A SMALL SHIFT MOSSBAUER "SPECTROMETER ' r JOHN LESLIE; BEVERIDGE; / .Sc. (Hons.) University of British Columbia, 1965 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULZEIKE-NT OF : THE REQUIREMENTS SDR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF . PHYSICS We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA -March > 1968 ; In presenting this thesis in partial fu1filment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library: shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his represen-tatives. It is understood that/copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Department of ABSTRACT * In this thesis a small shift Mossbauer spectrometer developed by the author is described. An automatic multiplexing and printout system for eight scalers: is described along with a digital electronic control system for the motor drive. Three-different suspension systems, for the transport portion of the linear drive --(1) An air bearing suspension as developed by Wells (2) An oil supported teflon bearing suspension (3) A leadsbrew suspension 5 7 have been constructed.. Mossbauer spectra for two sources -- Co-in Armco iron and Co-5' in P t W -- against an enriched iron absorber have been taken with the latter two suspensions and have been compared with each other and with spectra taken on a commercial Mossbauer spectrometer. Theoretical calculations of the central Mossbauer line for the Armco iron source and enriched Iron absorber have been made using the computer program written by Woodrow. These calculations are compared with the experimental spectra. ii iii TABLE .OF CONTENTS Chapter I INTRODUCTION ........,.................. • 1 Chapter II GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE SMALL SHIFT ; SPECTROMETER ................*...... • 6 2:1 ..Requirements and Methods 6 2:2 Electronics and Control System ... 7 Chapter III ELECTRONICS 9 3:1 Scalers and Printout System ...... . 9 3:2 Gamma Ray Detection System ....... 13 3:3 Setup of Single Channel Analysers 14 3:4 Elapsed Time Measurement ......... 15 3:5 Co:ntro.l Syst em ................... 15 3:6 Scaler Clearing .................. 17 Chapter IV VELOCITY MONITORING SYSTEM .-1$ Chapter V TRANSPORT- SYST M S ...'.. .> ..... ' 21 5:1 Air Track Suspension 21 5:2 Mechanical Drive System I ........ 26 5:3 Leadsarew Suspension ....... ^jr..... 29 5:4 Mechanical Drive System II 29 Chapter VI EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS .............. ... .. 33 6:1 Oil Supported Teflon Bearing Suspension , 33 6:2 Leadscrevr Suspension 39 •6:3 Comparison 40 Chapter VII -CONCLUSIONS ........., ............'.. 44 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) ' Appendix A D. E.C. SIK30LI3M .............. Appendix 3 COMPUTER PROGRAMS ...... ..... . Appendix C BIBLIOGRAPHY ......... .........................,,.. V . LIST OF FIGURES „ Figure 1. Electronics and Control System Figure 2. Printed Circuit Board for C//L , Scalers Figure 3- Block Diagram of Printout and Multiplexing System Figure L. Decade Multiplexing Gates Figure 5. Main Shift Register Figure 6. Decade Strobe Register and Scale of Eight Counter Figure ?• Ring Counter ; * Figure £L Main Pulse Chain Figure 9- C>L. 95^ — D.E.C. Buffer Figure 10. Detection Electronics Figure 11. Co57 Pulse Height Spectrum : Figure 12. Cosmic-C/tL Gated Converter Figure 13. Gated Clock Converter Figure 14. Control System Electronics .. Figure 15. Control Relay Wiring Figure 16. Scaler Clearing Circuit . Figure 17. Gated Fringe Detector , ' Figure 18. Velocity Output for Oil Supported Suspension Figure 19. Mechanical Drive System I Figure 20. Mechanical Drive System II , Figure 21. Leadscrew Suspension Figure 22. Velocity Output for Leadsorew Suspension Figure 23. Mossbauer Spectrum for Armco Iron Source "Eyeball Fit" Curve Oil Supported Suspension . V.1 Figure 24. Mossbauer Spectrum for Armco Iron Source Single Lorentzian Fit Curve, Oil Supported Suspension " Figure 25. Mossbauer Spectrum for Anr.co Iron Source Taken on Commercial Constant Acceleration Spectrometer Figure 26. Mossbauer Spectrum for P t 1 ^ Source Oil Supported Suspension . Figure 27. Mossbauer Spectrum for Armco Iron Source "Eyeball Fit" Curve Lead screw Suspension Figure 28.. Mossbauer Spectrum for Armco Iron Source Single Lorentzian Fit Curve Leadscrew .Suspension Figure 29. Mossbauer Spectrum for Pt195 source Leadscrew Suspension Figure 30. Mossbauer Spectra for Anr.co Iron Source Oil Supported Suspension and Leads brew Suspension Superimposed Figure 31. Theoretical Curves Figure 32. Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Curves .ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. 3. L. White for his supervision through the course of this work and to Dr. J. B. Warren for his supervision in Dr. White's absence. I am also grateful for the help of the students and technical staff of the Positron and Van de Graaff groups. Special thanks is due to Mr,. R. P. Haines for. his patience in the construction of numerous mechanical parts required. I am indebted to the National Research Council f02 the two scholarships held during the course of this work and for their continued financial support. vii CHAPTER III • INTRODUCTION There are many mechanisms which may cause the posi-tion of the Kossbauer resonance peak to shift from its expected position. These include: ' : (1) Internal and external magnetic .fields at the site of the absorbing or emitting nucleous,. (2) A temperature difference between the source and absorber. (3) A. difference in,Debye temperature, in the source and absorber. . (4) A difference in average mass in the source and absorber. .' ^ ;" (5) A difference in chemical environment at the site of the radiating and absorbing nucleous. This is called the "chemical" or "Isomer" shift. (6) Localized modes of vibration in the crystal lattice of the source or absorber. The above effects have been reviewed theoretically by Wood-(2) r o w 7 and seme are contained in the references 16, 24, 25'. 2 This list is of course not complete but is representative of the many effects observable by the measurement of shift of the Mossbauer line. Such measurements are usually aimed at the determination of some properties of the host material at the site of Ghe Mossbauer nucleous. In his thesis of November 1965 W e l l s p r o p o s e s a zero phonon Mossbauer experiment to measure the lifetime of localized vibrational modes in a crystal lattice which required the -measurement of the shift of the Mossbauer peak. In this • thesis Wells-reviews some calculations of the ratio' of the local-ized mode frequency to the Deb ye frequency u>0) and the lifetime of localized modes ( VLM) for four frequency distribu-tions as a function of the mass defect £ where S ~ Wneir Mx* puk try S^uosr The four models used to obtain the frequency distribution were: (1) Linear Chain: Montroll & Potts, 1955 (2) Debye: Dauber & Elliot, I963 Maradudin, 1963 -• (3) Nearest Neighbour simple cubic lattice in which -the central and noncentral force constants are equal: Montroll ' ' & Potts, 1955 (4) Nearest Neighbour central force face centred cubic: Overton & Dent., i960 ;. ..3 • The source and absorber used in such an experiment must be chosen very carefully as shifts due to other effects ; such as those listed above must be avoided. The source and absorber chosen by Wells were: Source: 0.0C05 inch Pt 1^ 5 m G < Co57 as a dilute impurity i.e. 1 part . C o t o 1000 parts Ft195 Absorber: 0.0005 inch Pt 1^ Vn.th 0.01 mg/cm2 Fe57 With this source and absorber combination Wells calculates, using the fourth model above, that 3.0 x 1C~5(1 0-.00964T). and wLN/ ujo - I.3S. With these numbers the expected shift of the Mossbauer line due to the localized modes, using an Einstien oscillator approximation, at T = 300°K is calculated to be P0 /300 where P9 is the natural linewidth of the Go57 transition' i.e. P0 n 4 .5 x 10" 9 ev Wells calculated that for this source and absorber the count rate for a detector subtending a solid angle of 0.1 stera-dians would be 35 counts/sec. and that the time required to de-termine the -.line-shift' to within 10% was 16 weeks. This calcula-tion was made with the assumption that the velocities were ex-actly constant. i.e. the velocity distribution used was a delta function. This of course is never the case so the above sets only a minimum time limit.-4 To- perform the proposed experiment it was obvious that a very smooth vibration free linear drive system was re-quired. Wells tried to. construct such a drive using an air bearing track and rider transport suspension system with a ' synchronous motor driven tape and pulley drive. It was found however that vibrations in,the: system/; either mechanically 'or , areodynamxcally induced made the drive constructed completely useless for the above application. The. construction of a drive system which produces sufficiently stable Velocities to do the proposed experiment is . extremely difficult. There, have been many means tried for .pro- • ducing the velocities necessary for observing the Mossbauer Effect. A. few of these can be seen in references 3, 4, 5, 6, .• , 7, 18. For the measurement of small shifts of thecentral line position the most convenient, type is thao which produces a con-stant velocity. The most successful scheme for doing this con-veniently seems to be the'use of a leadscrew and carriage, ' provided that no large weights are to be transported. Such transports - have q u i t e a l a r g e amount of f r i c t i o n i n h e r e n t i n them, even when well machined and aligned, and therefore have some v i b r a t i o n a l n o i s e a s s o c i a t e d with them. The a i r bear ing descr ibed b y Wells should , at l e a s t i n p r i n c i p l e , greatly decrease the f r i c t i o n , i n t h e transport , system and thus decrease the v i b r a -t i o n a l n o i s e p r e s e n t i n the system.' There, are however p r a c t i c a l problems i n the s t a b i l i t y o f such a suspension. This thesis presents the development of a small shift Mossbauer spectrometer which it is hoped will be sufficiently precise to perform the proposed/experiment. The counting, and control electronics developed are described. The laser inter-ferometer and fringe detection system used as a velocity meas-urement system, are described. A comparison has been made of three suspension systems, the air bearing suspension developed by Wells, an oil suspension with teflon guides and a leadscrew system constructed by the author. CHAPTER III ., GENERAL OUTLINE 05 THE SMALL SHIFT -; MOSSBAUER SPECTROMETER 2:1, Requirements and Methods To determine the position of-the Mossbauer peak it is' sufficient to measure the count rate at four discrete velocities. If we are concerned with a resonance approximately centered at zero velocity we may choose these velocities to be tV^ and ± .The shift of the line position can then be given by the follow-ing .formula AV - (&)[ • (Nv> -(^--Mr.) 1 \ 2 JL (N.K + NU>) -(NK+NVk) J where: r number of counts at the velocity V± AV - shift of the line position from V=0 . This formula -assumes that ? Y± and t V2 are contained in a linear range of the resonant spectrum and that the shift AV is small. There are basically two.methods of measuring shifts of the above form/ The first and experimentally the least complex is to store the counts for each velocity in separate scalers and from the total collected over the entire experiment calculate the 7 count rate at each velocity and.hence the position of the peak. This method is not applicable to the present experiment as 16 weeks of counting time are expected to be required and elec-tronics which are stable over this period of time would be difficult If not impossible to obtain. . The alternative method, and the:one used here, is to printout or store in some manner the number of counts after a single traversal and to run the four velocities In successive traversals. This enables the calculation of the line position after four traversals which will involve times of the order of hours. Electronics which are stable for this amount of time are readily available. Statistics can then be taken on a num-ber of calculated line positions instead of on the number of • counts at one particular velocity. £'•?-• • Electronics and Control System The general outline of the electronics and control system for the small shift Mossbauer spectrometer used in this work is shown in Fig. (I). The eight scalers record the fol-lowing : (1) number of counts In the resonance channel . (2) number of counts in the background channel (3) elapsed time :(4) distance travelled The program generator controls the printout of the Figure 1. .Block Diagram of Electronics and Control System 8 scalers, and the direction and velocity of the.linear drive system. In the present application the program generator pro-duces the following sequence of events at the end of each: traversal of the transport system: (1) The scalers are gated off. (2) The motor is shut off after a 3 second delay. (3) The motor is reversed. (4) The scalers are printed out and cleared. (5) .Power is restored to the motor. (6) -The velocity is changed between two discrete values. This happens only on every second traversal. (7) The scaler gates are opened. The printout of the scalers is done on an A.S.R.-33 teletype which is equipped with a paper tape punch. This greatly simplifies the analysis of the data obtained as the tape is readily processed by the P.D.P.-S computer available in the lab, however it requires the construction of a formating and code conversion unit. This unit converts the binary coded decimal (B.C.D.) output code of the scalers to the serial tele-type c.ode and determines the format in which the scalers are printed out. CHAPTER III ELECTRONICS 3:1 Scaling and Printout Systems Since scalers were not, at the time, commercially available with automatic printout systems, eight 10 7 scalers were constructed from Fairchild micrologic integrated circuit, decade counters.: Two of these scalers were mounted on a single .printed circuit board (Fig.: 2) with 36 connector pins which fit In two; Digital Equipment Corporation (D.E.C.) connector blocks. These scalers were multiplexed together by means of four 1:8 pole single throw Goto Coil reed relays placed between the counter output leads and the common output pins. The binary coded decimal (B.C.D.) to teletype converter and multiplexing system is. shown in Figures 3-8. This system was constructed from D.E.C. modules and the symbolism is that used by D.E.C. (App. A). The levels from the decade counters are converted to D.E.C. levels by the buffers (Fig. 9) and put onto the inputs of the R141 multiplexing gates (Fig. 4) which form data bits 5, 6, 7 and 8. These gates perform the function • of multiplexing the outputs of the seven decade counters of each scaler. Each R141 module is a seven input AND gate and each section may be examined individually by a -3 volt signal on one input. The output of the gate is then the Inverse of the level 10 on the other input. of that; section provided that at least one input of each of the other six sections is at ground. Thus by applying -3 volt levels in sequence to the gate sections i.e. Load A, Load B etc. the outputs of the decade counters can .be scanned individually. The other Inputs on these data bits-are fixed and are used to produce carriage return (C.R.) line feed (L.F.) and space (S.P.) codes. Data bits 3 and 4 are re-quired only for G.R .. L.F. and 'S.P. codes and are fixed for ' scaler inputs. Data bits 3 to S are used for the level Inputs for the "diode capacitor diode (D.C.D.) gates of the R205 flip flops in the main shift -register ;(Fig;. $.). The other level inputs of the eleven, bit register are fixed to produce the teletype code for numbers C.R. L.F. and S.P. Upon the pulse signal, Load TTO, the information on these level Inputs is loaded into the shift register. The TTO,/^ flip flop will always produce a ground out-put on its "0" terminal which will cause the TTO^O level to go to -3 volts and allow the."Out Active" flip flop to change state when the next clock"pulse comes. The change of state of the "Out Active" flip flop enables the pulse amplifier (P.A.) gate and loads a -3 volt level into the "1" output of the "Line" flip flop which is the starting bit of the teletype code. Suc-ceeding clock pulses shift the register at a rate chosen to give the .correct timing for the teletype, until the -3 volt level on the "0" output of the "TT0Q" flip flop i s loaded into the "count 11" flip flop. At this point all the inputs to the Rill gates are at -3 volts and the level TT0=0 is ground. The next clock' pulse then shifts the register once more to give the second teletype stop bit and changes the state of the "Out Active" flip flop to terminate the printout procedure until another Load TTO signal is received. The above action enables the printout of one of the B.C.I), decade counters and is the main part of the code con-version unit. The rest of the electronics is for formating and multiplexing the decade counters and scalers. The shift register (Fig. 6) is used to strobe the decade counters via the R141 multiplexing gates (Fig. £.)• and the ring counter (Fig. 7) is used to strobe the eight scalers. Pulses :which control these units come from the main pulse chain (Fig. '8). When the power is turned on the system is set up to print by the switches indicated. The ring counter must be cleared and a "1" loaded into the "Stop" flip flop. The scale of eight counter (Fig. &) is set up to give a ground output from the Rill gate when it is advanced one unit and a "1" is loaded into the "Space" flip flop. This insures that C.R. and L.F. are the first characters to be printed. . ' When a -3 volt level is applied to the Print input-the Schmitt Trigger gives out a pulse which will pass through 12 the 8104 gates, advance the scale of eight counter, clear the decade strobe register .and advance the ring counter to pull in the reed relays on the first scaler. One microsecond later the same pulse loads a "1" into the "C.R." flip flop ;of the decade, strobe register which strobes the C.R. section of the R141 mul-tiplexing gates and puts the appropriate levels on the data bits. Two milliseconds after the initial pulse — this time was chosen to insure that the Goto Goil switches were closed --the "Load TTO" pulse loads these levels into the main shift register and the character is printed out on the teletype as described above. If the print level is at -3 volts when the "Out Active" flip flop changes state at the end of a printout this change of state gives another pulse from.the Schmltt Trigger output. This second pulse will pass through the 3104 gates, shift the decade' strobe register to put the L.F. code on the data bits and 2 msec, later this character Is printed out as above. The "Load Shift Register", "Shift Ring Counter" and "Print Counter" lines are now disabled as there is a "0" in the "Space" flip.flop and thus none of these actions is carried out by the second pulse. The above action proceeds until the first scaler has been printed out and the "Space" flip flop has been loaded with a "1". After the space has been printed the next pulse from the' Schmitt Trigger advances the scale of eight counter and advances Figure 3. Block Diagram of Printout and Multiplexing System Load L.F. Load C.R. Load S'.R. Load A Load B Load C Load D Figure. 4. Decade Multiplexing Gat Lo ad Load Load Load Load .Load Load Load Load Load / Clear \ Ring' Counter £ ,47/1 K^ lJL 40 \ 2 0 D 9 Q k47Jl mosunB/t <> <> 0 N R WO 51 E SA 1 H S.C. 2 ft'o $» /<» (ciO) tale) R202 P. A. R603 K S.C. 3 M B.C. 4 t T " scjv) cti(c) scsa> $ei&> R202 SC. 5 R 'T S.C. 6 T T t Si which was mounted on a blank D.E.C. circuit board. The 68 pf capacitor on the emit-ter of the input transistor provides sufficient pulse stretch-ing to give an output pulse of 600 nanosecond duration. 3:4 Elapsed Time Measurement. The 7.04 kilocycle R405' clock used in the code con-version unit was used to measure elapsed time during the; course .of this experiment. The stability of the clock frequency is quoted to be 0.01 per cent of the quoted value between 0°C and 55°C. This then when gated at the beginning and end of each traversal of the transport system provides an accurate stable determination of the time taken for the traversal. The clock pulses; are of 100 nanosecond duration and: rise from -3 volt to ground. These pulses were gated and con-verted to the 1.5 volt 200 nanosecond positive pulses required by the scalers by the circuit in Fig. 1'3. This circuit was also, mounted on a blank D.E.C. circuit board. 3:5 Control System The electronics of the control system is shown In Fig. 14-. This system, like the code conversion system, was built from D.E.C. modules and the symbolism Is that of D.E.C. The L3 2 30 photo cells are mounted beside the transport 5 Pf r O n w 10V 2N706-A 2N2925 Is* oGate 10 V 1.5 K V W — r 5. 6K"' 6.8 K 68 pf -3V 5 pf H h .5.6 K 2N706-A v V \ A 5.6 K •2N706-A ¥990 Pto- Configuration' Inputs Outputs Gates M J L V T. U Input: 0- 6V, 150 nsec. pulses Output: 0- 1.5V 600 nsec. pulses Gate:' enable grounddisable -3V -15V • "' • . •..•"''..•''."" Figure 12. Cosmic - C/«L Gated Converter 240, pf H h 10v. "1.5 K W \ A -IN100 • s f - w - w A 56K •*18K 5pf h Out v \ A A 10K : E 2N706.A 2N3390 II O Gate Input: Output: Gate: -3V - OV 100 nsec pulses OV - 1.5V. 200 nsec pulses Ground enable, -3V disable Figure 13. Gated Clock Converter Control 2 To Frequency Control Refa ,av To Motor —p , Separate Relays To Motor "Reverse Relay R202 Control 2 D. Control 1 Gate Control m m Figure 14. Control System Electronics 16 system oyer small light bulbs. The position of these photocells is adjusted so that if either cell is cut off from its light source the level at the collector of the transistor•drops far 'enough to trigger the Schmitt. Trigger and supply a pulse for the electronic controls. These photocells are used to indicate the. endpoint of the rider traversal simply by mounting small metal strips on the transport which, will slide between the photo-cell and its light source. The endpoint position can-then be adjusted by adjusting, the position of these strips. This method of endpoint indication is far superior.to the usual microswitch arrangement as no physical contact is required. The inverter on the output of the Schmitt Trigger provides a D.E.C. pulse (-3 . volts to ground) when the photocell is opened to the light. This provides a starting point indication. The "gate control" flip flop closes all the gates to the scalers when one of the photocells is cut off and opens them again only when the transport has moved far enough to open the photocell to its light source again. This automatically allows time for.the transport to accelerate to constant velocity before any counting is done as the .motor is allowed to overdrive the cutoff point for 3 seconds by the R.302 delay before the "motor separate" relays are opened. The state of the "motor reverse" relay is changed simultaneously with opening of the "separate" relays thereby causing the motor to drive in the reverse direc-tion when power is restored. When the scaler printout has been .17 \ completed as indicated by the;"Stop (0)» output returning to ground the motor separate relays are closed and the transport is driven in the opposite direction. : The control relay wiring which is shown in Fig. is much: the same as that used by Wells. The oscillator which is to change the driving frequency of the motor and thus its velocit is a Hewlett Packard 421 A pushbutton model. The change in fre-quency is effected by pushing two preselected buttons with small solenoids activated through the "frequency control"' relay (Fig. 3-5b) • The : state of this-relay is changed at every second , end-point indication via the R202 flip flops. This provides the required velocity pattern of V1 V2 -V2 etc. This particular part of the control electronics was not used in the present work' as no shift measurements were actually made, however the system was sef up and made operational. 3:6 Scaler Clearing At the end of each printout all the scalers were cleared by the circuit in Fig, 1$. This circuit is activated by the "0" output of the motor separate flip flop which gives a -3 volt to ground pulse, when "the Stop (0) signal comes indicating the end • of the printout. The four diodes on the base of the output trans-istor are used to clamp the clearing pin at 1.5 volts to prevent any overvoltage at this point. The circuit as shown was mounted physically near the scalers so that the scaler power supply could be used. aiim Bin p : . | Black Yellow i -] Relay ! Black iOrRRn > Blue t Red Separate Relay Blue Yellow-Q-tpptt. Red Hammond Box Figure 15 (a). Motor Control Relay Wiring 300V 22 K \ < 1— 1 J W j . 5 Figure 15 (b). Frequency Control Relay Wiring Figure 16. Scaler Clearing Circuit CHAPTER IV VELOCITY MONITORING SYSTEM The • laser.interferometer used by Wells'was felt to be an excellent method of monitoring the velocity of the source/ absorber transport system and was used throughout this experi-ment. Some refinements were found to be necessary to obtain realistic velocity measurements and will be summarized in this section. The Spectra Physics model 130 gas laser used for the interferometer was found to have beam intensity fluctuations of 60 and 120 c.p.s. These fluctuations were less than 5$ of the velocity signal when the interferometer was well adjusted (i.e. the mirrors were perfectly parallel and the central- fringe . covered the whole bf the laser beam) and the laser intensity was set in the medium range. At higher and lower intensities the 120 c.p.s., noise became quite;large. This noise problem made it necessary to adjust the interferometer very well and to operate the transport system only in regions where the interfero-meter remained in adjustment. When the interferometer came:out of adjustment so that several lines were visible over the laser beam the signal decreased to the noise level and made meaningful velocity measurement Impossible. It was found that vibrations of the laser relative to the mirrors would produce a signal on the photocell due to a'shift ' ' " " . " 18 "'.' .. 19 in the position of the interference pattern. This problem was . eliminated by mounting the laser close to the mirrors on the same piece of steel as the transport system which effectively tied the two structures together. ; The photo resistor used'by Wells was found to be wholly inadequate for our purposes as it had an extremely poor .frequency response which limited the range of velocities which could be measured. This problem was further enhanced by the laser noise which soon became comparable to the signal as the velocity was increased. Three other photo cells were tried to overcome this problem (1) LS 230 photo voltaic (2) H 3$ photo diode' (3) LS 400 photo diode All the above photocells had excellent frequency responses but ,.varied greatly in sensitivity. The LS 230, was found to be sensi-tive in the infrared region but insensitive to the 6300 A° radia-tion of the laser. The H-38 and LS 400 photo diode were found to be much more sensitive to the laser light and both were found satisfactory for our application. The LS 400 was the more sensi-tive of the two and was used for most of the measurements in this experiment. The.sensitivity of the LS 400 diode made it possible to collimate the laser beam by an eight'thou hole placed directly 20 in front of the diode. This made the signal to noise ratio much less sensitive to the adjustment of the interferometer as only a small portion of the interference pattern was being observed by the photocell. This feature greatly'increased the length of movement allowed by the transport system especially for the air bearing.where the interferometer adjustment was found to change with position. The circuit diagram for the velocity monitoring system is shown.in Fig. 17. In this circuit the 3.9 K resistor in the Darlington amplifier was chosen such that the gain of the ampli-fier was high enough that the full swing of the photo diode with the 8 thou collimator would trigger the tunnel diode but low enough that the laser noise would not exceed.the hysteresis of the tunnel: diode thus causing many.spurious pulses when the- -switching point was preached. The output of this circuit is a '. positive 1.5 volt pulse with a very fast rising leading edge re-quired to trigger the micrologic scalers. The circuit as shown works very well and gives an almost unambiguous correspondence between th.e behavior of the interference pattern and the signal output. The only ambiguity is in the pulse width which will depend on the laser noise and on the d.c. conditions at the input of the Darlington amplifier .which are not stabilized in any sophisticated manner. Typical pictures of the output are shown in Fig. 18 and Fig. 22. 3. * ' 1 80 3 . 9 K 6 . 8 K LS40.0 3 . 8 V t >3.9K > 2 N 2 9 2 5 N , 2 N 3 3 9 0 12K ° Gate :n ioo i n l 2 N 3 7 0 4 Ip 10 560 W \ A -7 . 5 K I £>H>H>f IN100 Out 2 N 3 3 9 0 - 1 5 V Figure 17. Gated Fringe Detector CHAPTER VII TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 5:1 Air Track Suspension It was decided to continue with the basic air track suspension developed by Wells as it had not been proven con-vincingly that it was unfeasible to remove the troubles en-countered with this system.. The only major change made was to invert the- track and rider , W that ''the center, of mass of the ; rider was below its centre of buoyancy. This made the rider at least statically stable, which was not the case in the orig-inal configuration/ and;allowed the rider to be driven through its centre .of mass. This modification did nob produce any * marked improvement over the previous performance of the system. ;Vibrations transmitted to the suspension system from the floor through the supporting structure were studied using an uncalibrated gecphonc and a high gain type 551 scope. It ' was found that flooir vibrations were especially large at 60 and 120 c.p.s. and that the isolating structure used by Wells ampli-fied vibration at these frequencies and gave effective isolation only for shock inputs. Vibration measurements were made with the same geophone and scope at various points in the building. It was found that floor vibrations were down by a factor of 10 from the original-position in the basement optics laboratory and the equipment was moved to this position. 21 22 A vibration isolating table was constructed for the suspension by glueing together with contact cement five layers of 5/16" Isomode rubber tor-form four rubber mounts each of 3.0 square inch area. These were used to support a wooden platform which was loaded with concrete blocks and a 54"xl8"x|" sheet.of • steel such that each mount was supporting approximately fifty pounds per square inch. According: to the curves supplied by the isomode manufacturers five layers of 5/16" rubber with the above loading should provide isolation to frequencies above 8.2 c.p.s. and have a natural frequency of 5.8 c.p.s. It was found that for the above structure the natural frequency was approxi-mately 16 c.p.s. 'and isolation was provided above 20 c.p.s. -This support was considered to be adequate as vibration levels were small in comparison to those In the previous support and a more elaborate system would be expected to give only small Improvements and could become very costly. The air track suspension was mounted on the steel sheet of the above table and except for the case in which the air was off the velocity instabilities wore found to be the same as en-countered previously. In the air off case there were only small variations in the fringe pattern, less than fringe when ob-served visually, which indicated that the vibration level had been substantially reduced and that these vibrations were not directly the cause.of the velocity fluctuations. The fact that the velocit}>- instabilities remained essentially the same even 23 though floor vibrations were greatly reduced Indicates that the instabilities are not induced by these external vibrations. It was felt therefore that the velocity instabilities were -due to either the drive mechanism or the fractional properties of the 'track and rider. The frictional properties of steel on steel were found in references 13,14,15,16,17. The thesis by Roderick Cameron was particularly interesting as his results were substantially like the velocity oscillations we were observing -over the same velocity range. This suggested that we had steel on steel con-tact, which was verified by measuring the resistance between the track and rider with the air on, and that we were observing the slip stick process associated with steel over steel motion. This slip stick process occurs for velocities below some critical velocity where the coefficient of friction increases with de-creasing velocity, i.e. M A . • 2k . Above this critical velocity the motion becomes much more smooth and oscillations as observed for lower velocities are not in evidence. This :effect' was observed with our system, by driving the rider at a much higher velocity and observing the decrease in the amplitude of the velocity fluctuations. There are three things that can be done to decrease the amplitude of cscina-tions due to the slip stick process ' (1) Increase the velocity-above the critical velocity (2) Decrease:the ratio K/w where K Is the stiffness of the driving suspension and w is the normal weight between the' track and rider (3) Introduce damping into the system. The first of these -could not be done in the present application as velocities of interest were well below the critical velocity. The stiffness of the driving pulleys -and drive attachment struc-ture was increased'as much as possible without a complete .re-design of the drive mechanism. This had no observable effect on the velocity fluctuations. The value of w. was set by the hydro-dynamic stability of the; rider, as at airflow rates which would float the rider clear of the track, thus reducing w to zero, the rider became unstable and oscillated badly. The minimum value of w is thus obtained, when the maximum flow rate which does not cause these hydrodynamic instabilities is used. The remaining solutions are then to eliminate the metal to. metal contact or to introduce sufficient damping. It was felt that a more viscous fluid would provide some damping to the system so a constant head recirculating oil system was constructed to replace the air supply.' This oil floatation gave very little improvement over the air system. The frequency of the oscillations with the rider floating but at.rest was substantially reduced but they were of equally large amplitude. The velocity fluctuations with the rider in motion were found to be essentially the same as with the air . floatation. It was found to be necessary to reduce the oil flow until the track and rider were in contact to eliminate the high amplitude oscillations present' when the rider was floating. We were then again observing the slip stick process of steel on steel and "any damping caused by the oil was not sufficient to affect the oscil-lations. To eliminate the steel on steel contact small teflon tabs of approximately 1/64" thickness were attached to the .eight corners of the rider. This completely eliminated the metal to metal contact when the rider was placed in 'the track. The oil floatation system was maintained to support the bulk of the weight Of the rider and to lubricate the teflon on steel contact points. This modification produced a marked improvement in the performance of the suspension system. Fig. -IB shows typical pictures of the velocity measurement system output for various velocities. The top two pictures were taken at 1/50 and l/?5 sec. time settings on the camera and represent 10 and 4 traces of the scope A B V 0.13 mm/sec V .045 mm/sec Sweep 10 msec/cm Sweep 20 ms/cm Figure 16 26 respectively. The bottom two pictures were taken manually and represent a single sweep of the scope. The large frequency ' . fluctuations observed by Wells are not present in these pictures however there are definitely some fluctuations which indicate the presence of velocity instabilities. The magnitude of these frequency or velocity fluctuations depends upon the position of the rider which would indicate irregularities in the track sur-face or in the steel tape which drives the rider. Other irregu-larities in the velocity could be due either to variations in the friction coefficient between the track and rider or to the • • / actual driving system. 5:2 Mechanical. Drive System I The first mechanical.drive system, Fig. 19, used in this experiment was very similar to that used by Wells. The motor,, ball disk integrator, friction drive wheel and flywheel form one. unit of the drive and are mounted on an angle iron framework supported by cement blocks. This unit gives a contin-uously variable rotational Velocity of the flywheel between 0 and 10 r.p.m. The flywheel is the ,same as that used by Wells and is used to damp out any velocity fluctuations introduced by the motor and ball disk integrator. The performance of this unit:was roughly checked by mounting an aluminum wheel with 360. equally spaced slots around its circumference on the flywheel axis and monitoring the rate at which the slots passed a fixed point with a photo cell. The motor speed was also checked by Mechanical Drive System I Motor: Sodine Electric Co. Cat. 2270 4 Lead Synchronous Capacitor A.C. Motor T . 1 1 5 V \ .P c p s' 1/75 H.P. 1800 R.P.M., Output Dia. 0.5" Integrator: LIbrascope Inc. Part No. 87925§ - 1 u ° Ball Disk' Integrator/Output 0-2x Input m u r D Input Diameter 0.378" Output Diameter 0.25" Flywheel: Rek-O-Kut Model G.l Broadcast Turntable » . t Input Diameter 15.5" Output Diameter 1.994" Friction Wheel.: Rubber turntable Drive Wheel P u l W A . R K ^.InPut Piafneter 1.445" Output Diameter 0.609" Pulley A: Roberts Capstan Pulley . u'n • n Input Diameter 2.105" Output'"Diameter 0.479" Pulley B: Roberts Capstan Pulley Input Diameter 3.335" Output Diameter 0.478" Tape A: , Fabric 17"x J" x 12 M.l. ' Tapes 3, C: Xinelogic, Corp. Seamless Mylar Belts . Length 4.3.0?5" Width . 3125"- Thickness 0 00*" Tape D: Steel 54"-x\50M.l x 3 M. 1 i n i C K ness u.uu. Figure' 19 27 illuminating the moving shaft with a stroboscope. Neither of the above checks showed any indication of velocity fluctuations. The rider was driven by an endless steel.tape which was driven by the second capstan pulley, pulley 3, .mounted at one end of the track. The tape was attached, to the centre of the rider and tensioned by an adjustable tail pulley at the op-posite end of the track. The position of attachment of the tape to the rider was made adjustable in the plane perpendicular to the steel tape so that the optimum driving point could be 'found. The alignment of the capstan pulley, the drive.point and the tail pulley was found to.be very critical, therefore the track and rider assembly was mounted on a platform which was adjustable in height and position, relative to the two pulleys, by means of screws•at the.four corners. The height of the plat-formwas chosen first and the platform levelled. The laser was then levelled and- adjusted so that the beam was bisected by both the. head and tail pulleys of the drive. The track was then aligned by placing a lucite block with a central scribed line at each end of the track and adjusting the platform position until the laser beam was bisected by both these lines. One centering block was then removed-and the other used at each end alternative ly for the final adjustment. The rider was then placed in posi-tion and the attachment point adjusted so that it was central in the laser beam. This procedure was repeated several times to 28 ensure that the alignment was as precise as possible. The vertical alignment of the head and tail pulleys so that the tape would not "walk" up and down the pulleys was found to be very difficult and was overcome by putting a small groove in the tailpulley and .replacing the steel tape with the minimum length of copper wire at this position. The copper wire was attached to the tape with solder.: The only problem encountered with this procedure was that the copper tended to stretch when under tension and the tailpulley had to be adjusted periodically to correct for this. The first capstan pulley, pulley A, was mounted on cement blocks separate from both the motor drive unit and the suspension table. This pulley served the function of reducing the: velocity of the drive and isolating the vibrations in the drive unit, caused'by the motor, from the suspension system. This isolation worked very well as the supporting structure of the drive unit could be disturbed quite drastically before any effect was observed in the output of the velocity monitoring '. system. The drive system as shown gives a velocity of the rider which is continuously adjustable between 0 and 1.0 mm/sec. The maximum range over which the rider could be driven was 25 mm, however only 5 to 10 mm of this was used as the adjustment of the velocity measurement system was much easier for a small range 29 and the position of best velocity stability could be chosen, 5:3 Leadscrew Suspension The second suspension system used in this work was a precision leads crew and carriage which was purchased from .Gaertner Scientific Corporation in the form of a M301 micrometer slide. Details of this unit are given in Fig. 20 and 21. The aluminum .structure holding the source/absorber and moving mirror was bolted to the slide through the threaded hole provided for microscope mounting// Except for this mounting structure the micrometer slide provided a complete suspension system of the conventional loadsc.rcw form. \ 5:4 Mechanical Drive System II The drive system used .for this second suspension is shown diagramatically in Fig. 20. The 12:1 reduction gear and the micrometer slide formed a single unit which was mounted on a aluminum plate which "in turn was . screwed to the steel plate on the vibrator isolation table used for the first suspension. It was necessary to take great care in the alignment of the out-put shaft of the reduction gear and the input shaft of the micro-meter slide as; no binding due. to misalignment could be tolerated at this point. These shafts Were connected together using'a 1 T U-6 1 neoprene flexible coupling. The input shaft of the re-Mechanical Drive System' II Inte- .'. grator a Tape 3 F S 17 Taoe A II I—J Coupling A Capstan Pulley —I L_ Coup-ling .'B Lead-s crew Motor Motor: Bo'dine Electric Co. "Cat. 2270 4 Lead Synchronous Capacitor A.C. Motor . - 115V, 6c"cps, 1/75 K.P. 1800 R.P.M. Integrator: Librascope Inc. Part No. 879258-I Ball Disk Integrator Output 0-2x Input. : Input Diameter 0. 378" . Output Diameter 0.25" Tapes A & B: Kinelogic Corporation Seamless Myler Belts Length 43.075" -Width 0.3125 Thickness 0.005"' Capstan Pulley: Input Diameter 3- 50" . Output Diameter 3- 335" Roberts Capstan Pulley Reduction: Precision Inst rument Corporation 12.5 • 1 Reduction Gear Leads crew: Gaertner Scientific Corporation Type E-301 Open Micrometer Slide Range 5.0 cm Leads'orew Pitch 1 mm Figure' 20 LEADSCREW SUSPENSION Figure 21. Leadscrew Suspension with velocity monitoring system and detector-preamp combin-ation. 30 ' . duction gear was fitted with a brass bushing which was made to be concentric with the , shaft to a tolerance of T .005". This bushing was used to improve the wrapping properties of the driving belt, i.e.. , the mylar belt'would not drive the re-duction gear through the 3/l6" shaft. • The capstan pulley was mounted on a cement block stand . separate from both the motor assembly and the isolation table.: • This pulley was used mainly to Isolate vibrations induced by the motor from the suspension system and provides only a small amount of speed reduction. The motor and ball disk Integrator, from the third part of the mechanical drive. These W o units were mounted in an aluminum box with great care taken in the alignment of the con-nected shafts. A strong piece of rubber hose clamped to each shaft was used as al coupling material. This provides a very rigid coupling of the shafts as the coupling distance is only 1/8 inch. This unit was also mounted on a cement block stand. "Typical output traces from the velocity monitoring system with the above drive and suspension are shown in Fig. 22. These show that there are still velocity fluctuations present; The velocity is very stable over periods of 1/50 sec but not stable over periods of 1. sec. which Indicates that the velocity fluctuations are of fairly low frequency. The velocity stability seems to be at least comparable to the oil suspension system. A B Sweep 0.5 ms/cm Sweep 2.0 ms/cm Time 1/50 sec Time 1/50 sec I' • . ' ' ' . ' C D Sweep 0.5 ms/cm Sv/eep 2.0 ms/cm Time 1.0 sec Time 1.0 sec Figure 22 5350 The above mechanical drive system is considered to'be far from ideal. The ball disk integrator in particular is being used beyond its design specifications in this application in both input r.p.m. and output torque. Very low velocities were in fact unattainable as the integrator would not drive the pul-•ley system. This drive also did not utilize the flywheel used in the previous system so that any slippage In the integrator was not mechanically filtered. These undesirable features were necessitated by time and parts available'and it is suspected that when these have been designed out of the system the velocity stability will be greatly improved. , : : The traversal endpoint determination for this second drive system Was again alone with LS230 photovoltaic cells. An additional safeguard was built into this system to prevent the leadsc'rew from being driven hard onto the stop at one end in the event of a failure of the control electronics. The metal struc-ture supporting the two' light bulbs was isolated from the common ground of the electronics by thin sheets of mylar.' Metal pieces were mounted on the micrometer slide to cut off the light from the photocells at the endpoint position. These were then in electrical contact with the light bulb structure. If the motor was allowed to overdrive one endpoint t'he. .framework supporting the photocells over the lights, which is at ground potential eleatrically;'• would act as a second endpoint as the metal indi-cators touching this would ground out one light bulb. The slide 32 would then oscillate between these two extreme points until it was manually returned to the centre of the two light bulbs.. CHAPTER VII EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6:1 Oil Supported Teflon Bearing Suspension . The velocity output of the oil supported teflon bear-ing suspension was not exactly constant. However it was decided that sufficient improvement had been made to justify a measure-ment of the Co57 Mossbauer resonance to determine the effect of the observed vibrations on the experimental line;shape and width. This measurement gives a means of comparison between the drive constructed here, drives used by other researchers and those sold by commercial concerns. Since there is usually no attempt made at an absolute measurement of vibrational levels in Mossbauer drive systems this is the only available method of comparison. ' .The velocity measurement and gate control circuits., were checked by replacing the laser interference pattern with a stroboscope and the gamma ray counter with a pulse generator. The equipment was then run as would be done in the experiment. The velocity and count rate measurement obtained in this manner gave an acute test to these circuits as any malfunction would give an obviously .absurd answer. The velocities and count, rates measured in this fashion were always found to be constant to a degree well within the specifications of the stabilities of the 5352 5353 pulser and stroboscope/ The spectrometer as designed will only. automatically-cover. four velocities so it is necessary to manually change the velocity setting, by adjusting the ball disk integrator, if an • entire Mossbauer spectrum is to be taken. Since this manual operation was necessary in any case the motor was driven direct-- • . • • • • . • • ' V -ly from the main supply and only two points were taken at any one setting. This eliminated the additional complication of the oscillator and amplifier along with the associated control electronics. ; The Mossbauer spectra taken with the oil supported* suspension are-shown in Figures 23, 24 and 26. The source used' for the spectra in Figures 23, 24 and 25 was a 99>9% pure Co^7 electroplated on 0.005 inch Armco iron source obtained from Nuclear Science and Engineering Corporation in 1962. The source strength was originally 4 m.c. but is now approximately 35 At curies. This weak source strength made the taking of these spec-tra a very lengthy procedure. The source used for the spectrum in Fig. 26 was the m mentioned above. The source strength of this was approximately 1 mc at the time of use. The absorber used for all these spectra was a 0.8 mg;/cm2 enriched iron absorber obtained from N.S.E.C. The experimental arrangement was the usual Mossbauer absorption arrangement with the source moved by the transport system and the absorber mounted between I . k T F 57 Source: Co^ in Armed Iron Absorber: Enriched Suspension: Oil Sup-. ported Teflon Bearing -T '7 -S VELOCITY IN mm/sec • 1 • • • * • « • 2 ./ o 'I '2 •¥ •( Figure 23 Source; c o i n Armco Iron + Experimental • Absorber: Enriched Fe57 © Lo'rentz Fit Suspension: Oil Supported Teflon Bearing' V * tt> - ' d> * © d) + (b O 9 & - + O »4 9 © (D+ & + CD + 0 + + cb° +0 Q + cS> (Q o Jp JP + 9 ® HQ Q v Gj q a + oai+ -.000 20.000 yo.ooo 60.000 ao.ooa 100.ooo CHANNEL 1 n 1 120.000 140.000 160.000 F i s t u r e 28 . 180.000 20 100 > Source: Absorber: Suspension: C o 5 7 in P t 1 9 5 „ Enriched Fe-5' Leadscrew •y . 80 _ , .VELOCITY IN mm/sec. * • • 0 • •i} -5 -6 -7 Figure 29 40 : Pt1(?5 source. Again only the resonant line which was completely observable is plotted.. The curve through the data gives a measured linewidth of 0.22.mm/see. This is quite narrow however the scatter of points at the higher velocities becomes very marked and the' curve is asymmetric if the peak position is taken at 0.5 mm/sec as was found previously. This would indicate that either the velocity fluctuations become large enough at these high •velocities to affect the linoshape or some malfunc-tion of the scalers developed during the run (i.e. The high velocity points, were taken at the end of the run. ) The former possibility is not very likely as increased vibrations would tend to broaden the line and the output of the velocity measure-ment system shows no indication of an -increase in velocity fluc-tuations. The latter point was not checked immediately as the points fell sufficiently close to the expected curve that the large .scatter was overlooked in the preliminary analysis. No malfunction was discovered when the scaling .units were checked at a later date.- The spectrum was not repeated as the velocity range involved is not of interest in the experiment under con-sideration. ' 6:3 Comparison The Mossbauer resonant spectra obtained for the Armco-iron source and enriched iron absorber with the two suspension systems used here are plotted on the same scale in Fig. 30. The line drawn in this figure is the "eyeball" fit to the data 41 obtained with the oil supported teflon steel bearing suspension. The point? with error bars are /the data points obtained with the leadsq;rew suspension. We see from this that, except for the six points which were .discarded because of electronic drift, these sets of data are in excellent agreement. This measurement of the linewidth of this source and absorber...-' com-bination gives no means of choice between the two suspension systems as there is no instrument • broadening 'evidenced in either case. A better comparison of the two systems by this means could be done only with a source and absorber combination which display a narrower linewidth,. preferably as close to the natural linewidth of Co57 as possible. ' ' The output of the velocity monitoring system seems to have approximately the same magnitude fluctuations for the two suspension systems. This is of course a qualitative comparison as no quantitative measures of the fluctuation were taken which were felt to have any accurate significance. The pulse width fluctuation, was the same for both systems however as mentioned above this is an ambiguous determination of the velocity fluc-tuation. -The frequency of .the pulses was measured with an II.P. Model (5251A) frequency meter. This required a sample time of 1 or 10 sec., depending on the velocity measured, which is longer than the period of the frequency fluctuations as indicated above and therefore the measurement gives only an average fre-quency. The variation of this frequency measurement was about 42 2% for each of the drive systems however it is not clear that this is a meaningful comparative measurement except of the gross stability properties. ' For experimental convenience the loads crew is much superior to the oil supported suspension. This is evidenced mostly in three properties,. (1) Mirror Ad justment — The ad just-ent. of the mo v-ing mirror on the oil- supported system was found to change with the position of the rider on the track. This was caused by the change in the manner in which the oil supported the rider from one end of its range to the other. This made it Impossible to adjust the interferometer so that velocity measurements can be made over the whole range of movement. This problem was .not encountered with the leadscrew drive. (2) Alignment — The alignment of the head and tail pulleys of the drive system for the oil supported suspension was found to be very difficult and critical. The leadsirew and output shaft of the reduction gear also had to be carefully aligned however this was done to a close approximation by care-ful machining of the supporting structures and the final adjust-ment once completed did not have to be repeated as the whole structure.: was fastened tightly in position. (3) Oil System — T h e recirculating oil system re-quired for the oil supported suspension is in principle very ; \ . . . . . .. 43 messy, and requires periodic servicing due to. dirt particles picked up by the oil. This could be circumvented in part by enclosing the whole system and installing an oil filter. How-ever it is an inconvenient complication not associated with the leadscrew suspension. The oil system has the added disadvantage that the oil pump, which is a necessary part of the system,: adds greatly to the background noise in the laboratory which will give acoustic vibrations to the source and absorber. This prob-lem was partially solved by enclosing the pump in a box covered with acoustic tiles. The obvious advantage of the oil supported transport however is that large masses can be added to the rider without appreciably affecting the frictional properties of the track and rider. This consideration becomes very important when the source or absorber on the, transport must: be temperature con-trolled, i.e. by placing it in a cryostat. As mentioned above the velocity fluctuations were es-sentially the same in magnitude. It must be remembered however that the drive system for the leadsisrew suspension was considered very inferior to its counterpart in the oil supported suspen-sion. Although the same ball disk integrator, which is considered to be the most likely source of velocity irregularities in the drive, was in both drive systems the torque requirements in the leads crew drive were much greater than for the oil suspension drive. It is therefore felt that th.e leadscrew in fact provides a smoother suspension system than the oil supported teflon bear-ing. . CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS The object of this work was to develop a linear, drive and electronics system which would be sufficiently precise to enable the performance of the experiment proposed for the meas-urement of the lifetime of localized vibrational modes in a crystal lattice. The scaling and control system constructed along with the laser interferometer velocity measurement system provide the necessary:electronics however similar success was not encountered with the construction of the linear drive. The air bearing suspension developed by Wells was found to be unfeasible as it was impossible to eliminate the slip-stick induced oscillations caused by the steel on steel contact in the velocity region of interest as the rider could not be floated free from the track without becoming hydrodynam-ically unstable. 'This problem could perhaps be overcome by more accurate machining of the track and rider surfaces. How- . ever, this is very difficult and expensive with such large sur-faces. This suspension, when modified to an oil supported teflon-steel bearing suspension'showed a marked improvement over the air bearing as the stick slip process had been removed. However, some velocity fluctuations were obviously present. The measurement of a Co 57'_ Fe57 source-absorber pair linewidth showed no instrument broadening greater than that of a commercial 44 45 constant acceleration spectrometer. However, the line measured was fairly broad and does not give a sensitive test to the equip-ment. A more sensitive comparison could only be made with a source'/absorber combination which displayed a linewidth much, closer to the natural Co^? linewidth. The more conventional leads crew suspension constructed here gave velocity instabilities very similar in magnitude to those observed for the oil supported suspension. This' suspen-sion sjrstem is, however, expected to be somewhat better than the latter system> providing that large weights are not to be transported, as the drive system used with it is felt to be in-ferior. This drive system could be greatly improved by the in-clusion of a ball disk integrator, or any other variable speed transmission, with greater torque capabilities and the flywheel , used in the drive system for the oil supported suspension. In both suspension systems tried velocity fluctuations were present as indicated.by a frequency change in the output of the velocity monitoring system. As observed on an oscilloscope these frequency changes were greater than a few percent. At the present time it is felt that these fluctuations are too large to enable the performance of the proposed experiment. The leadscrew suspension still provides some hope as an improvement of the drive system may reduce velocity fluctuations to a level at which a serious attempt at such an experiment could'be undertaken. It is felt that the velocity stabilities in this case would have to be.less than 1% and preferably close to 0.1%. Such stability is at least an order of magnitude greater than that achieved here. - . BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ¥eJ.ls. MSc Thesis, U.B.C., November 1965 ' 2. Wooarow. MSc Thesis, U.B.C., April 1964 3. P. A. Flinn. , R.S.I. 34 12 1422 . 4. R. Booth - C. E. Violet. ; N.I.Ml 25 • 1963 • - V• ' 5. R. H. Nussbaum & F. Gerstenfeld. American Journal of. Physics, Jan. 1966 6. R. Zane. N.I.M. 43.1966 . 'V, 7. E.Kankeleit. R.S.I. 35 2 194 ' : S. H. Frauenfelder. 1963. "The Mbs.sb.auer. Effect" 2nd printing with corrections and additions. Benjamin, 1963 9. E.; ¥.; Montroll & R, B. Potts. Phys. Rev 100, 525 .(1955) 10. A. A. Maradudin in "Astrophysics and the Many Body Prob-lem: 1962 Brandeis Lectures" Vol. 2. Benjamin 1963 . 11. A. A. Maradudin & P. A. Flinn. Phys. Rev. 1262059 (1962) 12. W. C. Overton Jr. & E. Dent. U.S. Naval Research Labor-atory Report 5252 Washington 25 , 13. F. C. Dawber & R. J. Elliot, 1963. Proc. Royal Soc. 273 222 (1963) 14. Roderich Cameron. MASc. Thesis, U.B.C., June I963 15. -R. J. Pomeroy, MASc Thesis, U.B.C., July 1963 16. D. M. J. Compton & A. H. Schoen. 1962 ed. "The Mossbauer Effect. Proceedings of the Second International Confer-ence", Wiley 1962 17. A. J. Bearden 1964: ed "Third International Conference on the Mossbauer Effect" Rev. Mod. Phys. 36 737 1964 .IS, A. J. F. Boyle & H. E. Hall 1962, Rep. Prog. Phys.. XXV 441 (1962) 19. R. Brout & Wm. Visscher' 1962, Phys. Rev. Let. 9 54 1962 A ' ka S. ilargulles & J. R. Ehrman. 1961. N.I.M. 12 131 (I96I). J. G. Dash, R. K. Nussbaum. 'Phys-. .Rev. Let. 16 1 4 4 ( 1 9 6 6 ) . R. H.. Nussbaum, J. G. Dash. Phys. Stat. Sol. 19 k31 1967 , - R. H. Nussbaum, J. G. Dash. "Mossbauer Emission from Atoms in. Relaxing Localized Modes" to be published. L. R. Walker, G. K. Wertheim & V. Jascarino, Interpreta-tion of the Fe'57 Isomer Shift Phys. Rev. Letters 6, 98, 1961. 3. D. Josephson, Temperature'Dependent Shift of Gamma Rays Emitted by a Solid. Phy. Rev. Letters 4, 341 (I960). H. Frauenfeld er, D. E. Nagle, K. D. Taylor, D. R. F. Cochran & ¥. M. Visshcr, Phys. Rev. 126 (1962) IO65. APPENDIX A LIST OF D.E.C. SYMBOLISM — Negative Logic Level Positive Pulse Nonstandard Signal — > Pos i^ivg__Lo_gic Level Meg at i v e Pul s e Branch Points -P P u l s e _ r U t p U t . Output" ^ ^ p JLevel 'Input Diode, Capacitor Diode Gate • Collector Output Base , I , Input ' ' Emitter Clamped Load TJaTl.ee tor D>r Diode Inputs Emitter Node Input Diode Gate Zero .Output Flip Flop Direct Clear Zero Input I One Output < (Negative when FF is on Ground when FF is zero Direct Set One Input Level Output is Neg. During Dela^ Input Delav Input Output General Element APPENDIX B program 1 type 9 9 j f o r m a t c / , " m o s s • 0 n e " , / ) 8 i f o r m a t c / , " t y p e i n n " , / ) type 8 accept 10,n dimension a c 8 ) , v e l c 2 > , c n t c 2 ) , t m e c 2 ) v e l c 1 ) - .0 v e l c 2 ) = . 0 c n t c 1 ) = . 3 cntc 2) = .0 tmec1 ) = . 0 . tmec2>=.0 do 1 1=1,n do 2 j = 1 , 8 accept 11»ac j ) 2 j c o n t i n u e i j = i / 2 I FCI-2*1jy Ay 3J A 3 j k= 1 go t o 5 A S k = 2 5 j v e l c k ) = v e l c k ) + 2 . 2 2 7 * a c 4 ) / a c 3 ) tmec k)=tmec k ) + a c 3 ) / 7 0 4 0 . 0 ' cntc k ) = cntc k) + c ac 7 >-ac 6) ) i j c o n t i n u e n j = n / 2 p = n j v e l c 1 > = v e l c 1 ) / p c n t r = c n t c 1 ) / t m e c 1 ) q = n - n j ve lc2 ) =ve lc2 ) /(.-) c n t n r = c n t c 2 ) / t m e c 2 ) s t a t f = s q t f c c n t c 1 ) ) s t a t r = s o t f c c n t c 2 ) ) type 1 2 , v e l c 1 ) , c n t r , c n t c 1 ) , s t a t f type 1 3 v e l c 2 ) , c n t n r , c n t c 2 ) , s t a t r 10 s f o r m a t c i ) i i ; formatce> 12 ; f o r m a t c / > " v e l . f o r . = " , e , " c o u n t r a t e f o r 13 - f o r m a t c / , " v e l . r e v . = " , e , - c o u n t r a t e rev st0p ••'"-nc. end I .U -.J c $ JOB 79177 J.L, BEVERIDGE . / ' 3> IB FTC MAIM . e • PI MENS I ON. W (6) > E JK ( 6) . f DIMENSION LIM( 20) ' ' - ' . — • : . • -.•..••. s 'DIMENS10;%i TPRIME(IO) •, ' "9 "EXTERNAL H> FUNG ' ' . REAL iMUM 8 REAL NSIGMA ? MUB Y2 »MUTBY2>LIM . c COMMON /BLOC/ Z > Y »MUTBY2 ? W > E JK » B » EVC °J ; C0MM0N/BLK7WPR.('6 ) »EJKPR(.6) ' • " ^ C - — — . ~ • •• ~ ; — = ^ ^ ; - - = . C : SET CONSTANTS IN THE PROBLEM j ' C , , 'A DATA NSI GM A » MUB Y 2 > G AM B Y 2 , C » E0.» P I / 12 .58 E 04 »2 6 4. 5 , 2 . 2 5 E-09 ,"3,. 0 E10, 114».4E03 » 3 . 1.415.92.6/ \ . READ ( 5 ? 107 ) W »WPR_» EJK> EJKPR • ' : ' """R EAor5Ti¥oT'¥7N7:NN ' . READ( 5» 10-1 ) • F.PRIME »A»F»T READ! 5, 101 ) ( TPRIME ( I ) * 1 = 1 »N.) READ ( 5 > 106 ) ( LIM( I ) , 1=1 ,-M ) B = G AM B Y2 *G AM BY2 . . TAU=F*A*NS IGMA*T _ Z- T,AU B/2 • 0 MUTBY2=MUBY2*t NUM-EXPFC(MUTBY 2 ) WR I TE ( 6 5103 ) A > T'» F ^ EE = E0/C D F. L 7 C . 0 0 5 '- -DC 6 111=15 N" V = 0.0 WRITE(6 »104 ) TPRIMEf I 1.1 ) »FPRTME DO 6 J=1> NN E7C=EE*V T AUPRM=F«-A^ NS.I GMA^TPR I ME ( I I I ) Y=TAU'PRM*b" AA=GAMBY2*FPRIMF/PI F F =1.0-F PRIME - . -! . AR.EA'1 = 0V0~ ~ > Y Y = 0 . 0 , ZZ = L1M(1) _ ___________ _1_ DO 2 i = i ?M ' ' \ • ~ • ......' ..AR F A 1 = r\R F- A 1 -fcFG Ai I T ( YY ,._7.7 . W 1 Y Y = ZZ • : -' • ••.•-•'• Z Z = LIM( 1+1) TINF= FF*NUM + 2•0*AA*AR EA1 AREA 1 = 0«0 -"• ' ; ''•"-••• : : V . ,-• , / ' YY=0.0 ' : ZZ=LIM(1) DO. 3 I = 1 > M '. ' • . ' '-•••' AREA1=AREA1+FGAU12(YY,ZZ,FUNC) Y Y = Z Z Z.Z= L I M ( I +1 ) _ _ „. ' " ZZ=0.0 YY=-LIM(1) DO _.9__I_=1 > M ' - - ' " ' ' : , AREA 1 = AR EA1+FGAUl2 ( YY » ZZ > FUNC ) ' ZZ=.YY •'.' ' ; \ Y Y = — L I M (1+1. • • ' TT-FF "-NUM + AA^ "AREA 1 R - T T / T I K F • .. W RITE.' 6 »10 5) V»TT>R : V-V+DELV CONTINUE .STOP ; : • •' •. . FORMAT(1615) FORMAT(OF 10.0) • • JLORMAIJII-IJJ - • " - :: FORMAT ( 5IH1A = >F12.,5v6H T = > E15.4 >9H CM F - ,F7.3) FORMAT ( 10H0TPRIME = > E 15. 4»1 IH - FPR I M£ = »El 5'.47 l.-.lH.Oj 8;X.»_8 H.V E L O.C I T Y > 8 X: ? 4 H T ( V ) >11X»-4HR (V) /? X; 8H ( CM/5EC ) ) FO.RMAT (1X»F15.3,2F15. 6 ) FORMAT(4E20.5J FORMAT ( 6F10.0/6F10 .0/6E12. 5/6FI2* 5 ) END S O U R C E S T A T E M E N T F O R T R A N S O U R C E L I S T PARLOR 0 * SIBFTC PARLOR * C SECOND LORENTZIAN CURVE FIT PROGRAM * C ITERATIVE LEAST SQUARE FIT TO PARABOLA AND UP TO 16 LORENTZI ANS ~ * C ER=RATIO CONVERGENCE CRITERION + C ERI=RAT 10 CONVERGENCE CRITERION FOR PEAK I * C IT=MAXI MUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS * C J=IGNORED CHANNELS (IMBEDDED ZEROS MUST BE IGNORED) * C ABE-SPECTRUM TITLE (UP TO 78 CHARACTERS) * C P( I ,NPJ=ESTIMATE.D LOCATION OF PEAK I * C H(I,NP)=ESTIMATED HALFWIDTH AT HALF MAXIMUM OF PEAK I * C Y (I , NP ) = COUNTS IN CHANNEL I * C ZERO TEST DETERMINES BEGIN AND END CHANNELS FOR CALCULATION * C IF NO PREVIOUS END ZERO,CHANNEL 199 MUST BE ZEROED * C ZERO TEST DETERMINES END OF EACH DATA SET OF ARBITRARY LENGTH * c G ( I )=AREA,R I F ( . N L ' * LE . 6 ) - NZ = NL 556 * W R I T E ( 6 , 5 0 1) 557 * 501 FORMAT ( / / , 3 9 X , 2 4 H I N D E P E N D E N T LORENTZ IANS , 39X ,1OHLORENTZ I AN ,6X + 110HCALCULATED , / , 1 0 5 X , 3 H S U M , 1 0 X , 10HLORENTZI AN ) 5 60 * W R I T E ( 6 , 5 0 2 ) S O U R C E S T A T E M E N T F O R T R A N S O U R C E L I S T P A R L O R 5 6 1 * 502 F O R M A T ( 1 X , 5 H C H N L . , 6 X , 3 H 0 N E » 1 2 X , 3 H T W 0 , 1 1 X , 5 H T H R E E , 1 I X , 4 H F 0 U R , 11X, * 1 4 H F I V E i 1 2 X , 3 H S I X , / / / ) 5 6 2 * DO 505 K = N 1 , N 5 6 3 * I F ( I G ( K ) . N E . O ) G O TO 505 566 * Y S U M = 0 . 0 5 6 7 * DO 5 0 7 1 = 1 f 6 5 7 0 4= 5 0 7 Y IND ( I ) = 0 . 0 5 7 2 + C = K 5 7 3 * DO 503 I = 1, N Z 5 7 4 * Y I N D ( I )=R( I , N P ) / ( 1 . 0 + H(I'»NP)*(C-P( I, NP ) ) **2 ) 5 75 * Y S U M = Y I N D ( I ) + Y S U M 576 * 503 C O N T I N U E 6 0 0 + W R I T E ( 6 , 5 0 4 ) K , ( Y I N D I I ) , 1 = 1 , 6 ) , Y S U M , Y 2 ( K ) 6 05 * 5 0 4 F O R M A T f l X , I 3 , 2 X , 6 F 1 5 . 5 , 2 F 1 8 . 6 ) 6 0 6 * 5 0 5 C O N T I N U E 6 1 0 5 0 6 C O N T I N U E 611 * S K K K = F L O A T ( N - N 1 - I G N - L 1) 6 1 2 * D = S Q R T f S / S K K K ) 6 1 3 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 3 5 ) A B E , N P 6 1 4 * W R I T E ( 6 , 5 1 0 ) D , E M 6 1 5 * 5 1 0 F O R M A T { / / / 8 X , 3 0 W A V E R A G E M E A N S Q U A R E R E S I D U A L =,E i 7 . 8 , / / 0 X,? 6 H M A X * 1UM N U M B E R OF C O U N T S = , F 1 0 . 0 , / ) 6 1 6 * W R I T E ( 6 , 5 1 5 ) P A R A O , P A R A 1 , P A R A 2 6 1 7 * 515 F O R M A T { 8 X , 1 1 H P A R A B 0 L A = ( , E 1 5 . 8 , 5 H ) + ( , E 1 5 . 8 , 1 O H ) * C H N L + ( , E 1 5 . 8 * 111H ) * C H N L * C H N L , / ) 6 2 0 * IF ( N P . E Q . l ) GO TO 517 6 2 3 * W R I T E ( 6 , 5 1 6 ) 6 2 4 * 516 F O R M A T ( I X , 2 0 H C H N L . B E G I N S AT 201 ) 6 2 5 * W R I T E ( 6 , 5 1 5 ) P A R O ( N P ) , P A R 1 ( N P ) , P A R ? ( N P ) 6 2 6 * 5 1 7 C O N T I N U E 6 2 7 + I F ( N P . N E . 1 . A N D . A M . G T . R M ) W R I T E ( 6 , 5 2 1 ) A M , J A M 6 3 ? * I F ( A M . L T . R M ) W R I T E ( 6 , 5 2 1 ) R M , J R M 6 3 5 * I F ( A M . G T . R M ) W R I T E ( 6 , 5 2 0 ) RM,J RM 6 4 0 + 5 2 0 F O R M A T ( 8 X , 18HMAXIMU.M R E S I D U A L =,E 1 8 . 8 , 3 X , 1 0 H A T C H A N N E L , 1 6 ) 6 4 1 * 521 F O R M A T ( 8 X , 3 9 H M A X I M U M R E S I D U A L FOR T O T A L S P E C T R U M IS , E 1 6 . 8 , 3 X , * 1 10HAT. C H A N N E L ,15 ) 6 4 2 * AM = RM 6 4 3 4= J A M = J R M "644 * A R M ( N P ) = 0 . 0 6 4 5 * DO 5 2 5 1 = 1 , N L 6 4 6 * 525 A R M ( N P ) = A R M ( N P ) + G ( I , N P ) 6 5 0 * W R I T E ( 6 , 5 3 0 ) A R M ( N P ) 6 5 1 * 5 30 F O R M A T ( / 8 X t 1 2 H T 0 T A L AREA = , E 1 8 . 8 / / / 5 6 5 2 * I F ( N L . G T . 16) GO TO 716 6 5 5 * DO 709 1 = 1 , 1 6 6 5 6 * 709 I R P ( I ) = I 6 6 0 + W R I T E ( 6 , 7 2 1 ) ( I RP( I ) , 1 = 1 , N L ) 6 6 5 4= 721 F O R M A T ( / / 2 9 X , 2 0 H A R E A F R A C T I O N M A T R I X , / / / I X , 4 H P E A K , 1 6 1 7 ) 6 6 6 * DO 7 2 5 1 = 1 , N L 6 6 7 * A A ( I ,I,NP ) = G ( I , N P ) / A R M ( N P ) 6 7 0 * 1 1 = 1 + 1 6 7 1 * D 0 7 2 5 J = I 1 , N L 6 7 2 # AA{ I , J , N P ) = G ( I , N P ) / G ( J , N P ) 6 73 * A A ( J , I , NP ) = G ( J , N P ) / G ( I , N P ) 6 74 + 725 C O N T I N U E 1 F O R T R A N S O U R C E LIST P A R L O R j- S O U R C E S T A T E M E N T 677 * DO 7 3 0 1 = 1 , N L 700 W R I T E C 6 , 7 2 0 ) I , ( A A ( I , J , N P ) , J = 1 , N L ) 705 * 730 C O N T I N U E ~ + C C A L C U L A T E S U B T R A C T M A T R I X AND PRINT * C S U B T R A C T M A T R I X - L O W E R T R I A N G L E = A V E R A G E P O S I T I O N OF THE TWO PEAKS * C S U B T R A C T M A T R I X - U P P E R T R I A N G L E = D I S T A N C E B E T W E E N THE TWO P E A K S . 70 7 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 1 3 ) ( IRP(I ),1 = 1,NL) 714 * 713 F O R M A T {// 3 0 X , 1 6 H S U B T RACT M A T R I X //IX',5H PEAK , 1617) 715 * DO 7 1 5 1 = 1 , N L 716 * DO 7 1 5 J=1,I 717 * A A U f l f N P ) = P ( I , NP )-P ( J , NP ) 720 * A A I I . J . N P ) = ( P ( I , N P ) + P ( J , N P ) ) / 2 . 7 2 1 * 715 C O N T I N U E 724 * DO 716 1 = 1 , N L 725 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 2 0) I , ( AA( I , J,NP ) ,J=1 , N L ) 732 * 716 C O N T I N U E 734 * 720 F O R M A T { / I X , 1 3 , 3 X , 1 6 F 7 . 2 ) * C P R I N T F I N A L P A R A M E T E R S . DO E R R O R A N A L Y S IS. P R I N T R E S U L T S 735 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 3 5 ) AB E,N P 7 3 6 * 735 F O R M A T ( 1 H 1 , 1 3 A 6 , / , 7 H NP IS , 1 1 , / / ) 7 3 7 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 4 5 ) 740 + 745 F O R M A T ( / / 2 4 X , 1 0 H F I N A L D A T A ) 741 + W R I T E ( 6 , 7 5 0) 742 * 750 F 0 R M A T ( / / , 6 X , 4 H P E A K , 3 X , 1 4 H F I N A L P O S I T I O N , 3 X , I 5 H F I N A L H A L F W I D T H , 7 * IL2HFI.NAL H E I G H T , 9 X , 1 0 H F I N A L A R E A , 1 O X , 9 H B A S E - L I N E , 5 X , 2 O H P E R C E N T T * 2 N S M I S S I O N ) 743 * DO 770 1=1,NL 744 * BASE ( !• )=PARO (NP )+PAR1 ( NP ) *P ( I, NP ) + PAR2 ( NP ) *P ( I,NP ) *P( I, NP ) 745 * Y S U M = -R( I ,NP ) / B A S E ( I ) * 1 0 0 . 746 * WRI T E ( 6 , 7 6 0 ) I , P { I , NP ) , S l'( I ) , R ( I, NP ) , G ( I, NP ) , BA SE ( I ) , YSUM 7 4 7 + 760 F O R M A T ( 5 X , 14,F 1 4.3 , F 1 7 . 3 , 5 X , 3 E 2 0 . 8 , F 1 5 . 2 ) 7 5 0 * ER1 ( I »IM P ) = S 1 ( I ) 751 * 770 C O N T I N U E 753 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 7 2 ) A R M ( N P ) 754 * 772 F O R M A T ( 5 4 X , 1 3 H T 0 T A L AREA IS , E 1 8 . 8 ) 755 4= I F ( N P . G T . l ) WRIT E ( 6 , 7 7 5) P A R A O , P A R A 1,PARA2 7 6 0 + I F ( N P . G T . l ) WR IT E ( 6 , 5 1 6 ) 763 + W R I T E ( 6 , 7 7 5) P A R O ( N P ) , P A R I ( N P ) , P A R ? ( N P ) 7 6 4 * 775 F O R M A T ( / / I 7 X »4HA0 = , E 1 8 . 8 , / I 7 X , 4 H A 1 =,E 1 8 . 8 , / 1 7 X , 4 H A 2 = , E 1 8 . 8 ) 765 * ' W R I T E ( 6 , 7 8 0 ) 766 * 700 F O R M A T ( / / 2 4 X , 1 4 H E R R O R A N A L Y S IS,// 1 6 X , 4 H P E A K , 3 X , 1 4 H V A R , P O S I T I O N * 13 X , 1 5 H V A R , H A L F W I D T H , 7 X , 1 2 H V A R , HE I G H T , 9 X , 1 O H V A R , A R E A , 7 X , 1 5 H * 2 R , B A S E - L I N E ) 767 4= V 0 ( N P } = D * S Q R T ( A ( L l - 2 , L l - 2 ) ) 770 * V I ( N P ) = D * S Q R T ( A ( L 1 - 1 , L 1 - 1 ) ) 771 * V 2 ( N P ) = D * S Q R T ( A ( L 1 , L 1 ) ) 772 # DO 825 1 = 1 , N L 773 V A R A ( I , N P ) = D * S 0 R T ( A { 3 * I - ? , 3 * 1 - 2 ) ) 774 # C O V A = A ( 3 * 1 - 2 , 3 * 1 - 2 ) / ( B ( 3 * 1 - 2 ) * B ( 3 * 1 - 2 ) ) 7 7 5 + C O V E = A ( 3 * 1 , 3 * 1 )/(B(3*1 )*B(3* I )) .7.76 *» '"iv- .. CO.V.AE ,= A ( 3 * I - 2 , 3 * I )/(B( 3 * I - 2 ) * B ( 3 * I ) ) 777 4= V A R H = (C0VA+-C0VE-2.0*C0VAE)*H1( I )*H1( I ) 000 4= V A R S ( I , N P ) = D * S 1 ( I ) * S Q R T ( V A R H ) / ( 2 . 0 * E M * H ( I ,NP ) ) 00 1 * C 0 V D = A ( 3 * I - 1 , 3 * 1 - 1 ) / ( B ( 3 * 1 - 1 ) * B ( 3 * 1 - 1 ) ) 002 '4= C 0 V X H = 4 . 0 * H ( I , N P ) * H ( I , N P ) * A ( 3 * 1 - 2 , 3 * I - 2 ) - 8 . 0 * H ( I , M P ) * A ( 3 * 1 - 2 , 3 * I S O U R C E S T A T E M E N T F O R T R A N S O U R C E LIST P A R L O R 0 0 3 * C 0 V X H = ( C 0 V X H + 4 . 0 * A ( 3 * I , 3 * 1 ) ) / ( 2 . 0 * H ( I , N P ) * B ( 3 * I - 2 ) - 2 . 0 *B ( 3* I ) )*>> 0 0 4 * C O V Y X H = ( 2 . 0 * H ( I , N P ) * A ( 3 * 1 - 2 , 3 * 1 - 1 ) - 2 . 0 * A ( 3 * 1 - 1 , 3 * 1 ) ) 0 0 5 * C O V Y X H = C O V Y X H / ( B ( 3 * 1 - 1 ) * ( 2 . 0 * 6 ( 3 * 1 - 2 )*H( I , N P ) - 2 . 0 * B ( 3 * I ) ) ) .006 * V A R P ( I , N P ) = D / E M * S Q R T ( C 0 V D + C O V X H * 2 . 0 * C 0 V Y X H ) * A B S ( P I ( I ) ) .007 * V A R G ( I , N P ) = ( A B S ( V A R S ( I , N P ) / S 1 ( I ) ) + A B S ( V A R A ( I , N P ) / R ( I , N P ) ) ) * 1 * A B S ( G ( I , N P ) ) .010 # V A R B ( I , N P ) = V 0 ( N P ) + V 1 ( N P ) + V 2 ( N P ) .011 * W R I T E ( 6 , 8 2 0) I , V A R P ( I , N P ) , V A R S ( I » N P ) , V A R A ( I , N P ) ,VARG( I »NP ) , * 1 V A R B ( I , N P ) 0 1 2 * 820 F O R M A T ( 1 5 X , 1 4 , F 1 4 . 3 , F 1 7 . 3 , 5 X , 3 E 2 0 . 8 ) .013 4= 825 C O N T I N U E -.015 * W R I T E ( 6 , 8 3 0 ) V O ( N P ) , V 1 ( N P ) , V 2 ( N P ) .016 * 830 F O R M A T ( / / 1 7 X , 9 H V A R , AO = , E 1 8 . 8 , / 1 7 X , 9 H V A R , A1 = , E 1 8 . 8 , / 1 7 X , 9 H V A + 1 A2 = , E 1 8 . 8 ) 0 1 7 * T T C = K C H A N / 1 0 0 2 0 * L C H A N = 2 0 1 .021 + K C H A N = 4 0 0 0 2 2 # I F ( N P . E G . 1 ) N Y 2 = N 1 .025 * GO TO 1625 0 2 6 * 16 00 I P L 0 T = 0 .027 * T A ( N P ) = 1 . .030 * W R I T E ( 6 , 1 6 0 1 ) 031 * 1601 F O R M A T ( I X , 1 7 H N 0 P L O T T E R O U T P U T ) .032 * 1 6 2 5 C O N T I N U E .034 * I F ( K J . E Q . l ) MP L0T = 0 0 3 7 * IF(I P L O T . E Q . O ) GO T O 701 0 4 2 * I F ( M P L O T . E Q . O ) TC = 0 . 0 0 4 5 * I F ( M P L O T . E Q . 0 ) C A L L P L O T S 0 5 0 * M P L 0 T = 1 0 5 1 * IF( K J . N E . l ) C A L L P L 0 T 1 T C + 6 . 0 , 0 . 0 , - 3 ) 0 5 4 * TM = BM 0 5 5 * N 1 = N Y 2 0 5 6 * K I N G = 0 0 5 7 + I F ( I P L 0 T l . N E . 0 ) G 0 T O 580 0 6 2 * K I N G = 1 0 6 3 * G M = A B S ( Y 2 M ) 0 6 4 + I F ( I P L 0 T 2 . N E . 0 ) GO T O 56 0 06 7 * IF ( A B S ( Y M ) . G T . G M ) G M = A B S ( Y M ) 0 7 2 * 560 C O N T I N U E 0 7 3 * TC = TTC ' 074 * C A L L R E T P ( Y 2 , I G , N 1 , N , G M , B M , T C , A B E , K I N G ) 0 7 5 * I F ( I P L 0 T 2 . E Q . 0 J G 0 TO 585 100 * GO TO 6 2 0 101 + 580 I F ( I P L 0 T 2 . N E . 0 ) G 0 TO 620 104 * G M = A B S ( Y M ) 1 0 5 4= 5 85 C O N T I N U E 106 * K I N G = K I N G + 2 1 0 7 4= TC = TTC 110 t C A L L R E T P ( Y , I G , N 1 , N , G M , B M , T C , A B E , K I N G ) 111 * 6 2 0 C O N T I N U E U,2 I F - U P . L 0 T 3 . N E . 0) ,G0 „T0 6 5 0 1 1 5 K I N G = 5 116 * C A L L P L O T (TC + 6 . 0 , 0 . 0 , - 3 ) 117 * B M = TM 120 4= TC = T T C i S O U R C E S T A T E M E N T F O R T R A N S O U R C E L I S T P A R L O R 121 * CALL RETP(R1,IG,N1,N,RM,BM,TC,ABE,KING) • 122 * 650 C O N T I N U E 123 * I F ( I P L 0 T 4 . N E . 0 ) GO TO 7 0 2 ~ ~ ~ 126 * C A L L P L O T ( T C + 6 . 0 , 0 . 0 , - 3 ) 1 2 7 * K I N G = 4 130 * B M = T M 131 * A M = 0 . 0 132 * DO 6 5 5 NP = 1 , ICHAN 133 * DO . 6 5 5 1 = 1 , 2 0 : 1 3 4 * I F ( I P P ( I , N P ) . E Q . O ) GO TO 6 5 5 137 * M = I P P ( I , N P ) 1.40- * I F ( A M . L T . A B S ( R ( M , N P ) ) ) A M - A B S ( R ( M , N P ) ) 1 4 3 * 655 C O N T I N U E 146 * DO 7 0 0 NP= 1 , I C H A N 1 4 7 * DO 6 6 0 1 = 1 , 2 0 " —~ 150 *' I F ( I P P { I , NP ) . E Q . O ) GO TO 6 6 0 1 53 * M = I P P ( I , NP ) 154 * S I ( M ) = E R 1 ( M , N P) 155 * X1 = P ( M , N P ) - 6 . 0 * S 1 ( M ) ' 15.6 * X 2 = P ( M , NP ) + 6 . 0*S 1 ( M ) 157 * K1 = X1 ' ,160 * K2 = X2 + . 9 9 9 1 6 1 . * I F ( K l . L T . l ) W R I T E ( 6 , 6 5 6 ) K1 164 * IF ( K l . L T . 1 ) K 1 = 1 .167 * IF ( K 2 . G T . 4 0 0 ) WRI TE ( 6 , 65 6') K2 172 * 6 5 6 F O R M A T ( / 5 H K I S , 1 4 / / ) 1 7 3 * " DO 6 5 9 J = K 1 , K2 ~ — 174 * I F ( I G ( J ) . N E . 0 ) GO TO 659 177 * X=J '200 * Y ( J ) = R ( M , N P ) / ( l . + H ( M , N P ) * ( X - P ( M , N P ) ) * * 2 ) 2 0 1 * 6 5 9 C O N T I N U E 2 0 3 * TC = TTC , 2 0 4 * C A L L R E T P ( Y , I G , K 1 , K 2 , A M , B M , T C , A B E , K I N G ) ~ ! ~ '205 * 660 C O N T I N U E 2 0 7 * 700 C O N T I N U E 211 * 7 0 2 C O N T I N U E 2 1 2 * 701 C O N T I N U E .213 * DO 1630 N P = I , I C H A N 2 1 4 * I F ( T A ( N P ) . N E . O . ) GO TO 1 6 3 0 " ~ ~ 2 1 7 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 3 5 ) A B E , N P 2 2 0 * DO 1 6 2 8 M = 3 , 4 0 0 221 * I F ( I G ( M ) . E Q . 3 ) W R I T E ( 6 , 1 11) M 2 2 4 * 1628 C O N T I N U E JL26 * WR I TE ( 6 ,745 ) .227 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 5 0 ) ~ ~ ~ ~ — 2 3 0 * . N L = N L T ( N P ) •231 * DO 1 6 2 9 1 = 1 , N L •2 32 * B A S E (I ) = P A R 0 ( N P H - P A R 1 ( N P ) * P ( I , NP ) + P A R 2 ( NP ) *P ( I, NP ) *P ( I, M P ) •233 * Y S U M = - R ( I , N P ) / B A S E ( I ) * 1 0 0 . 2 3 4 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 6 0 ) I , P ( I , N P ) ,ER 1 ( I,NP ) ,R( I,NP ) ,G( I ,NP ) , B A S E ( I ) , Y S U 2 3 5 * : 162 9. . C O N T I N U E ^ ^ ~~ : ~ — ~~ : 2 3 7 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 7 2 ) A R M ( N P ) 2 4 0 * I F ( N P . G T . l ) WR I TE ( 6 , 77.5 ) P A R A O , P A R A 1, PAR A2 •243 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 7 5) P A R O ( N P ) , P A R I ( N P ) , P A R ? ( N P ) 2 4 4 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 8 0 ) S O U R C E S T A T E M E N T F O R T R A N S O U R C E L I S T P A R L O R •245 * DO 1632 1 = 1 , N L 2 4 6 * W R I T E ( 6 , 8 2 0) I,VAR P( I, NP ), V ARS ( I, NP ) ,VARA{ I.NIP') , VARGI I ,NP ) , * I V A R 6 ( 1 , N P ) ~~ .247 * 1632 C O N T I N U E 251 * WRITE(6,830,) V O ( N P ) , V 1 ( N P ) , V 2 ( N P ) •252 t I F ( N L • G T . 1 6 ) ' G O TO 1635 •255 # W R I T E ( 6 , 7 1 3 ) ( I R P ( I ) , I = 1 , N L ) 2 6 2 * D O 1 6 3 5 L = 1 , N L 2 6 3 * W R I T E ( 6 , 7 2 0 ) L , ( A A ( L , K , N P ) , K= 1 , NL ) 2 7 0 * 1635 C O N T I N U E 2 7 2 * 1630 C O N T I N U E 2 7 4 * 1650 C O N T I N U E 2 7 6 * 1700 C O N T I N U E 2 7 7 * IF( M P L O T . N E . O ) C A L L PLOT ND 3 0 2 * S T O P ~ ~ ~ — 3 03 * E N D A APPENDIX B An attempt was made to fit the experimental data ob-tained with the Armco iron source and enriched iron absorber with a theoretical curve using the qomputer program written by-Wood row (Appendix B). This program calculates the transmission of the six line specdrum of Fe57 which , is given by fl Cv) - transmission at velocity . Total,transmission at velocity ' ft ^ G+SP-+ 4 \ £>• + J where L 1C AJJL I J>L p)v2 vj - ^ ( / - J (fit T - -p <*- f ) / -probability of absorption without recoil n -number of atoms per cubic centimeter c*> -fractional abundance of Fe^ £ =source thickness Wjk rprobability 0f the transition o O s S(1 * v/c )£ f1 - h . 5 x 10" ' h9 50 =1.4 x 10~l8cm2 These same quantities•in the absorber are referred to with the same notation but are distinguished by a prime.over the appro-priate letter. The above impression' has been calculated assum-ing a gaussior. distribution of Co57 in the source latti< . c e. The quantities used for this particular application were Source: j6 - o • OO O s 7 1/ic.Acs /T.- SS> y/o* on, 2 - /y y ke.r - W/ r •f - O'S-r Cl - o - oxn W j k = '/V, v t > ^ a t j y K Absorber: • ; The parameters for the absorber are the same as- for the source except for the thickness and relative abundance of 57 Fe . The absorber was thought to have a thickness of 0.3 ng/cm2 and an enrichment of$5% Fe^7. This gives - 0.00004 inches a/ - 0.35 The theoretical curve for such a source absorber combination is shown in Figure 31. This.curve shows no resemblance to the ex- / Experimental Curve: Obtained with the 0.1 Supported Suspension > Experimental Points: Obtained with the Lead-sfcrew Suspension VELOCITY IN mm/s< iC . Comparison of the Theoretical" and Experimental Spectra for the Armco Iron Source 51 peridental curve. The other curves in this figure are theoret-ical curves using an absorber thickness of 0.00035 inches and values of a~ between 0.10 and 0.90. All these curves are norm-alized to the experimental data. V Figure 32 shows two theoretical curves with 0.00035 inches and a1 = 0..40 and 0.50 compared to the experi-mental data. The points plotted here correspond to the data taken with the leadscrsw suspension and the solid line the fit to the data taken with -the oil suspension. The theoretical curves in the case much more closely approximate the experi-mental data. .The fit obtained for these particular values of . t1 and a1 does not imply that these are the correct properties of the absorber as there Is no reason for assuming uniqueness . for these: values. However, this does show that the. theoretical calculation does produce reasonable results for physically pos-sible absorber parameters. This indicates that the data avail-able for the absorber used was in error and that given correct absorber parameters the experimental line could be compared with the theoretical line as calculated above.