastructure, services, and amenities that will emerge or need to be implemented at a later point in the process as Vancouver's Chinatown continues to move in this direction. 125 Tracy I grew up in Chinatown . . . I went to Elementary school nearby at St. Francis Xavier. My dad opened an appliance store in Chinatown in 1988. But even before that, I remember Chinatown was a place that I hung out at a lot. Me and this other girl would be running around to by cha siew (barbecue pork) . . . I'd come down with my grandma too. We were happy. My parents had no problems letting me run around Chinatown . . . I would head over to the area near now Garland Pharmacy to buy things . . . but it was safer there then. I work in Chinatown everyday now and I don't agree with people who think that Chinatown is unsafe to visit. Now I find myself involved in the Chinatown Revitalization Process....but originally my parents forced me to go to a meeting . . . I've stayed ever since. Everything we're trying to do in terms of revitalization is hard . . . my friends think its cool, but they're not yet convinced themselves. Things are starting to change though. I know it will take time. Age 24 126 Chapter 6 Implications and Conclusion A Chinatown Beyond the GenerAsians Re-addressing the questions of this paper, this Chapter outlines some key issues for the incorporation of intergenerational programming in Chinatown Vancouver's revitalization process, future research directions, and concluding remarks. Mechanism for Succession and Cultural Continuity As a member of the VCRC noted, "Who will succeed [the owners of] these stores? How will these stores in Chinatown adapt in a rapidly changing market? They certainly won't if young and old are cut off from each other." Much like the Dr. Sun Yat-Sen garden, the majority of family businesses and service operations in Chinatown are currently facing a "crisis of succession". While reviving the role of family associations is one possibility, an overall succession strategy, which incorporates intentional intergenerational programming - including new partnerships, programs, incentives, and opportunities for participation, will be necessary. One way the VCRC is responding to this, with City supports, is encouraging the development of more diverse housing options and mixed uses such as live-work. The youth subcommittee is also building a mentorship program among other increasingly intergenerational initiatives. Intergenerational programming is a mechanism for bridging the past, present, and the future. As Vancouver becomes an increasingly mongrel city, intergenerational programming will also act as a critical on-going mechanism to recognize and respond to increasingly diverse people and cultural stories in the city, while preserving the valuable stories of Chinese-Canadians. In such a way, future stories are possible and the community's collective memory actively encourages mutual learning and strengthened cultural identities, while informing community directions. 127 Professionalization vs. Criteria-based Implementation Another key issue is professionalizing, training, and/or developing criteria for intergenerational programming application in the current revitalization process. This has varied from community to community and neighbourhood to neighbourhood. In the MoCa example, all three are incorporated to various degrees. The museum and its programming are coordinated by 9 full-time workers who guide their work with intergenerational goals and criteria. To build capacity into the community, the projects and processes however, are realized by more than 100 community volunteers, who may or may not be trained. Although MoCa in New York's Chinatown needs to be politically, geographically, culturally, and socially situated, it sheds light on Chinatown Vancouver's current situation. The Chinese Canadian Historical Society (CCHS) could play a similar role of importance in Vancouver and may learn well from examples like MoCA. Developing intergenerational criteria for implementation of projects and programs provides opportunities for more effective evaluation and strategic processes. Developing criteria and program objectives that are generally measurable is important as they help the community evaluate and move closer to meeting outlined goals. As the BC Council for Families' intergenerational resource booklet suggests, "clearly defined objectives are the foundation for a successful program." The Vancouver Chinatown Revitalization Committee took part in an outcome-based planning workshop in the fall of 2003. Therefore, this kind of planning exercise is not unfamiliar to them. Outcome based goals may be differentiated as long-term, short-term, or immediate outcomes. The Community for all Ages Program is a model, which can be constantly adapted and modified based on Chinatown's implementation goals. 128 F i g u r e 6.0 Community for all Ages P r o g r a m : Potent ia l S tra teg ie s & O u t c o m e s Adopted from: Nancy Henkin, 2004 BROAD STRATEGIES SHORT- TERM OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES LONG-TERM OUTCOMES Coord ina te serv ices mee t n e e d s ac ross life cou rse S u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f n e e d s / r e s o u r c e a s s e s s m e n t E n h a n c e d s u p p o r t fo r ca re g iv ing fami l ies & d e p e n d e n t p o p u l a t i o n s I m p r o v e d we l l -be ing fo r ch i l d ren , y o u t h , e lders , & fami l ies Deve lop-s t ruc tu red c ross -age in terac t ions I n c r e a s e d publ ic a w a r e n e s s a b o u t " c o m m u n i t i e s fo r all a g e s " c o n c e p t Po l ic ies p r o m o t i n g life long we l l -be ing & m e e t bas ic n e e d s I n c r e a s e d civic par t ic ipa t ion & in terac t ion a c r o s s a g e g r o u p s E x p a n d oppor tun i t i es fo r l i fe long c iv ic e n g a g e m e n t & learn ing S u c c e s s f u l e n g a g e m e n t o f key s y s t e m a n d c o m m u n i t y ac to rs Inc reased oppor tun i ty / in f ras t ruc tu re fo r l i fe long learn ing & civ ic e n g a g e m e n t More c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n d r e s p o n s i v e s y s t e m s to s u p p o r t all a g e g r o u p s In fuse life s p a n th ink ing into inst i tu t ions S u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f m o d e l i n te rgenera t iona l p r o g r a m s I n c r e a s e d in te rac t ion a c r o s s a g e g r o u p s Modi fy phys ica l in f rast ructure to suppor t all a g e s Phys ica l e n v i r o n m e n t tha t p r o m o t e s hea l thy l iv ing & s u p p o r t s c h a n g i n g n e e d s in l i fecycle Deve lop pol ic ies tha t suppor t ca re g iv ing Figure 6.0 illustrates some differentiated outcomes a community like Chinatown may adapt in their plans to move towards being a Community for all Ages. Doing with vs. Doing for: Co-storytelling, Co-engagement, Rituals While initiatives that encourage one age group to service another age group such as children or seniors' daycare, mentorship, etc., are necessary, intergenerational programming initiatives that encourage mutual learning and participation of various sorts will be key to Chinatown Vancouver's revitalization process. Education, sports, planned opportunities for discussion, rituals and celebrations are among many of the important arenas for intergenerational co-operation and co-storytelling. These stories build a stronger community foundation and may counter often negative Chinatown and age-related stereotypes portrayed by media. 129 Intergenerational programming encourages taking students out of classrooms and into the community to interact with its members and vice versa. Programs like the UBC learning exchange and community-school partnerships which have begun with UBC architecture, planning, and history departments for example, should be encouraged and supported. Reaching out to business students will be important as Chinatown seeks to diversify its businesses while strengthening its own niche. As a cultural centre, Chinatown also has great potential as a centre of learning. Cultural Diversity An intergenerational Chinatown is increasingly also one which is culturally diverse. While reaching out to those "rooted" in Chinatown is necessary, as discussed in this paper, intergenerational programming can be extended to those who are not rooted as well, bridging stories from the past, present, and future as well as cultures. Rather than viewing Chinese centres like Richmond or Victoria & 41 s t as competition, intergenerational programming alludes to another possibility. An intergenerational programming approach recognizes that these centres tend to cater to specific Chinese-Canadian populations that also need to be invited and included in Vancouver's Chinatown. After all, Chinatown is no longer the segregated ethnic ghetto it was before. A "revitalized" Chinatown in Vancouver means replenishing it with life, with a diversity of people who circulate, visit, work, live, and participate in Chinatown. The annual Chinese New Year parade in Chinatown is increasingly reflective of this cultural diversity, as Brazilian, Japanese, First Nations and other cultural groups and organizations join not only in the watching but the walking as well. 130 Chinatown as a Cultural Centre of Memory and Museum of Changing stories In this paper, I take Jane Jacobs warning about North America's growing "mass amnesia" of culture seriously. Vancouver's Chinatown has transitioned from being a segregated ethnic neighbourhood to a space in which people can re-tell, re-write, and re-develop empowering stories together that recognize, preserve, and activate real stories of people. This inevitably means finding common threads and bridging intergenerational stories. As such, Chinatown is a landscape of memory as well as a museum of changing stories, which testify to and correlate with, the ongoing aspirations, visions, and lived-experiences of Chinese Canadians as well as an increasingly multicultural city. This year's establishment of the Chinese Canadian Historical Society (CCHS) will mark an all important milestone in Chinese Canadian history - a long-awaited inaugural effort to bring together the stories and experiences of Chinese Canadians over the years. As some advocates for Chinatown are also on the CCHS board, there will be immense opportunity to link the efforts of the CCHS and VCRC. Although the results are dependent on the agreed directions of this society, this is truly an exciting step towards building the necessary infrastructure and anchor for Chinatown as a regional Chinese-Canadian cultural centre that welcomes and is run by the young and old of diverse backgrounds. As discussed in the last chapter, building new multigenerational rituals, symbols, and celebrations will signify these new endeavours and promote active storytelling as lived experience. An Added Literacy for Planners and Community Workers Finally, I would like to speak to implications for planners and those who work with Chinatowns or other communities and neighbourhoods. In the Appendix of Towards Cosmopolis (1998), Sandercock states that there are a number of qualities that future planners need to be armed with, qualities that professional accreditation bodies with a generally more "technocratic paradigm" tend to overlook. She proposes five literacies: 131 technical (t), analytical (a), multi- or cross-cultural (m), ecological (e) and design (d), that lead to a more "tamed" planner - one who is more "humble, open, and collaborative than the heroic modernist planner" (Sandercock, 1998: 225). I would like to propose a sixth literacy - life course literacy. Life course literacy is about being able to more equally and fully recognize and respond to the diverse needs, experiences, and stories of those of different ages. A planner or community worker with life course literacy recognizes that aging is a continuum and understands the importance of promoting age-integrated rather than segregated communities as healthier and more sustainable communities. Such a planner employs creative dexterity in employing various intergenerational tools to bridge the diverse age experiences. As demographic aging is an inevitability that has already begun, rapid changes in age-definitions and proportions of older to middle age to younger people will mean drastic changes in our communities. Planners need to be equipped to respond to these changes and to have a better understanding of the aging experience (young to old) -civic engagement, age-friendly public processes, and public realm design are three of many, many planning areas that will need to confront these life course realities. With growing public and international recognition of intergenerational programming as a critical area for research, practice, policy, and theory, there is a growing pool of resources now available or being developed. There are also numerous case studies of neighbourhoods and communities to learn from. As a closing remark at the 2004 International Consortium of Intergenerational Programming Conference in Victoria, the conference organizer alluded to the need for people of diverse disciplines and professions to collaborate, with planners playing an increasingly important role in catalyzing this change in neighbourhoods and communities around the world. 132 Conclusion In bringing two areas of research together - intergenerational programming and revitalization of Chinatowns, I have addressed some key questions of this paper. Using Vancouver's Chinatown revitalization process as a case study, I have illustrated that intergenerational programming and the "age" lens can help planners, policymakers, and the VCRC be more equipped to avoid the situation that happened in the 1970s in the case of the Chinese Cultural Centre. By taking a more life course-oriented approach, the VCRC better ensures that all age groups of different backgrounds are included and meaningfully, actively, and sustainably engaged in the current revitalization process. Moving away from narrow "official stories", I have illustrated the need to recognize the diverse as well as common experiences and stories along the age continuum and the importance of embracing an age-integrated community in Vancouver's Chinatown. Using the Community for all Ages approach, I have illustrated that although Chinatown's Vision is limited in that it focuses mainly on youth, Chinatown's current revitalization process is moving in a positive direction, in which more intentional intergenerational initiatives need to be incorporated in its future work program. From the age lens, Chinatown must develop strategic intergenerational programming strategies to effectively respond to the challenges of changing age demographics, an increasingly diverse Chinese-Canadian community, and aging institutions and services in Chinatown. With a growing number of youth participants and now moving from the vision to implementation phase, the timing for embracing such a framework is appropriate. Besides building a healthier and more sustainable community and neighbourhood revitalization process, I have illustrated the importance of an intergenerational approach in promoting cultural continuity and repositioning Chinatowns as significant cultural centres in mongrel cities of the 2 1 s t Century. Bridging the younger and the older, I have 133 highlighted how intergenerational programming offers creative and meaningful ways to facilitate dialogue and collective search for new meanings for Chinatown. As such, although this paper has focused on Vancouver's Chinatown, lessons learned may also have implications for Chinatowns facing similar challenges. Rapid global changes such as demographic aging, longer life expectancy, and evolving social expectations, point to the growing urgency for researchers, policy-makers, community workers, and politicians to recognize the importance of this topic area. As a quickly growing field, there are numerous issues that need to be researched and defined including the development of appropriate terminology, models, outcome-based evaluation and community criteria, meeting the needs of a demographically aging population, and creative ways to bridge the generations. As such, I have pointed to the reality that planners will also need to gain greater literacy of the life course and understanding of its implications in their work. Building a healthier, more sustainable, socially, economically, and culturally vibrant Chinatown, will mean that we will all need to collaborate on intergenerational initiatives - building new bridges and remembering our community's stories. And never again, must we linger in a world of shadows and crows. In the days to come, we will not be laughed at whatsoever, For laughter will surely come, but with all brothers and sisters of the Mountain, We shall laugh together. But rejoice now, Little One, rejoice. May the highest peak and the lowest valley Be filled with our joyous noise . . . Mama, Mama . . . Hush Little One, you ought to know, For Mama is tired, grey, and old. Never forget our past - our heroes, our foes. But to your kids and their kids Should the story of the Battle of the Golden Mountain be forever told. 134 A p p e n d i c e s 135 Appendix A Summary Table of Research on North American Chinatowns, 2003 Source: Andrea Tang, 2003. Research on North American Chinatowns for the City of Vancouver, Planning Department SUMMARY TABLE Urban Context Planning Initiatives Resources CANADIAN CITIES Vancouver, British Columbia CMA: 1.98 mn City Population: 545,674 Chinatown Revitalization Program (1999): as part of the Vancouver Downtown Eastside Revitalization Program. As a community development & mobilization process, this program emphasizes safety & economic revitalization. The committee (VCRC) formed in 2001 and includes residents, merchants, arts, community and non-profit groups. The VCRC's current priorities are reflected in its subcommittees including arts & culture, youth network, marketing & promotion, sports, parking, and others. The committee continues to work on short-term revitalization plans as well as a long-term vision for Vancouver's Chinatown. • It is supported by funds from the 3-levels of government as well as the National Crime Prevention Centre • Its funding period will end in March of 2004 and will propose a new structure and funding program to City Council. Montreal, Quebec • CMA Population: 3.5 mn City Population: 1.1 mn Chinatown Development Plan (1998): 10-year plan for Chinatown, stating objectives and initiatives to promote safety & investment. • Cooperative action in 1987 - 1990 between Montreal's City Administration and representatives resulted in the Chinatown Development Consultative Committee, which continues to work with the City . • City promises funding via participation in larger community initiatives such as Plan Operation Commerce, Programmed de revitalization des quartiers centraux. Toronto, Ontario • CMA Population: 4.9 mn City Population: 2.49 mn Downtown Chinatown Initiatives: In 1998, specific initiatives were identified including increasing affordable housing, open space, enhancing public space, recreational services, facades, and sidewalks. • With competing satellite Chinatowns emerging in the late 1970s, the Spadina Chinatown residents began to work more closely with the City to carry out civic improvement projects in their highly dense neighbourhood. • Chinatown is seen as part of Toronto's Downtown and is mainly funded as such by the City. * No direct City staff assigned, only through projects Victoria, BC CMA Population: 325,754 Tax Incentive Program (1990s): specific buildings identified in for residential conversion. • In response to the gradual decline of Victoria's Chinatown, Dr. David Lai (University of Victoria) 136 City Population: 74, 125 Gate Refurbishment: joint community efforts to improve & maintain Chinatown gate. CCBA as umbrella Association: most planning work done by this community group (walking tours, public events, improvements, etc.) began to work with the Chinatown community & City staff to understand causes & effects. Their work together shaped Victoria Chinatown's direction to decrease government involvement in their neighbourhood's planning to slow down rising land values and to maximize use of community resources. • While the City of Victoria continues to fund minor projects & maintenance of public realm, a significant number of projects are funded by members of the community. • No longer any direct City staff assigned. Project-based relationship with City and Dr. David Lai AMERICAN CITIES Boston, Massachusetts City Population: 600, 000 Chinatown Master Plan: Agenda for Sustainable Neighbourhood, 2000: This plan, revised from its 1990 version emphasizes the community's five key objectives including strengthening the working class neighbourhood, Chinatown economy, cultural heritage, institutional growth, and building land bridges. Action Plan: A subsidiary plan currently being developed to implement priorities indicated in the 2000 Master Plan Central Artery Project: This huge highway project creates parcels of land with park potential next to the infrastructure, some which lie in Chinatown. A comprehensive study is underway for integration., Larger Community Initiatives: Chinatown is part of a number of larger community efforts such as Healthy Boston Initiative. • The City and Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) entered a Cooperation agreement under a renewal plan. As a result, Chinatown, Boston's most dense neighbourhood, lost many housing units and usable space. In response, the Chinatown community joined the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) in developing a Chinatown Master Plan to ensure the community's future. • Most projects underway in Chinatown are funded as part of larger city-wide programs/projects including the central artery project and others like the Boston and Chinatown against Drugs Coalition. • 1 planner from BRA (Sue Kim) assigned to Chinatown. Los Angeles, California • City Population: 3.7 mn Creating an Urban Village: This paradigm shapes L.A.'s Chinatown planning to create an interesting mix of residential and commercial uses. Chinatown Charter: This was created to decentralize land use decisions to a more local level through neighbourhood councils. Industrial -Residential Conversion: numerous live-work studios. • Included in the larger Central City North Community Plan, L.A.'s Chinatown planning was agreed through the creation of a Chinatown Charter to bring decision-making to a more local level with neighbourhood councils. Chinatown's residents continue to work with City staff to develop Chinatown into their envisioned "urban village". • Mainly state funding for Central City North initiatives as well as community grants and donations. 137 Light Rail Station Development Project: One of the "Gold Line" stations is located in L.A.'s Chinatown. This station will act as a point for TOD (transit oriented development) Rail Line Property Conversions: rail-line properties on the Chinatown edges are being converted in to park and open space. L.A. River Rehabilitation: Re-habilitating the waterfront. • No direct City staff assigned to L.A.'s Chinatown, except for head of Central City North Area -Patricia Diefenderfer. New York, New York • City Population: 8 mn Rebuild Chinatown Initiative: This collaborative community planning project sponsored by Asian Americans for Equality emphasizes rebuilding New York's Chinatown in the past September 1 l , h period. • In July 2002, the Asian Americans for Equality and several community partners initiated a community-based planning process to address Chinatown needs, resulting in the Rebuild Chinatown Initiative, involving community groups, residents and business owners through a steering committee. • Various funding sources for the Initiative including Federal (Freddie Mae & HUD community development block grants) as well as Deutsche Bank, private donors, and donations. • 2 staff from AAE (Robert Weber & Jennifer Sun) & 1 City staff (Nicole Ogg). Portland, Oregon City Population: 529,121 Vision Plan for Old Town/Chinatown (1997): This vision is foundational to Chinatown's planning. Created under the Good neighbourhood agreement, it sets the community's directions. Old Town/Chinatown Development Plan (1999): This Plan proposes initiatives to carry out the economic development objectives of the Vision. Old Town/Chinatown 5"* & 4'1' Avenue Streetscape Plan: Led by the Portland Development Commission, this plan acts as blueprint for $4.5 mn worth of the neighbourhood's improvements to streetscape and public amenities. • In December 1997, City Council adopted a Vision Plan for Old Town/Chinatown which brought together a diversity of representatives from the public & private spheres. Key emphasis was on the Good Neighbour Agreement & collaboration to balance social and economic factors, private and public investment • Old Town/Chinatown is funded as part of a renewal area from City and taxes, with no date of expiration. • Public funding is mainly tax increment funds • No direct City staff, project-based staffing (eg. Streetscape Plan - Katherine Krygier) San Francisco, California City Population: 716,133 Chinatown Alleyway Master Plan (1998): The Chinatown Community Development Centre leads this planning initiative to design & renovate 31 alleyways in Chinatown with 5 project plans. Dept. of Public Works Project: A number of streetscape-related projects to be integrated with the Alleyway Plan • As a major "Chinatown model" to New York and Boston, in 1996, Mayor Willie Brown appointed a 21-member task force (Chinatown Economic Group) to implement economic activities in the Chinatown. Revitalization became a focus through working with the Chinatown Community Development Centre, business owners, residents, 138 are underway for the period 1998 - 2008. and the City. • As part of North East quadrant of San Francisco's planning structure, much of Chinatown's funding is through gas tax. Trammel Crow funds - 2.3 mn dollars collected in 1994 as capital improvement monies plus funds from National Endowments for Arts, National Historic District Funds, Community Development Block Grants, Transportation Funds, Private & community donations. • 1 City project staff (Lois Scott) has been assigned to carry out Chinatown projects besides North East Team Leader (Craig Nikitas) Seattle, Washington City Population: 563,374 Chinatown/International District Strategic Plan (June 1998): Provides strategies for 4 areas including 1) cultural & economic vitality; 2) Affordable & diverse housing; 3) Creating safe, dynamic, & ped. Friendly public spaces, & 4) Accessibility to and Within the neighbourhood for al modes Historic Preservation: As International Special Review District, Chinatown/ I-D building changes are reviewed by the board & dept. of neighbourhoods. • In 1973, the City of Seattle made an ordinance to preserve Chinatown as the "International Special Review District (ISRD)". This was to identify Chinatown as being important to the nation's heritage. In the late 80s, the City carried out extensive community outreach to develop Seattle's Chinatown Community Plan in 1992 and to encourage ongoing community participation. • Funding based on various sources such as tax (incentives for new businesses, density bonus programs) & State funding for housing initiatives & historic preservation in that neighbourhood • A few City staff are currently working with the community to implement projects 139 Appendix B Survey of Sample Intergenerational Programs in Nine North American Chinatowns Source: Andrea Tang, 2003. Research on Chinatowns in North America for the Downtown Eastside Program, City of Vancouver City Demographic Aging/ Tension Explicit Youth and/or Intergenerational Programming? (Examples of some key youth/intergenerational programming initiatives available) Vancouver • • Increasingly intergenerational decision-making through Vancouver Chinatown Revitalization Committee (VCRC) • V C R C youth subcommittee (2003-) • Uth Rev, SUCCESS (2000 -) • Growing partnerships with universities Toronto • • Toronto Chinese Business Association Junior Chapter (1992-) • Redesign of recreational activities Victoria • • Outreach from older to middle-age Chinese-Canadians Seattle • • Tension over "pan-Asian paradigm" & name of neighbourhood • Educational partnerships between universities San Francisco • • Adopt-An-Alleyway Youth Project ( A A A ) was adopted after recommendation made by graduate research in Berkeley • Chinese Cultural Centre Roots Program • San Francisco Chinatown Teen Zine: after school program using internet, media, & technology to involve youth with local community • Chinatown Youth Centre: established to help high school students through counseling, cross-cultural resources, bilingual services and activities. Programs are also provided for parents. • Chinatown Community Children's Centre: bilingual-bicultural child care centre Boston • • Project involvement (eg. Central Artery) • Visions & Voices Program is explicitly intergenerational & intercultural in nature • Community Services training/educational program for youth • Chinatown Community involves students & educational institutions • Boston Redevelopment Authority will be involving youth in planning & design • Lively night life that attracts youth Los Angeles • Neighbourhood councils seek to promote youth, intergenerational, and intercultural involvement • Chinatown Service Centre Youth Department provides a number of educational programs, leadership projects, art projects, and opportunities for joint educational partnerships • High youth involvement in East Wind Lion Dance Troupe Marital Arts Association • Gallery Street: has designed to become a highly attractive street and includes venues attractive to the younger and multicultural/pan-asian art community New York • • Asian Americans Federation of New York provides a scholarship funding for 24 students annually (1999-) • M O C A - Museum of Chinese Americas integrates intergenerational programming through story projects, mentorship, and other initiatives Portland • • Initiatives promoting vibrant life has been key approach in attracting youth • Educational partnerships between Chinatown & Universities 140 Bibliography Algazi, G. 2001. "From the Editor: The Past in the Present," History & Memory 13, no.1, 1-2. Alvarez, J. T. 1999. "Reflections on an AgeQuake," Selected quotes from the writings of Ambassador Julia T. Alvarez. Anderson, K. 1987. "The Idea of Chinatown: The Power and Place and Institutional Practice in the making of a Racial Category," Annals, Association of American Geographers, 77 no. 4, 580-598. Anderson, K. 1991. Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875- 1980. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Anderson, K. 1988. "Cultural Hegemony and Race-Definition Process in Chinatown, Vancouver: 1779 - 1980," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 6, 127-149. Andrews, M. 2002. "Generational Consciousness, Dialogue, and Political Engagement," in J. Edmunds and B. Turner (eds.), Generational Consciousness, Narrative, and Politics. Oxford, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 75-88. Ashfield, M. Spring 1994. "Recognizing the sources of intergenerational conflict," Family Connections. BC Council for Families. Baldwin, P. July 1990. "Homesharing in Canada: An Appealing Housing Alternative for the Elderly or a Troublesome Myth?" Plan Canada, 3-10. Ball, J., Pence, A., Pierre, M., and Kuehne, V. 2002. "Intergenerational Teaching and Learning in Canadian First Nations Partnership Programs," in M. Kaplan, N. Henkin, and A. Kusano (eds.), Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 83-100. Bengston, V.L. 1993. Is the "contract across generations" changing? Effects of population aging on obligations and expectations across generations. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 3 - 24. Boal, F. 1999. "From undivided cities to divided cities: assimilation to ethnic cleansing," Housing Studies 14, 585-600. Bonvalet, C , J. Carpenter, and P. White. 1995. "The Residential Mobility of Ethnic Minorities: A Longitudinal Analysis," Urban Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1, 87-103. Borrup, T. 2003. Toward Asset-Based Community Cultural Development: A Journey Though the Disparate Worlds of Community Building. Downloaded from http://www.creativecitv.ca. 141 Bosak, Susan V. 2001. "Grandparents Day: Celebrating Grandparents and Older Adults," Legacy Project website: h t t p : / / w v v w . g r a n d m a c o n n e c t i o n . c o m / q r a n d p a r e n t s d a v k i t 7 p a r t 1 / q p d a y 1 . 6 . h t m l . Bourdieu, P. 1986. The forms of capital, in J.G. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, 241-258. [In French, 1983.] Bourdieu, P. 1993. Sociology in Question. London: Sage, 1993. Brabazon, K. and Disch, R. 1997. Intergenerational Approaches in aging: implications for education, policy, and practice. N.Y.: Haworth Press. Braungart, M. and Braungart, R. "Life-Course and Generational Politics," Annual Review of Sociology 12, 205-231. Burayidi, M. (ed.). 1997. Multiculturalism in a Cross-National Perspective. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. Burayidi, M. (ed.). 2000. Urban Planning in a Multicultural Setting. Westport, CT: Praeger. Chan, Bonnie and Chan, J. November 2003. Youth Ambassador of Chinatown. An unpublished report prepared for the Youth-at-Risk Project and Family andYouth Counselling Service at S.U.C.C.E.S.S. Chang, H. 1997. "Language and Words: Communication and the Analects of Confucius. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16,107-131. Checkoway, B. 1998. "Involving Young People in Neighbourhood Development," Children and Youth Services Review 20, 765-95. Chen-Adams, J. July 9 th, 2002. "Chinatown Revitalization program: Chinatown Vision," Council report for July 23 r d, 2002. CC File No. 9102. City of Vancouver. Chin, D. 2001. Seattle's International District: The Making of a Pan-Asian American Community. Seattle, Washington: International Examiner Press. Chizuko, U. 2001. "The Politics of Memory: Nation, Individual and Self," History & Memory 13, 129-152. Cho, G. 1970. Vancouver and Suburbs. Unpublished master's thesis, University of British Columbia, Department of Geography. Chudacoff, H. 1978. "Newlyweds and Family Extensions: First Stages of the Family Cycle in Providence, R. I., 1864 -1880," in T. K. Hareven and M. Vinovskis (eds.), Family and Population in Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 25-40. 142 City of Vancouver. March 1993. "Ethnic Seniors Access to Services in Vancouver," Workshop Report: October 23, 1992. Prepared by the Social Planning Department. City of Vancouver. May 14 th, 2004. "Campbell, Louie seek advice of Chinese community leaders," City Council/Mayor's Report. Downloaded from: http://www.city. vancouver.be. ca/ctvclerk/councillors/mayor/announcements/2004/051404.htm Coleman, J.S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Comte, A. 1974. The Crisis of Industrial Civilization: The Early Essays ofAuguste Compte. New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc. Cornsten, M. "The Time of Generations," Time & Society 8, no. 2, 249 - 272. Coupland, N., and Nussbaum, J.F. (eds.) 1993. Discourse and lifespan development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Dang, S. Creating Cosmopolis: The end of Mainstream. Unpublished master's thesis, University of British Columbia. School of Community and Regional Planning. Duncan, J. and D. Ley (eds.). Place/Culture/Representation. New York: Routledge, 1993. Duncan, O. and S. Lieberson. 1959. "Ethnic segregation and assimilation," American Journal of Sociology, 64, 364-374. Edmunds, J. & B. Turner (eds). 2002. Generational Consciousness, Narrative, and Politics. Oxford, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Eckstein, B. and J. Throgmorton (eds). 2003. Story and Sustainability: Planning, Practice, and Possibility for American Cities. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Eisenstadt, S. N. 2003. From Generation to Generation. New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction. Eisler, A. 1984- "The Truest Community: Social Generations as Collective Mentalities," Journal of Political and Military Sociology 12,99-112. Erikson, E. 1964. Insight and Responsibility. New York: Norton. Erlich, L.C. 1992. "The undesired ones: Images of the elderly in Japanese Cinema," in S. Formanek & S. Linhart. eds. Japanese Biographies: Life histories, life cycles, life stages. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science. 271-281. Finnegan, R. 1998. Tales of the City. A Study of Narrative and Urban Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fischer, D. H. 1977. Growing Old in America. New York: Oxford University Press. 143 Forester, J. 1989. Planning in the Face of Power. Berkeley: University of Berkeley Press. Forester, J. 1999. The Deliberative Practitioner. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Forester, J. 2000. "Multicultural Planning in Deed: Lessons from the Mediation Practice of Shirley Solomon and Larry Sherman," in M. Burayidi (ed.), Urban Planning in a Multicultural Society. Westport, CT: Praeger. Fried, M. "Continuities and Discontinuities of Place," Journal of Environmental Psychology. 20, 193-205. Friedmann, J. 1986. "The World City Hypothesis" Development and Change, Vol. 17, 69-83. Friedmann, J. 1992. Empowerment. The Politics of Alternative Development. Oxford: Blackwell. Friedmann, J. 2002. The Prospect of Cities. Minneapolis and London: University of Minneapolis Press. Freire, P. 1985. The Politics of Education: Culture, Power, and Liberation. London: Macmillan. Giles, H., McCann, R., Ota, H., and Noels, K. 2002. "Challenging Intergenerational Stereotypes across Eastern and Western Cultures," Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc.: 13-28. Granville, G. and Hatton-Yeo, A. 2002. "Intergenerational Engagement in the United Kingdom: A Framework for Creating Inclusive Communities," Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc.: 193-208. Guest, K. 2000. God in Chinatown. New York: New York University Press. Giuliani, V. & Feldman, R. 1993. "Place attachment in a developmental and cultural context," Journal of Environmental Psychology, 73,267-274. Halbwachs, M. 1967, La memoire collective. Paris : Les Presses universitaires de France. Hareven, T. 1978. "The search for generational memory: Tribal rite sin industrial society," in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 107:137-149. Hareven, T. 1994. "Family Change and Historical Change: an Uneasy Relationship," in M. Riley, R. Kahn, and A. Foner (eds.), Age and Structural Lag: Society's Failure to Provide Meaningful Opportunities in Work, Family, and Leisure. New York: Wiley, 24-38. 144 Hareven, T. 2000. Families, History, and Social Change. Colorado: Westview Press. Hatton-Yeo, A., & Ohsako, T. 2000. Intergenerational Programmes: public policy and research implications: an intentional perspective, UNESCO Institute for Education, Hamburg & Beth Johnson Foundation, Stoke-on-Trent. Hawkins, M.O., Backman, K.F., and McGuire, F.A. 1998. Preparing participants for intergenerational interaction: Training for success. N.Y.: Haworth Press. Hayden, D. 1997. Power of Place. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press. Healey, P. 1992. "A Planner's Day: Knowledge and Action in Communicative Practice," Journal of the American Planning Association 58:1, 9-20. Heidenheimer, A., Heclo, H. and Adams, C. 1990. Comparative Public Po//'cy,3rd Edition. New York: St. Martin Press. Henkin, N. and Kingson, E. (eds.). 1989/1999. "Keeping the promise: Intergenerational strategies for strengthening the social impact," Generations (Journal of the American Society on Aging), 22, 4. Henkin, N., Holmes, A., Water, B., Greenberg, B., and Schwarz, J. November 2003. "Community for all Ages: Youth and Elders as Allies in Neighbourhood Transformation," a paper written for the Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore. Hepworth, M. 2002. "Generational Consciousness and Age Identity: Three Fictional Examples," in M. Kaplan, N. Henkin, and A. Kusano (eds.), Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 131-144. Heumann, L. Winter 2003. "From the Review Editors: Planning for an Aging Society," American Planning Association Journal 69, 1, 86. Hirsch de Haan, E. & Becker & Poliakoff, P.A. 2002. "Aging in Place - Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities and Condominium Living," publication for the law offices of Becker & Poliakoff, P.A. Downloaded from: www.becker-poliakoff.com/publications/article archive/aging in place.htm Holtzman, J.M., & Akiyama, H. 1985. "What children see: The aged on television in Japan and the United States," The Gerontologist, 25(1), 62-68. Hope, A. 1981. "the Chinese Canadian: Peril or Asset?" in V. Ujimoto & G. Hirabayashi (eds.), Asian Canadians Regional Perspectives, Selections from the Proceedings of Asian Canadian Symposium V, 329-334. Howell, M. September 10, 2003. "City Belatedly Recognizes Chinese Veterans, Workers," The Vancouver Courier. Downloaded from http://www.vancourier.com/092203/news/092203nn7.html 145 Isijaw, W. 1999. Understanding Diversity: Ethnicity and Race in the Canadian Context. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. Jacobs, J. 2004. Dark Age Ahead. New York: Random House/Random House Canada. Jim, E. & P. Suen. Chinese Parents & Teenagers in Canada - Transitions and Cultural Conflicts. Canadian Mental Health Association and the Burnaby Multicultural Society with Support of B.C. Council for the Family. Kaplan, M. 2001. "School-based intergenerational programs," UNESCO Institute for Education, Hamburg. Kaplan, M. 2002a. "Employing Proverbs to Explore Intergenerational Relations Cross Cultures," in M. Kaplan, N. Henkin, and A. Kusano (eds.), Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 3 9 - 6 4 . Kaplan, M. 2002b. "Impact of Intergenerational Programmes on community initiatives and settings," presentation paper for the first ICIP International Intergenerational Conference held April 2-4, 2002, at Keele University, England. Kaplan, M., Kusano, A., Tsuji, I. & Hisamichi, S. 1998. Intergenerational programs: Support for children, youth, and elders in Japan, Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Kaplan, M., N. Henkin, and A. Kusano. 2002. "A Conceptual Framework for Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Intergenerational Initiatives," in M. Kaplan, N. Henkin, and A. Kusano (eds.), Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 1-11. Kertzer, D. I. 1983. "Generation a Sociological Problem," Annual Review of Sociology 9: 125-49. Kisubi, Alfred T and Burayidi, Michael A. 1998. Race and Ethnic Relations in the First Person, Westport, CT: Praeger. Klercq, J. "Homeshare, a concept adaptable to many cultures," presentation paper for the first ICIP International Intergenerational Conference held April 2-4, 2002, at Keele University, England. Kotkin, J., and Tseng, T. June 8, 2003. "Happy to mix it all up; for young America, old ethnic labels no longer apply," The Washington Post. B.01. Kretzmann, J. and McKnight, J. 1998. Building Communities from the Inside Out, ACTA Publication. Kuehne, V. 1999. Intergenerational Programs: Understanding what we have created. Binghamton: The Haworth Press. Kuehne, V. 2003. "The State of Our Art: Intergenerational Programme Research and Evaluation: Part One," Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 145-165. 146 Kuhn, M. Winter 1985. Grey Panther Network Newsletter. Kyriakos S. Markides, Charles H. Mindel. 1987. Aging & Ethnicity. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. Laguerre, M. 2000. The global ethnopolis: Chinatown, Japantown, and Manilatown in American society. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan; New York : St. Martin's Press Lankshear, C. 1993. "Functional Literacy from a Freirean Point of View," in P. McLaren and P. Leonard, Paulo Freire: A Critical Encounter. London: Routledge, 94-101. Lai, D. 1973. "Socio-economic Structures and the Viability of Chinatown," in C. Forward (ed.), Residential and Neighbourhood Studies in Victoria, Western Geographical Series, No. 5, Victoria: University of Victoria, 101-129. Lai, D. 1981. "Chinatown as a Retirement Centre," in V. Ujimoto & G. Hirabayashi (eds.), Asian Canadians Regional Perspectives, Selections from the Proceedings of Asian Canadian Symposium V, 70 - 83. Lane, R. 2003. "Intergenerational Relations", article written for the Division for Social Policy and Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Headquarters, New York. Laufer R. S. and V. L. Bengston. 1974. "Generations, Aging, and Social Stratification: On the Development of Generational Units," Journal of Social Issues 30, no. 3, 181-205. Lee, J., Bruce, M., Vancaillie, M., forthcoming. "To 'Build a Better City': Gendered Resistance, Ethnicity and Cultural Hybridity in the Strathcona Story," Paper submitted to Gender, Place and Culture (March 14, 2004). Ley, D. & Murphy, P. 2001. Chapter 6: Governance, multiculturalism and citizenship. In Immigration in gateway cities: Sydney and Vancouver in comparative perspective. Progress In Planning. 55,119-194. Li, Peter S. 1998. The Chinese in Canada. Toronto ; New York : Oxford University Press. Light, I. June 2002. "Immigrant Place Entrepreneurs in Los Angeles, 1970-1999," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Volume 26.2, 215-28. Logan, J. and Molotch, H. 1987. Urban Fortunes. University of California, Los Angeles. Longhurst, B. Karl Mannheim and the Contemporary Sociology of Knowledge. New York: St. Martin's , 1989. Lopez, A. 2002. "Youth in the 1990s and Youth in the 1960s in Spain: Intergenerational Dialogue and Struggle," in J. Edmunds & B. Turner (eds.), Generational Consciousness, Narrative, and Politics. Oxford, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 108-120. 147 Louie, A. 2004. Chineseness across Borders: Renegotiating Chinese Identities in China and the United States. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Malhotra, R. and Kabeer, N, 2002. "Demographic transition, intergenerational contracts and old age security: an emerging challenge for social policy in developing countries," IDS Working Paper No. 157. Brighton, United Kingdom, Institute of Development Studies. Mannheim, K. 1952 (1968). "The Problem of Generations," in P. Kecsckemet (ed.), Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Markides, K. S., & Mindel, C. H. 1987. Aging And Ethnicity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Masi, R. & Disman, M. 1994. "Health care and seniors. Ethnic, racial, and cultural dimensions," Canadian Family Physician, 40, 498-504. Massey, D. 1985. "Ethnic residential segregation: A theoretical synthesis and empirical review," Sociology and Social Research, 69, 315-350. Massey, D. 2001. "Residential segregation and neighbourhood conditions in U.S. Metropolitan area," in N. J. Smelser, W. J. Wilson and F. Mitchell (eds.), America becoming: racial trends and their consequences, Volume 1, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. McGowan, T. 1997. "Cultural foregrounding and the problem of representation: combating ageism through reflexive, intergenerational experience," Journal of Aging and Identity, 2:4, 229-249. Mercken, C. and Penninx, K. 2002. "Intergenerational community building at the neighbourhood level," presentation paper for the first ICIP International Intergenerational Conference held April 2-4, 2002, at Keele University, England. Mclean, S., D. Schultz, and M. Steger (eds.). 2002. Social capital: critical perspectives on community and "Bowling alone". New York : New York University Press. McMullin, J. 1995. "Theorizing Age and Gender Relations," Chapter 3 in Sara Arber and Jay Ginn (eds.), Connecting Gender and Ageing: A Sociological Approach. Buckingham: Open University Press. Winner of the Age Concern Book of the Year Award, 1996. McMullin, J. and J.Cairney. 2004. "Self-esteem and the intersection of age, class, and gender," Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 75-90. Mitchell, K. "Reworking democracy: contemporary immigration and community politics in Vancouver's Chinatown," Political Geography. Vol. 17. No. 6, 729 - 750. 148 Mullahey, R., Susskind, Y., & Checkoway, B. Youth Participation in Community Planning. American Planning Association, Planning Advisory Service Report Number 486. Newman, S. 2002. "Creating an International Consortium for Intergenerational Programs," in M. Kaplan, N. Henkin, and A. Kusano (eds.), Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 263-272. Newman, S., Ward, C, Smith, T., & Wilson, J. 1997. Intergenerational Programs: Past, present, and future. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis. Ng, Wing Chu. 1999. The Chinese in Vancouver, 1945- 1980. Vancouver: UBC Press. Nussbaum, J.F. (ed.) 1989. Life-span communication: Normative processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Noor Al-Deen, H.S. ed. 1997. Cross-cultural communication and aging in the United States. Mahwah, NJ: Erbaum. O'Sullivan, Anne. 2002. "Strengthening Intergenerational Bonds through Volunteerism," in M. Kaplan, N. Henkin, and A. Kusano (eds.), Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 29-38. Ong, P (ed.). 2001. "Transforming Race Relations," a public policy document for LEAP Asian Pacific American Public Policy Institute and UCLA Asian American Studies Centre. Ontario Premier's Council on Health, Well-being and Social Justice. 1993. Nurturing Health: a new understanding of what makes people healthy. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. Pacific, R. 1999. Initiatives in Cultural Democracy: A Report to the Laidlaw Foundation. Downloaded from http://www.creativecity.ca. Palm, R. 1985. "Ethnic segmentation of real estate agent practice in the urban housing market," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75, 58-68. Penninx, K. 2002. "Intergenerational Community Building in the Netherlands," in M. Kaplan, N. Henkin, and A. Kusano (eds.), Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 173-192. Perlstein, S. 1997. "Intergenerational arts: cultural continuity and community cohesion," Journal of Aging and ldentity,2A, 273-284. Pilcher, J. 1994. "Mannheim's sociology of generations: an undervalued legacy," British Journal of Sociology 45, no. 3, 481-95. Pilon, Juliette. Summer 1998. "Reconnecting the Generations," Expression Newsletter of the National Advisory Council on Aging. Vol. 11, No.4. 149 Portes A. & R. L. Bach, 1985. Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the U.S. Berkeley: University of California Press. Poulsen, M. R. Johnston, and J. Forrest. 2002. "Plural Cities and Ethnic Enclaves: Introducing a Measurement Procedure for Comparative Study," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol 26.2, 229-43. Putnam, R. 1995. "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital", The Journal of Democracy, 6:1, 65-78. Putnam, R, 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Raban, J. 1974. Soft city. New York: E. P. Dutton. Raynes, N. & B. Rawlings. 2004. "Recreating Social Capital: Intergenerational Programmes and Bridging Networks: An English Model - Phase 1," Journal of Intergenerational Relations. Vol. 2, No.1, 7-28. Sandercock, L. 1998. Making the Invisible Visible. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Sandercock, L. 1998. Towards Cosmopolis. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Sandercock, L. 2000. When strangers become neighbours: Managing cities of difference. Planning Theory & Practice. 1:1, pp. 13-30. Sandercock, L. 2003a. Rethinking multiculturalism for the 21 s t century. Paper prepared for Vancouver Centre of Excellence: Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis. Downloaded from http://www.riim.metropolis.neWirtual°/o2QLibrary/2003/wp03-14.pdf. Sandercock, L. 2003b. Cosmopolis II: Mongrel Cities in the 21st Century. London & New York: Continuum. Santos, B. 2002. Hum bows, not hot dogs! Memoirs of a Saavy Asian American Activist. Seattle, Washington: International Examiner Press. Sarkissian, W. 1994. The Community participation handbook: resources for public involvement in the planning process, 2nd ed. Murdoch, Western Australia: Institute for Science and Technology Policy. Semotuk, V. 2003. Oral presentation to Planning 588: Social Planning and Policy, November 14, 2003. Skelton, C. 2004. "Beyond Diversity: Why Vancouver is a World Leader," The Vancouver Sun, 22 May, C1, C3. 150 Silverstein, Shel. 1981. A Light in the Attic. Harper Collins Books. Shipman, M. 1997. Intergenerational Programming: From instrumental service to social imperative and a vision of a civic society. Toronto: United Generations Ontario Sklton-Sylvestor, E. & Henkin, N. 1997. "Intergenerational programs for promoting language learning and cultural continuity among elderly immigrants and refugees," Journal of Aging and Identity, 2:4: 251-271. Statistics Canada, 2001. "Canada's ethnocultural portrait: The changing mosaic" Steinig, S. & Peterson, J. 2002. "Intergenerational shared sites and services for children, youth, and families," presentation paper for the first ICIP International Intergenerational Conference held April 2-4, 2002, at Keele University, England. Tench, P. and G. Stanton. 2002. "Using storyline to deliver intergenerational programmes in schools - challenges and successes," presentation paper for the first ICIP International Intergenerational Conference held April 2-4, 2002, at Keele University, England. Thang, Leng Leng. 2002. "Intergenerational initiatives in Singapore: Commitments to Community and Family Building," Linking Lifetimes: A Global View of Intergenerational Exchange. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 119-133. Turner, B. 2002. "Strategic Generations: Historical Changes, Literary Expression, and Generational Politics," in J. Edmunds & B. Turner (eds.), Generational Consciousness, Narrative, and Politics. Oxford, U.K.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 13-30. United Nations. 1999. "Global Life expectancy increases by twenty years," U. N. Document. Wai, H. 1998. "Vancouver Chinatown: 1960-1980, A Community Perspective," New Scholars-New Visions in Canadian Studies, Vol. 3, No.1, Summer, 1-12. Waters, J. January 2001. "The Flexible Family? Recent Immigration and 'Astronaut' Households in Vancouver, British Columbia," A Paper for the Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis (RUM). Williams, A. and Nussbaum, J.F. 2001. Intergenerational Communication across the Lifespan. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Winslade, J. & Monk, G., 2000. Narrative Mediation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Winston, L. with Kaplan, M., Perlstein, S., & Tietze, R. 2001. Grandpartners: Intergenerational learning and civic renewal, K-6. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Wong, L. "Globalization and Transnational Migration," International Sociology. Vol 12. No. 3, 329-351. 151 Wood, M. 1991. "Access to Social and Health Services by Ethnic Seniors in Vancouver," a report prepared for the special council committee on seniors, City of Vancouver. Yan, A. 2002. Rethinking Vancouver's Chinatown: Planning in a Global Neighbourhood. Unpublished master's thesis, University of California, Los Angeles. School of Planning. Yan, A. and M. Nakagawa. 2002. "Saving Chinatown," Bambooda Magazine. Yee, P. 1981. "Where have the young people gone? Vancouver's Chinese Cultural Centre and its Native-born," in V. Ujimoto & G. Hirabayashi (eds.), Asian Canadians Regional Perspectives, Selections from the Proceedings of Asian Canadian Symposium V, 355-368. Yee, P. 1988. Saltwater City: The Chinese in Vancouver. Vancouver: Douglas & Mclntyre. Yu, H. Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America. New York: Oxford University Press. Zeldin, S., Camino, L. & Wheeler, W. (eds.) 2000. "Promoting adolescent development in community context: challenges to scholars, nonprofit managers, and higher education," Applied Developmental Science, 4, special issue. Websites Aberdeen Centre, Richmond, BC, website: h t t p : / / w w w . a b e r d e e n c e n t r e . c o m / e n / h i s t o r y . p h p City o f Richmond website: w w w . c i t y . r i c h m o n d . b c . c a . City of Vancouver website: w w w . c i t y . v a n c o u v e r . b c . c a City o f Vancouver, 2003. "Downtown Eastside": h t t p : / / w w w . c i t y . v a n c o u v e r . b c . c a / c o m m s v c s / p l a n n i n g / d t e s / Collingwood Neighbourhood House website: w w w . c n h . b c . c a Generations United: h t t p : / / w w w . g u . o r g / Storyscapes Project, City of Vancouver website and Council Report: h t t p : / / w w w . c i t y . v a n c o u v e r . b c . c a / c o m m s v c s / s o c i a l p l a n n i n g / i n i t i a t i v e s / a b o r i g i n a l / c u r r e n t . h t m h t t p : / / w w w . c i t y . v a n c o u v e r . b c . c a / c t v c l e r k / c c l e r k / 2 0 0 3 0 7 0 8 / a 3 . h t m 152 Lawrence, A. Intergenerational Resource List:' http://intergenerational.cas.psu.edu/IGResourceList.htm MoCA website: www.moca-nyc.org Nationmaster Encyclopedia: h t t p : / / w w w . n a t i o n m a s t e r . c o m / e n c y c l o p e d i a Stats Canada: w w w . s t a t s c a n . c a Stats Canada Immigration Statistics for Greater Vancouver (2001): ht tp : / /www.qvrd .be .ca /pub l i ca t ions / f i l e .asp? ID=599 A "Chinese Canadian Story: The Yip Sang Family": http://collections.ic.gc.ca/yipsanq/ Interview P a r t i c i p a n t s Anne O'Sullivan Baldwin Wong Carol Matusicky Charlie Cho Dexter Lam Fred Mah Hayne Wai Jason Chan Kathy Gibler Nadim Kara Norma-Jean McLaren Rick Lam Steven Dang Tracy Lam