EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CREATIVE PARENTING PROGRAM by Gael M. Paddack B.A. San Francisco State University, 1961 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION THE DEPARTMENT OF COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY We accept this Thesis as confirming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Apri 1 1987 © Copyright,Gael Paddack 1987 In presenting th i s thesis in part ia l f u l f i l lmen t of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make i t f ree ly avai lable for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of th i s thesis for scholar ly purposes may be granted by the Head of my department or by his representatives. It i s understood that copying or publ ication of th i s thesis for f inanc ia l gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Counselling Psychology The University of B r i t i s h Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, B. C. Canada V6T 1W5 Date: /? / ?(3), 295-303. Morris, R. (1977). Caring for vs. caring about people. Social Work, 22, 353-359. Nobel, R.D. (1977). An evaluation of parent effectiveness training and Adlerian parent groups: Changing child-rearing attitudes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 37^ , 4896 A. Nordal, K.C. (1977). The effects of Adlerian parent training and child counselling on learner self-concept and behavior of pre-school children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, 1468 A. O'Del l , S. (1974). Training parents in behavior modification: a review. Psychological Bul let in , 35(2), 255-264. Pain, K. (1984). Parent Education Course Evaluation. St. Albert, Alberta: Alberta Education Planning Services. Park, R. (1977). Parent-infant interaction: progress, paradigms and problems. In G.P. Sackett (ed.) Observing Behavior, Vol. 1, Theory and Applications in Mental Retardation. Baltimore, M.D.: University Park Press. -109-Patterson, G.R. (1974). Intervention for boys with conduct problems: multiple settings, treatments and c r i t e r i a . Journal of Consulting and Cl inical Psychology, 42, 471-481. Peterson, Bruce P. (1980). Generality of treatment effects resulting from behavioral parent-training program. Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 8(B) 3960-3961. Pickarts, E. & Fargo, J . (1970). Parent Education: Toward Parental Competence. New York: Appleton-Century Crafts. Pinsker, M. & Geoffory (1981). Comparison of Parent Effectiveness Training and Behavior Modification Training. Family Relations. 30, 61-68. Piatt , J .M. (1971). Efficiency of the Adlerian model in elementary school counselling, 6 (^2), 86-91. Porter, Blaine M. (1954). Measurement of parental acceptance of children. Journal of Home Economics, 46, 176-181. Powell, Douglas R. (1983). Evaluating Parent Education Programs: problems and prospects. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 8, 253-259. Rinn, R.C. and Markle, A. (1971). A parent effectiveness training: a review. Psychology Reports. 41, 95-109. Robertson, S.E. (1984). Parent education: current status. Canadian Counsellor. JL_8, 100-1005. Rousseau, J . J . (1962). The Social Contract. (G. Hopkins, translator) New York: Oxford University Press. Schaefer, Earl S. (1971). Towards a revolution in education: a perspective from child development research. The National Elementary Principal . 5_1_, 18-25. Schofield, R. (1979). Parent group education and student self-esteem. Social Work in Education. 1_(2), 26-33. Schumacher, R. (1980). Parenting groups: a process for change. Journal for Specialists in Group Work. August, 135-139. Sherre, H.G. (1971). The "Domino Effect" of early childhood education on elementary school. The National Elementary Principal . 51, 35-41. Sirridge, S.T. (1980). Transactional analysis: promoting 0'ness. In Fine (ED). Handbook on Parent Education. New York: Academic Press. Sparling, J . & Lewis I. (1981). Information needs of parents with young children. Washington D.C. Administration for Children, Youth and Fami1ies. -110-Stearn, M.B. (1971). The relationship of parent effectiveness training to parent attitudes, parent behavior and child self-esteem. Dissertation Abstracts International, 32, 1885B. Steed, S.P. (1971). The influence of familial adjustment. Pissertation Abstracts International. 32, 1864B. Steere, G.H. (1964). Changing values in chi ld social izat ion: a study of United States child-rearing l i terature , 1865-1939. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, Inc. Stevens, J . H . (1978). Parent education programs: what determines effectiveness? Young Chi ld, 33, p.59-65. Stevens, Joseph H . , J r . (1984). Child Pevelopment Knowledge and Parenting S k i l l s . Family Relations, 33, 237-244. Stolzoff, G.H. (1980). Parent Training Approaches - a follow-up evaluation of P .E .T. and Adlerian Study Group and Behavior Modifications Group. Pissertation Abstracts International, 41 (2B), p.701. Summerlin, M.L. and Ward, G.R. (1981). The effects of parent group participations on attitudes. Elementary School Guidance and Counsel 1i ng, 133-136. Swenson, S.S. (1970). Changing expressed parental attitudes toward child-rearing practices and its effect on school adaptation and level of adjustment received by parents. Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 2118A-2119A. Tahminsian, J . and McReynolds, W. (1971). Use of parents as behavioral engineers in the treatment of school phobia. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 18, 225-228. Therriem, M.E. (1979). Evaluating empathy training for parents. Social Work, 24, 417-419. Thomas, A. (1963). The learning society, learning and society. Kidd, J .R. (ed). Canadian Association for Adult Education. Toronto: 405-410. Van Wyk, J . D . , Eloff , M.E. and Heyes, P.M. (1983). The evaluation of an integrated parent-training program. Journal of Social Psychology, 121, 273-281. Washington, Kenneth R.W. (1977). Success: A parent effectiveness approach for developing urban children's self concepts. Young Chi ld , 32, 5-10. Whalen, L .0 . (1983). Design of a developmental parent education programme for parents of adolescents. Unpublished major paper for Master of Education degree, University of Brit ish Columbia. - I l l -Wolf, M.M. (1983). Integrated family systems model for parent education. Social Work in Education, J5, p.188-196. Wolfe, R., Rise l t , T . , Johnston, M . , Harris, F. and Al len , E. (1976). Applications of parent conditioning procedures to the behavior problems of an autist ic ch i ld: a follow-up and extension. Behavior Research and Therapy, 5, 103-111. -112-APPENDIX A OUTLINE OF CREATIVE PARENTING PROGRAM -113-TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART ONE: PARENTING IN PERSPECTIVE Session I 1. Introduction 2. Importance of Perspective-Creative vs. Reacti ve 3. Parent-Child Relationships - The Workman's Analogy 4. Essence of Personhood - The Heart PART TWO: BUILDING A FOUNDATION OF TRUST Session II 1. Foundation of Trust 2. Factors in the Development of Trust 3. A Child's Perspective Adversary Performance Trust PART THREE: A CHILD'S SENSE OF SELF Session III 1. Theoretical Background 2. Stage of Autonomy Session IV 3. Stage of Init iat ive 4. Practical Application 5. Guidelines for Setting Limits PART FOUR: A CHILD'S SELF-BELIEFS Session V 1. Role of Self-Beliefs 2. Nature of Self-Beliefs 3. Belief of Self-Worth Session VI 4. Belief of Self-Confidence 5. Language of Encouragement PART FIVE: HEART HYGIENE Session VII 1. Nature of the Heart 2. Heart Resistance 3. Heart Description and Cleansing Session VIII 4. 5. Hindrances to Heart Description Encouraging the Language of the Heart -114-PART SIX: APPROACHES TO DISCIPLINE Session IX 1. Discipline with a Purpose 2. Behavior Control Approach 3. Teaching Approach Session X 4. Therapeutic Approach 5. Comparison of Discipline Models 6. Overview of Approaches 7. Conclusion and Evaluation -115-APPENDIX B PORTER ACCEPTANCE SCALE - I M -PORTER PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE SCALE We are trying to learn more about parent-child relationships. To do this we need the cooperation and assistance of many parents. You can help us a great deal by f i l l i n g out the attached questionnaire as frankly and as carefully as possible. Sincere and frank answers are requested so that valid dta can be secured. You will note that the questionnaire does not call for any mark of identif icat ion. Thus your answers as well as the many others will be absolutely anonymous. Furthermore, a l l of the responses will be treated confidentially and will be used only for purposes of sc ient i f ic research. Please answer al1 questions. If you cannot give the exact answer to a question, answer the best you can. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Sex: Male Female 2. Year of Birth 3. Year of Marriage 4. Living with spouse at present time. Yes No 5. Married more than once. Yes No 6. If married more than once, was previous marriage ended because of: death divorce other (Please state) 7. Draw a c i rc l e around the number of years of schooling you have completed. 12345678 1234 1234 1234 Grade School High School College Post Graduate 8. Religious A f f i l i a t i o n : Protestant Jewish None Catholic Other 9. Was your childhood and adolescence, 10. Present family income (annual) for the most part, spent in: open country or vi l lage under 1000 under $4,000 a town of 1,000 to 5,000 4,000 to 7,000 a city of 5,000 to 10,000 7,000 to 10,000 a city of 10,00 to 50,000 10,000 to 13,000 a city of 50,000 to 100,000 13,000 to 16,000 a city of 100,000 to 250,000 16,000 to 25,000 a city of 250,000 or over 25,000 or over -117-l L Husband's occupation (Be specific such as Dairy Farmer, Drug Store Clerk, College Professor, Automobile Mechanic, etc.) 12. Wife's occupation 13. Ages of children (to nearest birthday) Ages of boys ; ; ; ; Ages of g ir l s ; ; ; ; While responding to the following questions, please think of only one c h i l d . If you have a child in the age range of six to ten years, choose that one. If you have more than one chi ld in that age range, choose the one nearest to ten. If your children are al l younger than six years, choose the one nearest six. Place a c i rc le around the age (in question 13 above) of the one which you will be thinking of while answering the questions about your ch i ld . BE SURE AND REFER ONLY TO THIS CHILD WHILE ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS. 14. Is this child your: (c irc le one) Own Child Stepchild Adopted Child INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR CHILD Many parents say that their feeling of affection toward or for their child varies with his behavior and with circumstances. Will you please read each item carefully and place a check in the column which most nearly describes the degree of feeling of affection which you have for your child in that s ituation. Degree of Feeling of Affection A A l i t t l e l i t t l e Much more less less than The than than usual Same usual usual 1. When he is obedient 2. When he is with me 3. When he misbehaves in front of special guests 4. When he expresses unsolicited affection. "You're the nicest mommy (daddy) in the whole world." Much more Check One Column than For Each Item Below usual -118-5. When he is away from me 6. When he shows off in public 7. When he behaves according to my highest expectations 8. When he expresses angry and hateful things to me 9. When he does things I have hoped that he would not do 10. When we are doing things together Listed below are several statements describing things which children do and say. Following each statement are five responses which suggest ways of feeling or courses of action. Read each statement carefully and then place a c i rc le around the letter in front of the one response which most nearly describes the feeling you usually have or the course of action you most generally take when your child says or does these things. It is possible that you may find a few statements which describe a type of behavior which you have not yet experienced with your ch i ld . In such cases, mark the response which most nearly describes how you think you would feel or what you think you would do. Be sure that you answer every statement and mark only one response for each statement. 11. When my chi ld is shouting and dancing with excitement at a time when I want peace and quiet, i t : a. Makes me feel annoyed b. Makes me want to know more about what excites him c. Makes me feel l ike punishing him d. Makes me feel that I wil l be glad when he is past this stage e. Makes me feel l ike t e l l ing him to stop 12. When my child misbehaves while others in the group he is with are behaving well, I: a. See to i t that he behaves as the others b. Tell him i t is important to behave well when he is in a group c. Let him alone i f he isn't disturbing the others too much d. Ask him to t e l l me what he would l ike to do e. Help him find some activity that he can enjoy and at the same time not disturb the group -119-13. When my child is unable to do something which I think is important for him, i t : a. Makes we want to help him find success in the things he can do b. Makes me feel disappointed in him c. Makes me wish he could do i t d. Makes me realize that he can't do everything e. Makes me want to know more about the things he can do 14. When my child seems to be more fond of someone else (teacher, friend, relative) than me, i t : a. Makes me realize that he is growing up b. Pleases me to see his interest widening to other people c. Makes me feel resentful d. Makes me feel that he doesn't appreciate what I have done for him e. Makes me wish he liked me more 15. When my chi ld is faced with two or more choices and has to choose only one, I: a. Tell him which choice to make and why b. Think i t through with him c. Point out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but let him decide for himself d. Tell him that I am sure he can make a wise choice and help him foresee the consequences e. Make the decision for him 16. When my child makes decisions without consulting me, I: a. Punish him for not consulting me b. Encourage him to make his own decisions i f he can foresee the consequences c. Allow him to make many of his own decisions d. Suggest that we talk i t over before he makes his decision e. Tell him he must consult me f i r s t before making a decision 17. When my child kicks, hits or knocks his things about, i t : a. Makes me feel l ike te l l ing him to stop b. Makes me feel l ike punishing him c. Pleases me that he feels free to express himself d. Makes me feel that I will be glad when he is past this stage e. Makes me feel annoyed -120-18. When my child is not interested in some of the usual act iv i t ies of his age group, i t : a. Makes me realize that each child is different b. Makes me wish he were interested in the same act iv i t ies c. Makes me feel disappointed in him d. Makes me want to help him find ways to make the most of his interests e. Makes me want to know more about the act iv i t ies in which he is i nterested 19. When my child acts s i l l y and giggly, I: a. Tell him I know how he feels b. Pay no attention to him c. Tell him he shouldn't act that way d. Make him quit e. Tell him i t is a l l right to feel that way, but help him find other ways of expressing himself 20. When my chi ld prefers to do things with his friends rather than with his family, I: a. Encourage him to do things with his friends b. Accept this as part of growing up c. Plan special act iv i t ies so that he will want to be with his family d. Try to minimize his association with his friends e. Make him stay with his family 21. When my child disagrees with me about something which I think is important, i t : a. Makes me feel l ike punishing him b. Pleases me that he feels free to express himself c. Makes me feel l ike persuading him that I am right d. Makes me realize he has ideas of his own e. Makes me feel annoyed 22. When my child misbehaves while others in the group he is with are behaving wel1, i t : a. Makes me realize that he does not always behave as others in his group b. Makes me feel embarrassed c. Makes me want to help him find the best ways to express his feelings d. Makes me wish he would behave l ike the others e. Makes me want to know more about his feelings -121-23. When my child is shouting and dancing with excitement at a time when I want peace and quiet, I: a. Give him something quiet to do b. Tell him that I wish he would stop c. Make him be quiet d. Let him te l l me about what excites him e. Send him somewhere else 24. When my child seems to be more fond of someone else (teacher, fr iend, relative) than me, I: a. Try to minimize his association with that person b. Let him have such associations when I think he is ready for them c. Do some special things for him to remind him of how nice I am d. Point out the weaknesses and faults of that other person e. Encourage him to create and maintain such associations 25. When my child says angry and hateful things about me to my face, i t : a. Makes me feel annoyed b. Makes me feel that I will be glad when he is past this stage c. Pleases me that he feels free to express himself d. Makes me feel l ike punishing him e. Makes me feel l ike t e l l ing him not to talk that way to me 26. When my child shows a deep interest in something I don't think is important, i t : a. Makes me realize he has interests of his own b. Makes me want to help him find ways to make the most of his interest c. Makes me feel disappointed in him d. Makes me want to know more about his interests e. Makes me wish he were more interested in the things I think are important for him 27. When my child is unable to do some things as well as other in his group, I: a. Tell him he must try to do as well as the others b. Encourage him to keep trying c. Tell him that no one can do everything well d. Call his attention to the things he does well e. Help him make the most of the act iv i t ies which he can do 28. When my child wants to do something which I am sure will lead to disappointment for him, I: a. Occasionally let him carry such an activity to i ts conclusion b. Don't let him do i t c. Advise him not to do i t d. Help him with i t in order to ease the disappointment e. Point out what is l ike ly to happen -122-29. When my child acts s i l l y and giggly, i t : a. Makes me feel that I will be glad when he is past this stage b. Pleases me that he feels free to express himself c. Makes me feel l ike punishing him d. Makes me feel l ike t e l l ing him to stop e. Makes me feel annoyed 30. When my child is faced with two or more choices and has to choose only one, i t : a. Makes me feel that I should t e l l him which choice to make and why b. Makes me feel that I should point out the advantages and di sadvantages c. Makes me hope that I have prepared him to choose wisely d. Makes me want to encourage him to make his own choice e. Makes me want to make the decision for him 31. When my child is unable to do something which I think is important for h i m, I: a. Tell him he must do better b. Help him make the most of the things which he can do c. Ask him to t e l l more more about the things which he can do d. Tell him that no one can do everything e. Encourage him to keep trying 32. When my child disagrees with me about something which I think is important, I: a. Tell him he shouldn't disagree with me b. Make him quit c. Listen to his side of the problem and change my mind i f I am wrong d. Tell him maybe we can do i t his way another time e. Explain that I am doing what is best for him 33. When my child is unable to do some things as well as others in his group, i t : a. Makes me realize that he can't be best in everything b. Makes me wish he could do as well c. Makes me feel embarrassed d. Makes me want to help him find success in the things he can do e. Makes me want to know more about the things he can do well 34. When my chi ld makes decisions without consulting me, i t : a. Makes me hope that I have prepared him adequately to make his deci si ons b. Makes me wish he would consult me c. Makes me feel disturbed d. Makes me want to restrict his freedom e. Pleases me to see that as he grows he needs me less -123-35. When my child says angry and hateful things about me to my face, I: a. Tell him i t ' s a l l right to feel that way, but help him find other ways of expressing himself b. Tell him I know how he feels c. Pay no attention to him d. Tell him he shouldn't say such things to me e. Make him quit 36. When my child kicks, hits and knocks his things about, I: a. Make him quit b. Tell him i t is a l l right to feel that way, but help him find other ways of expressing himself c. Tell him he shouldn't do such things d. Tell him I know how he feels e. Pay no attention to him 37. When my child prefers to do things with his friends rather than with his family, i t : a. Makes me wish he would spend more time with us b. Makes me feel resentful c. Pleases me to see his interests widening to other people d. Makes me feel he doesn't appreciate us e. Makes me realize that he is growing up 38. When my child wants to do something which I am sure will lead to disappointment for him, i t : a. Makes me hope that I have prepared him to meet disappointment b. Makes me wish he didn't have to meet unpleasant experiences c. Makes me want to keep him from doing i t d. Makes me realize that occasionally such an experience will be good for him e. Makes me want to postpone these experiences 39. When my child is not interested in some of the usual act iv i t ies of his age group, I: a. Try to help him realize that i t is important to be interested in the same things as others in his group b. Call his attention to the act iv i t ies in which he is interested c. Tell him i t is a l l right i f he isn't interested in the same things d. See to i t that he does the same things as others in his group e. Help him find ways of making the most of his interests 40. When my child shows a deep interest in something I don't think is" important, I: a. Let him go ahead with his interest b. Ask him to t e l l me more about this interest c. Help him find ways to make the most of this interest d. Do everything I can to discourage his interest in i t e. Try to interest him in more worthwhile things -124-APPENDIX C REPORT OF PARENT BEHAVIOR INVENTORY (RPBI) QUESTIONNAIRE TO WOMEN -125-Mother's PARI (Q4) (Schludermann) A QUESTIONNAIRE TO WOMEN (4) Read each of the statements below and then rate them as follows: A a d D strongly mildly mildly strongly agree agree disagree disagree Indicate your opinion by drawing a c i rc l e around the "A" i f you strongly agree, around the "a" i f you mildly agree, around the "d" i f you mildly disagree, and around the "D" i f you strongly disagree. There are no right or wrong answers, so answer according to your own opinion. It is very important to the study that a l l questions be answered. Many of the statements will seem alike but a l l are necessary to show slight differences of opinion. Agree Disagree 1. Children should be allowed to disagree with their A a d D parents i f they feel their own ideas are better. 2. A good mother lets her child learn the hard way about A a d D l i f e . 3. A good mother should develop interests outside the A a d D home. 4. The home is the only thing that matters to a good A a d D mother. 5. Parents shouldn't feel they have to sacrif ice for A a d D their children. 6. Mothers worry too much about bathing babies. A a d D 7. There is no reason for arguments in a happy marriage. A a d D 8. Strict training will make a child resent his parents A a d D later on. 9. There is no reason why a day with the children should A a d D be upsetting. 10. Children have every right to question their mother's A a d D views. -126-11. Loyalty on the part of children to their parents is something that the parents should earn. 12. Children should be taught to fight so they can take care of themselves. 13. Taking care of a home doesn't have to coop a woman up 14. Parents should adjust to the children some, rather than always expecting the children to adjust to the parents. 15. A child needs time to just s i t around and do nothing i f he feels 1 ike i t . 16. Children should be encouraged to talk about their problems. 17. Fathers generally are kind and helpful. 18. Children should be taught about sex as soon as possible. 19. It is not the mother's place to make the rules for the home. 20. A chi ld's thoughts and ideas are his own business. 21. Children would be happier and better behaved i f parents would show an interest in their a f fa irs . 22. Very few children are to i l e t trained by 15 months of age. 23. A young mother doesn't need any help when going through her f i r s t experience. 24. Children should be encouraged to t e l l their parents about i t whenever they feel family rules are unreasonable. 25. A child has to learn that he has to be disappointed sometimes. 26. A good mother has an active social l i f e . 27. You can't make a child behave by cracking down on him 28. There is no reason why a mother can't be happy and make her child happy too. -127-29. Most young mothers don't worry much about handling or holding the baby. 30. A good wife never has to argue with her husband. 31. Strict discipl ine makes children grow up to be mean or rebell ious. 32. Most mothers never get to the point where they can't stand their children. 33. If a parent is wrong he should admit i t to his child 34. A child should be taught that there are many other people he will love and respect as much or more than his own parents. 35. A child should be taught to fight his own battles. 36. Most mothers are content to be with children a l l the time. 37. Parents must earn the respect of their children by the way they act. 38. There is plenty of time for children to strive for success after they are older. 39. A child should always be encouraged to talk about his troubles. 40. Husbands have a perfect right to their own interests 41. There is nothing wrong with bathing boys and gir ls in the same bathtub. 42. The family is better off when the husband settles most of the family problems. 43. Children are entitled to keep their own secrets. 44. Laughing at children's jokes and te l l ing children jokes makes things go more smoothly. 45. A child should take a l l the time he wants before he walks. 46. Women should handle most of child raising without much help from others. 47. A child has a right to his own point of view and ought to be allowed to express i t . -128-48. Children should be encouraged to undertake tough jobs A a d D i f they want to. 49. A mother can keep a nice home and s t i l l have plenty A a d D of time left over to v i s i t with neighbours and fr i ends. 50. There is no need for children to look on parents as A a d D their bosses. 51. Most children are grateful to their parents. A a d D 52. L i t t l e accidents are bound to happen when caring for A a d D young children. 53. If a couple really loves each other there are very A a d D few arguments in their married l i f e . 54. If children are given too many rules they will grow A a d D up to be unhappy adults. 55. Most mothers can spend al l day with their children A a d D and remain calm and even-tempered. 56. A child should be encouraged to look for answers to • A a d D his questions from other people even i f the answers contradict his parents. 57. Most children soon learn that their parents were A a d D mistaken in many of their ideas. 58. It's quite natural for children to hit one another. A a d D 59. Most young mothers don't mind spending most of their A a d D time at home. 60. Children are too often asked to do a l l the A a d D compromising and adjustment and what is not f a i r . 61. Children should have lots of time to loaf and play. A a d D 62. A mother should be concerned with any problem of A a d D a child no matter how t r i v i a l . 63. In most cases the mother rather than the father is A a d D responsible for trouble in the home. 64. Sex play is a normal thing in children. A a d D 65. A mother should take a back seat to her husband as A a d D far as the planning is concerned. -129-66. A good parent doesn't t ry to pry into the c h i l d ' s A a d D thoughts. 67. Parents who are interested in hearing about t he i r A a d D ch i ld ren ' s par t ies , dates and fun, help them grow up r i gh t . 68. A ch i l d needs to be emotionally close to i t s parents A a d D for a long time. 69. A woman should be on her own af ter having a baby. A a d D 70. A c h i l d ' s ideas should be ser iously considered in A a d D making family decis ions. 71. Children have to face d i f f i c u l t s i tuat ions on t he i r A a d D own. 72. Mothers should get out of the home f a i r l y often. A a d D 73. If a ch i l d acts mean he needs understanding rather A a d D than punishment. 74. Children don't "owe" t he i r mothers anything. A a d D 75. Most mothers are .confident when handling the i r babies. A a d D 76. Almost any problem can be sett led by qu iet ly ta lk ing A a d D i t over. 77. Raising chi ldren is an easy job. A a d D 78. Most,chi1dren are d i s c ip l i ned too much. A a d D 79. When a ch i l d thinks his parent i s wrong he should A a d D say so. 80. A parent should not expect to be more highly A a d D esteemed than other worthy adults in t he i r ch i ld ren ' s eyes. 81. Children should be taught ways of defending themselves A a d D in a f i g h t . 82. If you can run your home r ight , you have plenty of A a d D time to do the things you l i k e to do. 83. As much as i s reasonable a parent should t ry to treat A a d D a ch i l d as an equal. 84. It i s n ' t good for chi ldren to be constantly running A a d D from one a c t i v i t y to another. -130-85. A mother should always be concerned about upset A a d D feel ings in a c h i l d . 86. Most husbands show a good understanding for a A a d D mother's problems. 87. Sex i s no great problem for chi ldren i f the parent A a d D doesn't make i t one. 88. I t ' s up to the father to take charge of the family. A a d D 89. Being a mother doesn't give women the r ight to know A a d D everything in t he i r ch i ld ren ' s l i v e s . 90. If parents would have fun with t he i r ch i ld ren, the A a d D chi ldren would be more apt to take the i r advice. 91. Toi let t ra in ing should be put of f unt i l a ch i ld A a d D indicates that he i s ready. 92. A woman should be up and around a short time af ter A a d D giving b i r t h . 93. When a ch i l d is in trouble he ought to know he A a d D won't be punished for ta lk ing about i t with his parents. 94. Children should be encouraged to undertake a l l kinds A a d D of jobs no matter how hard. 95. It i s important for a mother to have a social l i f e A a d D outside of the family. 96. Children have a r ight to rebel and to be stubborn A a d D sometimes. 97. Having chi ldren doesn't mean you can ' t have as much A a d D fun as you usually do. 98. Mothers shouldn't worry much about calamaties that A a d D might happen to t he i r ch i ldren. 99. Husbands and wives who have d i f ferent views can s t i l l A a d D get along without arguments. 100. S t r i c t t ra in ing makes chi ldren unhappy. A a d D 101. A mother should keep control of her temper even A a d D when chi ldren are demanding. 102. A good mother should keep control of her temper A a d D even when chi ldren are around. -131-103. Loyalty to parents is an over-emphasized virtue. A a d D 104. Most parents prefer a "scrappy" child to be a quiet A a d D one. 105. Most young mothers are pretty content with home l i f e . A a d D 106. There is no reason parents should have their own way A a d D al l the time anymore than that children should have their own way al l the time. 107. A child should have time to just dawdle or daydream. A a d D 108. Anything a child wants to t e l l a parent is important A a d D enough to l isten to. 109. Most men try to take their wives out as often as A a d D often as they can. 110. Children are normally curious about sex. A a d D 111. Most wives think i t best that the husband take the A a d D lead in family a f fa irs . 112. Every child should have an inner l i f e which is only A a d D his business. 113. When you do things together, children feel close A a d D to you and can talk easier. 114. The longer a child is bottle or brest fed the more A a d D secure he wi11 feel . 115. Any woman should be able to take care of a baby by A a d D herself. 116. Some children are just so bad they must be taught to A a d D fear adults for their own good. 117. More parents should teach their children to have A a d D unquestioning loyalty to them. 118. Children will get on any woman's nerves i f she has A a d D to be with them al l day. 119. It is frequently necessary to drive the mischief A. a d D out of a child before he will behave. 120. The child should be taught to revere his parents A a d D above a l l other grown-ups. -132-121. Mothers very often feel that they can't stand their A a d D children a moment longer. 122. A wise parent will tech a chi ld early just who is A a d D boss. 123. A child soon learns that there is no greater wisdom A a d D than that of his parents. 124. It's a rare mother who can be sweet and even-tempered A a d D with her children a l l day. 125. Children need some of the natural meanness taken out A a d D of them. 126. Parents deserve the highest regard and esteem of A a d D their children. 127. Raising children is a nerve-wracking job. A a d D 128. It is sometimes necessary for the parents to break A a d D the chi ld's w i l l . 129. Loyalty to parents comes before anything else. A a d D 130. It's natural for a mother to "blow her top" when A a d D children are self ish and demanding. -133-APPENDIX D REPORT OF PARENT BEHAVIOR INVENTORY (RPBI) QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEN -134-A QUESTIONNAIRE TO MEN (4) Reach each of the statements below and then rate them as follows: A a d D strongly mildly mildly strongly agree agree disagree disagree Indicate your opinion by drawing a c i rc l e around the "A" i f you strongly agree, around the "a" i f you mildly agree, around the "d" i f you mildly disagree, and around the "D" i f you strongly disagree. There are no right or wrong answers, so answer according to your own opinion. It is very important to the study that a l l questions be answered. Many of the statements will seem alike but a l l are necessary to show slight differences of opinion. Agree Disagree 1. Children should be allowed to gripe about rules which A a d D thei r parents make. 2. A good father lets his child learn the hard way about A a d D l i f e . 3. A child should never be taught to fear adults. A a d D 4. It is no use trying to make a child behave by A a d D slapping the child immediately for getting into mischief. 5. Deceiving a child is very often necessary for his A a d D own good. 6. There is no reason for arguments in a happy marriage. A a d D 7. Children who are troublemakers have most l ike ly been A a d D spanked too much. 8. Loyalty on the part of children to their parents is A a d D something the parents should earn. 9. The things the wife and children ask of a man after A a d D his hard day's work are enough to make anyone lose his temper at times. 10. Strict training will make a child resent his parents A a d D later on. -135-11. A child who is not afraid to show his emotions will A a d D do wel1 in 1 i f e . 12. Children should be taught not to be content with what A a d D they have, but to strive for better things. 13. Children must often be taught to do certain things by A a d D just being left on their own. 14. A child should learn that he has to be disappointed A a d D sometimes. 15. You can't make a child behave by cracking down on him. A a d D 16. If small children refuse to obey, parents should not A a d D whip them for i t . 17. A good wife never has to argue with her husband. A a d D 18. Physical punishment makes a child fear adults and A a d D this is the worst thing that can happen to a ch i ld . 19. Strict discipl ine makes children grow up to be mean A a d D or rebellious. 20. There is nothing wrong with bathing boys and gir ls A a d D in the same bathtub. 21. A father has no right to demand that the whole family A a d D must do what he knows is best. 22. Few wives realize that husbands are part of the A a d D family too, and need some looking after. 23. It is not a mistake, when a man worries a woman who A a d D always wants to wear pants in the family. 24. Children should not be spanked immediately, when A a d D they are cross and nagging because that makes them obstinate and they get into the habit of acting l ike that. 25. If a couple really loves each other, there are very A a d D few arguments in their married l i f e . 26. Spanking a child makes i t impossible for him to love A a d D and respect his parents. 27. Having to be with the family al l the time gives a A a d D man the feeling that his wings have been clipped. -136-28. It's quite natural for children to hit one another. A a d D 29. Most children soon learn that their parents were A a d D mistaken in many of their ideas. 30. There is nothing wrong when outsiders upset the A a d D confidence a child has in his parent's way of doing things. 31. It's no wonder that men reach their boiling point, A a d D when as soon as they come in the door at home, they run right into family problems. 32. Sex play is a normal thing in children. A a d D 33. There should not be a boss in the family, and the A a d D father should not boss the family around. 34. One thing that marriage means is that a wife belongs A a d D to the husband and not to her parents or other people she knows. 35. Children should be trained to be independent by A a d D forcing them to do their own work. 36. A child's ideas should be seriously considered in A a d D making family decisions. 37. Children have to face d i f f i c u l t situations on their A a d D own. 38. If a child acts mean he needs understanding rather A a d D then punishment. 39. The wise parent will not whip a child to teach him A a d D to change his ways. 40. Children should be taught ways of defending themselves A a d D in a f ight. 41. A parent should not expect to be more highly esteemed A a d D than other worthy adults in their chi ld's eyes. 42. Children have a right to question their father's A a d D views. 43. There are times when any husband or father gets to A a d D the point where he feels he can't stand his family a moment longer. 44. Most children are disciplined too much. A a d D -137-45. The old fashioned family, where the father is in A charge, is a very bad thing. 46. Most husbands would do better, i f they quit trying A to look smarter than their wives. 47. Parents who teach children to express freely A (uncontrollably) how they feel help them to get along better in l i f e . 48. Parents who allow their children to grow up with an A idea that other people wil l often help them just encourage them to become fa i lures . 49. Children should be encouraged to undertake a l l kinds A of jobs no matter how hard. 50. It is no use whipping children who are always A breaking their parents' rules. 51. Often you have to fool children to get them to do A what they should without a big fuss. 52. Husbands and wives who have different views can A s t i l l get along without arguments. 53. Settling down to family l i f e is hard for a man because A i t means giving up so many other things. 54. Loyalty to parents is an over-emphasized virtue. A 55. A man needs to 'blow his top' once in a while around A the home just to clear the air a b i t . 56. Strict training makes children unhappy. A 57. Children are normally curious about sex. A 58. The mother should be the final authority in the A family. 59. Wives should be encouraged to have more say in A running the family a f fa irs . 60. The best attitude for a child to learn is not to take A things as they are, but to work to improve his s i tuation. 61. Children should at a l l times be told to fight their A own battles. -138-62. Children should be encouraged to express their A a d D opinions about everything which involves them. 63. Children are most lovable when they become self- A a d D rel i ant. 64. You cannot train children by breaking them the way A a d D you break in horses. 65. Trying to be completely honest with a young child is A a d D just doing things the hard way. 66. Only a cruel parent would use physical punishment on A a d D a ch i ld . 67. Men don't know how much they enjoy being free to do A a d D as they please, until they begin raising a family. 68. Children should be allowed to hit back, when someone A a d D hits them. 69. Children should not be taught to love their parents A a d D always above everyone else. 70. When a child thinks his parent is wrong he should say A a d D so. 71. A man has a right to be angry and irr i tated when the A a d D family doesn't give him a chance to relax at home. 72. It is very harmful to warn children about sex. There A a d D is no harm i f they sometimes indulge in sex play. 73. Wives too often use the children as an excuse for A a d D ignoring the father. 74. A parent does much harm to a child when he teaches A a d D him to keep from showing i t , when he is 'boi l ing' inside. 75. A child should not be taught that about al l one can A a d D expect to do is to make the best of what one has. 76. The child who grows up with the idea that he wil l A a d D have to do almost everything for himself gets much further in l i f e . 77. Family l i f e would be happier, i f parents made A a d D children feel that they were free to say what they think about anything. -139-78. You have to fool children into doing many things A a d D because they wouldn't understand why they should be done anyway. 79. Before marriage, most men don't realize how much of A a d D burden the responsibility of a family can be. 80. A good child learns to fight for i ts own rights. A a d D 81. One should not attempt to safeguard a child's trust A a d D in his parents by preventing the child from meeting people with different ideas. 82. The ideal home is one in which is is clear to al1 A a d D that the mother is head of the household. 83. Too many wives are so busy with friends, relatives A a d D or the children that they forget al l about the man they married. 84. The trouble with husbands nowadays is that they don't A a d D have any respect for a wife's right to have her say so. 85. A child who always looks calm and cool no matter how A a d D upset he feels inside does not get along well. 86. Children should be taught not to be satisfied with A a d D l i f e as i t is and to make every effort to improve their condition. 87. Children should be allowed to disagree with their A a d D parents i f they feel their own ideas are better. 88. Children who have fear of adults will get into A a d D trouble. 89. When you can get kids doing what you want by being a A a d D l i t t l e clever, there's no use wasting a lot of time explaining. 90. In marriage a person must y ie ld his rights in order A a d D to avoid a f ight. 91. Children never feel the same about a parent who A a d D spanks them. 92. Most young fathers are bothered more by the feeling A a d D of being tied to the home than anything else. -140-93. Children who are 'tomboys' or 'regular guys' are A a d D preferable to those who are gentlemanly or ladyl ike. 94. Children should learn to think for themselves by A a d D comparing the ideas learned outside the home with their parents' ideas. 95. A parent should sometimes let children get away with A a d D things they aren't supposed to do. 96. Many well behaved children are curious about sex. A a d D 97. It's a rare wife who pays as much attention to her A a d D husband after the marriage. 98. A wife's mother too often gives her the idea that she A a d D must respect what her husband says. 99. Parents should teach a child to express his feelings A a d D as soon as he can understand. 100. The main thing in growing up is to learn not to take A a d D things as they are, but to improve your situation in 1i fe. 101. Some children are just so bad that they must be A a d D taught to fear adults for their own good. 102. More parents should teach their children to have A a d D unquestioning loyalty to them. 103. After a hard day's work a father should l isten A a d D patiently to al l the questions a wife and children ask. 104. It is frequently necessary to drive the mischief A a d D out of a child before he will behave. 105. A child soon learns that there is no greater wisdom A a d D than that of his parents. 106. There is no excuse for men to reach their boiling A a d D point when they run into family problems on their return home from work. 107. Children need some of the natural meanness taken out A a d D of them. 108. Parents deserve the highest esteem and regard of A a d D their children. -141-109. A father or husband should never get irr i tated about family problems, no matter how t ired he is or how s i l l y the problems are. 110. Many children, l ike horses, must be broken in in order to be trained. 111. Loyalty to parents comes before anything else. 112. When at home a father must never get angry and 'blow his top' . 113. To keep from getting into trouble, a child should have a healthy fear of adults. 114. A child should always love his parents above everyone else. 115. No man has a right to be angry and irr i tated when the family doesn't give him the chance to relax at home. -142-APPENDIX E FAMILY ADAPTABILITY AND COHESION EVALUATION SCALES (FACES) -143-Thank you for taking the time to f i l l out the following questions. Your input will give us an indication of how well the program is working. INSTRUCTIONS Answer the following by placing 4 = true al l the time 3 = true most of the time 2 = true some of the time 1 = true none of the time beside each statement as i t pertains to you. Please enclose the completed form in the envelope provided and give i t to your son or daughter to give to the counsellor at school who will pass i t on to the authors of the program. FACES 4 = true a l l the time 2 = true some of the time 3 = true most of the time 1 = true none of the time 1. Family members are concerned with each other's welfare. 2. Family members feel free to say what's on their mind. 3. We don't have spur of the moment guests at mealtime. 4. It is hard to know who the leader is in our family. 5. It's d i f f i cu l t for family members to take time away from the family. 6. Family members are afraid to t e l l the truth because of how harsh the punishment wil l be. 7. Most personal friends are not family friends. 8. Family members talk a lot but nothing ever gets done. 9. Family members feel guilty i f they want to spend some time alone. 10. There are times when other family members do things that make me unhappy. -144-11. In our family we know where a l l family members are at a l l times. 12. Family members have some say in what is required of them. 13. The parents in our family stick together. 14. I have some needs that are not being met by family members. 15. Family members make the rules together. 16. It seems l ike there is never any place to be alone in our house. 17. It is d i f f i c u l t to keep track of what other family members are doing. 18. Family members do not check with each other when making decisions. 19. My family completely understand and sympathizes with my every mood. 20. Family t ies are more important to us than any friendship could possibly be. 21. When our family has an argument, family members just keep to themselves. 22. Family members often answer questions that were addressed to another person. 23. The parents check with the children before making important decisions in our family. 24. Family members l ike to spend some of their free time with each other. 25. Punishment is usually pretty fa ir in our family. 26. Family members are encouraged to have friends of their own as well as family friends. 27. Family members discuss problems and usually feel good about the solutions. 28. Family members share almost a l l interests and hobbies with each other. 29. Our family is not a perfect success. 30. Family members are extremely independent. 31. No one in our family seems to be able to keep track of what their duties are. -145-32. Family members feel i t ' s "everyone for themselves". 33. Every new thing I've learned about my family has pleased me. 34. Our family has a rule for almost every possible s i tuation. 35. We respect each other's privacy. 36. Once our family has planned to do something, i t ' s d i f f i c u l t to change i t . 37. In our family we are on our own when there is a problem to solve. 38. I have never regretted being with my family, not even for a moment. 39. Family members do not turn to each other when they need help. 40. It is hard to know what other family members are thinking. 41. Family members make vis i tors feel at home. 42. Parents make a l l of the important decisions in our family. 43. Even when everyone is home, family members spend their time separately. 44. Parents and children in our family discuss together the method of puni shment. 45. Family members have l i t t l e need for friends because the family is so close. 46. We feel good about our ab i l i ty to solve problems. 47. Although family members have individual interests, they s t i l l participate in family ac t iv i t i e s . 48. My family has a l l the qualit ies I've always wanted in a family. 49. Family members are tota l ly on their own in developing their ideas. 50. Once a task is assigned to a family member, there is no chance of changing i t . 51. Family members seldom take sides against other members. 52. There are times when I do not feel a great deal of love and affection for my family. 53. When rules are broken, family members are treated f a i r l y . -146-54. Family members don't enter each other's areas or ac t iv i t i e s . 55. Family members encourage each other's efforts to find new ways of doing things. 56. Family members discuss important decisions with each other, but usually make their own choices. 57. If I could be a part of any family in the world, I could not have a better match. 58. Home is one of the loneliest places to be. 59. In our family, i t ' s important for everyone to express their opi nion. 60. Family members find it easier to discuss things with persons outside the family. 61. There is no leadership in our family. 62. We try to plan some things during the week so we can al l be together. 63. Family members are not punished or reprimanded when they do something wrong. 64. In our family we know each other's close friends. 65. Our family does not discuss i ts problems. 66. Our family doesn't do things together. 67. If my family has any faults , I am not aware of them. 68. Family members enjoy doing things alone as well as together. 69. In our family, everyone shares responsibi l i t ies . 70. Parents agree on how to handle the children. 71. I don't think anyone could possibly be happier than my family and I when we are together. 72. It is unclear what will happen when rules are broken in our family. 73. When a bedroom door is shut, family members will knock before enteri ng. 74. If one way doesn't work in our family, we try another. 75. Family members are expected to have the approval of others before making decisions. -147-76. Family members are tota l ly involved in each other's l ives . 77. Family members speak their mind without considering how i t will affect others. 78. Family members feel comfortable inviting their friends along on family ac t iv i t i e s . 79. Each family member has at least some say in major family decisions. 80. Family members feel pressured to spend most free time together. 81. Members of our family can get away with almost anything. 82. Family members share the same friends. 83. When trying to solve problems, family members jump from one attempted solution to another without giving any of them time to work. 84. We have d i f f i cu l ty thinking of things to do as a family. 85. Family members understand each other completely. 86. It seems as i f we agree on everything. 87. It seems as i f males and females never do the same chores in our family. 88. Family members know who wil l agree and who wil l disagree with them on most family matters. 89. My family could be happier than i t i s . 90. There is s tr ic t punishment for breaking rules in our family. 91. Family members seem to avoid contact with each other when at home. 92. For no apparent reason, family members seem to change their minds. 93. We decide together on family matters and separately on personal matters. 94. Our family has a balance of closeness and separateness. 95. Family members rarely say what they want. 96. It seems there are always people around home who are not members of the family. 97. Certain family members order everyone else around. -148-98. It seems as i f family members can never find time to be together. 99. Family members are severely punished for anything they do wrong. 100. We know very l i t t l e about the friends of other family members. 101. Family members feel they have no say in solving problems. 102. Members of our family share many interests. 103. Our family is as well adjusted as any family in this world can be. 104. Family members are encouraged to do their own thing. 105. Family members never know how others are going to act. 106. Certain individuals seem to cause most of our family problems. 107. I don't think any family could l ive together with greater harmony than my family. 108. It is hard to know what the rules are in our family because they always change. 109. Family members find i t hard to get away from each other. 110. Family members feel that the family will never change. 111. Family members feel they have to go along with what the family decides to do. -149-A P P E N D I X F L E T T E R S R E Q U E S T I N G P A R T I C I P A T I O N I N T H E R E S E A R C H S T U D Y -152-APPENDIX G PROCEDURE FOR RECRUITMENT OF VOLUNTEERS -153-PROCEDURE FOR RECRUITMENT OF VOLUNTEERS FLOW CHART AND SCHEDULE I. RECRUITMENT OF VOLUNTEERS A. Two letters will introduce the research study and request participation of those enrolled in the courses: 1. Gordon Neufeld will write a covering le t ter . 2. A letter from the Department of Counselling Psychology from the Researcher, John Friesen, will describe the purpose of the study, introduce the research assistant, Gael Paddack, outline the time committment and describe the questionnaires. B. January 17 - These letters will be mailed to the parents enrolled from the spring program who will form the control group. C. January 20 - These letters will be distributed to each participant at the f i r s t session of the Creative Parenting program. II. ESTABLISHING THOSE WHO WILL PARTICIPATE IN THE STUDY A. January 22 (Wednesday) - Follow-up phone cal ls will be made to each person receiving the letters to establish those who are wi l l ing to participate in the study. B. Outline of Telephone Interview 1. Introduce myself as the research assistant and ask i f they have read the letter and have any questions about the study. 2. Discuss with the parent any concerns they express and i f necessary c lar i fy what we are asking them to do as a participant. 3. Ask the parent i f he/she is wil l ing to participate in the study. 4. Explain that the package of questionnaires wil l be delivered personally and arrange a delivery time. 5. Explain that there wil l be a follow-up phone cal l to give the parent a chance to ask any questions about the instruments or c lar i fy anything that might be confusing. -154-6. Explain the need to have the questionnaires completed by the following session (for those in the f i r s t group) and by a set date (for those in the spring group). 7. Explain that their participation will also be necessary at the conclusion of the program by again completing the questionnai res. 8. Following the completion of the study offer the participants the opportunity to meet with me to look at their own answers to the questionnaires i f they desire. 9. Answer any further questions and re-confirm drop-off time and completion time. 10. Thank parents for their cooperation. -155-APPENDIX H CONSENT FORM -156-PARTICIPANT CONSENT FORM January, 1986 I agree to participate in a study evaluating the effectiveness of the "Creative Parenting" program. I understand that participation in the evaluation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any time or refuse to answer any question. I understand I will be required to answer questionnaires which will take me approximately 3 hours to ta l ly . I do this with the understanding that the information will be kept confidential , used for program evaluation purposes only, and destroyed at the end of i ts usefulness. Signed: -157-APPENDIX I DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FORM -158-PORTER PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE SCALE We are trying to learn more about parent-child relationships. To do this we need the cooperation and assistance of many parents. You can help us a great deal by f i l l i n g out the attached questionnaire as frankly and as carefully as possible. Sincere and frank answers are requested so that valid data can be secured. You will note that the questionnaire does not call for any mark of identi f icat ion. Thus your answers as well as the many others wil l be absolutely anonymous. Furthermore, a l l of the responses wil l be treated confidentially and will be used only for purposes of sc ient i f ic research. Please answer al1 questions. If you cannot give the exact answer to a question, answer the best you can. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Sex: Male Female 2. Year of Birth 3. Year of Marriage 4. Living with spouse at present time. Yes No 5. Married more than once. Yes No 6. If married more than once, was previous marriage ended because of: death divorce other (Please state) 7. Draw a c i rc l e around the number of years of schooling you have completed, 12345678 1234 1234 1234 Grade School High School College Post Graduate 8. Religious A f f i l i a t i o n : Protestant Jewish None Catholic Other Was your childhood and adolescence, 10. Present family income (annual) for the most part, spent in: open country or vi l lage under 1000 under $4,000 a town of 1,000 to 5,000 4,000 tp 7,000 a city of 5,000 to 10,000 7,000 to 10,000 a city of 10,00 to 50,000 10,000 to 13,000 a city of 50,000 to 100,000 13,000 to 16,000 a city of 100,000 to 250,000 16,000 to 25,000 a city of 250,000 or over 25,000 or over -159-11. Husband's occupation (Be specific such as Dairy Farmer, Drug Store Clerk, College Professor, Automobile Mechanic, etc.) 12. Wife's occupation 13. Ages of children (to nearest birthday) Ages of boys ; ; ; ; Ages of g ir l s ; ; ; ; While responding to the following questions, please think of only one chi1d. If you have a child in the age range of six to ten years, choose that one. If you have more than one chi ld in that age range, choose the one nearest to ten. If your children are al l younger than six years, choose the one nearest six. Place a c i rc le around the age (in question 13 above) of the one which you wil l be thinking of while answering the questions about your ch i ld . BE SURE AND REFER ONLY TO THIS CHILD WHILE ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS. 14. Is this child your: (c irc le one) Own Child Stepchild Adopted Child