EFFECT OF CO LIP EE SS ED AIR ON MORTALITY OF FISH PASSING THROUGH A MODEL TURBINE by THAMRONG PREMPRIDI B.Sc.(Eng.), A .C.G.I-., Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, England, 1958 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE i n the Department of C i v i l Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1964 ' I n p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I agree that the L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e a n d . s t u d y * I f u r t h e r agree that p e r -m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s unders tood t h a t . c o p y i n g or p u b l i -c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be a l l o w e d without my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n , : Department of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , Vancouver 8, Canada Date September, 1964* i i ABSTRACT Rates of mortality among young salmon passing through a high speed, model propeller, turbine operating under a 50 f t hydraulic head but under various, draft tube suctions are given. E f f e c t s , on both f i s h mortality and turbine.performance, of admission of compressed a i r into the. turbine at various locations to reduce the effe c t of. cavitation (believed to be the major cause of f i s h ..mortality In the . turbine) are discussed . At low turbine speed and.low.efficiency, admission of a i r immediately downstream from the blades reduced the mortality of f i s h sub-s t a n t i a l l y but at high.turbine, speed, and high e f f i c i e n c y , the reduction was i n s i g n i f i c a n t . At high turbine speed, the e f f e c t , on f i s h mortality, of admitting compressed a i r into the penstock and atmospheric a i r into the turbine draft tube through a 3 " diameter steel pipe i n s t a l l e d about 1 f t downstream of the blades are shown to be b e n e f i c i a l . Records of b i o l o g i c a l exam-ination from some of the tests to determine the apparent type of i n j u r i e s are included. An attempt has been made to correlate the turbine speed with the. number of inj u r i e s l i k e l y to be caused by f i s h being h i t by the blades . The effect of p a r t i a l vacuum on f i s h i s also given. v i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express, his thanks to his supervisor, Dr. E. Ruus, for the valuable suggestions, guidance and constant encouragement. He. also wishes to express his indebtedness to Professor J . F. Muir for valuable advice, and suggestions. The experimental work described.in this thesis was carried out i n the Hydraulic. Laboratory of the C i v i l Engineering Department. The.use of these f a c i l i t i e s i s gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due to the staff of.the C i v i l Engineering workshop, i n particular Mr. E. Wegmuller and Mr. R. G. Postgate,.for as s i s t i n g i n a l l phases of the programme. The project was made possible only with the co-operation of the Department of Fisheries of Canada which supplied numerous essential equipment, f i s h used i n the experiments and assigned many of their personnel to assist i n the programme. This help i s gratefully acknowledged.. Particular thanks are due to Mr. P. Ryan who was responsible for supervising the work of the Department of Fisheries and for his contribution i n designing of the f i s h i n j e c t o r . September, 1964• Vancouver, B r i t i s h Columbia. i i i TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 I REVIEW OP PREVIOUS RESEARCH 6 I I DETAILS OP TEST ARRANGEMENTS 19 I I I TEST PROCEDURE 4 5 IV DISCUSSION OP EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 60 V CONCLUSIONS 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 APPENDIX I SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS 84 I I SAMPLE OF CALCULATION 86 I I I TABLES OF OBSERVED RESULTS 90 i I V LIST OP FIGURES Number Page 1 V e l o c i t y v e c t o r diagram at the l e a d i n g edge of t u r b i n e blade 13 2 P r o p e l l e r t u r b i n e t e s t s tand 28 3 P r o p e l l e r t u r b i n e and dynamometer 29 4 G e n e r a l view of the t e s t s tand 30 5 Large a i r vent i n the d r a f t tube 30 6a Wicket gates at p o s i t i o n No.6 31 6b Wicket gates at p o s i t i o n No .9 32 7 D r a f t tube immediately downstream from the runner 32 8 Top view of the d r a f t tube showing f i s h o b s t a c l e s 33 9 F i s h i n j e c t i o n p o i n t below the c o n t r o l gate 34 10 F i s h i n j e c t i o n p o i n t above the c o n t r o l gate 34 11 F i s h i n j e c t o r 35 12 F i s h i n j e c t o r and the p l a s t i c s e c t i o n of the penstock 36 13 P l a n of the arrangement f o r f i s h r e c o v e r y 37 14 S ide view of the arrangement f o r f i s h r e c o v e r y 38 15 F i s h r e c o v e r y gear 39 L i s t of F i g u r e s ( C o n t ' d ) Number Page 16 Top view of the t r a p 40 17 F l e x i b l e j o i n t at d r a f t tube e x t e n s i o n and the t r a n s i t i o n 41 18 F i s h t r a p d u r i n g t e s t 42 19 A i r i n j e c t i o n p o i n t s immediate ly downstream from the b l a d e s 43 20a Arrangement of a i r s u p p l y system 44 20b L o c a t i o n s of i n j e c t i o n of a i r i n t o the penstock ' 45 21a F i s h h o l d i n g tanks 52 21b C o u n t i n g of f i s h 52 22 T r a n s f e r r i n g of f i s h t o b a s i n completed 53 23 G e t t i n g r i d of excess water 53 24a The i n j e c t o r and i t s e x t e n s i o n 54 24b F i s h b e i n g poured i n t o the i n j e c t o r 54 24c C l o s i n g the i n j e c t o r l i d 55 24d F i s h b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d i n t o the penstock 55 25 F i s h i n the penstock 56 26 F i s h t r a p 56 27a Removal of f i s h c o l l e c t i o n box f r om the t r a p 57 27b F i s h b e i n g t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o a b a s i n 57 27c T e s t f i s h ready f o r s e p a r a t i o n 58 27d S e p a r a t i o n of l i v e f i s h f rom dead f i s h 58 v i L i s t of Figures (Cont'd) Number Page 28 F i s h length measurement 59 29 Fish mortality v Operating conditions 73 30 Decapitation v N/Q 74 31a-b Effect of a i r on turbine efficiency 75 32a-c A i r v Turbine performance 77 v i l -l i ST OP TABLES TABLE PAGE I PISH MORTALITY AND TURBINE OPERATING CONDITIONS 71 I I COMPARISON OP TYPES OP INJURIES AND THEIR FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE 72 I I I EFFECT OF ADDITION OF COMPRESSED AIR ON TURBINE PERFORMANCE 90 I V - V TYPES OF INJURIES OF DEAD FISH 98 VI CONTROL FISH 108 VII FISH MORTALITY IN THE PASSAGE DOWN-STREAM FROM THE RUNNER 109 V I I I FISH MORTALITY DUE TO TURBINE OPERATING AT LOW SPEED 110 IX FISH MORTALITY DUE TO TURBINE OPERATING AT NORMAL SPEED 111 1 INTRODUCTION Each year a.large quantity of P a c i f i c salmon i s caught by both commercial f i s h e r i e s and sport fishermen off the west coast of the North American continent and i n numerous rivers and streams on the same coast. These valuable f i s h spend part of t h e i r early l i f e as.well as the f i n a l period of t h e i r mature l i f e i n fresh water. They spend the remainder of their l i f e span i n sea water, feeding on marine plankton, and there grow to a considerable size; but i n order to propagate their race, adult salmon must return to their native streams to deposit t h e i r spawn. The eggs are deposited i n a nest which the female prepares on a gravel bed, i n the cold clear water which i s normally found near the head waters of larger tributary streams where the current i s strong enough to carry away most of the fine sediments. The? eggs are l a i d i n the r i v e r at a depth varying from a few inches to several feet and are covered with two to eighteen inches of gravel'to protect the.eggs.during the incubation period. Unlike the A t l a n t i c salmon,.the completion of the deposition of the eggs and t h e i r f e r t i l i z a t i o n i s followed by the death of the parent leaving the future of the.species entirely dependent on the survival of the eggs and . the. young. Adult f i s h normally return to spawn during the summer and f a l l months, and i n the spring the eggs are hatched and become free swimming f r y . The f r y of some species then spend a year feeding i n fresh water 2 whereas, others migrate d i r e c t l y to the sea i n the i r f i r s t year. The period, they spend at sea also varies from species to species but when they reach maturity, they must return to spawn i n th e i r native streams, thus completing t h e i r l i f e cycle. Because of the population and i n d u s t r i a l growth of the communities on the west coast of North America, multi-use of the rivers i s ess e n t i a l , so that maximum benefits can be realised from a l l resources. The. dependence of salmon on a suitable fresh water environment during their migration and early stage of develop-ment has placed them i n direct competition with the other fresh water users. Through water developments for power, water storage and i r r i g a t i o n , dams are constructed across some rivers inhabited by salmon.. This results i n a barrier to migration of adult and young f i s h . Passage of large numbers of adult f i s h over dams i s usually accomplished by means of f i s h ladders or f i s h elevators. I f the number of f i s h to be passed over the dam i s small, they may be trapped downstream from the dam and transported up to the reservoir i n specially designed trucks. The primary problem associated with by-passing of adult f i s h over the dam i s the a b i l i t y to attract the migrants to the entrance.of the by-pass system without delay, i n j u r i e s or mortality. There are many problems of adult f i s h migration other than the problem of passing them successfully over the dam. The discussion of these problems i s beyond the scope of th i s thesis . 3 The interested, reader i s referred to the Nov. 1956 Progress Report on Fisheries - Engineering Research Program of the U.S. Corps of Army Engineers(14) 1. At a t y p i c a l power dam, young f i s h migrating seaward are swept into the turbines or over the spillway. The percentages of f i s h u t i l i z i n g the spillway or turbine exits are not well defined at present.. For example, at a t y p i c a l dam on the Columbia r i v e r , i f i t i s assumed that f i s h are distributed i n proportion to the rates of flow, then about one-half of the f i s h pass over the s p i l l -way. Recent experiments have shown that mortality rates among f i s h passing over the spillway, ranged from 37% at lower Elwha r i v e r (7) to 2% at McNary(7) and Big C l i f f ( 7 ) depending on the type and length of the spillway. For high f r e e - f a l l spillways discharging into a plunge pool, no significant mortality was reported and a r e l a t i v e l y safe passage of young f i s h over the spillway can be assured. Recent tests have shown that mortality among young f i s h passing through turbines can occur. The ra te of mortality ranged from an i n s i g n i f i c a n t amount at the Lower Elwha dam(7) , 11$> at McNary(7) to 30$ at Glines Canyon dam(7). The major causes of mortality among young f i s h passing through turbines are believed to be (a) exposure to cavitation(8) and (b) c o l l i s i o n with turbine blades. Turbine intake screens have been used at a few dams to prevent young f i s h from entering the turbines. Because the size 1. Numbers i n the parenthesis refer to the Bibliography. 4 of young, f i s h of certain species i s very small at the time of migration,, the screen openings must also be small. Debris caught on the screen may block the flow. The necessity of frequent clean-ing makes the screen impractical as a means of preventing f i s h from passing through a, turbine. . Numerous guiding systems have been invented to guide f i s h away from the.turbine intakes and the spillway entrance into a safe by-pass. Some have met with limited success. Because of the high i n i t i a l and maintenance cost, they are not l i k e l y to be used extensively. In the future, with optimum control at storage dams, more f i s h would pass through the turbines and fewer f i s h over the s p i l l -way. To date no attempt has been made to make the passage through the turbines safer for f i s h migration, although the tests at the Lower Elwha dam have shown that safe passage of f i s h through a turbine i s possible. The purpose of this investigation i s to ascertain the effects of adding a i r into a turbine on the mortality of young f i s h passing through the turbine. A i r has been admitted into turbines previously to reduce the effect of cavitation. It i s believed that the same technique can be used as a means of reducing fish.mortality and. of improving the turbine performance. It i s thought that tests carried out i n a model propeller turbine w i l l accomplish the aim set out above. It i s recognised that f i s h mortality depends on many variables. To keep the number of these variables, small, the test i s limited to one position of the wicket gate. and. to one value of the t o t a l head. The draft tube suction head i s limited to two values only. 6 CHAPTER I REVIEW OP PREVIOUS RESEARCH 1.1 Passage of Young Fish Through Turbines Soon aft e r f i s h enter a turbine intake they w i l l experience a gradual increase i n hydrostatic pressure u n t i l they approach the leading edge of a turbine blade. After a b r i e f time i n t e r v a l of the order of a f r a c t i o n of a second, the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure or to a p a r t i a l vacuum. Once f i s h have passed the blade, they may be exposed to cavitation i f the draft tube suction reaches the vapour pressure of the water. Vapour pockets form i n the region of this low p ressure . When they are carried into regions of higher pressure, they collapse. 3iooal p r e s s u r e i n t e n s i t i e s of high magni-tude then occur. High pressure intensity waves are transmitted to various parts of the water passages . If f i s h pass through the cavitation region, they w i l l be subjected to this high pressure wave which may cause injury or mortality. In the draft tube, f i s h are also subjected to p a r t i a l vacuum and turbulence. By chance some f i s h may c o l l i d e with the turbine blades and be k i l l e d or injured . 1.2 Turbine Fish Mortality Studies Several studies have been made to date on problems of f i s h passage through hydraulic turbines. The most notable tests were made by the Corps of Engineers of the United States. In 1959, a series of tests were conducted i n a low head 7 model test stand at the A l l i s Chalmers Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory i n .York, Pensylvania. Pish were passed through a model Kaplan turbine with 12" diameter runner and through another 12" model Francis turbine with.a 15 bladed runner. The hydraulic head varied from.5 f t to 45 f t and the speed from 95 rpm to 1400 rpm. The tests were performed with a given net head and turbine speed and with the.runner set at various elevations above t a i l water elevation. Cramer(3) reported that the Kaplan and Francis model runner gave similar r e s u l t s . Wide var i a t i o n of f i s h survival rate (from 96% to 1%) could be achieved, dependent on speed and t a i l -water elevation. He also reported increased mortality where adverse hydraulic conditions resulted i n cavitation and lower e f f i c i e n c y . Further tests were conducted on the same model Francis Turbine but with a s l i g h t l y modified runner. Cramer and 01igher(4) reported that the most desirable characteristics of a Francis runner to.provide maximum survival f o r f i s h are (a) r e l a t i v e l y low runner.speed, high e f f i c i e n c y , (b) r e l a t i v e l y deep setting of the turbine so that the runner i s submerged below the t a i l water l e v e l , (c) maximum clearance between blades and between the wicket.gates and the intake edges of the blades. These model tests were followed by f u l l scale tests i n which f i s h were passed through a Francis turbine operating under a 470 f t head at the Cushman II dam i n Washington and through another Francis turbine operating under a 420 f t head at Shasta dam i n C a l i f o r n i a , i n 1961 and 1962 respectively. Results (4,5) 8 from both test series confirmed the results of the model t e s t s . In the prototype, operating conditions such as the gate opening, plant sigma and t a i l water l e v e l had the greatest influence on f i s h mortality. The mortality rate of young f i s h passing through the turbine at Cushman II ranged from 23% to 55$ depending on gate opening and t a i l water elevation. There was a wide variation of the t a i l water (0.5 f t . t o 12.5 f t ) at Cushman because i t was influenced by the t i d a l action i n the t a i l race. The mortality rate of young f i s h passing through.the turbine at Shasta ranged from 10.7$ at 0.65 gate opening to 24.6$ at 0.50 gate opening. The improved f i s h survival rate at Shasta as compared to Cushman i s attributed to a greater blade clear-ance at Shasta. The peripheral velocity of the runner was almost the same for both runners. In a l l tests conducted by the Corps of Engineers, where dead f i s h were captured, the type of apparent injuries l i k e l y to cause mortality was usually recorded. There were four major factors considered responsible for death and these were c l a s s i f i e d as follows. 1. Mechanical - i . e . f i s h k i l l e d by c o l l i s i o n with a s o l i d object such as a turbine blade (a) Abrasion - rubbing or scraping off skin (b) Contusion - bruising of the body (c) Decapitation - severing of the body (d) Laceration - ripping, tearing or cutting of t i s s u e . 2 . Pressure Change (a) Eye damages - hemorrhaging, missing or otherwise damaged eyes (b) Collapsed or damaged a i r bladder. 3. Shearing Action Caused by two forces of water going i n opposite d i r e c t i o n s . The damage suffered by f i s h i s normally a torn operculum. 4. Cavitation Characterized by hemorrhage of internal organs and/or body rupture Some f i s h had no v i s i b l e i n j u r i e s ; hence they were assumed to be suffering from stress and handling. More tests have been performed by other agencies i n the U.S.A. and i n Canada to determine the overall mortality rates of f i s h passing through turbines. Lucas(?) has conveniently summarized and tabulated a l l these r e s u l t s . 1.3 Effects of Cavitation, Pressure Change and Vacuum on Young Fi s h Rowley(l3) showed that f i s h can withstand pressure changes of substantial amounts, providing the pressure does not decrease below atmospheric. Muir(8) developed a hypothesis that mortality among young f i s h passing through turbines i s caused mainly by exposure to c a v i t a t i o n . He performed experiments on coho f i n g e r l i n g using a • 10 long pipe rack normally used for water hammer experiments i n the Hydraulic laboratory at U.B.C. Coho f i n g e r l i n g when exposed to cavitation showed a mortality rate of 60$. The experiment demon-strated the p o s s i b i l i t y of f i s h being k i l l e d by cavitation i n a turbine. P a r t i a l vacuum affects f i s h by changing the concentration and state of dissolved gases i n the f i s h vascular system. Bishai (l2) showed that formation of gas bubbles i n the heart and blood vessels and the bulging of the eyes may result i f f i s h are de-compressed from a high positive pressure to p a r t i a l vacuum. Pish are said to suffer from "gas disease" or "bends". Muir(8) showed that thebends i n f i s h depend mainly on the degree of vacuum and the length of time that the f i s h are exposed to i t . Further effect of p a r t i a l vacuum i s f e l t through the changing of volume of the f i s h ' s swim bladder. A salmon has an open swim bladder, i . e . i t has a duct leading from the esophagus to the swim bladder. An increase i n pressure i n the water w i l l cause a reduction i n the bladder volume. I f the pressure i s suddenly reduced to atmospheric, the bladder returns to i t s o r i g i n a l size but i f the pressure i s reduced substantially below atmospheric, the f i s h must release gas from the bladder through the esophagus; otherwise the bladder wall may be ruptured. A salmon, given s u f f i c i e n t time to become conscious of the pressure reduction, can release the excess a i r . In this case i f the pressure l a t e r returns to atmospheric, the bladder remains collapsed.. The f i s h can r e i n f l a t e i t s bladder by r i s i n g to the water surface and gulping a i r from the atmosphere. I f a f i s h i s weakened, i t may not r i s e to the surface. Mortality can result but may not necessarily be due to a deflated swim bladder. Muir(8) showed that few f i s h died as a result of a deflated swim bladder. He claimed that stresses resulting from collapse of the f i s h ' s swim bladder are not l i k e l y to be a si g n i f i c a n t cause of mortality among young f i s h passing through turbines(8,9). Tests at Cultus Lake(7)> B.C.lhave shown that sockeye salmon when exposed to pressure reduction from high positive pressure to high vacuum sometimes suffered.rupture of the swim bladder. 1.4 Mechanical Type of Injuries Suffered by Fish Passing Through Turbines When f i s h enter the turbine intake, they may come i n contact with the edges of the wicket gates or other s o l i d objects. They may suffer bruises and possibly laceration but severance of th e i r bodies i s not believed to be l i k e l y . Some evidence has been found that mortality as a result of impact between f i s h and a s o l i d object i s possible. At Bonne-v i l l e Laboratory i n 1955, salmon fingerlings were placed i n an injector connected to a 20" pipe from which water issued through a nozzle at a velocity of 45.6 f . p . s . ( l 4 ) . A steel plate was placed so that.the 8" jet impinged d i r e c t l y on i t at 45° and at a. 90° angle. The mortality rate f o r the 45° impact test was 1 .7$ while the corresponding mortality rate for the 90° test was 3$. 12 When f i s h reach the turbine runner, they may be struck by the blades. The usual i n j u r i e s suffered by f i s h are laceration, severance of the body or crushed head. For f i s h , the time available f o r avoidance of c o l l i s i o n with the blades i s the time required f o r a leading edge of the next blade to h i t any part of that f i s h ; therefore the longer the f i s h , the higher the p o s s i b i l i t y of contact between the blade and the f i s h . Von Raben(io) derived a formula f o r the prediction of f i s h mutilation i n a propeller turbine as follows: The time taken by the blade to take up the position of the preceding blade T _ £ 0 r nN i n which n = number of blades on the runner N = turbine speed i n rpm The a x i a l component of the absolute velocity V of the water i s V _ 4 Q M (JI „2 N 1 TT (D - d ) i n which Q = turbine discharge D = Diameter at the t i p of the blade d = hub diameter The length of water section (w) flowing through the space between the runner blades during the time T i s r W = T V r n The p o s s i b i l i t y of contact (c) between f i s h and blade i s given by: 13 _ L_ _ Im (D 2 - d 2) . (n) . (N) W 240 Q in.which L = the length of the f i s h . Water flowing towards the leading edge of the blades possesses a whirl component V^; hence the flow i s at an angle o> . C8 - p « • r l K H < D >> • H V •' A- • P $D • p . O < : C d U • H • r l (J) H a 03 s .fl c d o 03 >> O - p • r l O U o o CO r l - P P 4 c • r l o c d • p < u P i 3 - p - P o C O w C O C O E H o o 300 V 8 .3 70 3.1 14.3 19 0 42 600 45 .4 52 0.41 13.6 40 0 41 900 52 .5 71 0 .37 18.7 46 3.6 56 1200 50.5 80 .5 0.39 23.2 42 9.1 68 1800 50.0 86 0.39 31.1 34 14.3 86 TABLE II 72 COMPARISON OP TYPE OP INJURIES AND THEIR PREQUENCY OP OCCURRENCE . Injuries i n percent of cases examined * •x) CU cd u CD CD R u 03 fl fl -P o u CD -H • r l t> CI p . O fl CD •H P . CD fl S a CD cd •ri cd ci • r l O U tl CD fl til) B ca tlD r-i o r l -P -ri cd C 3 W 3 * cd CD U cd fl - r l cd -P P . O U o HJ El W> O CO -P u P . CD S3 • p o CO Cd CD r l r H cd cd co cd fl - p cd o CD m CO fl a a -P -ri (D CD r-i r H a -H u o fl o cd fl CD • H CD O «H P . t» O fl cd > fl o CD CD Hi o EH PI PH p» EH O W P i PI High suction 1. No a i r 5.93 16 11.5 170 3.5 7.6 38 9 20.5 14.3 42 6.5 2 . Small a i r behind- blades 6 .14 16 11.5 141 6 .8 17 47 14 23.4 10.5 33 5.1 a 3. Large air- P . r l behind blades 6 .21 15.8 11.4 220 3.2 12.? 54 17 20.0 8.6 35.4 5.5 O O 4 . A i r i n C O r H draft tube II through vent 5.51 17.2 4 139 0.6 11.5 17 6.5 26 .6 .21 36 11.5 Si 5 . A i r i n penstock 5.97 16 .2 11 125 0 8 40 4 18 .4 17.5 23 10 A Low suction 1. No a i r 5.83 20.2 3 ?04 6 .9 18 36 13.7 19 .6 10.8 38 9.3 rpm 2. With a i r o o behind blades 5.84 20.< 3 167 3 . 19 .7 32.3 21 19.7 16 .1 43.7 8.4 CO r H II 123 No Blades 1 . Low d i s -charge 4 .4 1.2! 5 11 0 . 9 64 18 9 9 0 0 2 . High d i s -charge 5.8 1.2! 8 43 2 7 98 7 7 5 0. 4 73 F I Q . 2 9 PISH MORTALITY v OPERATING CONDITION 74 75 H = 50 f t Wicket Gate P o s i t i o n N o . 6 H = 50 f t Wicket Gate Position No .9 76 lOOr 401 I t : ± 0.4 0.5 SIGMA 0.6 PIG.31b EFFECT OF AIR ON TURBINE EFFICIENCY H = 50, Gate No. 9 , N = 1200 RPM 0 -•• .\ 1 .0 2 .0 3.0 4 . 0 5 .0 Oat ' ' " Q • F I G . 3 2 b AIR v TURBINE PERFORMANCE H = 50 f t , Gate P o s i t i o n 6 , N = 1800 79 PIG.52 C AIR v TURBINE PERFORMANCE 80 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS As indicated i n the available but limited number of t e s t . r e s u l t s , i t i s concluded that the addition of compressed a i r into the model propeller turbine reduces the mortality rate of f i s h passing through the turbine substantially i f the turbine i s operating at low efficiency and low sigma. The admission of a i r into the turbine does not s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce the mortality rate when the. turbine i s operating at high e f f i c i e n c y . In general, the addition of a i r into the turbine reduces the turbine output and efficiency as well as reducing the noise and vibration l e v e l . Small quantities of a i r (of an order of 1% of the discharge) do not reduce the effi c i e n c y nor the output by a sig n i f i c a n t amount. A larger quantity of a i r beyond a c r i t i c a l value (of the order of 3% of the discharge) when admitted into the turbine operating at low sigma results i n an abrupt increase i n discharge and a reduction i n output and e f f i c i e n c y . The turbine blades are the largest single source of mechanical injury suffered by f i s h passing through the turbine. The f i s h decapitation appears only a f t e r a certain impact velocity between f i s h and the blade has been exceeded and thereafter increases with the turbine speed-discharge r a t i o . Mortality of f i s h exposed to p a r t i a l vacuum i n the draft tube of the turbine i s possible. 81 The above conclusions are based on average values of a few test r e s u l t s . A s t a t i s t i c a l approach to the interpretation of the results i s a superior way to deal with test results of t h i s nature. Unfortunately, the number of tests carried out i s thought to be too few f o r satisfactory application of s t a t i s t i c a l theory. More tests should be conducted, preferably i n a turbine prototype, i n a further study of the benefits of adding a i r to the turbine to reduce the mortality rate of f i s h passing through the turbine. Should more tests be conducted i n the same model turbine, the shortcomings l i s t e d in. Chapter I? should be avoided as f a r as possible. 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 . B r e t t , J . R . "Salmon R e s e a r c h and Hydro Power D e v e l o p m e n t . " F i s h e r i e s Research Board of C a n a d a , B u l l e t i n No.114 , 1957. 2 . " I m p l i c a t i o n and Assessment of E n v i r o n m e n t a l S t r e s s . " I n the I n v e s t i g a t i o n of F i s h - P o w e r P r o b l e m s , E d . P . A . L a r k i n , H . R . M a c M i l l a n L e c t u r e s i n F i s h e r i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , 1958, pp 6 9 - 8 3 . 3 . Cramer , F r e d e r i c k K . " F i s h Passage t h r o u g h T u r b i n e s -Model T u r b i n e E x p e r i m e n t s . " U . S . Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s , P r o g r e s s Report N o . 2 , September 1960. 4 . Cramer , F r e d e r i c k K . and O l i g h e r , Raymond C . " F i s h Passage t h r o u g h T u r b i n e s - T e s t s at Cushman No.2 H y d r o e l e c t r i c P l a n t . " U . S . Army Corps of E n g i -neers , P r o g r e s s Report No . 2 , September 1960. 5 . " F i s h Passage t h r o u g h T u r b i n e s - F u r t h e r T e s t s at Cushman No .2 H y d r o e l e c t r i c P l a n t . " U . 'S . Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s , P r o g r e s s Report No .4 , J u l y 1961. 6 . Anonymous. " F i s h Passage t h r o u g h T u r b i n e s - T e s t s at Shasta H y d r o e l e c t r i c P l a n t . " U . S . Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s , P r o g r e s s Report N o . 5 , May 196 3 . 7 . L u c a s , K . C . "The M o r t a l i t y of F i s h P a s s i n g t h r o u g h H y d r a u l i c T u r b i n e s as R e l a t e d to C a v i t a t i o n and Performance C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , P r e s s u r e Change, Negat ive P r e s s u r e and O t h e r F a c t o r s . " P r o c e e d i n g s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of H y d r a u l i c s R e s e a r c h Symposium on C a v i t a t i o n and H y d r a u l i c M a c h i n e r y , Paper B - 8 , S a n d a i , J a p a n , 1962. 8 . M u i r , • J . F . "Passage of Young F i s h Through T u r b i n e s " J o u r n a l Power D i v i s i o n , P r o c e e d i n g s of American S o c i e t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , V o l . 8 5 ( P O l ) . 1939. pp 23-46 . 9 . Von G u n t e n , Glenn H . " F i s h Passage t h r o u g h H y d r a u l i c T u r b i n e s . " J o u r n a l H y d r a u l i c D i v i s i o n , P r o c e e d -i n g s of American S o c i e t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , V o l . 8 7 ( H Y 3 ) , May 1961, pp 59-62 . BIBLIOGRAPHY ( C o n t ' d ) 1 0 . Von Raben, K u r t . " Z u r Frage der Beschadigung von F i s h c h e n d i r c h T u r b i n e n (Regarding the problem of m u t i l a t i o n of f i s h by t u r b i n e s ) , Die Wasser -w i r t s h a f t , March 1957, PP 97-100, I n German. ( E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n by Canada Department of F i s h e r i e s 1962) . 1 1 . W i n t e r n i t z , F . A . L . " C a v i t a t i o n i n Turbomachines" Water Power, September, O c t o b e r , November, 1957* 1 2 . B i s h a i , H . M . "The E f f e c t of Gas Content of Water on L a r v a l and Young F i s h " Z e i t s c h r i f t f u r W i s s e n -s c h a f t l i c h e Z o o l o g i e , . V o l .16 5, 1960, pp 37-64 . 1 3 . Rowley , W . E . " H y d r o s t a t i c P r e s s u r e T e s t s on Rainbow T r o u t " C a l i f o r n i a F i s h and Games, V o l . 1 , J u l y 1955 . 14. U . S . Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s . P a c i f i c D i v i s i o n . P r o g r e s s r e p o r t on F i s h e r i e s E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m . , J u l y 1960. 84 APPENDIX I SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS The f o l l o w i n g i s a l i s t o f symbols and a b b r e v i a t i o n s used throughout the t e x t . The u n i t s r e f e r t o . t h e v a l u e s as s p e c i f i e d i n the t a b l e s of data and r e s u l t s i n Appendix I I I . A^ Area of the a i r p i p e p r e c e d i n g the n o z z l e A^ - A r e a of the n o z z l e BHP - Horsepower output of the t u r b i n e HP. - Horsepower i n p u t of the t u r b i n e i n * * C - The p o s s i b i l i t y of c o n t a c t between f i s h and the b l a d e s C , . - Plow c o e f f i c i e n t of the a i r n o z z l e d D - B l a d e t i p diameter of the t u r b i n e d - Hub diameter of the t u r b i n e H . - T o t a l e f f e c t i v e head a c r o s s the runner of the t u r b i n e i n f t of water - A i r meter r e a d i n g i n i n c h of water H^ - B a r o m e t r i c head of water i n f t of water H - D r a f t tube s u c t i o n head i n f t of water s K - Constant of p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y L - L e n g t h of f i s h N - T u r b i n e speed i n rpm n - Number of b lades on the t u r b i n e runner P - A i r gauge p r e s s u r e i n p s i P _ - . .Ai r p r e s s u r e i n f r o n t of the n o z z l e i n p s i a i P - Penstock p r e s s u r e i n p s i 85 (Cont'd) A i r pressure behind the nozzle Draft tube suction gauge reading i n inch of Hg Turbine discharge i n cfs The discharge of a i r through the nozzle The discharge of a i r at atmospheric pressure Turbine output torque i n l b s . f t . Time taken by the blade to take up the position of the preceding blade Absolute temperature of the a i r A i r temperature i n °P Circumferencial velocity of a point on the leading edge of the blade Whirl component of the water approaching the leading edge of the blade Absolute velocity of water approaching the blade Axial component of the velocity of water approach-ing the leading edge of the blade Velocity of water re l a t i v e to the leading edge of the blade Water section through the runner during the time T Specific weight of the a i r l b / f t Turbine sigma Turbine efficiency % Angle between V.T and V 86 APPENDIX I I SAMPLE-OF CALCULATION 1 . Plow of a i r t h r o u g h a n o z z l e Q = A 0 C„ 2 d ( i - W 2 S - ( P a I * Pa2> w TT 4 D 2 ' V 1 - ( - I - ) D ( P a l " Pa2> a F o r D 2 = = 0.53 i n c h A i r meter r e a d i n g £±h = h^ - h^ f t of water P - P -= a l a2 .14.7 34 w = s p e c i f i c - w e i g h t of a i r i n l b / f t a C^ = C o e f f i c i e n t of d i s c h a r g e of the n o z z l e Q 0.1085 C. Ah w APPENDIX I I ( C o n t ' d ) 87 S p e c i f i c weight of a i r w Si Prom pv = ET a a 2 p = a i r a b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e l b / f t 3 v = s p e c i f i c volume of a i r f t / l b R = gas constant = 53.3 f t / degree of a b s o l u t e temperature T = a b s o l u t e temperature of a i r = 460 + t ° P t = A i r temperature i n degrees P P = A i r gauge p r e s s u r e i n p s i w = l / v a a 144 (P a + 14.7) 3 53.3 (460 + t ) l 6 / f t I t i s assumed that the a i r temperature i s e q u a l to 5 0 ° P , the mean temperature of a i r o u t s i d e the L a b o r a t o r y , where the s u p p l y of the compressor i s drawn. I n the t e s t N o . C 10 Data D r a f t tube s u c t i o n (P g ) 12.5 i n of Hg T u r b i n e d i s c h a r g e Q 4.22 c f s A i r p r e s s u r e 14 p s i A i r meter r e a d i n g £ h 0.4 i n . of water C o e f f i c i e n t of d i s c h a r g e C^ 0 .63 C a l c u l a t i o n _ 144(U + 14.7 a " 53.3(460 + 50 = 0 .15 l b / f t 3 APPENDIX I I ( C o n t ' d ) D i s c h a r g e o f . a i r t h r o u g h a i r meter Q = 0.1085x0.6.5../ 0.4" a VI '12 x 0.151 = 0.0322 f t 5 / s e c . Weight o f a i r b e i n g admit ted i n t o the d r a f t tube = 0.0322x0.15x60 l b / m i n = 0.29 l b / m i n D i s c h a r g e of a i r c o r r e c t e d t o the p r e s s u r e i n the d r a f t tube 0.0322 x 28.7 " 14 .7 - 0 .49x12.5 Q a = 0.108 c f s Q a / Q . ^ 1 2 8 x l 0 0 = 2.54 % To change the d i s c h a r g e Q t o the d i s c h a r g e at a tmospheric p r e s s u r e Q - Q x - P 2 x 0.49) a t " a 147? -2-. Contact p o s s i b i l i t y of f i s h w i t h t u r b i n e b l a d e s . D a t a T e s t s of f i s h m o r t a l i t y i n the t u r b i n e operated a t h i g h speed but w i t h no a d m i s s i o n of a i r . Average t u r b i n e d i s c h a r g e 5.93 c f s Average t u r b i n e speed 1800 rpm Average l e n g t h of f i s h 37 mm T i p d iameter of the b l a d e s 10 i n c h e s Runner hub diameter 6 i n c h e s Number of b l a d e s on the runner 4 APPENDIX I I ( C o n t ' d ) Prom Von Raben f o r m u l a C o n t a c t p o s s i b i l i t y = 3 7 x n x ( 1 0 0 -36 ) x 4 x ! 800 2 5 . 4 x 1 2 x 2 4 0 x 5 .95x144 = 0 . 8 6 APPENDIX I I I 90 TABLE OP OBSERVED RESULTS TABLE I I I EFFECT OF ADDITION OF COMPRESSED AIR ON TURBINE PERFORMANCE WICKET GATE POSITION NO. 6 H P Qat BHP HP. o T| a a — i n i n . p s i % % - 13.3 27.2 0.6 48.9 0 .1 9 1.0 13.2 27.2 0.6 48.7 0.4 8 1.9 13 .1 26 .8 0.6 48.9 1.0 7.5 3.2 13.0 26 .5 0.6 48.9 1.2 7.5 3.4 12,9 26 .5 0,6 48.5 0 .9 7.5 3.0 13.0 26.6 0.6 48 .8 0 .4 8 1.9 13.2 26 ,6 0.6 49.5 0 .1 10 1.0 13.3 27.0 0.6 49.5 - 13.4 27.4 0.6 49.5 - 13.2 26 .9 0.53 49 .3 0 .1 9 1.0 13.2 26 .7 0.53 49 .3 0.4 8 2.0 13.1 26 .5 0.53 49.5 0.8 7.5 2 .8 13.0 26.4 0.53 49.3 1.3 7.5 3.5 13.0 26 .4 0.53 49 .3 0.8 7.5 2.8 12.9 26.4 0.53 49 .1 0.4 8 2.0 13.1 26 ,5 0.53 49 .5 0 .1 9 1.0 13.2 26 .6 0.53 49.6 - 13.4 26 .8 0.53 49.8 Q P l P 2 H N T c f s p s i i n . H g f t rpm l b . f t 4.77 20.0 3.5 50.0 580 120.4 4.77 20 .0 3.5 50.0 580 120.0 4.70 20.0 3.5 50.0 577 119.2 4.66 20.0 3.5 50.0 575 118 .0 4.66 20.0 3.5 50.0 570 118.5 4 .67 20.0 3.5 50.0 577 118.0 4.69 20.0 3.5 50.0 581 119.5 4 .74 20.0 3.5 50.0 582 120.4 4.75 20.0 3.5 50.0 585 120.4 4.72 19.0 5.5 50 .0 500 119.7 4 .69 19 .0 5.5 50.0 580 119.0 4.66 19.0 5.5 50.0 580 118.5 4.63 19.0 5.5 50.0 580 117.7 4.63 19.0 5 .5 50.0 580 117 .2 4 .63 19.0 5.5 50.0 575 118.0 4 .65 19.0 5.5 50 ,0 580 118.7 4 .68 19.0 5.5 50.0 580 119 .7 4 .71 19.0 5.5 50.0 585 119.9 4 .67 18.0 7.6 50.1 575 118 .5 4.66 18.1 7.5 50.2 575 118.0 4 .62 18.1 7.4 50.1 575 117.0 4 .60 18.2 7.3 50.3 575 116 .6 4 .58 18.2 7.2 50.1 575 115.7 4 .58 18.2 7.3 50.3 575 116 .5 4 .62 18.1 7.3 50.0 575 117.2 4 .64 18.1 7.5 50.2 575 118.2 4 .65 18.0 7.5 50.0 575 118.5 4.62 17.0 9.5 50.0 575 117.2 4.60 17.0 9.4 49-.9 573 116 .8 4 .57 17.1 9.3 50.0 575 .115-7 4.55 17,1 9.3 50.0 570 114.6 4.55 17.2 9.1 50.0 565 114.2 4.55 17.2 9.2 50.1 570 115 .0 4 .58 17.1 9.3 50.0 575 116 .0 4 .59 17.1 9.4 50.1 575 116 .5 4 .60 17.0 9.5 50.0 575 117.5 - - - 13.0 26 .6 0.48 49.0 0.1 9 1.0 12.9 26 .5 0.48 48 .7 0.4 8 2.0 12 .8 26 .2 0.49 48.8 0.9 7.5 3.0 12.8 26 .2 0.49 48 .7 1.4 7 3.6 12 .7 26 .0 0.49 48 .7 0.9 7.5 3.0 12 .8 26 .1 0.49 48.8 0.4 8 2 .0 13.1 26 .5 0.49 48.9 0.1 9 1.0 13.0 26 .4 0.49 49.1 - - - 13.0 26 .4 49 .1 - — - 12.8 26 .2 0.44 49.0 0.1 9 1.0 12.7 26 .0 0.44 49.0 0 .4 8 1.9 12 .6 25 .9 0..44- 48.9 0,9 7.5 3.1 12 .4 25 .8 0.44 48.2 1.5 7 3.8 12 .3 25.8 0.45 47 .7 0.9 7.5 3.0 12.5 25.9 0.45 48.2 0.4 8 1.9 12 .7 25.9 0.44 49.0 0.1 9 1.0 12 .8 26 ,0 0.44 49.2 - • - - 12.9 26 .1 0.44 49.4 TABLE I I I ( C o n t ' d ) 9 1 WICKET GATE POSITION NO Q P l P 2 H N T c f s . p s i i n . H g f t rpm l b .ft 4.56 16 .0 11.5 50 .1 570 115.7 4 .52 16 .1 11.5 50.3 570 114.2 4 .50 16 .1 11.3 50.1 570 114.0 4 .50 16.2 11.2 50 .1 565 112 .6 4.47 16 .2 11 .1 50.0 565 111.7 4 .50 16 .2 11.2 50 .1 565 112 .5 4 .52 16 .1 11.4 50.2 570 113.9 4.55 16 .1 11.4 50.2 570 114.7 4.57 16 .0 11.5 50.1 565 115.7 4 .53 15.4 12 .7 50.0 565 112.7 4.52 15.3 12.6 49 .7 565 113.0 4 .47 15.4 12.5 49.8 565 111.4 4.47 15.5 12.5 50.0 560 110.7 4.44 15.5 12.4 49 .9 560 108 .8 4.46 15.5 12.5 50.0 560 110.7 4 .49 15.5 12 .5 50.0 565 111.2 4 .51 15.4 12.6 49 .9 565 112.7 4 . 5 3 15.3 12.6 49 .7 565 113.0 5.42 19.9 3.5 50.0 1220 110.2 5.42 19.9 3.3 49 .8 1210 110.0 5.40 19.9 3.1 49 .5 1200 108 .7 5.37 19.9 3.2 49 .7 1190 107.0 5.35 20.0 3.3 49 .9 1190 106 .8 5.36 20.0 3.2 49 .8 1185 107.5 5.37 20.0 3.3 49 .9 1185 109.2 5.39 20.0 3.4 50.0 1185 110.5 5.39 19.9 3.5 50.0 1190 111.2 5 .40 19.0 6 .0 50.7 1180 111.2 5 .39 19.0 6 .0 50.7 1175 111.5 5.37 19.0 6 .0 50.7 1160 109.5 5.33 19.1 5 .8 50.6 1155 107.7 5.31 19.1 5.8 50.6 1145 106 .6 5.33 19.1 5.9 50.8 1150 107.7 5.35 19.1 5.9 50.8 1160 110.0 5.37 19.0 6 .0 50.7 116 5 111.7 .6 H p Qat BHP HP. 0" a a Q i n i n . p s i % % - _ - 12 .6 26 .0 0.39 48.4 0 .1 9 1 .1 12 .4 25.8 0.39 Z^8.1 0.4 8 2.0 12.3 25.6 0.40 48.3 1 .0 7.5 3.2 12.1 25.6 0.40 47.3 1.6 7 4 .0 12 .0 25.4 0.40 47 .3 1 .0 .7 .5 3.1 12 .1 25.6 0.40 47 .3 0.4 9 2.0 12.4 25.7 0.39 48 .1 0.1 9 1.1 12.5 25 .9 0.39 48 .1 - - - 12 .5 26 .0 0.39 48 .1 - — - 12.1 25.7 0 .37 47.2 0 .1 10 1 .1 12 .2 25.5 0.37 47.6 0.4 8 2.1 12 .0 25.2 0 .37 47.5 0.9 7.5 3.0 11.8 25.4 0.37 46 .5 1.7 7 4 . 1 11.6 25.1 0.38 46.3 0.9 7.5 3.0 11.8 25.3 0.37 46.5 0 .4 8 2.0 12 .0 25.5 0.37 46 .9 0 .1 9 1 .1 12 .1 25.5 0.37 47 .7 - - - 12 .2 25.5 0.37 47 .7 - - 25.7 30.7 0.58 83 .3 0 .1 9 0.8 25.4 30.7 0.58 82 .7 o .4 8 1.6 24.9 30.4 0.59 81.8 0 .9 7.5 2.3 24.3 30.3 0.59 80 .4 1.3 7.5 2.9 24.2 30.3 0.58 79 .8 0.9 7.5 2.3 24.3 30.3 0.58 80.2 0.4 8 1.6 24.6 30 .4 0.58 81 .0 0 .1 9 0.8 24.9 30.6 0.58 81.5 - - - 25.3 30 .6 0.58 82.8 - - 24.9 31.0 0.51 80.2 0 .1 9 0.9 24.9 31.0 0.51 80 .4 0.4 8 1.7 24.2 30.8 0.51 79.8 0 .9 7.5 2.6 23.7 30.6 0.51 77 .4 1.4 7 3.1 23.2 30.5 0.52 76 .6 0 .9 7.5 2 .6 23.6 30.7 0.51 76 .9 0.4 8 1.7 24.3 30.8 0 .51 78.9 0.1 9 0.9 24 .8 30.8 0 .51 80.5 TABLE I I I ( C o n t ' d ) 92 WICKET GATE POSITION NO. Q P 1 P 2 H N T c f s p s i i n . H g f t rpm lb.f t 5.35 17.5 8.3 49 .8 1190 107.5 5.35 17.5 8.3 49 .8 1200 107.0 5.31 17.6 8 .2 50.0 1185 104.2 5.32 17.6 8.0 49.8 1170 101.6 5.34 17.6 7.8 49.6 116 5 100.5 5.30 17.6 8 .1 49 .9 1170 102.5 5.30 17.5 8.2 49 .7 1175 104.5 5.33 17.5 8.3 49.8 1185 107 .2 5 .35 17.5 8.3 49 .8 1185 108.0 5.34 16 .5 10.4 49 .9 1215 105.5 5 .33 16.5 10.4 49 .9 1220 105.5 5.31 16 .5 10.2 49.6 1195 101.1 5 .42 16 .3 9.9 48 .9 1180 99.2 5 .42 16 .2 9.5 48.2 1175 98.2 5.41 16 .2 9 .8 48.5 1175 99.2 5.32 16 .5 10.2 49.6 1195 102.5 5.31 16.5 10.3 49 .7 1205 105 .0 5.33 16 .4 10.4 49.9 1210 105.7 5.30 15.6 12.4 50.0 1205 105.2 5 .30 15.6 12 .4 50.0 1195 104 .0 5.44 15.3 12.0 49 .0 1165 99.8 5.43 15.2 11.9 48 .6 1160 98.0 5 .40 15.3 11.8 48 .8 1145 97.2 5.42 15.3 12.0 49 .0 1155 98.5 5 .42 15.3 12.0 49 .0 1165 100.00 5.29 15 .6 12.4 50.0 1180 103.2 5.30 15.6 12.5 50.2 1195 106 .0 6 .00 20.0 3.4 50.0 1790 90.0 6 .02 20.0 3.3 49 .9 1800 89.5 5.98 19.9 3.1 49.5 1785 88.5 5 .95 19.9 3.2 49.6 1760 89 .7 5.95 20.0 3.0 49.6 1735 91.8 5 .96 20.0 3.0 49.6 1745 90.00 5.96 20.0 3.1 49 .7 1800 87.2 6 .02 20.0 3.2 49.8 1865 85 .1 H P - ^ B H P HP. a T)' a a Q i n i n . p s i % % - 24 .3 30.2 0.47 80 .5 0.1 9 0 . 9 24 .5 30.2 0 .47 81 . 1 0.4 8 1.7 23.5 30.1 0 .47 78 .0 0 . 9 7 .5 2.6 22.7 30.0 0 .48 75.9 1.6 7 3.4 22.3 30 .0 0 .48 74 .4 0 .9 7-5 2 .6 22 .8 30 .0 0 .47 76 .0 0.4 8 1.7 23.4 29.9 0 .47 78.9 0.1 9 0 .9 24.2 30 .1 0 .47 80 .3 - 24.4 30.2 0 .47 80 .2 - 24.4 30.1 0 .42 81 .0 0.1 9.5 0 . 9 24 .3 30.1 0.42 80 .7 0.4 8 1.7 23 .0 29.9 0 .43 77.0 0.9 7.5 2.5 22 .3 30.0 0.44 74.4 1.8 7 3.5 22.0 29.6 0.46 74.2 0.9 7.5 2.5 22.2 29.8 0.45 74.6 0.4 8 1 .7 23.2 29.9 0.43 75.2 0 .1 9 0.9 24 .1 30.0 0.43 80 .7 - 24.6 30.1 0 .42 81 .7 - 24 .2 30.0 0.37 80.5 0.1 9 0 .9 23.6 30.0 0 .37 78.8 0.4 8 1 .7 22.1 30.2 0.39 73.2 0 .9 7.5 2.5 21.7 30.0 0 .40 72 .2 1.6 7 3.3 21.2 30.1 0 .40 71.0 0.9 7 . 5 . 2 . 5 21.7 30.0 0.39 72 .3 0 .4 8 1.7 22.2 30.1 0.39 73.8 0 .1 9 0.9 23.3 30.1 0.38 77.4 - 24.0 30.1 0.37 80 .3 - 30.7 34.1 0.58 89 .9 0 .1 11 0.8 30.6 34.1 0.58 89 .7 0 .4 10 1.6 30.1 33.6 0.59 89 .7 0.9 9 2.5 30.1 33.5 0.59 89.9 1.6 9 3.2 30.3 33.5 0.59 90.2 0.9 10 2.5 30.0 33.5 0.59 89.5 0.4 10 1.6 29.9 33.6 0.59 89 .0 0 .1 11 0.8 30.2 34.0 0.58 88 .9 "TABLE I I I ( C o n t ' d ) 93 WICKET GATE POSITION Q P, P 0 H N T 1 .. 2 c f s p s i i n . H g f t rpm l b . f t 6 .05 19.1 5.9 50.8 1800 91.7 6 .04 19.1 5 .8 50.7 1800 91.5 6 .07 19.1 5.6 50.5 1800 89.5 6 .10 19.1 5.5 50.3 1800 89 .7 6 .15 19.1 5.0 49.8 1800 87.7 6 .10 19 .1 5.5 50.3 1800 90.0 6 .07 19.1 5.5 50.3 1800 89.7 6 .07 19.1 5.9 50.8 1800 91.1 6 .06 19.1 5.9 50.8 1800 91.3 .6 H p Oat BHP HP. a a a Q i n i n . p s i % % _ _ 31.4 34.8 0 .51 90.4 0 .1 11 0.8 31.4 34.7 0.52 90.5 0.4 10 1.6 30.7 34.7 0.52 88 .3 0.9 9 2.3 30.8 34.8 0.53 88.4 1.7 8 3 .0 30.1 34.7 0.54 86 .8 0.9 10 2.4 31.2 34.8 0.5 3 88 .8 0.4 10 1.6 30.8 34.8 0.53 88 .6 0 .1 11 0.8 31.2 34.9 0.52 89 .3 - - - 31.3 34.9 0.51 89.7 6 .04 17.5 8 .5 50.0 1800 87.2 6.05 17.4 6.10 17.3 6.17 17 .0 6.35 17.0 6.30 17.1 6.22 17 .1 6.08 17.2 6.05 17 .5 8.5 49.8 1800 87 .1 8 .1 49 .2 1800 86 .0 7.8 48.2 1800 82 .7 7.6 47.9 1800 82 .0 7.8 48.4 1800 83 .8 8 .0 48.6 1800 85 .7 8 .1 48.9 1800 87,0 8.5 49.6 1800 87 .7 6 .03 16 .7 10.4 50.2 1800 86.5 6 .07 16.6 10.4 50.0 1800 86 .3 6 .27 16.1 10 .1 49 .0 1800 84.2 6 .36 16 .0 9.5 47.8 1800 82.2 6 .32 16 .0 9.6 47 .9 1800 81.6 6 .37 16.0 9.6 47.9 1800 83 .5 6 .31 16 .1 9.9 48.4 1800 84.2 6 .15 16 .5 10.2 49.6 1800 86 .7 6 .09 16 .5 10.3 49 .7 1800 87 .0 6 .07 15.5 12.0 49.4 1800 84-7 6 .20 15.2 11.8 48.5 1800 83 .7 6 .29 15.1 11.5 47.9 1800 81.2 6 .25 15.1 11.5 47 .9 1800 78.7 6 .28 15.1 11.6 48 .0 1800 79.0 6 .37 14.9 11.6 47 .8 1800 81.2 6.23 15 .1 11.6 48 .0 1800 83.5 6 .10 15.5 12.0 49 .4 1800 85.5 - 29.9 34.3 0.46 87 .4 0 .1 11 0.8 29.9 34.2 0.46 87 .3 0.4 10 1.5 29.5 34.0 0.48 86 .7 1.0 10 2.4 28.3 33.7 0 .50 84 .0 1.8 8 3.0 28.1 34.7 0 .50 83.6 0.9 9 2 .2 28.7 34.5 0 .50 83 .3 0.4 10 1.5 29.4 34-.3 0.49 85 .7 0.1 11 0.8 29.8 33.7 0.48 88 .4 - 30.1 34.1 0.47 88 .4 - - - 29.7 34.4 0.42 86 .2 0.1 11 0.8 29.6 34.4 0.42 86 .0 0.4 10 1.5 28.9 34.4 0.44 84.0 1.0 9 2 .3 28.2 34.4 0.46 82.0 1.8 8 3.0 28.0 34.3 0.46 81 .7 0.8 10 2 .1 28.6 34.6 0.46 82.4 0.5 10 1.7 28,9 34.6 0.45 83 .3 0 .1 11 0.8 29 .7 34.6 0.43 85.8 - 29.8 34.4 0.42 86 .7 - 29.0 34.0 0.39 85.2 0 .1 11 0,8 28.7 34.1 0.40 84.2 0.5 10 1 .7 27 .8 34.2 0.41 81 .3 2.0 8 3.2 27 .0 33.9 0.41 79.4 1.0 10 2 .4 27 .1 34.2 0.41 79.4 0,4 10 1.5 27 .8 34.5 0 .41 80.8 0 .1 11 0.8 28.6 34.0 0.41 84 .2 - 29.3 34.2 0.39 85.5 9 4 TABLE I I I ( C o n t ' d ) WICKET GATE POSITION NO. 9 Q P H N T H P Qat BHP HP. cr Tl 1 2 a a Q i n c f s p s i i n . H g f t rpm l b .ft i n p s i i % 5 . 2 7 19.0 5 . 4 50.0 590 1 2 5 . 0 _ _ — 14.1 29.9 0.53 47 .0 5 .26 19.0 5.5 50.1 593 125.0 0.1 10 0.9 1 4 . 1 29.9 0 . 5 3 47.0 5 . 2 5 19.0 5.5 50.1 5 9 0 1 2 4 . 8 1.2 10 1.3 14.0 2 9 . 9 0 . 5 3 46 .9 5 . 2 4 19.0 5.5 50.1 585 1 2 4 . 0 0.4 10 1.8 13.9 29.9 0.5 3 46 .6 5 . 2 3 19.0 5 . 4 50.0 585 123.0 0.9 9 2 .7 13.8 29.8 0 . 5 3 46.3 5 .22 19.0 5.4 50.0 585 122.2 1.4 8 3.3 13.7 29.8 0.53 46 .1 5 . 2 3 19.0 5.5 50.1 590 123.2 1.0 9 2.9 13.8 29.8 0 . 5 3 46.5 5 . 2 5 19.0 5.5 50.1 590 1 2 4 . 3 0.4 10 1.8 13.9 29.8 0 . 5 3 46 . 7 5 . 2 7 19.0 5.5 50 .1 590 125.5 0 .1 10 0.9 14 .1 30.0 0.53 46 .9 5.29 19.0 5.5 50.1 590 125.2 - - - 1 4 . 0 30.0 0.53 46 .9 5 .29 18 .0 7.5 50.1 590 1 2 4 . 5 _ — 14.0 30.0 0.48 46 .6 5 .29 18.0 7.5 50.1 590 1 2 4 . 4 • 0 .1 11 0.9 13.9 30.0 0.48 46 .3 5 . 2 5 18.0 7.4 50.0 585 123.5 0.2 10 1.3 13.8 29.8 0.49 46 .1 5 . 2 3 18.0 7.4 50.0 585 122.0 0.8 9 2.5 13.6 29.7 0.49 45.8 5.21 18 .0 7.4 50.0 585 1 2 1 . 7 1.0 9 2 .8 13.5 29.6 0.49 45.8 5 .20 18.0 7 .4 50.0 585 121.0 1.6 8 3.5 13 . 5 29 .5 0.49 45 .8 5 .20 18.0 7.4 50.0 585 121.2 1.2 9 3.2 13.5 29.5 0.49 45.8 5.21 18.0 7.4 50.0 585 122 .1 0 .7 9 2.1 1 3 . 6 29.6 0.49 46 .0 5.25 18.0 7.4 50.0 590 1 2 3 . 5 0 .3 10 1.6 13.9 29.8 0.49 46.5 5 . 2 7 18 .0 7.4 50.0 585 1 2 4 . 2 0 .1 10 0.9 13 .8 29.9 0.49 46 .2 5.28 18.0 7.5 50.1 590 124.5 - - - 1 4 . 0 30.0 048 46 .7 5 . 2 7 1 7 . 0 9.5 50.1 5 . 2 5 1 7 . 0 9.5 50.1 5 .22 1 7 . 1 9.5 50.3 5 .18 1 7 . 1 9 .4 50.1 5 .14 1 7 . 2 9.2 50.2 5 .18 1 7 . 2 9.2 50.2 5 .20 1 7 . 1 9.4 50.1 5 . 2 4 1 7 . 0 9.5 50.1 5 .23 17.0 9.5 50.1 5.23 16 .1 1 1 . 5 50.3 5 .20 16 .1 11.5 50.3 5 . 17 16.2 11.3 50.2 5 . 1 4 16 .2 11.1 50.0 5.13 16 .4 11.0 50.5 5.14 1 6 . 4 11.1 50.6 5 . 1 7 16 .2 11.3 50.2 5.19 16 .1 11 . 4 50.1 5.20 16 .1 11.5 50.3 590 1 2 3 . 7 - -585 123.2 0.1 10 580 121.5 0.3 10 580 119.9 0.9 9 575 119 .0 1.6 8 580 120.1 0.9 9 585 121.7 0.3 10 590 122.7 0.1 10 590 123.7 - -585 122.5 — 580 121.0 0 .1 10 570 119.5 0.4 10 575 . 118.5 1.0 9 575 1 1 7 . 7 1.6 8 575 118.7 1.0 9 580 121.0 0.2 10 585 1 2 1 . 7 0 .1 11 585 122.5 - -13.9 29.9 0 . 4 4 4 6 . 3 1 . 0 13 . 7 29.8 0 . 4 4 4 6 . 1 1.8 13 . 4 29 . 7 0 . 4 4 4 5 . 2 2 . 6 13.2 29 .5 0 . 4 4 4 4 . 9 3 . 6 1 3 . 0 29.3 0 . 4 5 4 4 . 5 2 . 7 13.3 29 .5 0 . 4 5 4 5 . 0 1.8 13 .5 29 .6 0 . 4 4 4 5 . 7 1 . 0 13-7 29.8 0 . 4 4 4 5 . 8 13.8 29.8 0 . 4 4 4 6 . 6 13 .7 29 .5 0 . 3 9 4 5 .8 0 . 9 13 .4 29 . 7 0 . 3 9 4 5 . 2 1-.8 1 3 . 0 29 .5 Q . 4 0 4 4 . 1 2.7 1 3 . 0 29.2 0 . 4 0 4 4 . 6 3 .5 12.9 29.4 O . 4 0 43 .9 2 . 7 13.1 2 9 . 4 0 . 4 0 4 4 . 1 1.3 13 .4 2 9 . 4 0 . 4 0 4 5 . 5 0 . 9 13 .5 29 .5 0 . 3 9 45 .9 13 . 7 29 . 7 0 . 3 9 4 5 . 9 9 5 TABLE I I I ( C o n t ' d ) WICKET GATE POSITION NO. 9 Q P l P 2 H N T c f s p s i i n . H g f t rpm lb. f t 5.18 15.5 12.7 50.2 580 119 .8 5.15 15.5 1 2 . 7 50.2 575 118 .6 5.11 15.6 12.5 50.2 575 1 1 7 . 0 5 .11 15.7 12 .2 50.1 570 116 .0 5.09 15.7 12.2 50.1 570 115.5 5.11 15.6 12.5 50.2 570 116 .8 5.10 15.6 12.5 50.2 5 7 0 1 1 7 . 1 5.12 15.6 12 .6 50.3 575 118.0 5.15 15.4 1 2 . 7 50.0 585 120.1 6 .20 19 .0 5.5 50.1 1185 1 1 4 . 5 6 .20 19.0 5.5 50.1 1160 116 .5 6 .19 19.0 5.5 50.1 1155 116 .0 6 . 2 0 19.0 5.3 49.9 1150 116 .2 6 .19 19.1 5.3 49.9 1145 116 .6 6 .19 19.1 5.2 49 .8 1 1 4 0 1 1 7 . 0 6 . 1 7 19.1 5.3 49.9 1135 1 1 7 . 5 6 .16 19.1 5.5 50.1 1135 118.2 6 .18 1 9 . 0 5.5 50.1 1160 116 .0 6 .16 18.0 7.5 50.1 1160 115.0 6 .17 18.0 7.5 50.1 1160 115.5 6 .15 18.0 7.5 50.1 1155 115.2 6 .14 18.0 7.3 49.9 1155 1 1 4 . 2 6 .15 18.0 7.3 49 .9 1160 1 1 4 . 0 6 .15 18.0 7.3 49 .9 1165 1 1 4 . 2 6 .15 18.0 7.4 50.0 1170 114.7 6 .16 18.0 7.5 50.1 1170 115.2 6 .16 18 .0 7.5 50.1 1170 1 1 4 . 5 6 .12 17.0 9.6 5 0 . 2 1165 113.4 6 . 1 0 1 7 . 0 9.6 5 0 . 2 1165 113.1 6 .10 1 7 . 0 9.5 50.1 1165 112.0 6 .10 1 7 . 0 9.3 49 .8 1160 111.5 6 . 0 7 1 7 . 0 9 .3 49 .8 1155 110.8 6 .12 1 7 . 0 9.3 49 .8 1160 111.7 6 .11 1 7 . 0 9 .4 50.0 1170 112 .5 6 .10 17.0 9.5 50.1 1165 113.0 6 .10 1 7 . 0 9.6 50.2 1165 113.1 H P :2^r BHP HP. a T) o o i l -1 >n • i n p s i % - — — 13 .2 2 9 . 5 0 . 36 4 4 . 9 0 . 1 11 0 . 9 1 3 . 0 2 9 . 3 0 . 36 4 4 . 4 0 . 4 10 1 . 8 12 . 8 29 . 1 0 . 3 7 4 4 . 0 1 . 0 9 2 . 9 12 .6 2 9 . 0 0 . 3 8 4 3 . 5 1 . 8 8 3 . 8 1 2 . 5 28 . 9 0 . 3 8 4 3 . 5 0 . 8 9 2 . 5 1 2 . 7 29 . 1 0 . 3 7 4 3 . 6 0 . 5 10 2 . 1 12 . 7 2 9 . 1 0 . 3 7 4 3 . 7 0 . 2 10 1 . 3 1 2 . 9 29.2 0 . 3 7 4 4 . 2 - - - 1 3 . 4 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 7 4 5 . 8 - — _ 25 . 8 3 5 . 3 0 . 5 3 7 3 . 1 0 . 2 10 1 . 1 2 5 . 8 3 5 . 3 0 . 5 3 7 3 . 1 0 . 6 10 1 . 9 2 5 . 5 3 5 . 2 0 . 5 3 72 . 4 1 . 2 9 2 . 6 2 5 . 5 3 5 . 1 0 . 5 4 72 .6 1 .6 8 3 . 0 2 5 . 4 3 5 . 1 0 . 5 4 7 2 . 4 1 . 2 9 2 . 6 2 5 . 5 35 . 0 0 . 5 4 7 2 . 8 0 . 5 10 1 . 7 2 5 . 4 35 .1 0 . 5 4 7 2 . 6 0 . 1 11 0 . 8 2 5 . 6 35 . 1 0 . 5 3 7 3 . 0 - - - 2 5 . 7 3 5 . 2 0 . 5 3 7 3 . 1 - — — 25 .4 3 5 . 0 0 . 4 9 7 2 . 7 0 . 1 11 0 . 8 2 5 . 5 3 5 . 1 0 . 4 9 7 2 . 7 0 . 4 10 1 .6 2 5 . 4 3 5 . 0 0 . 4 9 7 2 . 6 0 . 9 9 2 . 3 25 .2 3 4 . 7 0 . 4 9 7 2 . 6 1 . 3 8 2 . 8 2 5 . 2 34 . 8 0 . 4 9 7 2 . 4 1 . 0 10 2 . 4 2 5 . 3 34 . 8 0 . 4 9 7 2 . 8 0 . 4 10 1 .6 2 5 . 5 3 4 . 9 0 . 4 9 7 3 . 1 0 . 1 11 0 . 8 2 5 . 6 3 5 . 0 0 . 4 9 7 3 . 1 - - - 25.5 3 5 . 0 0 . 4 9 7 3 . 0 - - 2 5 . 2 3 4 . 8 0 . 4 4 7 2 . 4 0 . 2 10 1 . 1 2 5 . 1 3 4 . 7 0 . 4 4 7 2 . 3 0 . 8 9 2 . 2 2 4 . 9 3 4 . 6 0 . 4 4 7 2 . 0 1 . 2 9 2 . 9 2 4 . 7 3 4 . 5 0 . 4 5 7 1 . 8 1 .6 8 3 . 3 2 4 . 4 3 4 . 3 0 . 4 5 7 1 . 2 0 . 8 9 2 . 2 2 4 . 7 3 4 . 5 0 . 4 5 7 1 . 5 0 . 4 10 1 . 6 2 5 . 0 3 4 . 7 0 . 4 4 7 2 . 2 0 . 1 10 0 . 8 2 5 . 0 3 4 . 6 0 . 4 4 7 2 . 3 - - - 25 . 1 3 4 . 7 0 . 4 4 7 2 . 4 96 TABLE I I I ( C o n t ' d ) WICKET GATE POSITION NO. 9 Q P l P 2 H N T c f s p s i i n . H g f t rpm l b . f t 6 .10 16 . 0 11 .5 5 0 . 1 1170 111.7 6 .07 16 .0 11 .4 5 0 . 0 1170 111 .0 6 .06 16 .0 11 .4 5 0 . 0 1160 109 .4 6 .25 15 .7 11 .0 48 .8 1140 104 .7 6 .25 15.5 1 0 . 8 4 8 . 2 1135 1 0 4 . 3 6 . 2 4 15.6 1 0 . 8 4 8 . 3 1145 104.6 6 .25 15 .7 11 .0 48 .8 1145 1 0 5 . 2 6 .06 16 .0 11 .3 4 9 . 8 1165 109 .9 6 .06 16 . 0 11 .3 4 9 . 8 1170 110.5 6 .10 16 . 0 11 .4 50 .0 1170 111.5 6 .10 15 .6 12 «4 50 .2 1175 112.0 6 .10 15 .6 12 .4 5 0 . 2 1180 111.4 6 .27 15 .2 12 .1 48 .9 1155 106 .0 6 .27 15 .2 12 .1 4 8 . 9 1150 105.5 6 .31 15 .2 11.9 48 .8 1150 105 .7 6 .30 15 .2 12 .0 4 8 . 9 1150 105.7 6 .30 15 .3 12 .1 4 9 . 1 1155 106 .2 6 .10 15 .7 12 .2 5 0 . 2 1175 110.7 6 .11 15 .7 12 .4 50 .4 1180 112.0 7 . 30 1 5 . 8 11.6 4 9 . 7 1810 96 . 0 7 . 5 0 15 .5 11 .5 4 9 . 0 1785 9 5 . 5 7 .42 15 .5 11.4 4 8 . 9 1750 93 .2 7 . 3 0 15 .7 11 .4 4 9 . 2 1720 9 2 . 7 7>25 15 .8 11 .4 4 9 . 5 1690 92 .7 7 . 2 3 15 .8 11.4 4 9 . 5 1680 9 3 . 7 7 .28 15.8 11.4 4 9 . 5 1675 96 .5 7 .35 15 .8 11.7 4 9 . 8 1675 9 9 . 2 6 .90 16 .3 12 .0 51 .3 1670 1 0 0 . 2 7 . 0 0 16 .5 10 .5 50 .0 1760 9 5 . 0 7 .14 16 .1 10 . 5 4 9 . 0 1760 9 5 . 0 7 . 4 0 16 .1 1 0 . 4 4 8 . 9 1740 9 3 . 5 7 .35 16 .0 1 0 . 0 4 8 . 3 1730 92 .5 7 .30 16 .0 1 0 . 0 4 8 . 3 1720 91.5 7 . 3 1 1 6 . 0 1 0 . 1 48 .4 1710 93 .2 7 . 3 0 16 .1 10 .5 49 .0 1705 94.6 7 . 0 5 16 . 1 1 0 . 5 4 9 . 0 1705 96 .5 7 . 0 0 16 .5 10.5 5 0 . 0 16 95 9 7 . 2 H P Qat BHP HP. a a a Q i n i n p s i % % — _ — 24 . 8 34 .7 0.39 71.5 0 .1 11 0 .8 24.7 34.7 0 . 4 0 7 1 . 7 0 .6 10 1.9 24 .2 34.3 0.40 70 .6 1.2 9 2.5 22 .8 3 4 . 6 0 .42 66 .0 1.8 8 3.1 22.6 34.2 0.43 66.2 1.4 8 2 .7 22.7 34.2 0.43 66 .4 1.0 9 2 .3 22.9 34.6 0 .42 6 6 . 3 0.5 10 1 .7 2 4 . 4 34.2 0 . 4 0 71.4 0.2 10 1.1 24.6 34.2 0 . 4 0 71 .9 - - - 2 4 . 8 34 .6 0 . 4 0 71 .8 - - - 25.1 34.8 0.37 7 2 . 1 0.1 11 0.8 25.1 34.8 0.37 7 2 . 1 0 . 4 10 1.5 23.3 34.8 0.39 6 7 . 1 1.2 8 2.5 2 3 . 1 34.8 0.39 6 6 . 5 1.8 8 3.2 2 3 . 1 34.9 0.39 66 .4 1 .6 8 269 23.1 34.9 0.39 6 6 . 4 0.5 10 1 .6 23.4 35.1 0.38 6 6 . 7 0.2 10 1 .1 24 .8 34.8 0.38 71 .4 25.2 34 .9 0 . 3 7 7 2 . 2 32 .9 41 .1 0.39 80 .0 0.1 11 0 .7 32.4 41 .6 0 . 4 0 78.0 0.6 10 1.5 31.0 41 .1 0 . 4 1 75.6 1.4 8 2 . 4 30.4 40 .7 0 . 4 0 74.6 1.9 7.5 2.8 29.8 4 0 . 7 0 . 4 0 73.2 1.6 8 2 .5 30.0 4 0 . 5 0 . 4 0 74.1 0.6 10 1.5 30 .8 4 0 . 9 0 . 4 0 75.4 0 .1 11 0.6 31.6 41 .1 0.39 76 .5 - - - 31.7 4 0 . 2 0.37 79 . 1 -. _ - 31.8 39.7 0 . 4 1 80 .0 0 .1 11 0.6 31.8 39.7 0.43 80 . 4 0.6 10 1 .6 31.0 4 1 . 0 0.43 75.6 1.2 9 2 .2 30.4 .41.0 0.43 75.6 1.8 8 2 .7 30.0 4 0 . 0 0.44 75.0 1.4 8 2 .3 30.4 4 0 . 1 0.44 76 .0 0 .7 10 1.7 30.8 4 0 . 2 0.44 76 .8 0 . 4 10 1.3 31 .3 39.1 0.43 80 . 1 0 . 1 11 0.7 31.4 39 .7 0 .42 79 . 1 97 TABLE I I I ( C o n t ' d ) WICKET GATE Q P l P 2 H c f s p s i i n . H g f t 7 .18 16 .8 9.7 49.9 7.24 16 .6 9.4 49.0 7-50 16 .0 9.0 47.2 7-51 16 .1 9.1 47-5 7 .45 16 .1 9.1 47 .3 7 .55 16 .1 9.1 47.5 7 .48 16 .1 9.1 47.5 7.28 16 .5 9.1 48.1 7.15 16.9 9.5 49.8 7.00 18.0 7.6 50.2 7.07 17.9 7.4 49.8 7 .18 17.9 7.1 49.5 7.16 17.9 7.0 49.4 7 .30 17.8 6.7 48.7 7 .51 17.5 6.5 47.9 7 .28 17.5 6.7 46 .1 7.28 17.7 6 .8 48 .6 7-14 17.7 7.2 49.0 7.00 18.0 7.6 50.2 6 .97 19.0 5.5 50.1 6 .97 19.0 5.5 50.1 7 .08 18.9 5.1 49 .6 7.15 18.9 5.1 49 .6 7 .08 18.8 4.9 49.0 7 .04 18.9 5.0 49.4 7 .08 18.9 5 .0 49 .4 7.06 19.0 5.1 49.7 6 .94 19.0 5.5 50.1 NO .9 N T H P O a t a a rpm l b . f t i n p s i % 1780 95.1 _ — — 1805 95.1 0.2 11 1.0 1805 92.5 0.6 10 1.5 1800 92.0 0 .9 9 1.9 1805 90.2 1.2 9 2.2 1820 9 2 . 0 0.8 10 1.8 1835 93.5 0.4 10 1.3 1835 93.5 0 .1 11 0 .7 1830 93.5 - - -1795 95.1 _ _ _ 1790 94.6 0 .1 11 0 .7 1770 95.5 0.5 10 1.5 1760 95.5 0.9 9 2.1 1795 94.5 1.3 8 2.3 1780 92.2 1.6 8 2.4 1800 94.2 1.0 9 2.0 1805 94.5 0.5 10 1.5 1800 94.5 0 .7 11 0 .1 1800 94.7 - - -1800 95.4 _ — 1790 94.5 0 .1 11 0 .7 1785 95.2 0 .6 10 1.6 1775 95.2 1.1 9 2.2 1760 95.5 1.6 9 2.6 1760 95.5 1.2 9 2 .2 1770 95.2 0.8 10 1.9 1780 95.7 0.2 10 1.0 1780 96.7 - - -BHP HP. cr T\ m % 32.3 40.6 0.44 79.6 32.7 40 .7 0.45 81.2 31.8 40 .2 0.48 79 .1 31.6 40.4 0 .47 78 .1 31.0 40 .1 0.47 76 .4 31.9 40 .6 0 .47 78.7 32.7 40 .3 0.47 81 .3 32.7 39.7 0.47 82 .7 32 .6 40 .4 0.44 80 .7 32.5 39.9 0.48 81 .4 32.3 39.9 0.49 81 .0 32.2 40 .3 0 .49 79.8 32.0 40 .0 0 .50 80 .0 32.1 40 .3 0.52 79.8 31.4 40 .8 0.53 78 .0 32.3 39.7 0.52 81 .4 32.4 40 .1 0 .51 80.8 32.4 39.7 0.50 81.4 32.4 39 .9 0.48 31.2 32.7 39.6- 0.53 82.6 32.3 39.6 0.53 81.6 32.4 39.8 0.55 81.4 32.2 40 .2 0.55 80.2 32.0 39.4 0.56 81.2 32 .0 39.5 0.55 81 .0 32.1 39.7 0.55 80.9 32.4 39.8 0.54 81.4 32.8 39.4 0.53 83.2 TABLE IV TYPES OP INJURIES OP DEAD P I S H . 98 t. | Number of dead fish examined Types of I n j u r i e s Test number Mortality Number of dead fish examined Operculum Damage Eye Damage Deflated Bladder Damaged liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral rupture Decapitation Laceration None apparent Remarks i Immediate 20 2 0 i n 2 0 0 6 . 3 . C04 . 1 1 st dajf 6 1 0 5 3 2 1 0 0 2nd day 3 1 0 1 1 2 0 n o 3rd day 2 0 1 0 0 1 0; 0. 0 Immediate 13 0 1 3 0 0 „.-,&.- „. 1 — CO 5 .5 1st day 8 . 0 3 5 2 5 2 0 2nd day 1 1 0 Qj Oi 0 0 0 0 3rd day 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0: Immediate 26 0 5 4 0 3 3 14 3 C06 .3 1st day 10 1 6 7 8 4 5 0 2 2nd day 6 0 4 3 3 3 1 0 1 3rd day 5 0 2 4 2 1 0 , 0 1 Immediate 23 0 0 6 1 3 2 13 3 C08.1 1st day 4 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 0 2nd day 2 - - - - • - - - -3rd day 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 o Immediate 21 2 2 8 0 2 2 10 2 II C08.2 1st day 5 1 2 3 1 3 1 0 1 H 2nd day 1 - - - - - - - -cd cy 3rd day 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Immediate 17 1 2 4 1 2 1 13 0 o O C08.3 1st day 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 II 2nd day l - - - - - - - VJ 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B O . SH Immediate 19 2 3 4 o . 0 . O o C08.4 1st day 2 1 2 1 . 1 2 1 n ., _Q CO H 2nd day 5 - - _ _ II L_S 3rd dav 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TABLE IV ( C o n t ' d ) 99 Test number Mortality 1 Number of dead fish examined i Types of I n j u r i e s Test number Mortality 1 Number of dead fish examined i Operculum bamage l Eye Damage Deflated Bladder Damaged Liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral Rupture Decapitation e Laceration None apparent CO 4.2 Immediate 21 2 2 5 1 2 3 10 0 1st day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 CO 5 .6 Immediate 11 0 1 1 0 0 1 8 1 1st day 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 2 2nd day 3 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 . . 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COS .4 Immediate 26 0 3 4 0 5 1 15 3 1st day 12 0 5 7 8 5 7 0 1 2nd day 5 0 2 3 4 4 l 0 1 3rd day 6 0 4 3 4 3 l 0 1 C011.1 Immediate 19 1 2 5. 0 2 l 13 0 1st day 4 0 1 2 4 2 l 1 0 2nd day 3 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 3rd day 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 C O l l . 2 Immediate 19 0 5 3 1 0 1 12 2 1st day 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 2nd day 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C011.3 Immediate 18 0 1 5 1 1 2 12 1 1st day 5 . 1 1 4 3 2 2 1 0 2nd day 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3rd day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 CQ u a s a) tt VD O II o • H s CM CM « o ll ct! B P, U o o CO II 12! V. TABLE IV ( C o n t ' d ) 100 Test number Mortality Number of dead fish examined 1 Types of I n j u r i e s | Test number Mortality Number of dead fish examined Operculum Damage -01 bO ct) co a >J Ctj « p Deflated Bladder Damaged Liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral Eupture Decapitation e Laceration None Apparent CO 4 . 3 Immediate 30 4 2 6 1 6 2 18 1 1st day 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2nd day 1 l 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3rd day 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 CO 5 .1 Immediate 24 1 2 5 0 3 2 16 0 1st day 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 3rd day 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 CO 20 2 Immediate 14 0 0 3 1 1 2 9 1 1st day 2nd day 8 0 0 . 6 0 3 4 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 " 0 3rd day 1 0 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 CO 6 .5 Immediate 20 0 2 7 0 1 1 11 1 1st day 6 0 2 5 , . •4 0 1 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 0 • 0 1 1 0 0 0 3rd day 2 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 CO 19.3 Immediate . 12 0 0 5 1 1 2 5 2 1st day 6 0 1 4 . 0 2 0 0 1 2nd day 2 0. . .0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3rd day 1 0' 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 CO 19 .6 •Immediate 20 0 7 2 3 2 12 2 1st day 11 0 0 6 2 4 4 0 2 2nd day 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 3rd d a y 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 b ll 101 TABLE IV ( C o n t ' d ) Uest number Mortality Number of dead fish examined Typ es of I n j u r i e s Uest number Mortality Number of dead fish examined Operculum Damage a) a cd Deflated Bladder Damaged Liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral Rupture cl O Ci •H O -P -H cd -P - p cd •H U) U e,, a>. f% * ^one Apparent L__—____ CO 4.4 Immediate 19 1 2 8 1 • 4 0 7 1 1st day 4 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO 4.5 Immediate 17 1 2 7 0 1 0 8 1 1st day 2 0 0 • 2 2 0 0 0 0 2nd day 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO 5.2 Immediate 21 • 3 2 16 0 6 2 5 "1 1st day 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 CO 5.3 Immediate 17 1 2 6 1 4 2 8 0 1st. day 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 0 0 / 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Immediate 19 , 1 3 5 0 4 2 10 2 1st day 7 •0 2 4 5 l 4 0 0 CO 5 ,1 2nd day 2 0 2 2 1 2 .1 0 0 3rd day 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 CO 6.6 Immediate 16 1 . 2 5 1 2 0 8 2 1st day 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 0 0 2nd day 2 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 3rd day ? 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 CO U cd a 4) a •H a i—i H O II cd cy cn to o II b o o CO II TABLE IV ( C o n t ' d ) 102 Eest number Mortality Uumber of dead fish examined Types of I n j u r i e s Eest number Mortality Uumber of dead fish examined Operculum Damage Eye Damage Deflated Bladder Damaged Liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral Rupture Decapitation Laceration None Apparent CO 4.6 Immediate 16 2 1 6 1 2 1 6 2 < 1st day 10 0 0 10 4 1 1 0 0 2nd day 6 0 2 5 4 3 0 "•' 0 0 3rd day 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 CO 5.4 Immediate 18 0 1 2 0 0 0 15 1 1st day 15 0 4' . 13 7 9 2 0 1 2 nd day 4 0 0 3 4 4 0 0 0 3rd day 5 0 2 3 3 3 1 0 1 CO 6.2 Immediate 17 1 1 4 0 0 1 9 2 1st day 3 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 3 0 2 3 3 3 1 0 0 C012 .5 Immediate 22 0 1 8 0 3 1 13 1 1st day 2 0 0 . 2 2 2 2 1 0 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C012.6 Immediate 38 1 2 19 0 2 0 16 1 1st day 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 2nd day 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C012 .7 Immediate 23 2 6 11 0 3 2 8 1 1st day 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 C012 .8 Immediate 22 0 3 10 '. 1 1 3 10 1 1st day 5 0 1 4 0 2 1 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 1 1 0 l 1 1 1 0 0 CO U a fl • r l a CM f O O II cy O N to o II b o o CO H CO 103 TABLE IV ( C o n t ' d ) Test number Mortality Slumber of dead rish examined Types of I n j u r i e s temarks Test number Mortality Slumber of dead rish examined pperculum pamage jSye pamage Deflated 31adder 1 Damaged Miver CO A fl o O -r) •rl 03 03 3 a -p . U fl fl o Jentral lupture )ecapitation jaceration tfone Apparent temarks C019.1 Immediate 21 0 1 8 1 2 4 6 1 1st day 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 .2nd day 3 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 3rd day 2 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 in Penstock C019.5 Immediate 19 0 1 7 1 4 3 7 1 in Penstock 1 s t day 17 0 1 9 1 l 2 0 5 in Penstock 2nd day 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 in Penstock 3 rd day 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 in Penstock C020.3 Immediate 11 0 1 4 1 1 2 2 2 in Penstock 1 s t day 2 0 0 l 0 1 0 0 0 in Penstock 2nd day 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 in Penstock 3rd day 5 0 0 2 0 4 2 0 0 in Penstock C 0 2 0 « 5 Immediate 27 0 4 9 1 5 3 14 1 u • H 1st day 6 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 1 < 2nd day 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3rd day 2 0 o" 0 0 1 1 0 0 C012.1 ImmediateJ 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 -4-II cy 0) cd H fl O )2! 1st. day 2 0 0 2 1 : 0 0 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3rd day 1 ; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 C012.2 Immediate 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1st day 4 0 1 2 JL-. 1.,. 1 . 0 0 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0..., 3rd day 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 n — o _ 104 TABLE IV ( C o n t ' d ) Test number J Mortality Number of dead fish examined Types of I n j u r i e s Test number J Mortality Number of dead fish examined Pperculum JDamage Eye Damage [Deflated gladder Damaged piver ^brasion e Contusion 1 entral lupture tecapitation jaceration None Apparent C016 Immediate 15 1 3 1 1 1 1 9 2 1st day 5 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 j 3rd day 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 C019.4 Immediate 16 0 2 4 2 4 3 10 3 1st day 20 0 3 3 1 1 1 0 7„ 2nd day 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 3rd day 4 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 l C020.S Immediate 17 0 1 0 0 1 2 12 l 1st day 6 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 2nd day 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3rd day 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 CO 20.4 Immediate 12 0 2 0 0 0 1 9 0 1st day 4 | o 1 3 1 1 3 | 0 0 2nd day 3 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 3rd day 3 | 0 0 1 0 2 2 } 0 0 C020.6 Immediate 18 0 1 4 2 5 2 10 0 1st day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I o 0 2nd day 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3rd day 3 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 C012.3 Immediate 16 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 1st day 3 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 2nd day 3 1 1 2 1 j 1 1 0 1 3rd day 1 0 o. 0 1 1 0 0 0 C012 .4 Immediate 18 0 I 0 18 0 0 0__ 0 0 0 1st day 1 0 0 | 1 0 ] 0 0 2nd day 1 : 0 i i i 1 1 0 0 0 0 3rd day 0 0 0 0 ] 0 \ 0 0 0 o 105 TABLE IV ( C o n t ' d ) Test number Mortality-Number of dead fish examined Types of I n j u r i e s Remarks Test number Mortality-Number of dead fish examined Operculum Damage Eye Damage Deflated Bladder Damaged Liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral Rupture Ds capitation Laceration None Apparent Remarks C022.1 Immediate 2 5 0 2 12 2 6 4 11 2 ' 1 s t day 4 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 C023.2 Immediate 30 0 6 20 3 18 9 3 0 0 0 C\i 1st day 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 H II fe 2nd day 3rd day 0 2 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0022.2 Immediate 1st day 0 5 2.5. J L 0 7 4 O O cn ll 8 0 0 8 7 2 0 0 2nd day 1 0 0 0 .0 0 • 0 0 1 3rd day 2 0 •o 1 0 0 0 0 1 G023.1 i — Immediate 26 0 3 20 3 11 7 2 0 1st day 2nd day 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 fe 0' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 3 0 0 2! 0 0 0 0 1 106 TABLE V TYPES OP INJURIES OP DEAD PISH Test number +» •rl r - l Ct) u 0 s Number of dead fish examined Types of I n j u r i e s Remarks Test number Number of dead fish examined Operculum Damage Kye Damage Deflated Bladder Damaged Liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral Rupture Decapitation Laceration tfone Apparent Remarks C 0 7 . 1 Immediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1st day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2nd day 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 Pish were introduced below control gate 3rd day 7 - - - - - - - -Pish were introduced below control gate C07.2 Immediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pish were introduced below control gate 1s t day 2 0 0 . 2 0 0 0 0 0 Pish were introduced below control gate 2nd day 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ? Pish were introduced below control gate 3rd day 3 _ _ _ _ Pish were introduced below control gate C013.1 Immediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n Pish were introduced below control gate 1st day 3 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 Pish were introduced below control gate 2nd day 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 n Pish were introduced below control gate 3rd day 2 0 1 1 0 0. 1 ' 0 Pish were introduced below control gate CO 26 .1 Immediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pish were introduced below control gate 1st day 7 _ _ — , Pish were introduced below control gate 2nd day 2 _ Pish were introduced below control gate 3rd day . 3 - - — mo Pish were introduced below control gate C026 .2 Immediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pish were introduced below control gate 1st day 6 -Pish were introduced below control gate 2nd day 4 - — Pish were introduced below control gate 3rd day l - - - . - - - - — Pish were introduced below control gate 1 107 TABLE V ( C o n t ' d ) Test number Mortality lumber of dead 'ish examined Types of I n j u r i e s Test number Mortality lumber of dead 'ish examined )perculum Damage Eye Damage Deflated Bladder Damaged Liver Abrasion e Contusion Ventral Rupture 0 fl •rl O -P -rl Cfl, -P a u Cfl 4) 0 0 CO cfl R Hi None Apparent 0013 .2 Immediate 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1st day 2 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 2nd day 4 1' 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 3rd day 5 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 C013.3 Immediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1st day 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2nd day 5 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 1 3rd day 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 C026 .3 Immediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1st day 3 _ 2nd day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3rd day 1 - - - ~ - _ _ _ 2 0 7 . 3 [mmediate 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1st day 3 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 2nd day 5 0 1 2 1 3 0 0 1 3rd day 10 - - - - - - - -2 0 7 . 4 [mmediate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1st day 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2nd day 7 1 2 1 0 0 3rd day 12 ~ 108 TABLE VI CONTROL PISH T o t a l m o r t a l i t y No of f i s h d u r i n g 3 days . Date set up set up observat May 7, 1964 80 1 May 8 , 1964 80 1 May 11 , 1964 80 2 May 12, 1964 80 1 May 13, 1964 80 2 May 19 , 1964 80 1 May 20, 1964 80 2 May 22, 1964 80 2 May 23, 1964 80 4 May 26, 1964 80 3 No c o n t r o l f i s h were set up f o r the t e s t on May 4 » 5 and 6 . P i s h to be t e s t e d on May 4 were separa ted and set up i n 6 n y l o n nets 4 days b e f o r e the t e s t i n g d a y . T o t a l m o r t a l i t y was 1 . P i s h - t o be t e s t e d on May 5, were set up i n 6 baskets 4 days b e f o r e "the t e s t i n g d a y s . T o t a l m o r t a l i t y was 1 . P i s h t o . b e t e s t e d on May 6, were set up 2 days before the t e s t i n g d a y . No m o r t a l i t y was o b s e r v e d . I n a d d i t i o n , f i s h i n one tank had not been u s e d . N e g l i g i b l e m o r t a l i t y was observed i n . tha t t a n k . C15 C16 CO 26 o o a o o o « « s w w o o c c o o o o o o & 6°. tt ^ ^ • . « • • ro H f - 1 ro H o o -o -o TEST NUMBER • • i •P- w i rB W CQ . * * v j i v n v j i « • a ON ON ON J S r . . . & \ v>) t) • • • V J l v j i V J l ON ON ON •P- -P-« 5N tt >» ^ 15 £ & £ g • . v n v j i h £ DATE •3 o § HI 1-3 M O a CO 16 .00 ,16 .10 10.05 H 1 M H H C f l VJI . . . H" O -P-v j l O v j i r-> t-1 r-1 r-> O O W O O O « • « 0 •p- ro w -p- ro VJI VJI o O O H" H 1 F" H e « •F- w o o TIME V J l -p- -p-v j i ro ro O VJI v j i V J l V J l V J l VJI 00 CO O v j i VJI V J l V J l V J l V J l V J l VJI VJI CO CO CO O ' O V J l -p— w V J l V J l CO CO -P- -P-DISCHARGE c f s i i I 1 1 1 r l - H - c + 3 I T c t c+ V J l VJI SUCTION AT ENTRY i n . H g w w w CO —0 -^ 3 w w w CO CO CO W W W W W CO CO CO CO CO w w CO CO AVERAGE LENGTH DP PISH mm *d HI CO « c3 w r S > H 1-3 CO 00 CO o o o CO —0 CO O V O O -0 -0 CO CO CO V O v o o o o CO CO O O NUMBER 0i ' PISH INJECTED CO CO CO o o o co -o - o O v o -0 —0 —0 CO CO CO CO v o O O O CO —J O v o ALIVE o o o O O H o o o o o O M DEAD o o o O O I O H O O O O O O MISSING o o o w w ro ON - > tri H> O H O v j i 4> p ro v n •P- ro w w w >-> w ro W -0 -0 v j i ro o 2 n d DAY 3rd DAY ro o O W O H -p- o -P-M M (-• ro ro Co Co H ro H* o v o TOTAL MORTALITY •p- O H ! VJI ro ^ 3 h-1 r-1 r-1 r-1 V J l V J l O O -P-ro ro v n -p-PERCENTAGE ro H H • •_, ' H W ro V J l AVERAGE . Pish clumped on trap. CU C fl) hrj 3 4 fl c * F -c+ « c + CO 4 to co 3* < CO S ffl . fl P- 0 P-4 c+ CD 3 CB >T c _ i . M CD fD CO O O c+ H> Q c t -F - & CO Cjj}, F - fa-c t - g CU CO Q tf H ' •'I 3 C i> (J S H ' c t CJ c + H c + CO 4 c t C» O O 3" «< F - 3 « O C- ft F -3 F - C3 4 0 c t O i B U -fo tr a Ho re c + c+ c + O K O c t CB fjq H" fl ft « • CD CO CT F -c t O CO CD < | T . tt> CO O fl o o 3 W c + C» 4 ft O 3 W CO 601 13 Tj o o o 9 9 o o 01 CM (71 V 01 U l O O cn ^ (J I * •>> = ro _g_ ^ ° o o ° ° i • V 1 i 10 00 Cn cn oi cn o> at "ro-A S 1 - o 0 o 1 i X> O l ro ro qg CD s s 8 fi o o I ro — ro - ro~ in Ul i-i Test number Date Time > CD m ro ro ro ro ro ro J> 4> 4» ro ro ro ro ro ui j> j> j> j> ^ ro ro fo ^ ui Ul 5?. O l O l Discharge cfs p o en (J) in « Ol O l in en ro ro ro In ui in ro ro ro ro ro in ui ui ui ui to co Ol Ol ro ro Penstock pressure psi Draft tube pressure in. of Hg « CO CD ca o i ro ro ro ro ro * * * * ro ro ro rb CM o i cn cn Suction head ft. o f water 4>> * Ul Ul 4> * * * ft Ul Ul Ul j> * * 4> * J> * cn Ui ui ui ui » * 4> !» < & Ul Ul Total head ft. of water ro ro cn cn b o o o o o o o o O o ° 2 9 2 2 2 cn cn cn cn 0 1 o in Cn T o r q u e Ib-ft 01 O l 2 ° o o en o> o O O o IP p en cn O o O j p o o cn cn cn en en o o o o o o o o o I I I I I en cn o o o o R.P.M. o o I I Air meter reading in.of water I I cn o ro * I I o o P o •jt ro p ro ro fo co io * o p e * * * p ° en cn o cn S i g m a cf X -< a JO > c O O O O z O l CM W Ol Ji cn CM CM S -si cn cn CM in CM Ol ui cn oi oi Average length m.m ro CM O O 5 to ro ro co .» D e a d o o J ro - o CM ro — ui - M i s s i n g ro o 01 — Oi O Oi o - Z, •* 1st day o o o o o - - CM cn *> ro — - o o o 2nd -day o o o o o o o O - O O o O O o o 3 r d .day ZD co x o 30 01 O to CM CM fO - - * O CM cn m * ro. en * o ro — ro ro ro ro CM ro O cn Total •mortality io — t» o w ro ro CM ro O o a> ao ao 9> o> •*» i 01 ro — 01 o> - Test number £ 2 $ < $ s •S -s i I P 2- 5 * 2; 2 $ 2 2 2 Date P P to ? « 5 is s «* s a a 5 5 P b jS -5 0 5 A ft 8 * 8 6 Time 5.82 5.81 5:83 5.89 5.87 5.86 Ul yi W Ul m ui ui 03 OD • OD co do bo 01 4» 01 Ol 0> * Ol Discharge cfs -< 0 > r 0 0 0 z 0 H O Z co 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 202 20.2 ro ro M ro ro ro ro p 0 9 P p P 0 ro ro ro ro ro ro ro 'enstodc pressure psi jjl o< Ol 01 W O ! o b b b o o 01 01 ot y w u 01 b b b 0 b o b Draft tube pressun in. of Hg Ol Ol Ol Ol oi oi 4k '4k 4. * * * Ol ol Ol Ol Ol OJ Ol * i> i» * * * * Suction heod ft. of water oi yi oi oi oi m P P p O o 9 o o o o b o Ul ui Ul Ul Ul Ul ui 0 0 p p p 0 p b b 0 0 0 b 0 Totol head ft.of water 82.7 842 84.2 84.5 84-5 84.5 03 OS 00 00 00 00 00 4k 4k 4k 4k .fk Ul Ul bo 01 ro — ui — ro Torque lb.fl 00 gg QD 00 0B OD O Q O O O Q O P O o o P 09 00 00 09 09 09 00 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O R.P.M. o o o o P P ro ro ro ro ro ro 1 1 I I I 1 1 Mr meter reading in. of water o o o o P Q ro ro ro ro to ro ro ro ro ro ro ro 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Air quantity lb/min . 0> 00 oo oo .1.1.1-1 1 1 1 M r pressure psi °" oi ro oi oi oi 1 I I I I I I Air in percent of discharge 2 8-3 287 2 88 290 29.0 290 ro ro ro ro ro ro ro to 00 09 00 09 to 00 0 b Horse power o u t p u t 33.0 33.0 334 334 33.4 33.3 m v u 01 01 01 oi Ol Ol 01 Ol Ol CM 01 ro fo ro ro ro ro ~ Horse power input 858 87.0 86 8 86- 9 86 9 87.1 09 09 00 00 09 .09 09 . S Ct 0> -4 N 01 •"> O 09 09 O * ^ Efficiency ym 0 59 059 0.59 0.59 0:59 0.59 O O O P P P O Ul Ul Ul Ul Ul O l 01 tO to IO <0 * (0 to Sigma o< Oi 01 01 01 01 rjj eo -~i -4 OJ : Ol Ol OJ OJ Oi Oi s e s i ) - i -4 01 Ul Average lengfh mm ~n CO X O J3 H > H 00 00 00 00 0D CO 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 09 09 00 03 O O O (0 O O O Number of tish injected o> o> oi u< ^ ui ro - - p. 0 - CD CD Ul Ul Ul 0> oi — ol 10 0» Ct Ol 4k Alive — - — ro ' T ro 09 <0 VD O - -— — ro ro^ ro — ro w 0 Dead O O O O — OD t 0 0 0 p ro ro ci Missing 01 ro * f3 01 o ro - 0" 4> p * 0 1 1st day a> -S Q *< — — Ol Ul 0 m — — ro o> — 01 2nd day _ 0 r o Q i O o i 0 O - — oi — ro 3rd. day ro ro N J> - 01 ui ro as ID 00 ro ro — ro 01 4>> ro OJ ct » 00 p 01 Ul 1^ Total mortality w ro 01 01 ro J> — ->) t" " M 0 w ro 01 o> ui 01 « ro 4> o, a, 0) - oi Percentage • 1 : ' Ol 01 OJ 09 Average Low suction with air in draft tube •8 i s REMARKS I I I o o Ot 0> C06.I G05.3 o o cn io CO 4-5 C04.4 o o 8 96100 o S tO OJ '"'Vi" o cn in C05.I o J> OJ Tost number 01 cn t U l Ol S pi V 2 In cn M> m £ 8 U l 8

U l O l *' 2 Dote ui u o 9 g 6 o 5 jo 2 J * o cn ui oi j> ffi $ O l Time at CD cn 5 cn 5 cn CO cn b U l cn s b o> O Ot b Penstock pressure psi U l tn in cn in in - b T- in in in Draft tube pressure in.of Hg oi O l oi O l CM ro CM ro CM cn CM CM m O Suction head fl of water X -< to CD U l P ot to O l <0 C J 8 U l o M> to t> cn p CM M> 10 CO U l O U l O U l o Totol head ft. of woter o 33 CD * CD U l U l CO ro CO ro '•si CO cn CD to CD M> oi CD 01 CO 0) CO cn 09 U l - J CD 9> -M Torque Ib.ft. > c l~ o CD 8 CD O O CD O O CO o o CD O O CD 8 S O o CO o o CO o o •8 o CD 8 CO o Q R.P. M. o ro O ro o ro o ro p P ro I 1 1 1 i 1 Air meterreoding In. of water o o z g ro O 1 1 1 1 ! 1 Air pressure psi O ro ro O fo ro o fo ro P ro P 5 P ro to 1 1 1 1 i 1 Air quantity Ib/rnln. io to ro ro 9 U l CM M> 01 CM S" Ol CM CM CM O l U l CM V JS CO CM cn Horse power input CD ro cn OB U l o CD P CD CD O cb £ CM S ? CD U l CD r>i 09 CD bt CO 01 8 CO Efficiency y. o b t to o O l 8 u> p CM (0 P Ol to p OJ to O M> o CM to p CM • a o CM to Slqmo cf* ot -4 O l -4 01 cn O l cn O ) U l U l O l cn CM 09 CM CD CM 03 CM cn U< CM ot CM cn Average length mm OB O CO o CD o OB o <0 CO o CO O CO o 09 o CO O eo O -M to Number of f i s h Inlected cn O l cn o cn ro et ro cn O o> O 01 U l at ro 01 CO Ot o cn - J U l Alive 2} en io ro ro O ro ro O ro M> CM o Dead CO X i - i r° i 1 t to O o t t Ot Missing O l - - ro •0 CO - 01 ot - - 1st day o —1 > ro ro o - - - CM to ro - o - 2nd day 3 O l to o ro o o - ro - to - - 3rd day a . = r-ro cn OJ (0 ro ro to ro ro cn ro a ro to 10 ro U l to Total mortality —1 -< CM O l Percentage O l O CM M> Average c c r IB ~ O » * ? a _. 2 3 JB C a *< *. 1 sa S "§• ! 5' 3 3 O a 3/ z I REMARKS > C D I -m o g o o o Q Q N K s o t o P u i _ 8 8 8 8 8 8 | | A M 4» IO 8 o G o Q p Q p P B N (5 N 8 8 8 0> O l •*» r o i cn Test number CD r~ m x CO o 33 -< o ( Z m ro ro H K oi "* ift "* — CM O l 5 S 8 T i m e (0 o i p i cn io io <0 CO -M ^ cn ro ° > cn ro CJ r o ro ro ro A -t> !r» 4> IO 5 8 5 co cn CD CD CO CD O l O l * Ol j> — - I CO o o CO CO CO § 8 8 p o p cn cn co O O o P -M - I -M ->l ro ro ro ro co co co P> - j a i c " w w w O l ^ CM io <0 CD CP 00 CO cn £ cn J> ro ro ro O o o P cn cn M> — 4> 4> o i cn cn cn ro ro £ o, o, fo U> CO Suction head ft. of water J> * 4> J> A W °* * ~ J •>! CM ID * O l O l M> 4> J> IO O O 10 U> t o 03 cn — Total head ft. of water o i w o i © cn a , to co o ~ cn o> ^ 0 1 CD CO 4> •> CO CO CO * - ro ? r o cn b Torque Ib.ft. CO CO CO CO CO o o g o o o o o o o CO CO CO CO O O O Q O Q Q O O Q O O O P 00 CO R.P. 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