T H E P E R F O R M A N C E OF A SEQUENCING B A T C H R E A C T O R FOR T H E T R E A T M E N T OF WHITEWATER AT H I G H TEMPERATURES by RHIANNON JOHNSON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL F U L F I L L M E N T OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE D E G R E E OF M A S T E R OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE F A C U L T Y OF G R A D U A T E STUDIES (Department of Civil Engineering) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH C O L U M B I A September, 1995 ©Rhiannon Johnson, 1995 in presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Ctv/i \ Ejnc\jneOJrO The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date Q c l n °J5 DE-6 (2/88) i ABSTRACT Environmental and economic pressures on pulp and paper mills have prompted the adoption of water-reducing strategies such as Whitewater system closure. Efforts to reduce water use in the Whitewater system increase the Whitewater temperature and cause operational and quality problems in the papermachine through the build-up of dissolved contaminants in the Whitewater. To control the build-up of dissolved and colloidal substances in the Whitewater, an aerobic bioreactor is proposed to treat a substream of the closed Whitewater loop. This research investigated the biological treatability of a synthetic closed-system Whitewater at high temperatures with an aerobic biological sequencing batch reactor (SBR), focusing on the removal of resin and fatty acids, one of the problem compound groups. The bioreactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 days and a solids retention time (SRT) of over 15 days with the intention of maintaining a viable biomass at a mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) level between 2000 and 5000 mg/L. The performance of the bioreactor was assessed at 20, 30, 40, 45, and 50°C in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and resin and fatty acid (RFA) removal. The removal of conventional contaminants such as TDS, TOC, and COD was significant at temperatures up to and including 40°C while at higher temperatures, contaminant removal was reduced. Parameters describing reactor operation and performance such as the food to microorganism ratio, the specific substrate utilization rate, and growth yield indicated a reduced conventional contaminant removal capability at temperatures higher than 40°C, along with a decrease in reactor biomass inventories at the higher temperatures. The removal efficiencies of fatty acids (FA) were over 95% at all temperatures, but for resin acids (PvA), near-complete removal was observed only up to 40°C. At higher temperatures, the removal efficiencies of R A were reduced, but still significant. Measurements during the SBR react cycle indicated that F A were mainly associated with the suspended solids, while R A were associated with both the liquid and solid phases. Observed specific removal rates decreased with increasing temperature, while maximum specific removal rates were high for all temperatures studied. For FA, the maximum removal rates were about twice the observed removal rates, while for RA, the maximum removal rates were about four times the observed removal rates. The F A content in the biomass appeared to decrease with increasing temperature, while the R A content appeared to increase. The R F A removed did not accumulate on the suspended solids because the R F A content in the biomass was negligible compared to the overall mass flow through the system. A large non-RFA extractable, chromatographable component of material was removed at all temperatures, though less removal was observed at 50°C. Overall, the bioreactor performed best at temperatures below 40°C for the removal of both conventional contaminants and RFA, especially, RA. These experiments indicated that the biological portion of the membrane bioreactor device would be able to control the concentrations of dissolved and colloidal material using feed from a closed-loop Whitewater application. The problems encountered at higher temperatures such as low sludge growth, solids loss in the effluent, and substantial R A in the effluent would be reduced with the combination of an ultrafiltration unit. Thus, treatment using the membrane bioreactor would probably be effective at temperatures higher than 40°C. iii T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S page A B S T R A C T ii T A B L E OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF T A B L E S viii LIST OF FIGURES x ABBREVIATIONS xiv A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S xv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Motivation of Research 1 1.2. Thesis Organization 1 2. B A C K G R O U N D A N D LITERATURE REVIEW 2 2.1. Introduction 2 2.1.1. Water Use in Mechanical Newsprint Mills 2 2.1:2. Systems Closure and Water Consumption Reduction . . . . . 3 2.1.3. Whitewater Recycling 4 2.1.4. Whitewater Treatment 6 2.2. Whitewater System 8 2.2.1. Current Whitewater System Configuration 8 2.2.2. Composition of Whitewater 9 2.2.2.1. Composition of Whitewater Under Low Volume Recycling Conditions 10 2.2.2.2. Composition of Whitewater under High Volume Recycling Conditions 10 2.2.3. Problems Associated with Whitewater Closure 16 2.2.3.1. Suspended Solids Build-up 16 2.2.3.2. Dissolved and Colloidal Substances Accumulation . . 16 2.2.3.3. Effect on Paper Quality 20 2.2.4. Possible Whitewater Treatment Techniques 21 2.2.4.1. Biological Treatment 21 Aerobic 21 Anaerobic . 22 Combined Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment 24 2.2.4.2. Membrane Treatments 26 iv page 2.2.4.3. Ultrafiltration 27 2.2 A A. Biological Treatment Combined with Ultrafiltration 28 2.2.4.5. Evaporation 29 2.2.4.6. Freeze Crystallization 31 2.2.4.7. Chemical Addition 31 2.2.4.8. Costs of Treatments 31 2.3. Potential Aerobic Treatability of a Closed Whitewater Stream 35 2.4. High Temperature Aerobic Treatment of Resin and Fatty Acids . . 38 2.5. Sequencing Batch Reactor 39 2.5.1. Sequencing Batch Reactor Treatment of High-Strength Wastes 40 3. R E S E A R C H OBJECTIVES 43 4. M A T E R I A L S A N D E X P E R I M E N T A L METHODS 44 4.1. Reactor . 44 4.1.1. Water Bath for Temperature Control 45 4.1.2. Synthetic Whitewater Feed 45 4.1.3 Reactor Operation 46 4.1.4 Seed Organisms 47 4.1.5 Biomass Acclimatization 47 4.2. Experimental Design 48 4.2.1. Reactor Operating Parameters 48 4.2.1.1. Temperature 48 4.2.1.2. Solids Retention Time 51 • 4.2.2. Sampling 53 4.2.3. Sample Preservation and Storage 53 4.2.4. Analytical Techniques and Equipment 54 4.2.4.1. Resin and Fatty Acid Analysis 54 4.2.4.2. Gas Chromatography 55 4.2.4.3. Total Organic Carbon Assays 56 4.2.4.4. Chemical Oxygen Demand 56 4.2.4.5. Nutrients 57 4.2.4.6. Suspended Solids 57 5. RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION 58 5.1. Influent Characteristics 58 5.1.1. Screw Pressate 58 5.1.1.1. Screw Pressate Storage Study 60 5.1.2. Evaporator Bottoms 65 v page 5.1.3. Influent. 66 5.2. Conventional Contaminants During Experimental Phase . . . . 68 5.2.1. Volatile Suspended Solids 68 5.2.2. Removal of Organics During Experimental Phase . . . . 75 5.2.2.1. Total Dissolved Solids 75 5.2.2.2. Total Organic Carbon 79 5.2.2.3. Chemical Oxygen Demand 79 5.3. Reactor Parameters 90 5.3.1. Food to Microorganism Ratios and Specific Substrate Utilization Rates 90 5.3.1.1. Food to Microorganism Ratios 91 5.3.1.2. Specific Substrate Utilization Rates 95 5.3.2. Growth Yield 98 5.3.3. Summary of Significance of Reactor Parameters 100 5.4. Resin and Fatty Acids Behaviour in the Reactor During the Experimental Period 101 5.4.1. Resin and Fatty Acids Removal 101 5.4.1.1. Resin and Fatty Acids Removal Efficiency Between the Influent and Effluent 101 5.4.1.2. Resin and Fatty Acids During the React Cycle 111 Total Resin and Fatty Acids 113 Fatty Acids in the Liquid and Solids Phases 118 Resin Acids in the Liquid and Solids Phases 123 Summary 123 5.4.1.3. Resin and Fatty Acids Removal Rates 128 Observed Removal Rates 129 Maximum Removal Rates 131 5.4.2. Fate of the Resin and Fatty Acids 134 5.4.2.1. Solids R F A Content 135 5.4.2.2. The Accumulation of Closely-Related R F A Transformation Products 138 6. CONCLUSIONS A N D RECOMMENDATIONS 143 6.1. Conclusions 143 6.2. Recommendations 145 L I T E R A T U R E CITED 147 APPENDICES 154 Appendix A - Details on the Calculation of Growth Yield 155 Appendix B-Details on the Calculation of R F A Removal Rates 162 vi Appendix C - Individual R F A Removal Rates Appendix D - Raw Experimental Data vii LIST OF T A B L E S Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6.. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Table 12. The potential problems associated with Whitewater closure listed by cause. The performances of the different treatment stages of A N A M E T . page 17 25 Percent removal of various parameters from biologically pre-treated Whitewater by post-treatment with two types of ultrafiltration membranes. 28 Estimated capital and operating costs for closed cycle options that do not produce effluent and conventional activated sludge secondary treatment that produces effluent for a TMP newsprint mill at different water usage rates. The capital and operating costs for the closure of an existing integrated newsprint mill at different water usage rates as compared to a conventional "end-of-the-pipe" biological treatment system. Operating conditions and treatment quality of SBR treatment of landfill leachate, milking centre waste, and slaughterhouse waste. Duration of temperature settings during the experimental period. Temperature increments during the temperature transition periods. The timing of the cycle activity and the samples taken. The temperature program used in the detection of RFAs with the gas chromatograph. The collection dates and period of use of the batches of screw pressate and evaporator bottoms during the acclimatization and experimental periods. The mixture proportions used during transitions from old to new feed batches. Table 13. The resin and fatty acid screw pressate characteristics. Table 14. The TDS, TSS and VSS results from the solids analysis of a sample of the second batch of screw pressate and their contributions to the final influent. 33 34 42 49 51 54 56 59 59 64 65 viii page Table 15. VSS, TDS and TOC levels of evaporator bottoms and their contributions to the final influent. 66 Table 16. The maximum and minimum values, the average value and the standard deviation of the influent volatile suspended solids (VSS), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), and total resin and fatty acids (FA, RA, and RFA) throughout the experimental period. 67 Table 17. The B O D 5 , TOC and COD for the same influent sample on September 28, 1993. 68 Table 18. The food to microorganism ratios (F/M) for the substrates TDS and TOC for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. 92 Table 19. The food to microorganism ratios (F/M) for the substrates TCOD and DCOD for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. 92 Table 20. The F / M ratios, M L V S S concentrations, and HRTs of several municipal waste treatment plants using SBR technology. 93 Table 21. Typical values of F / M ratios for various activated sludge treatments. 94 Table 22. F / M design parameters for various pulp mill biotreatment systems. 95 Table 23. The specific substrate utilization rates (U) for the substrates TDS and TOC for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. 96 Table 24. The specific substrate utilization rates (U) for the substrates TCOD and DCOD for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. 96 Table 25. U design parameters for various pulp mill biotreatment systems. 97 Table 26. The biomass growth yields during the experimental runs. 99 Table 27. Typical values of growth yield for conventional treatment of different substrates. 100 ix LIST O F FIGURES page Figure 1. The water consumption in a mill. 5 Figure 2. Whitewater configuration in a pulp mill with minimal recycling. 6 Figure 3. Proposed Whitewater configuration with membrane bioreactor. 7 Figure 4. The paperforming Whitewater process flows of an open system. 11 Figure 5. The water balance for the Whitewater system shown in Figure 4. 12 Figure 6. The flows of a closed Whitewater system. 13 Figure 7. The relationship between the dissolved components of Whitewater and the extent of Whitewater recycling. 14 Figure 8. The relationship between the Whitewater oxygen demand and the extent of Whitewater recycling. 15 Figure 9. The percent removal of various components of the synthesized Whitewater attributed to various components in the system, ultrafiltration alone, biological SBR treatment alone and ultrafiltration and bioreactor combined. 30 Figure 10. Contaminant removal efficiencies from RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and ligno sulfonates as a function of pH. 36 Figure 11. Contaminant removal efficiencies from RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and ligno sulfonates as a function of HRT. 37 Figure 12. Contaminant removal efficiencies from RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and lignosulfonates as a function of dissolved oxygen. 37 Figure 13. Contaminant removal efficiencies from RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and lignosulfonates as a function of temperature. 39 Figure 14. The set-up of the reactor. 44 Figure 15. Temperature of reactor over experimental period. 50 Figure 16. SRT versus time using a 10-day moving average during experimental period. 52 X page Figure 17. The total R F A concentrations of screw pressate in storage. 61 Figure 18. The total F A concentrations of screw pressate in storage. 62 Figure 19. The total R A concentrations of screw pressate in storage. 63 Figure 20. The VSS concentrations of the synthetic influent throughout the experimental period. 69 Figure 21. VSS concentrations in the effluent throughout the experimental period. 70 Figure 22. M L V S S concentrations in the reactor throughout the experimental period. 72 Figure 23. Cumulative VSS in the effluent, influent, waste sludge, and the reactor and the cumulative net VSS produced during the experimental period. 74 Figure 24. TDS in the influent and effluent of the reactor throughout the experimental period. 76 Figure 25. The removal efficiency of TDS throughout the experimental period. 77 Figure 26. The average TDS influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 78 Figure 27. The dissolved TOC in the influent and effluent over the experimental period. 80 Figure 28. The removal efficiency of TOC throughout the experimental period. 81 Figure 29. The average TOC influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 82 Figure 30. The TCOD in the influent and effluent over the experimental period. 83 Figure 31. The DCOD in the influent and effluent over the experimental period. 85 Figure 32. The removal efficiency of TCOD throughout the experimental period. 86 Figure 33. The removal efficiency of DCOD throughout the experimental period. 87 Figure 34. The average TCOD influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 88 page Figure 35. The average DCOD influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 89 Figure 36. The total F A concentrations of the influent and effluent during the experimental period. 102 Figure 37. The total R A concentrations of the influent and effluent during the experimental period. 103 Figure 38. The removal efficiencies of the total F A during the experimental period. 106 Figure 39. The removal efficiencies of the total R A during the experimental period. 107 Figure 40. The average influent and effluent concentrations of FAs and the calculated removal efficiencies during different temperature runs. 108 Figure 41. The average influent and effluent concentrations of RAs and the calculated removal efficiencies during different temperature runs. 109 Figure 42. The R F A mass removals during the experimental period. 110 Figure 43. A typical plot during the 30°C temperature run from the mixed liquor total R F A concentrations during the react cycle. 112 Figure 44. A typical plot during the 40°C temperature run from the mixed liquor total R F A concentrations during the react cycle. 114 Figure 45. A typical plot during the 45°C temperature run from the mixed liquor total R F A concentrations during the react cycle. 115 Figure 46. A typical plot during the 50°C temperature run from the mixed liquor total R F A concentrations during the react cycle. 116 Figure 47. A typical plot during the 30°C temperature run from the mixed liquor F A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 119 Figure 48. A typical plot during the 40°C temperature run from the mixed liquor F A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 120 Figure 49. A typical plot during the 45°C temperature run from the mixed liquor F A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 121 Figure 50. A typical plot during the 50°C temperature run from the mixed liquor F A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 122 xii page Figure 51. A typical plot during the 30°C temperature run from the mixed liquor R A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 124 Figure 52. A typical plot during the 40°C temperature run from the mixed liquor R A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 125 Figure 53. A typical plot during the 45°C temperature run from the mixed liquor R A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 126 Figure 54. A typical plot during the 50°C temperature run from the mixed liquor R A concentrations in the liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. 127 Figure 55. The observed R F A specific removal rates for the different temperature runs. 130 Figure 56. The maximum specific R F A removal rates for the different temperature runs. 132 Figure 57. The observed and the maximum specific R F A removal rates. 133 Figure 58. The biomass F A content throughout the experimental period. 136 Figure 59. The biomass R A content throughout the experimental period. 137 Figure 60. A typical influent chromatograph. 140 Figure 61. The total peak summations of the influent and effluent at different temperature runs. 142 A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N A M E T Anaerobic - aerobic methane B C T M P Bleached chemical thermal mechanical pulping B O D 5 Biological oxygen demand (5-day) CFS Continuous flow system COD Chemical oxygen demand CTMP Chemical thermal mechanical pulping DCOD Dissolved chemical oxygen demand DCS Dissolved and colloidal substances D H A Dehydroabietic acid E D T A Ethylenediamine tetraacetate Eff Effluent F A Fatty acids F / M Food to microorganism ratio HRT Hydraulic retention time ID Internal diameter Inf Influent M L Mixed liquor M L S S Mixed liquor suspended solids M L V S S Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids P A P R I C A N Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada QA/QC Quality assurance, quality control R A Resin acids R F A Resin and fatty acids SBR Sequencing batch reactor SRT Solids retention time TDS Total dissolved solids TCOD Total chemical oxygen demand Temp Temperature TMP Thermal mechanical pulping TOC Total organic carbon TSS Total suspended solids U Specific substrate utilization rate U A S B Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket V F A Volatile fatty acid VSS Volatile suspended solids Y Growth yield xiv A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S I thank my supervisor, Dr. Eric R. Hall, for his guidance and support. Thanks also to Paula Parkinson, Susan Harper, Jufang Zhou, Dr. Takis Elefsiniotis, Guy Kirsch, Rita Penco, Paul Bicho, and Timothy M a for their technical assistance, advice, and crisis control. I thank Paul Bicho of the Faculty of Forestry at U.B.C. for the resin and fatty acid standards he supplied. I appreciated the helpful input and suggestions put forth by Dr. Sheldon Duff, Dr. Ken Hall, Dr. Takis Elefsiniotis, and Dr. Bil l Mohn. The insight, information, and cooperation of Dr. Jim Wearing at P A P R I C A N was vital to the genesis and completion of this project. None of this would have been possible without my family and friends and their moral support, patience, encouragement, and their varied senses of humour. Free airplane tickets provided by the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and Delta Airlines encouraged the completion of this research. This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Council of Forest Industries of B.C. , the B.C. Ministry of the Environment, and the University of British Columbia, through the NSERC/COFI Industrial Chair in Forest Products Waste Management. Laboratory and desk space, office support, and an excellent comprehensive library was contributed by the Pulp and Paper Centre. xv 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Motivation of Research Environmental and economical pressure on pulp and paper mills have prompted them to adopt water-reducing strategies. The Whitewater system consumes a large proportion of water used in a mill. Efforts to use less water in the Whitewater system have caused operational and quality problems in the papermachine through the build-up of dissolved contaminants in the Whitewater. This research investigated the treatability of a synthetic closed-system Whitewater, focusing on the removal of resin and fatty acids, one of the problem compound groups. Since closed Whitewater system would retain heat, the operating temperature would increase and the Whitewater would have to be cooled before being treated. The higher the temperature the treatment system can operate at, the lower the costs of cooling the Whitewater. Thus, this research investigated the treatment performance at varying temperatures. 1.2. Thesis Organization Chapter 2 gives background information and a literature review of subjects related to the membrane bioreactor research, including an elaboration on the motivation of this research and necessary background information on Whitewater systems, closure, Whitewater composition, Whitewater treatment strategies, resin and fatty acid removal at high temperatures, and sequencing batch reactors. Chapter 3 describes the objectives of the research. Chapter 4 describes the materials and experimental methods used. Chapter 5 presents and discusses the results from this research. Lastly, chapter 6 lists conclusions and recommendations for future research. The appendices contain information on calculating certain parameters (Appendices A and B), report extra results (Appendix C), and present the raw experimental data (Appendix D). 1 2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction The pulp and paper industry uses large quantities of water in its processes. As environmental and economic pressures limit the amount of water available, the industry is working to reduce water consumption. Closing mills through containment and re-use of liquid offers a possible approach to limit fresh water use and wastewater discharge. Although partial closure strategies have been applied successfully to other pulping processes such as in kraft and sulphite mills, a prime candidate for mill closure is the integrated mechanical newsprint mill because its water consumption is mainly in the papermaking process whereas other processes consume significant amounts of water in the bleaching plant or in the chemical pulping process. 2.1.1. Water Use in Mechanical Newsprint Mills Pulp and paper processing uses large quantities of water in integrated mechanical mills to flush out contaminants resulting from normal operations. Older mechanical mills especially, designed to use this strategy of contaminant management, use from 50 to 200 m^/adt of water (Wearing, 1992). Even new mechanical pulping configurations are designed for 10 to 20 nvVadt of fresh water consumption. Large water requirements for mills require a substantial available water supply, restricting the potential locations of mills. With these high levels of water use, the most economical form of treating the water is a wastewater treatment plant that usually uses aerated biological systems to deal with the contaminants derived from the mill processes (Wearing, 1992, 1993a). These "end-of-the-pipe" treatment plants require large capital investments, substantial land areas for the treatment and for sludge landfill, a limited asset in coastal mountainous areas, and a receiving water body that can assimilate the flow of treated effluent. Thus, efforts to reduce water consumption and subsequent treatment are of interest to the industry. 2 Due to the trend to tighten environmental regulations and the competition for available water resources, this contaminant management strategy, requiring large quantities of fresh water that must be treated extensively before being returned to the environment, is becoming less feasible and less economical. An alternative approach to contaminant management is systems closure, allowing a reduction in water consumption, reducing the effluent volume, and opening up new liquid waste management options. 2.1.2. Systems Closure and Water Consumption Reduction Systems closure is an operation strategy that keeps uncontaminated water streams separated from contaminated streams and re-uses water in processes that might otherwise use fresh water. As well as conserving water, systems closure strategies reap other benefits such as fibre recovery, chemical recovery, and energy conservation. Disadvantages to closing process streams include capital implementation or adaptation costs and increased concentrations of materials in the process flows that could detract from process operation and product quality (Smook, 1982). Thus, if its problems can be solved, systems closure, as well as being advantageous environmentally by cutting down on liquid discharges, can gain savings from better operation efficiency. One water-reducing strategy is to eliminate the need for an "end-of-the-pipe" biological treatment system through alternative liquid waste management strategies. At current water usages between 10 and 20 m^/adt, external biotreatment systems are the most cost-effective (Wearing, 1992, 1993a). At these water usages, concentration through evaporation of the liquid wastes is expensive because of the large amount of energy required for concentration, but this expense decreases as the total water usage decreases. Below current levels of water use, increased contaminant concentrations in the mill detract from product quality and overload aerobic biological treatment systems. However, i f water use can be reduced to between 2 to 5 nvVadt, other waste management strategies become financially competitive 3 with biotreatment such as concentration, evaporation, and incineration, allowing a further reduction in water use (Wearing 1992, 1993a). The increased contaminant concentrations in the process flows resulting from systems closure can be dealt with through various management strategies. Fibres and fines and other solids can be recovered through savealls, filters and screens. Options for the management of the dissolved and colloidal constituents of the process flows include chemical additives, filtration or local specialized biological treatment. One of the principles of systems closure is the segregation of flows similar in characteristics to prevent contamination of a cleaner flow by a dirtier flow. Although final flows from different parts of the mill cannot be definitely characterized as "cleaner" or "dirtier", they have different characteristics, properties and contaminants, perhaps requiring different reclamation strategies. Thus, concentrating separately on different general processes in a mill such as pulping, washing or papermaking keeps contaminated water with similar characteristics together. The Whitewater system is one such process that can benefit from systems closure strategies. 2.1.3. Whitewater Recycling In mechanical pulping processes, the Whitewater system in the paperforming process uses a large proportion (Figure 1) of total mill water and thus efforts on reducing water usage in this part of the mill help reduce overall water usage towards the 2 to 5 m-Vadt level. Whitewater is produced in the forming and dewatering of the fibre mat during paper formation. Material in the incoming pulp is dissolved, suspended or colloided into the Whitewater as the Whitewater suspends the pulp, then drains, forming the paper sheet. Whitewater can be re-used to a certain extent, but only up to a point at which the concentration of materials and contaminants in the water build up and start adversely affecting product quality and process 4 operations (Figure 2). Further recycling of Whitewater within the paperforming system or in other processes requires some form of treatment to remove suspended, dissolved, and colloidal materials from the liquid. Figure 1. The consumption of water in the papermachine is a significant proportion of total mill water use. This breakdown of water use is for an alkaline pulping process (taken from Panchapakesan, 1992). An integrated mechanical newsprint mill would have water use reductions in pulping or digesting, in causticizing and lime kilm and in bleaching, and thus the water use of the papermachine would be an even higher proportion than shown in this bar graph. 5 fresh water Whitewater stream pulping process (possible minor recycle loop) pulp mat ^ paper-machine external treatment Figure 2. Whitewater configuration in a pulp mill with minimal recycling. 2.1.4. Whitewater Treatment The increased concentrations of suspended, dissolved, and colloidal substances in Whitewater as a result of increased recycling must be controlled through some form of treatment. Biological treatment as a possible component of a membrane bioreactor process, is the strategy investigated in this research. This and other possibilities are discussed in Section 2.2.4. Local biological treatment combined with ultrafiltration has been suggested as a possible strategy for removing contaminants from mill streams (Gerbasi et al, 1993). Since Whitewater flows are much too large to treat biologically or with a membrane, a substream of the Whitewater recycle loop could be treated first with a form of aerobic biological treatment 6 followed by an ultrafiltration membrane. The treated substream would be reintroduced to the Whitewater flow, reducing the contaminant concentration to manageable levels (Figure 3). This would reduce the amount of fresh water make-up in the Whitewater system. Figure 3. The proposed Whitewater configuration with membrane bioreactor. This treatment system would allow closure of the Whitewater loop. As a result, heat would be trapped within, raising the overall temperature of the Whitewater to about 70°C (Wearing, 1993b). Since biological systems do not operate well at such high temperatures and membrane devices have upper temperature operation limits, the substream would have to be cooled before being treated, an expensive adjustment. Thus, efficient operation of this treatment system at the highest temperature possible would minimize cooling costs. 7 Ultrafiltration by itself under high recycle conditions would produce a highly toxic waste concentrate stream. In addition, under high recycle conditions, membrane fouling might be a problem. Biological treatment by itself might not remove enough material to keep contaminant levels within the Whitewater system low enough to avoid problems in product production. In addition, the growth of fungi and bacteria within the Whitewater system might be enhanced by a seed population escaping from the biological treatment process and biocides and slimicides could not be used because they would reduce the viability of the treatment biomass. By combining both technologies, the contaminant removals from each technology could complement and add to each other. Ideally, the biological treatment would control the contaminant levels within the treatment system, containing the solids through clarification, or, in the case of a sequencing batch reactor, in a settling stage. The containment of residual biomass and contaminants could be further enhanced by the ultrafiltration membrane. To better understand the potential for this contaminant management strategy, backgrounds in the Whitewater system and the composition of Whitewater are useful. 2.2. Whitewater System The Whitewater system is the network of flows from different areas in the paperforming process. The paperforming process occurs after the wood chips have been pulped and the pulp has been cleaned. Whitewater is the process water that is used in the suspension and drainage during the formation of the paper sheet. 2.2.1. Current Whitewater System Configuration Current "traditional" Whitewater systems use large flows of fresh water to flush out contaminants and to ensure optimal sheet formation. Figure 4 illustrates the paperforming 8 Whitewater process flows of a relatively open newsprint machine. Figure 5 shows the water balance for the Whitewater system shown in Figure 4. Even though a large proportion of the Whitewater is recycled, Whitewater must be sewered from the system to make way for the freshwater input into the system in sealing water for pumps and mixers, shower water in the fourdrinier and press components, cooling and sealing water for vacuum pumps, and cooling water in the drying component. By removing Whitewater, contaminant levels are controlled through flushing out, but the loss of the hot Whitewater means an energy loss from the system (Smook, 1982). The Whitewater system can be "closed" by using equipment that requires less water and by collecting, segregating and re-using cleaner Whitewater streams and cooling waters and by reclaiming filler and fibre through savealls and filters (Wearing et al, 1985; Smook, 1982). Figure 6 shows the flows of a closed Whitewater system. The problems associated with the closure of the Whitewater system will be discussed in more detail in section 2.2.3. In order to understand the impact of closing the Whitewater system, the composition of Whitewater must be understood. 2.2.2. Composition of Whitewater In integrated thermomechanical pulping (TMP) newsprint mills, the Whitewater contains fewer non-wood chemical additives than Whitewater from other mills simply because the TMP process does not use large amounts of chemicals to pulp, such as does the kraft process. The composition of Whitewater under present process configurations that do not utilize much recycling of Whitewater, differs from the predicted composition of Whitewater in closed systems where process configuration allows for considerable recycling. 9 2.2.2.1. Composition of Whitewater Under Low-Volume Recycling Conditions Under present operation with low Whitewater recycling, Whitewater usually is composed of fines, fibres, and soluble organics. The soluble organics consist mainly of lignin, carbohydrates and extractives (Jarvinen et al, 1985). Even so, the suspended and dissolved solids composition of Whitewater varies from mill to mill and is affected by the type of stock, the type of non-fibrous furnish, and degree of Whitewater recycle. Suspended solids content in the Whitewater varies with the size of the wire, the quantities of additives added in paper formation, the amount of suction used on the wet sheet, the machine speed, the grade of paper being produced, and the amount of Whitewater recycled (Springer and Peterson, 1980). Suspended solids can be removed from the flow by using flotation savealls or disc filters, so, in effect, their concentrations can be controlled in low-recycle and high-recycle conditions (Smook, 1982). 2.2.2.2. Composition of Whitewater under High-Volume Recycling Conditions Under greater recycling conditions, with the water leaving the system being reduced, the fibres and fines that are washed through the wire and are not recovered on filters might be recycled through the system again rather than being directly lost from the system. Thus, the concentration of fibre and fines in the Whitewater would increase with increased closure, but filters would be able to recover much of this, keeping concentrations under control. 10 Fresh water Fiber recovery unit Low-fiber effluent Figure 4. The paperforming Whitewater process flows of a relatively open newsprint machine (taken from Smook, 1982). l l 1.394 G 8.05 T 0.1% EXCESS SUCTION WATER " Z) 10,442 G J 378.9 T I 0.6% 10,142 G 364.5 T J 0.6% FORMING SECTION 400 G 14.4 T 0.6% 8,380 G 100.3 T -0.2% SUCTION BOXES 476 G 256.5 T . 2.5% 522 G 0.1 T / 0.0032% COUCH ROLL 348 G - 250.1 T _ 12.0% • 126G ***** 250 T i DR 33% fERS 1.286 G 7.7 1 / 01% SUCTION WATER 45 G 250 T FINISHED PAPER .' 92% F.W. = fresh water G = gallons per min. % = consistency, o.d. T = tons/24/h, o.d. Figure 5. The water balance for the Whitewater system shown in Figure 4 (taken from Smook, 1982). 12 Figure 6. The flows of a closed Whitewater system (taken from Smook, 1982). 13 As the recycling of Whitewater is increased, the same materials that are dissolved from the pulp in low-recycle conditions will accumulate within the Whitewater system. In addition to full-scale observations, laboratory studies using TMP newsprint pulp have demonstrated this relationship (Jarvinen et al, 1985) (Figures 7 and 8). The Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (PAPRICAN) estimates that the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of a closed system Whitewater could be between 3000 to 4000 mg/L (Wearing, 1993b). Specific problem compounds such as resin and fatty acids would increase in concentration unless they are removed somehow. The papermachine can tolerate resin and fatty acid concentrations of between 12 and 15 mg/L. Thus, a method of Whitewater treatment would be required to keep the resin and fatty acid concentrations down to this level in the Whitewater system (Wearing, 1993b). CONCENTRATION, mg / l 800- *1 Ol I l ' ' ' ' 1 1 0 10 20 90 10 50 60 70 SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION, m ' / l Figure 7. The dissolved components of Whitewater increase in concentration as the recycling of Whitewater is increased as indicated by a lower specific water consumption (taken from Jarvinen etal, 1985). 14 I C O N C E N T R A T I O N , mg / I SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION, m'/l Figure 8. The oxygen demand of Whitewater increases in concentration as the recycling of Whitewater is increased as indicated by a lower specific water consumption (taken from Jarvinen et al, 1985). As well as increased suspended and dissolved components in the Whitewater, increased recycling would change the heat balance of the system. The amount of heat entering the system from the pulping process would remain the same, but the reduced or eliminated effluent flow would reduce heat loss by that avenue. In this case, either the temperature of the Whitewater system would increase or heat losses would increase to compensate. At current water usages, papermachine temperatures range from 45 to 60°C (Panchapakesan, 1992). By closing the Whitewater system, P A P R I C A N estimates operating temperatures of 60 to 70°C would result (Wearing, 1993b). In any case, the probable predicted increase in Whitewater temperatures should not cause problems in the papermaking process (Jarvinen et al, 1985). One advantage to a higher system temperature is an improvement in drainage (Smook, 1982; Springer and Peterson, 1980). 15 2.2.3. Problems Associated with Whitewater Closure As discussed in the section on the composition of Whitewater under high-recycle conditions (Section 2.2.2.2.), suspended and dissolved solids concentrations would be high and temperature would increase. Table 1 lists the potential problems associated with Whitewater closure and their causes. The most important of these are "plugging of wire and headbox showers and felt filling, corrosion, scale, foaming, slime, sizing and problems with colour and deposits." (Springer and Peterson, 1980) 2.2.3.1. Suspended Solids Build-up Problems arise when the solids content of the Whitewater affects the paper quality, such as may occur with a high content of fines (Springer and Peterson, 1980). The build-up of suspended solids composed of fibres, fines and additives can be managed through the strategic placement of clarification devices such as clarifiers, microstrainers, disc filters and flotation savealls (Smook, 1982; Springer and Peterson, 1980). 2.2.3.2. Dissolved and Colloidal Substances Accumulation The build-up of dissolved and colloidal substances poses a greater challenge in the management of the whltewater system. The increased dissolved and colloidal substance concentrations would result in more deposits and biological growth throughout the system, increased corrosion, and an increase in "detrimental substances" or "anionic trash" (Panchapakesan, 1992; Sundberg et al, 1993). 16 Table 1. The potential problems associated with Whitewater closure are listed by cause (adapted from Springer and Peterson, 1980). An asterisk signifies importance. Dissolved Solids Suspended Solids Temperature Build-up Build-up Increase •Slime Dirt Temperature *Foam Erosion •Sizing problems •Pitch Fines Machine room temperature •Corrosion •Felt plugging Reduced pumping capacity •Sizing problems •Wire plugging Product mottle Wire life •Colour Felt life pH control Reduced drainage rate Precipitation •Headbox shower plugging •Scale Odour Deposits on paper Retention If the conditions in the Whitewater system are conducive to precipitation, deposits or scales can form on equipment exposed to Whitewater. Inorganic anions such as carbonate, silicate, and sulfate can combine with cations such as calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, aluminum and barium to form a precipitate. The precipitate might clog equipment or restrict flow. Controlling the hardness of the water controls the extent of deposits. However, under high Whitewater recirculation conditions, this might not be feasible. In this case, sequestering or 17 dispersing agents such as ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) or organic polyelectrolytes can be used to reduce deposits (Springer and Peterson, 1980). Similarly, certain conditions such as high nutrient and organics concentrations typical to highly closed systems promote biological growth within the Whitewater system. Biological growth can result in slime deposits within the Whitewater system and on the paper, and odour problems within the Whitewater system. Typically, regular cleaning of equipment and the addition of biocides to the process water are used to control this problem (Springer and Peterson, 1980; Geller and Gottsching, 1982). However, if the method of managing Whitewater involves a biological reactor, biocides would inhibit the biological treatment. Thus, biological growth within the Whitewater system would have to be controlled by alternate means. Due to the changed conditions in a closed system, corrosion problems might become more of an issue. Under aerobic conditions, corrosion is usually caused by electrolytic factors and is affected by numerous variables such as dissolved oxygen concentration, acidity, temperature, surface flow velocity, carbon dioxide concentration, and the contact of metals that are different galvanically. To control corrosion, the pH can be adjusted, metals can be protected through cathodic installations, metal surfaces can be replaced with more similar metals to those used in the rest of the system, and protective coatings can line metal surfaces (Springer and Peterson, 1980). Corrosion can also occur due to biological influences under anaerobic conditions in which sulfate-reducing bacteria can utilize cathodic hydrogen, reducing its impediment on corrosion (Springer and Peterson, 1980). Any kind of biological growth, aerobic or anaerobic, will allow the metal surfaces below the growth to become an anode, causing localized corrosion (Geller and Gottsching, 1982). To control corrosion caused by anaerobic or aerobic bacteria, 18 biocides are used (Springer and Peterson, 1980). Care must be taken that the use of biocides does not adversely affect the researched biological Whitewater treatment method. With increased dissolved substances' concentrations, the wet-end chemistry could also be affected. During paper formation, cellulosic materials must be bound to each other and any fillers must be incorporated into the paper structure. In general, fibres and most filler materials are anionic and repel each other. Thus, to promote strong interfibre bonding, cationic retention aids characterized by their high molecular weight and low charge density are added that act as bridges between fibres and between fibres and fillers, assisting in the formation of paper (Lindstrom etal, 1974; Brouwer, 1991; Alince and Pikulik, 1991). Increased concentrations of dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) in Whitewater affect the activity of these added retention aids. The DCS that interfere with retention action by tying up the retention aid are called "detrimental substances". Anionic DCS that interfere with retention aids are called "anionic trash" (Sundberg et al, 1993). Although not completely identified, "detrimental substances" consist of dissolved and colloidal substances such as inorganic salts, mono- and oligosaccharides, lignins and lignin derivatives, humic acids and, more important to this research, resin and fatty acids and fatty acid esters (Welkener et al, 1993). Papermachine runnability and paper quality can also be affected adversely by "detrimental substances" (Sundberg et al, 1993). Thus, as Whitewater closure increases and the dissolved and colloidal substance concentrations increase, "detrimental substances" become more of a problem in paper formation. To counteract this effect, additional retention aid can be added to compensate for the "detrimental substances" and other chemicals can be added to tie up the "detrimental substances" so that they do not interfere (Auhorn and Melzer, 1979). 19 Many of the solutions to these problems of scaling, biological growth, corrosion and "detrimental substances" involve adding chemical agents. If the Whitewater system includes a biological treatment step, care must be taken in assessing the effects of these additives on the biological system. Biocides are obviously detrimental to a biological treatment system but slimicides or localized oxidizing agents might be used within the Whitewater system without adversely affecting biological treatment. Slimicides act simply to detach biological growth from surfaces and thereby clean the contaminated area without killing the biological growth (Geller and Gottsching, 1982). This would allow the biological growth to be contained within the biological reactor while controlling problems associated with the deposition and attachment of biological growth outside the biological reactor within the Whitewater system. An option to slimicide usage might involve the application of a biocide such as peracetic acid that locally oxidizes the problem area and then quickly breaks down into harmless compounds (Huster etal, 1991). 2.2.3.3. Effect on Paper Quality Closing the Whitewater system might also affect paper quality. As mentioned previously, "detrimental substances" can cause deposition of "pitch" or agglomerations of resin and fatty acids and their esters on the paper. This interferes with paper strength, brightness, aesthetics and papermachine runnability (Welkener et al. 1993). In addition to pitch deposits on the paper, other paper qualities such as strength, permeability and optical characteristics can be affected by increased Whitewater recycling. Laboratory tests (Jarvinen et al, 1985) found that increased recycling of Whitewater resulted in increased air permeability and decreased tensile strength. This was thought to be due to poor interfibre bonding and an increased fines' content. The increased recycling had a greater impact on the optical characteristics such as a decrease in brightness. These effects of Whitewater closure 20 would vary from mill to mill with different furnish use, different extents of recycling and different product manufacture (Geller and Gottsching, 1982). Overall, increased closure of Whitewater systems could have some deleterious effects. The increase in suspended solids can be managed through strategic placement and operation of various physical separating technologies. Increased concentrations of dissolved and colloidal materials in the Whitewater system can result in scaling, biological growth, and corrosion. The chemistry of wet-end operations can be altered by increased concentrations of dissolved and colloidal substances, causing problems in paper formation and additional consumption of additives. The use of highly-recycled water in papermaking can result in a product of lower quality than otherwise. 2.2.4. Possible Whitewater Treatment Techniques To control problems arising from Whitewater loop closure, different Whitewater treatment techniques have been adopted by different mills. The extent of the treatment required depends on how much the recycled Whitewater affects paper quality and production and on whether the mill wants to steer away from an "end-of-the-pipe" biological treatment system. Some mills have found that system reconfigurations and stream segregation, or chemical additive treatment such as addition of biocides and chemical precipitants, can be sufficient to control the effects of Whitewater closure. On the other hand, other plants require more extensive removal of dissolved, colloidal and suspended material, necessitating strategies such as biological treatment or membrane filtration. 2.2.4.1. Biological Treatment Aerobic Aerobic treatment is advantageous over anaerobic treatment in its absence of odour problems, in the preferred aerobic biodegradation of compounds characteristic of Whitewater (Eriksson, 21 1985) and in its combination with contaminant removal through volatilization or chemical oxidation due to aeration (Geller and Gottsching, 1982; Liu era/., 1993). Using specialized organisms such as white-rot fungi and yeasts, aerobic fermentors can remove simple and complex sugars and low-molecular-weight lignins from wastewaters and convert them to microbial protein, a marketable resource. When the aerobic fermentors were tested on a pilot plant scale on the Whitewater system of a newsprint mill, using a residence time of 17 hours, organic materials did not accumulate within the Whitewater system (Eriksson, 1985). By reducing the residence time by recirculating a fraction of the microbial protein, complete closure of a Whitewater system in a large newsprint mill would require a reactor volume of 200-400m3 (Eriksson, 1985). The microbial protein produced could either be marketed as livestock feed or added to the paper without affecting paper quality up to contents of 1.5%, equivalent to the sludge production of this process applied to a large newsprint mill (Eriksson, 1985). However effective and advantageous, aerobic biological treatment of Whitewater has not been fully investigated because the need for biological Whitewater treatment is relatively recent. Anaerobic Anaerobic treatment, when compared to aerobic treatment, offers the advantages of high temperature tolerance, lower energy consumption, lower sludge production, and production of methane that can be used in the mill. However, the slow growth rate of anaerobic microorganisms, requiring a high solids retention time, might necessitate large treatment systems to deal with the large flow of Whitewater. In addition, anaerobic treatment is not as efficient in contaminant removal as aerobic treatment (Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991). Since lignins of molecular weight above 850 are degraded through oxidation, anaerobic treatment would not break down these compounds, allowing for compound build-up in the Whitewater system (Eriksson, 1985; Rintala and Lepisto, 1992). These large lignin molecules 22 are usually coloured and would detract from paper whiteness if left to accumulate in the Whitewater system (Eriksson, 1985). Effluents of anaerobic processes are quite unattractive due to their odor and anoxic properties (Frostell, 1983). The sensitivity of anaerobic treatment to contaminants toxic to the biomass, such as sulphur, might be detrimental to the treatment because of build-up of these and other inhibiting compounds in a closed Whitewater system (Huster et al, 1991). McCarthy et al. (1990) found that resin and fatty acids inhibited anaerobic biodegradation of bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulping (BCTMP) wastewater. However, anaerobic treatment has been investigated in the treatment of closed-system papermachine flows. For example, anaerobic fluidized bed technology has been applied to closed Whitewater situations (Johnstone et al, 1995; Wendling et al, 1994; Barascud et al, 1993). Johnstone et al (1995) found that for different treatment flows the COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal in a bench scale closed Whitewater system ranged from 42 to 64%, from initial COD concentrations of 19 and 12.5 g/L respectively. This research has led to the industrial scale application of anaerobic fluidized bed treatment of a closed Whitewater loop in the Lecoursonnois secondary fibre mill in France (Johnstone etal, 1995). Anaerobic thermophilic treatment of Whitewater has the advantage of operating at temperatures similar to those of the Whitewater system and higher loading rates combined with lower sludge wastage are characteristic of thermophilic operation over mesophilic (Rintala and Lepisto, 1992). Rintala et al. (1991) found 65 to 70% removal of COD at 55 and 65°C from a sulfate-rich TMP Whitewater using laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high sulfate content was thought to contribute 20-60% of the COD removal through sulfate reduction (Rintala et al, 1991; Rintala and Lepisto, 1992). Subsequent high-temperature anaerobic treatment studies used semicontinuously fed batch digesters at 35, 55 and 65°C and U A S B reactors at 55 and 70°C to treat TMP Whitewater. 23 The U A S B reactors removed 80% of the COD at 55°C and 60% at 70°C. While removing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) efficiently, the semicontinuously fed batch digesters removed the non-VFA component of COD only slightly and, at the higher temperatures, the non-VFA COD actually increased through treatment because of cell lysis. In any case, the food to microorganism (F/M) ratios for the semicontinuously fed batch digesters were 0.4, 0.6, and 0.7 g COD / g M L V S S d (MLVSS = mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) for the reactors run at 35, 55 and 65°C respectively (Rintala etal, 1991). Combined Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment Characteristic advantages and disadvantages are associated with the use of aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment. By using first anaerobic treatment then a follow-up aerobic treatment, the advantages of both treatments can be maximized. The low sludge yield for the organics removed for anaerobic treatment would allow economic organics removal. The following aerobic treatment would allow compounds not biodegradable anaerobically, to be removed aerobically, and odourous compounds produced during the anaerobic treatment could be oxidized during aerobic treatment, removing odour problems (Huster et al, 1991). Studies have investigated the integration of anaerobic and aerobic treatment stages and their application to the pulp mill industry. Theoretical assessments of the performance of combined anaerobic and aerobic treatments found them applicable and useful (Huster et al, 1991). One such system, called the A N A M E T (ANaerobic - Aerobic METhane) system, treated an influent of 50% Whitewater and 50% chip washwater from a hardwood and softwood fibreboard mill (Frostell, 1983). Table 2 details the performances of the different treatment stages. Although this system was designed for an "end-of-the-pipe" situation, its performance allows the possibility of being applied to a recirculated Whitewater situation. 24 Table 2. The performances of the different treatment stages of A N A M E T (compiled from Frostell,T983) B O D 5 = Biological oxygen demand (5-day). Eff = Effluent. Inf - Influent. Reactor Stage Anaerobic Aerobic Overall COD Inf [mg0 2 /L] 14600 8800 14600 C O D E f f [ m g 0 2 / L ] 8800 1700 1700 COD Removal \%] 40 81 88 B O D 5 I n f [mg 0 2 / L ] 6900 2500 6900 B O D 5 E f f [mg0 2 /L ] 2500 210 210 B O D , Removal \%] 64 92 97 F / M [g B O D s / g M L V S S d ] 0.21 0.24 Growth yield [g MLSS / g BOD 5 ] 0.17 Growth yield [g M L V S S / g BOD,] 0.12 Additional research done by Rintala and Lepisto (1992) on a high-temperature aerobic stage that followed the thermophilic anaerobic treatments described earlier found an additional decrease in COD in the Whitewater of 40% from the anaerobic effluent. The influent entering the 55°C anaerobic U A S B reactor had a COD of about 3000 mg/L. After the anaerobic stage, the influent to the 55°C aerobic activated sludge treatment was between 1000 and 1500 mg COD/L. The final effluent exiting the aerobic treatment ranged from 500 to 1000 mg/L of COD (Rintala and Lepisto, 1992). This and previous examples show that combining anaerobic and aerobic treatments might be a feasible strategy for Whitewater treatment. 25 2.2.4.2. Membrane Treatments Although membrane treatments do not break down organics as do biological treatments, their advantages are attractive. Since they rely on physical rather than biological means to concentrate and separate organics from aqueous streams, their operation might be less dependent on biologically-friendly conditions within the Whitewater and a sufficiently constant supply of substrate. Membrane technologies might be disadvantageous in their potential for membrane fouling with resulting limitations in flows and loadings and in their requirement for treatment and ultimate disposal of concentrate. A number of types of membrane technologies exists; some of which are microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. These vary in their pore size and in the size of molecules that they can filter and in their operating pressure. Membrane technologies use a pressurized flow over the membrane, allowing some molecules to pass through the membrane and impeding others. The flow is separated into two streams, the permeate or the stream allowed through the membrane and the concentrate, the flow blocked by the membrane. Microfiltration is a membrane technology with a pore size in the micron range and is most useful in separating suspended solids from a flow (Zaidi et al, 1991). Ultrafiltration blocks particles as small as 10 A and reverse osmosis rejects particles as small as 1 A including inorganic salts. Nanofiltration has a rejection size between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (Bryant and Sierka, 1993). These three membrane technologies have small enough pore sizes that many larger organic molecules are retained in the concentrate (Zaidi et al, 1991; Bryant and Sierka, 1993). To reduce the potential for fouling, the water to be filtered should be pre-screened or pre-filtered to remove suspended solids (Bryant and Sierka, 1993; Paleologou et al, 1993). Reverse osmosis can be used to treat the Whitewater permeate for further purification if needed (Paleologou etal, 1994). 26 2.2.4.3. Ultrafiltration Research on the ultrafiltration of Whitewater resulted in 40 to 60% removal of COD, 60 to 100% removal of lignins, and a 50 to 90% reduction in cationic demand, similar to anionic trash discussed earlier, depending on the flow conditions. Two membranes were used, one made of polysulphone (PU 608 cutoff = lOkD) and the other of zirconium oxide coated carbon (M5 cutoff = lOkD). In addition, this study found that microorganisms at levels of 1,000,000/mL before filtration were reduced to 1,000/mL in the permeate (Nuortila-Jokinen etal, 1994). Another study examined the permeability of several ultrafiltration units made of polysulphones, hydrophilic polymer, cellulosic polymer on PVDF, or polyethersulphones to a solution of only dehydroabietic acid (DHA). Although D H A was much smaller than the filter pore sizes (ranging from 5 to 150 kD), it was retained in the concentrate. Since no larger molecules such as lignins or fibres were present for the resin acid to attach to, the study suggested that resin acids are retained through an interaction with the membrane (Zaidi et al, 1991). Prior to the present study, preliminary investigative work explored the behaviour of two ultrafiltration units made of polyethersulfone (MW cutoffs = 1 0 and 100 kD) at various temperatures on a synthetic Whitewater used for the same biological treatment studies reported here (Elefsiniotis et al, 1995). The membrane removal efficiencies for TDS, dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD) and total organic carbon (TOC) from the synthetic Whitewater were modest, ranging from 10 to 37%. Although resin acids were removed moderately at 25 to 45% removal, over 90% of the fatty acids were removed. Of the five major resin acids present (isopimaric, levopimaric + palustric, D H A and abietic), isopimaric and abietic exhibited the greatest rejection at about 50%, levopimaric + palustric were slightly lower at about 40% and D H A was quite low at 10% retention. The 27 investigation revealed that compound removal was not affected by operating temperatures ranging from 20 to 60°C. 2.2.4.4. Biological Treatment Combined with Ultrafiltration In addition to the ultrafiltration of synthetic Whitewater, Elefsiniotis et al (1995) ultrafiltered the effluent of one sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operating at 20 and 30°C and another identical SBR operating at 40°C. Table 3 summarizes the removals of various components from the biologically-treated effluent through two different ultrafiltration membranes. Table 3. Percent removal of various parameters from biologically pre-treated Whitewater by post-treatment with two types of ultrafiltration membranes (from Elefsiniotis et al, 1995) Temp = Temperature. Membrane Type Temp. [°C] TDS [%] DCOD [%] TOC [%] M l 20 15 46 37 30 9 50 41 40 26 53 51 Mean 17 50 43 M2 20 21 72 65 30 20 71 70 Mean 21 72 68 Again, operating temperatures ranging from 20 to 40°C did not affect removal efficiencies (Table 3). Figure 9 illustrates the removal contributions by the various treatment combinations, ultrafiltration alone, biological SBR treatment alone and ultrafiltration and 28 bioreactor combined at an operating temperature of 30°C. The biological SBR treatment data are presented and discussed in more detail in the Results and Discussion section (Section 5.). By combining ultrafiltration and aerobic biotreatment, 48% of the TDS was removed, 95% of the DCOD was removed, 93% of the TOC was removed, and 100% of the resin and fatty acids (RFAs) were removed from the synthetic Whitewater (Elefsiniotis et al, 1995). Although conditions imposed on the system were conservative, these results offer promise for the aerobic biological reactor coupled with an ultrafiltration membrane. 2.2.4.5. Evaporation Evaporation is a separation technique that uses evaporation and condensation to purify process water. The slurry left after evaporation can be further concentrated and then incinerated. This process is used in the Millar Western Meadow Lake closed cycle BCTMP mill to manage mill liquid wastes. The initial condensates are "clean" at TDS concentrations of 150 mg/L, but as evaporation progresses, more volatiles condense with the water vapour. At Meadow Lake, 90% of the condensates are "clean" and the remaining 10% are less "clean" condensates containing 70% of the total volatile organics in the original process water (Gerbasi et al, 1993). Thus "clean" condensates and less "clean" condensates can be collected and reused for different purposes. Since this technology is used at Meadow Lake, practical experience has been gained and the technology has been proven in a full-scale situation. Application of this technology in aiding the closure of Whitewater systems could be economically feasible in low water usage mills. 29 Percent Removal TDS Soluble COD TOC RFA Whitewater Contaminant UF • BioTrt • BioTrt+UF Figure 9. The percent removal of various components of the synthesized Whitewater attributed to various components in the system, ultrafiltration alone, biological SBR treatment alone and ultrafiltration and bioreactor combined (taken from Elefsiniotis et al, 1995). 30 2.2.4.6. Freeze Crystallization Freeze crystallization is a separation process that uses slow careful cooling and removal of ice crystals from the contaminated water, leaving a more concentrated slurry to be evaporated and recovering water from the ice crystals. This technology was applied to the Louisiana-Pacific Canada mill in Chetwynd, B.C. but was abandoned because of problems with crystal size degradation and crystallizer tube icing with increased heat-transfer (Young, 1994). Unfortunately, the ice crystals can be contaminated by resin and fatty acids (Gerbasi et al, 1993), defeating the water purification process needed in the Whitewater system since resin and fatty acids have been found to be one of the problem compound groups involved in the closure of the Whitewater system. Economically, freeze crystallization was found to be more expensive than biological treatment with ultrafiltration in an "end-of-the-pipe" mill situation with mill flows ranging from 5 to 20 nvVadt (Gerbasi et al, 1993). For these reasons, freeze crystallization is most likely not appropriate in an application to Whitewater system closure. 2.2.4.7. Chemical Addition A number of chemicals are available for use in controlling problems caused by closure. Some, discussed earlier, control scaling, biological growth, or corrosion and others control pitch through precipitation and agglomeration (Smook, 1982). These methods are losing their main focus on problem management because the chemicals are expensive and might cause treatment problems later. Chemical addition is limited in its extent to deal with closure problems, increasing beyond its scope as the mill decreases water usage. 2.2.4.8. Costs of Treatments Depending on the mill, its processes, the furnish and the final product, the problems encountered due to closure of the Whitewater system vary from mill to mill and might be more extreme in certain mills over others. Some mills can get away with simply altering water usage to make it more efficient or using precipitation to control problems caused by dissolved 31 and colloidal substances. Others must make a greater investment in a more extensive treatment method in order to maintain adequate closed operation. One investment forecast predicted the capital and operating costs of a biological membrane treatment, freeze crystallization, and evaporation in dealing with the liquid wastes of a closed TMP newsprint mill with a capacity of 550 adt/day. The study compared the alternative treatments to conventional activated sludge treatment with discharge at different water usage rates (Gerbasi et al, 1993) (Table 4). In examining the costs of these treatments, conventional biological treatment is still the cheapest even at low flows of 5m^/adt, but the operation costs reported assume that the sludge is marketable. Of the alternate treatments investigated, evaporation was the lowest in capital and operating costs, followed closely by the biological membrane treatment. Freeze crystallization was slightly more expensive in both capital and operating costs (Gerbasi et al, 1993). Another author estimated the prescreening and ultrafiltration capital costs to be $5.8 million and the operating costs to be $0.7 million/year for the treatment of mechanical pulp mill effluent at a water flow of 5 m3/adt and a mill capacity of 550 adt/day, the same size mill as in Table 4 (Paleologou etal, 1994). Evaporation and burning of all the liquid waste in the mill, not only the Whitewater, could be financially competitive in energy costs with biotreatment at low water usages (Wearing, 1992). Combining reconfiguration of flows to maximize water use, ultrafiltration in the Whitewater loop, and evaporation to concentrate the waste, the capital cost of building a closed-cycle system was somewhat more than a biological treatment system, the difference decreasing with lower water usage rates (Table 5) (Towers and Wearing, 1994). 32 Table 4. Estimated capital and operating costs for closed cycle options that do not produce effluent and conventional activated sludge secondary treatment that produces effluent for a 550 adt/day TMP newsprint mill at different water usage rates (Gerbasi et al, 1993). Cap = Capital costs. Op = Operating costs. $M = Millions of 1992 Canadian dollars. $M/y = Millions of 1992 Canadian dollars per year. The activated sludge operating cost at the 5 m /^adt flow has been credited with the income of marketing organic and inorganic dissolved solids. Water Usage Rates 5 m3/adt 10 m3/adt 15 rnVadt 20 m3/adt Capital & Operating Costs Cap Op Cap Op Cap Op Cap Op Treatment $M $M/y $M $M/y $M $M/y $M $M/y Biological Membrane Freeze Crystallization Evaporation Activated Sludge 19.3 0.71 28.1 2.21 36.8 3.28 44.0 4.19 23.3 0.83 33.9 2.27 52.6 3.55 63.2 4.44 18.0 0.55 26.5 2.03 34.8 3.04 42.6 3.91 11.1 0.00 11.5 0.70 11.9 1.00 12.3 1.20 33 Table 5. The capital and operating costs for the closure of an existing integrated newsprint mill at different water usage rates as compared to a conventional "end-of-the-pipe" biological treatment system (Towers and Wearing, 1994). M$ = million Canadian dollars, /y = per year. Effluent Processing Measures Cost Capital [M$] Operating [M$/y] Closed cycle without chemical regeneration 10 m 3/t 53 3.0 5m 3 / t 43 1.4 2m 3 / t 44 1.2 Closed cycle with chemical regeneration 10 m 3/t 62 0.7 5m 3 / t 52 -0.9 2 m 3/t 53 -1.1 Biological treatment and discharge 30 m 3/t 30 2.2 Even though these alternate treatments might be more expensive than biotreatment, their costs decrease as the water usage rates decrease, and advantages are gained in a closed system that cannot be measured financially. Further development of closed system waste management technologies might reduce the cost even more. 34 2.3. Potential Aerobic Treatability of a Closed Whitewater Stream In order to assess the probable performance of a biological treatment process in the proposed closed-loop treatment alternative, a review of results of similar research is needed. Since interest in this type of technology is relatively new, very little research has been done on aerobic biotreatment of Whitewater and its content of resin and fatty acids. More research has been done on the treatment of TMP and chemi-thermomechanical pulping (CTMP) effluents and their detoxification through effluent treatment by removing resin and fatty acids. Conventional "end-of-the-pipe" treatment generally removes resin and fatty acids successfully given an adequate residence time (Leach et al, 1977). One study monitored the removal of resin and fatty acids from TMP and CTMP effluent in an aerated lagoon. It was found that a 6-day residence time was required to remove toxicity due to resin and fatty acids. The initial resin acid concentrations were 17.07 mg/L for TMP and 41.72 mg/L for CTMP and the final resin acid concentrations were too low to detect for TMP and 1.13 mg/L for CTMP (Servizi and Gordon, 1986). A group of researchers at the Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres have investigated the removal of resin and fatty acids along with other contaminants from CTMP effluent through laboratory-scale aerobic biotreatment in chemostats (Lo et al, 1991). They varied parameters such as pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT) (and subsequently the solids retention time (SRT)), and dissolved oxygen (DO), while monitoring contaminant removal efficiencies for RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and lignosulfonates (L.S.) (Figures 10, 11, and 12). The characteristics of the reactor influent, an effluent from CTMP washing, were: B O D 5 = 3000 mg/L, R F A = 45 mg/L, COD = 6200 mg/L, TOC = 1900 mg/L and LS = 2300 mg/L. Only two individual fatty acids were measured (linolenic and oleic) out of the five measured in the Whitewater membrane bioreactor research. Reactor conditions varied around a pH of 7, an HRT of 2 days, a temperature of 20°C, and an aeration rate of 0.71 L/Lrnin. Optimum 35 removal efficiencies were observed at a pH of 7 and sludge settleability was good throughout the pH range tested. Removal efficiencies improved with increasing DO concentrations as did the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) levels and the sludge settleability. However, the increase in RFA removal efficiencies observed with increasing aeration was insignificant. Below an HRT of 2 days, removal efficiencies decreased and HRTs greater than 2 days showed no further improvement in removal efficiencies. MLSS levels and settleabilities were high during all HRTs tested. In general, RFA removal efficiencies were not affected as much as the other characteristics measured. • t • RFA ". —+-' B O D 5 B ^ -Q-'" - B - - TOC --©--• COD '- —A- - L.S. - A " a) 5 6 7 B PH Figure 10. Contaminant removal efficiencies for RFAs, BOD5, TOC, COD, and lignosulfonates as functions of the pH (taken from Lo et al, 1991). 36 100 90 BO 70 ^ 60 co > 50 E £ 40 30 • ja—-=8:. r . r . - . -g • o •y z - a •—A • RFA - B O D 5 - T O C - COD —A- - L . S . a) 1 2 3 4 5 HRT, day Figure 11. Contaminant removal efficiencies for RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and lignosulfonates at varying FfRTs (taken from Lo et al, 1991). 30 i i i 2 3 4 5 B 7 B 9 DO, mg/L Figure 12. Contaminant removal efficiencies for RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and lignosulfonates at varying dissolved oxygen concentrations (taken from Lo et al, 1991). 37 2.4. High Temperature Aerobic Treatment of Resin and Fatty Acids The other unique requirement for the membrane bioreactor treatment of Whitewater is not only resin and fatty acid removal, but resin and fatty acid removal at high temperatures. In increasing the temperature, treatment can be compromised through less-efficient contaminant removal and problems with sludge settleability (Flippin and Eckenfelder, 1994). Research performed by Lo et al. (1991) also included the monitoring of contaminant removal efficiencies with varying temperature (Figure 13). These results were the most noteworthy because of their implications to the present research on the biological stage of the membrane bioreactor for Whitewater. R F A removal efficiencies decreased slightly as the temperature was increased from 20 to 50°C in 10° increments. Removal efficiencies for other parameters decreased somewhat from 20 to 40°C, and decreased significantly when the temperature was raised to 50°C. The increasing temperatures affected the M L S S levels similarly, decreasing them as the temperature increased. The sludge settleability was poorest at 40°C, improving at lower and higher temperatures. The population of microbes consisted of bacteria, protozoa and metazoa at temperatures from 20 to 40°C, while at 50°C, the microbial population consisted of bacteria and filamentous organisms only. The absence of protozoa and metazoa at 50°C was thought to reflect a change in microbial population from mesophiles to thermophiles. The decreased removal efficiencies were probably due to a decrease in microbial species, a lower MLSS level, and a lower oxygen transfer rate. Earlier work adds support to these observations in the operation of an aerated lagoon in the treatment of kraft mill effluents at high temperatures (Lee et al, 1978). B O D 5 and toxicity were removed satisfactorily up to 50°C. In particular, above 50°C, L C 5 0 toxicity to rainbow trout fingerlings was evident, whereas at lower temperatures, the effluent was non-toxic. Toxicity in pulp mill effluents is largely due to resin and fatty acids (Leach et al, 1977). Thus, 38 Temp., °C Figure 13. Contaminant removal efficiencies for RFAs, B O D 5 , TOC, COD, and lignosulfonates at varying temperatures (taken from Lo et al, 1991). at 50°C and below, the non-toxic effluent indicated a significant removal of resin and fatty acids. From these research results, similar results are expected from an aerobic system such as the bioreactor of the Whitewater membrane bioreactor when the temperature is increased. The removal of resin and fatty acids would probably become less efficient at around 50°C and the removal of other measured parameters such as TOC and COD may decrease at temperatures higher than 40°C. 2.5. Sequencing Batch Reactor The choice of using sequencing batch reactors to investigate the bioreactor aspect of the Whitewater membrane bioreactor was made because of its ease in construction and maintenance and its flexibility in control and operation. The particulars of the treatment cycle 39 can be easily adjusted to suit the treatment. The automation of a simple fill and draw operation is much less complex than that of a continuous flow system (CFS). A clarifier is not needed because of the built-in settling stage of the treatment cycle. In addition, the removal of compounds can be monitored over the react cycle to determine removals of more resilient materials after easily degradable material is removed. Sequencing batch reactors are an extension of the simple draw/fill reactor design. The five process stages of fill, react, settle, draw, and idle repeat, allow a continuous treatment. Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), used most extensively in municipal applications, differ from continuous flow systems (CFSs) in that the SBRs operate in a time sequence while CFSs operate in a space sequence. In other words, CFSs perform different operations in different tanks in sequence and are limited by their volume. SBRs, on the other hand, use timed sequences in the same location for the treatments such as reaction, aeration, and settling. Since time is much more easily manipulated than volume available for use, SBRs are much more flexible and simple in their treatment method than CFSs (Irvine and Ketchum, 1989). 2.5.1. Sequencing Batch Reactor Treatment of High-Strength Wastes Since the Whitewater treated in this study was expected to contain high concentrations of organics, investigating other applications of SBR systems in treating high-strength wastes is useful. SBR systems have been used successfully to treat a variety of high-strength wastes in investigative and operational situations ranging from agricultural applications at piggeries, slaughterhouses, and milking centres to industrial applications at palm oil refineries, petrochemical processing plants, and soybean fermentation plants to municipal applications at landfills and sewage treatment plants. 40 In order to provide an indication of typical SBR operating conditions and treatment quality, Table 6 provides details for treatment of landfill leachate (Ying et al, 1986), milking centre waste (Lo etal, 1988), and slaughterhouse waste (Hadjinicolaou, 1989). These examples are a few of many examples of high-strength waste treatment by SBR systems. Examples from the pulp and paper industry, however, are few because CFS technology was preferred over SBR systems due to the volumes of waste treated and to the intensive labour required for the SBR systems before automation technology was developed. 41 Table 6. Operating conditions and treatment quality for SBR treatment of landfill leachate (Ying et al, 1986), milking centre waste (Lo et al, 1988), and slaughterhouse waste (Hadjinicolaou, 1989). nm = not measured, nr = not reported. Leachate Milking Ctr. Slaughterhouse HRT [dl 2 0.83 3 SRT [d] 15.7 16.7 15 Reactor Vol [L] 500 5 137.5 Feed per cycle [L] 250 1.5 45.8 Cycle time [h] 24 6 24 React time [h] 10 3.5 21 Settle [h] 2 1.5 2.5 M L S S [mg/L] 10000 nr 3335 COD Inf [mg/L 0,] 5300 919 3512 COD Eff 1700 155 128 COD Removal [%] 68 83 96 TOC Inf [mg/L C] 2000 nm nm TOC Eff 536 nm nm TOC Removal [%] 73 nm nm B O D 5 Inf [mg/L 0,1 nm 270 1445 BOD< Eff nm 13 14 B O D s Removal [%] nm 95 99 Growth Yield [mg/mg TOC rem] 0.87 nr nr 42 3. R E S E A R C H O B J E C T I V E S The overall goal of this research was to assess the feasibility of the biological stage of a biological membrane reactor system in the treatment of a simulated Whitewater for an integrated mechanical newsprint mill. This research contributes to the assessment of this closure strategy in a mill application, with the ultimate goal being an effluent-free mill system. After consulting with P A P R I C A N and examining the relevant available literature, the following research objectives were determined: (1) To investigate the operational viability at varying temperatures of the biological stage of a biological membrane reactor system as represented by an aerobic sequencing batch reactor, in the treatment of a simulated Whitewater for an integrated mechanical newsprint mill. (2) To investigate the removal of conventional Whitewater contaminants in an SBR operating at varying temperatures. (3) To investigate the removal of resin and fatty acids from Whitewater in an SBR operating at varying temperatures. (4) To investigate the possible fates of the resin and fatty acids throughout the experimental period. 43 4.0. M A T E R I A L S A N D E X P E R I M E N T A L M E T H O D S 4.1. Reactor The reactor used was a 17 L acrylic cylinder, 59.7 cm in height and 19.1 cm internal diameter. Plastic and tygon 1.27 cm (1/2") internal diameter (ID) tubing was used for the effluent and influent lines and 0.95 cm (3/8") ID tubing was used for the nutrient lines (Figure 14). The effluent line was adjusted to a position corresponding to the volume of the effluent to be removed (approximately 5 L). Solids were wasted through the effluent line when the reactor was fully mixed. The reactor was aerated using a CSA Maxima aquarium aerator delivering an unimpaired flow of 5400 mL/min to a disperser made from 1.27 cm (1/2") ID rigid plastic gas tubing with pin holes in it at the bottom of the reactor. The aeration also served to mix the biomass. Automation of the sequencing batch reactor cycle of draw, fill and settle was achieved with a ChronTrol controller. Aeration Ef fluent Influent Nutrients — 10 L — 5 L Figure 14. The set-up of the reactor with the influent, nutrients and aeration lines and the effluent line. 44 4.1.1. Water Bath for Temperature Control The temperatures settings of 30, 40, 45 and 50°C were maintained by immersion of the SBR in a water bath. The water bath container was a polystyrene box, open at the top, with a bottom of 60 by 60 cm, and a height of 80 cm. Polystyrene foam board was used to line the inside and outside of the water bath and the exposed water surfaces, to minimize heat loss and to act as a partial barrier to minimize evaporation. The water bath was heated with a Haake D I heater. The reactor was immersed in the bath up to the 9 L level to maintain the temperature needed. The water level in the bath was maintained manually, by replacing evaporated water with tap water as needed. 4.1.2. Synthetic Whitewater Feed Since Whitewater typical of closed mills is not obtainable presently, a Whitewater was synthesized using TMP screw press pressate and evaporator bottoms obtained from a closed-cycle CTMP mill. Before preparing the synthetic Whitewater, the pressate was settled for one hour to remove large particles and fibres without removing colloidal materials. Settled and unsettled pressate and evaporator bottoms were stored in carboys in a refrigerator at 4°C. To make the synthetic Whitewater, the pressate was diluted one part in five with tap water to resin and fatty acid concentrations of about 15 to 20 mg/L. CTMP mill evaporator bottoms (35 mL, TDS = 4 x 10^ mg/L) were then added to the diluted pressate (5L) to achieve total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations between 3000 and 4000 mg/L. At the beginning of the acclimatization period of the reactor, only diluted pressate without evaporator bottoms was fed to the reactor. Near the end of the acclimatization period (after Sept 13, 1993) and during the experimental period, the complete synthetic Whitewater was used as influent. The change in quality of the stored screw pressate was determined by sampling its resin and fatty acids content on most SBR sampling days. The results will be discussed in the Results and Discussion section (Chapter 5.). The COD and TOC of the screw pressate was not 45 monitored regularly because previous studies had indicated minimal degradation during storage (Elefsiniotis, 1994). 4.1.3 Reactor Operation The biological reactor was operated as a sequencing batch reactor with an HRT of 48 hours. The reactor was operated at an SRT between 15 and 25 days. Just before the settling stage, while the reactor was fully mixed, a volume between 0 and 0.5 L of mixed liquor was wasted. Every 24 hours, aeration was stopped, allowing the reactor to settle for one hour. After settling, a volume of supernatant, adjusted for the volume of mixed liquor previously wasted, was pumped out of the reactor as treated effluent to make a total volume of 5 L exiting the reactor. Over a time period of 15 minutes, 5 L of influent was then pumped from a 25 L storage bucket, through a stainless steel tubing coil immersed in the water bath, into the reactor. The influent was pumped from the storage bucket through the heating coil to increase the influent temperature to minimize temperature shocks to the biomass. During the experimental runs at 20 and 30°C, the heating coil was not used. After the draw/fill cycle was completed, aeration was started again, mixing the biomass. During the influent addition, 5 mL of NH4CI at a concentration of 0.103 gN/mL and 5 mL of Na2PO4-12H20 at a concentration of 0.1452 gP/mL were pumped directly into the reactor using Masterflex Tygon size 13 tubing over a period of 40 seconds. These nutrient additions were deemed necessary because the influent had very low nutrient levels (ortho-P: 0.8 mg P/L, NOx: 0.3 mg N / L , N H 3 : 0.5 mg N/L) . The concentrations of added nutrients were chosen by measuring the nutrient level at the end of a cycle to ensure that the added nutrients were still present at a sufficient level (about 5 mg/L of ortho-P and NOx as P or N). Premixed reactor influent was kept at room temperature and fed to the reactor over a maximum period of 4 days. Since the influent was nutrient deficient, the separate addition of 46 nutrients directly to the reactor helped minimize biological growth in the influent storage bucket. 4.1.4 Seed Organisms Organisms used to seed the reactor were obtained from a pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment system and a municipal treatment system. A sample of 2 L of mixed liquor from the wastewater treatment system of a paperboard paper mill was taken on July 12, 1993 and stored in a refrigerator overnight at 4°C. This seed was used to start the reactor on July 13, 1993, adding 8 L of diluted pressate as feed. The next day, the sequencing batch reactor cycle was started as described previously (section 4.1.3) and nutrients were added in excess of the requirements determined later. Over the next 6 days, the settled sludge decreased to a volume of about 800 mL and an M L V S S level of 700 mg/L (July 21, 1993). Additional mixed liquor was added to increase the solids levels. A sample of 6.5 L of mixed liquor was taken from the activated sludge section of the U B C Civil Engineering municipal waste pilot plant on July 22, 1993 (MLSS .= 3000 mg/L). After that day's settling and effluent draw, the municipal sludge was added and mixed with the reactor contents, making a total reactor volume of 11.5 L . The reactor contents were then settled for one hour and effluent was drawn off, reducing the reactor level to 8 L . Diluted pressate was added to fill the reactor to 10 L and aeration was started, resuming the normal reactor cycle. Addition of the municipal mixed liquor increased the M L V S S levels to 3550 mg/L. 4.1.5 Biomass Acclimatization The organism population was allowed to grow and acclimatize to the waste and to the reactor conditions before experimenting began. A volume of 1 L of mixed liquor was wasted each day from July 29, 1993 until August 14, 1993 to assure that the initial seed organisms had 47 been replaced by new organisms. Then the wasting line was turned off to allow the reactor solids to increase. The reactor volatile suspended solids (VSS) on August 19, 1993 was 1120 mg/L and after growing for two months, on October 26, 1993, the M L VSS was 5110 mg/L. To provide solids for another reactor, the reactor's solids were then divided on November 2, 1993, leaving the M L V S S levels at 3820 mg/L on November 4, 1993. The solids recovered to 5850 mg/L by November 12, 1993, when the experimental period began (day 0 of the experimental phase of reactor operation). 4.2. Experimental Design The effect of SBR treatment on the quality of the Whitewater was studied using the bench-scale SBR. Priority contaminants investigated were resin and fatty acids. Effective SBR operation and compound removal was monitored over the cycle of the SBR to determine when the effluent was free of contaminants. The removal efficiency of the reactor at higher temperatures was explored with emphasis on resin and fatty acids. The experimental period of the reactor ran from November 12, 1993 (day 0) to September 30, 1994 (day 322). 4.2.1. Reactor Operating Parameters The operation of the reactor was governed by temperature and the maintenance of a viable biomass at an SRT higher than 15 days. 4.2.1.1. Temperature The reactor was operated at five temperature settings: room temperature (between 16 and 22°C), 30, 40, 45 and 50°C (Table 7, Figure 15). 48 Table 7. Duration of temperature settings during the experimental period. SS = Steady State. T = Transition. Temperature Start Day End Day Length 20OC (SS) 0 74 74 days 2 0 - 3 0 ° C (T) 74 74 0 days 30°C (SS) 74 146 72 days 3 0 - 4 0 ° C (T) 146 152 6 days 40°C (SS) 152 217 65 days 40-45°C (T) 217 223 6 days 45°C (SS) 223 263 40 days 45-50°C (T) 263 272 9 days 50°C (SS) 272 322 50 days For convenience, room temperature was assumed to average 20°C, though in reality, it ranged from 16 to 22°C, varying with outdoor weather. The temperature change from 20 to 30°C was made by imposing a single 10°C temperature increase. Al l other temperature transitions were effected by raising the temperature in steps over a period of 6 to 9 days (Table 8). Due to a power failure on July 24, 1994 or day 254, reactor temperature decreased below the 45°C setpoint for 7 hours. 49 20 30 40 45 50 F 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 x Power Failure Upset Figure 15. Temperature of reactor over experimental period. 50 Table 8. Temperature increments during the temperature transition periods. Temperature Increment r°ci Day Temperature Increment r°ci Day 20 to 30 73 40 to 43 217 30 to 34 146 43 to 44 220 44 to 45 223 34 to 37 148 45 to 47 263 37 to 39 150 47 to 49 266 39 to 40 152 49 to 50 272 4.2.1.2. Solids Retention Time The operation of the reactor was intended to maintain a viable biomass at an SRT higher than 15 days. The SRT was calculated using the total VSS in the reactor divided by the total solids lost that day in the effluent and from wasting. These values were plotted using a 10-day moving average to smooth the data (Figure 16). The system SRT was generally maintained between 15 and 25 days except during the 50°C run. SRT values decreased after the preceding temperature transition due to solids losses in the effluent because of poor settling, but the SRT recovered soon after. The control parameter shifted from SRT control to maintenance of M L V S S concentration at 50°C, when wasting was terminated. Thus at 50°C, despite the low M L V S S levels maintained, the elimination of solids wasting resulted in an SRT of about 30 days. 51 1 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 16. SRT versus time using a 10-day moving average during experimental period. 52 4.2.2. Sampling The reactor was operated at each steady state experimental condition for as long as it took to sample and process four or five sets of samples, usually from 40 to 74 days. On a sampling day, the reactor was sampled for resin and fatty acids, TOC, COD and VSS (Table 9). Influent samples were taken from the influent storage bucket at room temperature, the contents of which were mixed thoroughly before sampling. Effluent samples were taken in a similar fashion from a bucket where the effluent had collected. Samples of influent and effluent were analyzed for VSS, TDS, COD, TOC and resin and fatty acids. Reactor contents were sampled for M L V S S and resin and fatty acids at 22.5 hours, near the end of the previous day's SBR cycle, just prior to settling. In addition, resin and fatty acid samples were taken at zero hour, at the cycle's beginning, just after the draw/fill sequence and at the start of aeration, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 22.5 hours during the reactor's aerating stage (Table 9). 4.2.3. Sample Preservation and Storage Samples were stored at 4°C in a refrigerator for various analyses. Samples for resin and fatty acids were stored for less than 7 days at pH 9. The alkaline pH was achieved by adding drops of 0.1 N and/or 1 N NaOH. COD and TOC samples were stored in the refrigerator for up to 28 days at less than pH 2. The acidity was achieved by adding drops of 10% and/or 100% H 2 S 0 4 . Samples for nutrients were stored at 4°C and were analyzed within 4 hours of sampling. Samples for VSS and TDS were stored at 4°C and were analyzed the day of the sampling. 53 Table 9. The timing of the cycle activity and the samples taken. M L = Mixed liquor. Inf = Influent. Eff = Effluent. VSS = Volatile suspended solids. R F A = Resin and fatty acids. Cycle Activity Cycle Time [h] Samples Taken Aeration 22.5 M L V S S , R F A Settling 22.5 Effluent 23.5 Eff COD, TOC, VSS, R F A Influent 23.7 Inf COD, TOC, VSS, R F A Aeration 0 M L R F A Aeration 1 M L R F A Aeration 2 M L R F A Aeration 4 M L R F A Aeration 6 M L R F A Aeration 9 M L R F A Aeration 12 M L R F A Aeration 18 M L R F A Aeration 22.5 M L R F A Settling 22.5 Effluent 23.5 Influent 23.7 4.2.4. Analytical Techniques and Equipment 4.2.4.1. Resin and Fatty Acid Analysis Resin and fatty acids were measured using a P A P R I C A N in-house method adapted from the method proposed by De Boer and Backer (1954) and modified to an extraction pH of 9 54 according to Voss and Rapsomatiotis (1985). Since resin and fatty acid concentrations were high, a sample volume of 5 mL was extracted with two 5 mL volumes of methyl-t-butyl ether instead of the prescribed 50 mL of sample and total 100 mL of solvent. The resin and fatty acids were methylated after extraction using diazomethane gas carried by nitrogen gas. The methylated extracts were concentrated with nitrogen gas and then diluted to 1 mL using a solvent base of methyl-t-butyl ether and stored at -20°C until analyzed by gas chromatography. Methyl-t-butyl ether was used as a base solvent because less precipitation occurred during storage than with octane. The specific target compounds measured were fatty acids (palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, oleic, and stearic acids) and resin acids (pimaric, sandaracopimaric, isopimaric, palustric, levopimaric, dehydroabietic, abietic, and neoabietic acids) using methyl heneicosanoate and tricosanoic acid as internal standards for quantity and quality control (Source: Helix Biotech Corp., Richmond, B.C.). Palustric and levopimaric acids were reported as a sum of the two because separating the two compound peaks was difficult. D H A was used as a methylation standard and thus all resin and fatty acid values reported are in units of mg/L of D H A throughout this paper so the y-axes of graphs showing resin acids or fatty acids are comparable. 4.2.4.2. Gas Chromatography Analysis of resin and fatty acids was carried out on two Hewlett Packard gas chromatographs, models 5880A and 5890 Series II, with flame ionization detectors and using a 30 m DB-1 fused silica column of 0.32 mm internal diameter and a 0.25 urn film thickness (J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA). The carrier gas used was helium at a linear velocity of 20 cm/s at 290°C. The FID makeup gas combined helium (20 mL/min), hydrogen (30 mL/min) and air (400 mL/min). The temperature program was improved upon until an efficient quick regime was found for the compounds investigated. The injection temperature was 275°C and the detector temperature was 290°C. The length of the run was 48.16 minutes and the temperature ramping is detailed in Table 10. 55 Table 10. The temperature program used in the detection of RFAs with the gas chromatograph. Duration [min] Temp [°C] Temp change rate [°/min] 2.00 45 0 9.66 changing 15 1.00 190 0 25.00 changing 1 0.50 215 0 5.00 changing 15 5.00 290 0 4.2.4.3. Total Organic Carbon Assays Filtered samples were analyzed for total carbon and inorganic carbon, yielding total organic carbon values according to a standardized method using a Shimadzu AS 1-502 automatic carbon analyzer (Greenberg et al, 1985). 4.2.4.4. Chemical Oxygen Demand Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured for unfiltered and filtered samples using the closed reflux, colorimetric method (Greenberg et al, 1985) with the Hach COD heater and a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 88 spectrophotometer. COD analysis was performed without mercury because using mercury decreased values by only about 10%. In addition, using the method without mercury avoids the disposal expense of the hazardous waste produced in the COD analysis using mercury. .56 4.2.4.5. Nutrients Ammonia, NOx, and ortho-P were measured in filtered samples using a Lachat QuikChem A E autoanalyzer (Greenberg etal, 1985). 4.2.4.6. Suspended Solids Suspended solids were measured using a standardized method (Greenberg et al, 1985). Total suspended solids (TSS), VSS and TDS were measured directly with the use of Whatman Glass Microfibre filters (5.5 cm diam., 934-AH) , evaporating dishes and a muffle furnace. 57 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this section, results describing the operation of the reactor are discussed. A description of the characteristics of the influent and its constituents illustrates the reactor feed. The behaviour of the reactor is described including the removal of conventional lumped parameter contaminants such as TDS, COD and TOC during the experimental phase. Since resin and fatty acids are considered by the pulp industry to be problem compounds, their behaviour in the reactor at different operating temperatures is reported. 5.1. Influent Characteristics The influent to the reactor was a mixture of TMP screw pressate and CTMP evaporator bottoms as discussed in section 4.1.2 of Materials and Methods. Several batches of screw pressate and evaporator bottoms were obtained throughout the experimental period to maintain the feed cycle of the reactor (Table 11). The feeding of the reactor from new batches of screw pressate and evaporator bottoms was started either immediately or soon after collection. A storage study was performed to determine the effect of storage on the characteristics of the pressate. 5.1.1. Screw Pressate The periods of use of screw pressate in Table 11 sometimes overlap because while changing from an old batch to a new batch, mixtures of old and new pressate were used to ease the transition. Table 12 describes the mixtures used during transitions. 58 Table 11. The collection dates and period of use of the batches of screw pressate and evaporator bottoms during the acclimatization and experimental periods. A C C = Acclimatization period. Screw Pressate Evaporator Bottoms Batch Collection Period of Use Batch Collection Period of Use 1 June 28, 1993 A C C , 0 - 12 1 Aug 10, 1993 A C C , 0 - 130 2 Nov 25, 1993 13 - 167 2 Mar 14, 1994 131-284 3 Apr 12, 1994 161-317 3 July 27, 1994 285-322 4 July 18, 1994 259 - 322 Table 12. The mixture proportions used during transitions from old to new feed batches. Transition Day Mixture Old New From Batch 2 to 3 161 50% 50% 166 25% 75% 168 0% 100% From Batch 3 to 4 259 75% 25% 285 50% 50% 310 25% 75% 318 0% 100% 59 5.1.1.1. Screw Pressate Storage Study Since batches of screw pressate were required to be stored for long periods of time, they were monitored periodically to check for consistency. The important contribution of the screw pressate to the synthetic influent was resin and fatty acids, so the resin and fatty acid levels were monitored throughout the experimental period (Figures 17, 18, and 19). Resin and fatty acids, according to the analysis method used (Section 4.2.4.1.), are reported in units of mg DFfA/L throughout this paper so the y-axes of graphs showing resin acids or fatty acids are comparable. The resin and fatty acid characteristics of the screw pressate in the batches 2, 3 and 4 that were used during the experimental period are summarized in Table 13. In the second batch, the RFA, R A and F A appeared to decrease over time, but this trend is inferred from only four sample points (Figures 17, 18 and 19). A possible explanation for the two lower sample points in the latter part of the storage period of the second batch is a possible lower recovery in the analysis, which would yield proportionately lower numbers for all resin and fatty acids. Unfortunately, the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) data for these points are not available so this possible explanation cannot be confirmed. Within the screw pressate batches 3 and 4, the total resin and fatty acids did not decrease over storage. As well, the individual resin and fatty acid concentrations in the third and fourth batches did not decrease. Other variables such as TOC, total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and DCOD were not monitored regularly because, in a parallel study, Elefsiniotis (1994) found little degradation of these organics in batches 2 and 3 of screw pressate. TDS was not monitored regularly because the TDS contribution of screw pressate to the feed was small compared to the contribution from the evaporator bottoms. VSS was not monitored regularly because biological growth was not expected to occur under the storage conditions used. 60 180 160-r-i 140-X 120-Q OX) B ioo-| # 80-© 02 60-^ 40-20-• • • -1— 50 • 100 x x_ x lio 200 Time [days] x 250 300 350 • 2nd Feed Batch • 3rd Feed Batch x 4th Feed Batch Figure 17. The total resin and fatty acid concentrations of screw pressate in storage. Batch 2 and the first three points in batch 3 were monitored by Elefsiniotis (1994). 61 50 • • • • X X X X X 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 • 2nd Feed Batch • 3rd Feed Batch x 4th Feed Batch Figure 18. The total fatty acid concentrations of screw pressate in storage. Batch 2 and the first three points in batch 3 were monitored by Elefsiniotis (1994). 62 140 120- • • 100-X WD 80-©X) eo j-o 604 404 • • X X X 204 50 100 150 200 250 300 Time [days] 350 • 2nd Feed Batch • 3rd Feed Batch x 4th Feed Batch Figure 19. The total resin acid concentrations of screw pressate in storage. Batch 2 and the first three points in batch 3 were monitored by Elefsiniotis (1994). 63 Table 13. The resin and fatty acid screw pressate characteristics. F A = Total fatty acids. R A = Total resin acids. R F A = Total resin and fatty acids. SD = Standard deviation. Batch 2 and part of Batch 3 were monitored by Elefsiniotis (1994). Batch Component Minimum Maximum Average SD [mg/L] [mg/L] [mg/L] [mg/L] 2 F A 23.8 40.2 35.5 6.8 R A 60.7 109.1 92.8 24.4 R F A 84.6 161.4 128.4 29.6 3 F A 5.5 24.0 14.2 5.3 R A 41.9 101.5 68.2 21.0 R F A 53.1 133.9 82.4 26.0 4 F A 8.4 24.8 16.0 5.2 R A 36.7 102.9 65.0 21.2 R F A 49.6 127.7 81.0 26.1 Overall F A 5.5 40.2 17.9 9.3 R A 36.7 109.1 71.1 23.6 R F A 49.6 161.4 89.1 31.4 Pressate from the second batch was sampled for analysis on August 5, 1993. The TDS and VSS results are shown in Table 14. The influent values show the contribution of various parameters of the screw pressate to the influent. The other batches of screw pressate were not sampled for solids because the synthetic influent itself was monitored throughout the experimental period. 64 Table 14. The TDS, TSS and VSS results from the analysis of an August 5, 1993 sample of the second batch of screw pressate and their contributions to the final influent. TDS [mg/L] Inf TDS [mg/L] VSS [mg/L] Inf VSS [mg/L] 3173 635 434 87 492 98 The characterization of the TDS and VSS in the screw pressate (Table 14) provided useful information for the determination of the amount of evaporator bottoms to be added to achieve final influent TDS concentrations of between 3000 and 4000 mg/L. The screw pressate contribution of VSS to the influent was minimal. Most of the VSS in the screw pressate was expected to be non-viable organic matter such as wood material because the process by which the screw pressate are produced is not condusive to the survival of organisms. The fourth batch of screw pressate was measured for TCOD and TOC on July 18, 1994. TCOD was found to be 4320 mg/L and TOC was measured at 1075 mg/L, values comparable to Elefsiniotis' study (1994) of the first and second batches of screw pressate. Therefore, the contribution of the screw pressate to the TCOD and TOC of the influent was consistent throughout the experimental period. 5.1.2. Evaporator Bottoms Evaporator bottoms, the other constituent of the synthetic influent, were not monitored regularly because their main contribution to the synthetic influent was TDS and that was monitored through regular monitoring of the influent for TDS. The first batch of evaporator 65 bottoms was analyzed for VSS, TDS and TOC and their contributions to the influent were calculated (Table 15). Table 15. VSS, TDS and TOC levels of evaporator bottoms and their contributions to the final influent. Date VSS [mg/L] InfVSS [mg/L] TDS [mg/L] Inf TDS [mg/L] TOC [mg/L C] Inf TOC [mg/L] Aug 23, 1993 9,600 67 215,000 1505 10,840 76 414,560 2902 Aug 24, 1993 110,000 770 Oct 26, 1993 386,800 2708 Table 15 shows that the contribution of VSS in the influent by evaporator bottoms is low. Most of the VSS in the evaporator bottoms was expected to be non-viable organic matter such as wood material because the process by which the evaporator bottoms are produced is not condusive to the survival of organisms. By adding the TDS components of the influent for the screw pressate (Table 14) and the evaporator bottoms (Table 15), the desired TDS level of between 3000 and 4000 mg/L was confirmed. 5.1.3. Influent A diluted mixture of TMP screw pressate and CTMP evaporator bottoms made up the synthetic influent. The influent characteristics throughout the experimental period are summarized in Table 16 and detailed in graphs to follow. 66 Table 16. The maximum and minimum values, the average value and the standard deviation of the influent volatile suspended solids (VSS), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), and total resin and fatty acids (FA, RA, and RFA) throughout the experimental period. Measurement Units Minimum Maximum Average SD VSS r m g / L l 60 760 380 360 TDS r m g / L l 2980 5160 3840 650 TOC [mg/L C] 840 1360 1040 110 TCOD rmg/L0 7l 2590 5530 3560 710 D C O D rmg/L0 7l 2300 3190 2770 210 F A rmg/Ll 1.1 50.7 12.7 10.2 R A [mg/L] 4.5 55.1 16.7 11.3 R F A rmg/L] 6.6 105.8 29.3 21.1 Figure 20 shows the VSS concentrations of the influent throughout the experimental phase. Using the VSS measurements of the screw pressate and evaporator bottoms, the synthetic influent was expected to have a VSS concentration of about 100 mg/L due to volatile suspended material from the stored constituents. Fluctuations in VSS might have occurred due to the inclusion of organic material such as wood fines in the influent samples. After cleaning the influent bucket, the solids level was observed to drop, indicating that another factor in VSS fluctuations was VSS accumulation in the influent bucket due to organic matter settling to the bottom, adhering to the sides or floating at the surface. Although the influent bucket was cleaned routinely to minimize the impact of biological activity on influent 67 characteristics, some microbial growth may have occurred. A refrigerated storage facility for the influent would have reduced the possibility of biological growth. A B O D 5 assay determined the oxygen demand of the influent sampled on September 28, 1993 (Table 17). TCOD was about twice the concentration of the B O D 5 . Table 17. The B O D 5 , TOC and COD for the same influent sample on September 28, 1993. B O D , TOC TCOD DCOD rmg/LO?l rmg/L CI rmg/L 0 91 Trng/L 0,1 1252 735 2500 2150 5.2. Conventional Contaminants During Experimental Phase Measurements describing the status of the reactor such as VSS are discussed. Conventional contaminants such as TDS, TOC and COD were monitored over the experimental phase and are reported. 5.2.1. Volatile Suspended Solids To maintain adequate treatment, the reactor was operated so that sufficient solids concentrations were maintained at a target level of 5000 mg/L. The VSS concentrations in the effluent are plotted for the complete experimental period in Figure 21. Increased solids in the effluent due to poor settling were observed after all of the temperature changes, except that from 45 to 50°C. When the effluent VSS levels responded to a temperature change, the effluent solids returned to normal levels of less than 200 mg/L between 17 and 27 days after the first temperature increment of the temperature change. 68 800-20 700H 600H "e2> 500-S L — J 400-c 3 300-• • 200- • 100-30 • • • -1— 50 • 40 45 50 • • • • a o • • • • • • 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 20. The VSS concentrations of the synthetic influent throughout the experimental period. 69 i 800-700-600-5004 £ 400-C J2 300H 2004 100H 20 • • • p -1— 50 30 • • • • P 40 • • P C P ' • 45 • CP • • 100 150 200 Time [days] -B-r— 250 50 • • • • a : • 300 350 Figure 21. VSS concentrations in the effluent throughout the experimental period. 70 The mixed liquor VSS concentrations in the reactor are plotted for the complete experimental period in Figure 22. Wasting began on day 0 of the timeline and it took about 20 days for the reactor VSS concentration to reach steady state. The biomass concentrations in the reactor remained between 4000 and 6000 mg/L until the 45 °C run, during which solids levels dropped dramatically. At 45°C, a power failure on day 254 resulted in a decrease in reactor temperature over a 7 hour period accompanied by a loss of aeration for 24 hours. This stress on the biomass combined with the stress of the recent temperature change were the probable causes of the decrease in biomass concentration. Poor settling during temperature changes resulted in additional VSS loss in the effluent (Figure 21). To stabilize the M L V S S content at about 2000 mg/L during the 50°C treatment, intentional wasting was terminated on day 281 and any solids wasted thereafter came from unintentional solids loss in the effluent. Thus, near the end of the experimental program, SRT control was relinquished in order to maintain reactor biomass levels. The extent of biomass growth for different temperature runs was assessed using a mass balance approach. The net VSS production was calculated by subtracting the cumulative influent VSS from the sum of the cumulative effluent + wasted VSS and cumulative change in the reactor VSS. Growth Net or =• Cum Effluent VSS + Cum Waste VSS Eqn. 1 Decay + CumAMLVSS — Cum Influent VSS This calculation assumes that all of the influent VSS accumulated rather than degraded in the reactor. This assumption might underestimate the net solids produced if it is not completely valid. 71 7000-6000i 5000H 4000^ > © 3000-2000H loooH 20 • • • cti 30 O . • • • p • • 40 45 50 • • • • • • • • Ffa • -1— 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 22. M L V S S concentrations in the reactor throughout the experimental period. 72 A cumulative VSS plot gives a visual representation of the net biomass growth and the relative importance of each input and output from the system. A plot of the cumulative effluent, influent and waste VSS and the reactor VSS, along with the net solids produced is shown in Figure 23. For this plot, the y-axis values at day n were determined by summing the daily VSS levels from day 0 to day n using VSS concentrations (X) and daily flow rates (Q) (Equations 2, 3, 4, and 5) and using Equation 1 to calculate the net VSS production up to day n. The concentration of VSS in the reactor during the experimental period is plotted on the graph to display the relative difference of the cumulative VSS values with the actual reactor VSS level. Cumulative Effluent VSS: £ Qt E f f • Xi E f f 1=0 Eqn. 2 Cumulative Waste VSS: Z Q i W a s t e • X i R e a c t o r 1=0 Eqn. 3 Cumulative Influent VSS: I! Qi™ • Xi 1^ 1=0 Eqn. 4 Cumulative A M L VSS: 1=0 S V r • (Xi R e a c t o r — Xi-iR e a c t o r) = Vr • (Xn-Xo) Eqn. 5 The cumulative A M L V S S simplifies to the volume of the reactor (Vr=10L) times the difference between the VSS concentration of the mixed liquor on day n (Xn) and the initial mixed liquor VSS concentration (Xo). 73 350 Time [days] Figure 23. Cumulative VSS in the effluent, influent, waste sludge, and the reactor and the cumulative net VSS produced during the experimental period. 74 The cumulative net VSS production (Figure 23) increases during the 20 and 30°C runs, but levels off during the higher temperature runs, indicating little, or no biomass production at 40, 45 and 50°C. This interpretation relies on the validity of the assumption that all influent solids entering the reactor accumulate, rather than being biodegraded. 5.2.2. Removal of Organics During Experimental Phase The main aim in investigating.the performance of the reactor was to assess the removal of problem compounds such as resin and fatty acids. An indicator of this was the change in conventional performance parameters such as TDS, TOC and COD through treatment. Throughout the experimental period, starting November 12, 1993, organics removal was measured through TDS, TOC and COD monitoring of the influent and effluent. Resin and fatty acids were also measured, but they are discussed later in section 5.4. 5.2.2.1. Total Dissolved Solids In general, the TDS in the influent varied between 3000 and 4500 mg/L (Figure 24). The TDS in the effluent ranged from 2000 to 4500 mg/L. During the experimental runs at 20 and 30°C, the effluent TDS concentration was about 2000 mg/L. During the 30 to 40°C transition, the effluent TDS levels were equivalent to those of the influent. During the 40°C run and during the 40 to 45°C transitions, the TDS in the effluent stabilized at about 2500 mg/L. Soon after the temperature change to 45°C, the TDS content of the effluent was similar to that of the influent for the remainder of the 45°C and the 50°C runs. The removal efficiency of TDS (Figure 25) was about 40% during the 20, 30 and 40°C runs, except during temperature transitions when there was no removal. Removal efficiencies decreased during the 45°C run, fluctuating around zero for the remainder of the 45°C and the 50°C runs. Figure 26 summarizes the average influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 75 6000-20 5000-^ 4000H • X j | 3000-2000H • X • X loooH 30 • • • < • • % X X x X 40 • • x X x x X X 45 50 • P 9< • X • X x s X • X 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 • TDS Inf x TDS Eff Figure 24. TDS in the influent and effluent of the reactor throughout the experimental period. 76 100-80-r—i 60-40-Q H 20 20 • • a 30 • • • 40 • • • • a • 45 P • • • 50 • • -20- -1— 50 100 ~150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 25. The removal efficiency of TDS throughout the experimental period. 77 4500-4000-3500 3000 _i °> 2500 • * co 2000 Q r-1500 1000 500 0 1 11 l l 20 30 40 45 Temp [oC] 50 -100 -80 L 6 0 h40 -20 0 Inf Eff % Rem Figure 26. The average TDS influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 78 5.2.2.2. Total Organic Carbon In general, the TOC in the influent varied between 3000 and 4500 mg/L (Figure 27). Similar to TDS, TOC was removed in the reactor. The effluent levels were between 200 and 400 mg/L during the 20 and 30°C runs. During the 30 to 40°C transition, higher levels of TOC appeared in the effluent at concentrations above 600 mg/L. The reactor slowly acclimatized to the new temperature as the effluent TOC levels subsequently decreased to about 300 mg/L. During the temperature transition from 40 to 45 °C, effluent TOC levels increased only to about 400 mg/L. Soon after the 45°C temperature was attained, the effluent TOC increased to about 800 mg/L and remained approximately 200 mg/L below the influent levels until the end of the experimental period. The removal efficiency of TOC (Figure 28) reached levels as high as 80% during the 20 and 30°C runs, dropping to about 60% during the 40°C run and sharply falling from 60 to 10% removal during the 45°C run. The TOC removal during the 50°C run was about 10%. As in the case of TDS, the decrease in the TOC removal efficiency (Figure 28) during the 45°C run was similar to the concurrent reactor VSS decrease (Figure 22). Figure 29 summarizes the average influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 5.2.2.3. Chemical Oxygen Demand The effluent total and dissolved COD was measured during the experimental period (Figures 30 and 31). The influent TCOD varied from 2500 to 5500 mg/L (Figure 30). The effluent TCOD values ranged from 500 to 1000 mg/L during the 20 and 30°C runs, but increased temporarily to over 1500 during the 30 to 40°C temperature change. Generally, effluent levels remained above 1000 mg/L except for one low measurement below 500 mg/L right after the 40 to 45°C transition. During the 45°C run effluent TCOD increased towards the end of the run, this pattern continuing during the 50°C run. 79 1400-1200-20 u ox B u o H T3 'S Vi • 1000* 8004 600-4004 200- X a 30 • • x x -1— 50 • P 40 • • • ^ X x x 45 50 • • • • • • b • • x x X X X X 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 X 300 350 • T O C Inf x T O C Eff Figure 27. The dissolved TOC in the influent and effluent over the experimental period. 80 100-20 30 40 45 50 BOA • 60-• • a • • • • 40H • 20H • • • a • • o • 50 100 ~\50 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 28. The removal efficiency of TOC throughout the experimental period. 81 Figure 29. The average TOC influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 82 6000-5000-of 4000-O WD 3000H Q O U . « 2000-O H 1000 20 • x - 1 — 50 30 • • X p o X 40 • • a a a • x 45 • 1=1 • • a • X X X X X 50 • • X X X 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 • Inf Total C O D x Eff Total C O D Figure 30. The TCOD in the influent and effluent over the experimental period. 83 The influent DCOD (Figure 31) exhibited a lower variability of between 2300 and 3100 mg/L than the TCOD because no solids were measured in the DCOD. The same applied to the effluent (Figure 31), but the effluent DCOD levels were similar to, but about 200 mg/L lower than the effluent TCOD levels. Variations in influent TCOD beyond the similar variations of DCOD might be partly due to wood fibres and other pulping residues and biological growth (Figures 30 and 31). The removal efficiency of TCOD (Figure 32) was about 80% for the 20 and 30°C runs and about 60 to 70% for the 40°C run. The removal efficiency decreased considerably during the 45°C run to about 20%. This decrease in removal continued during the 50°C run until the removal reached zero, then began increasing near the end of the experimental period. The sharp increase in removal near the end of the 50°C run reflected the sharp increase of the TCOD in the influent (Figure 30), most likely caused by high levels of solids growing in the influent bucket observed in the influent VSS measurement (Figure 30) and from visual observations. The removal efficiency of DCOD (Figure 33) followed a similar pattern to TCOD, except at the end of the experimental period. The sharp increase in removal of TCOD near the end of the 50°C run was not observed in the DCOD results, confirming that the increase seen in the TCOD removals was due to material filtered out in the DCOD measurement which was probably suspended solids accumulating in the influent bucket. Figures 34 and 35 summarize the average influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs for TCOD and DCOD. 84 3500-30004 20 r—, 2500 o ©X) 2000-a . Q Q 1500-u cn Q 1000-500-• x X 30 • • X -I— 50 • 40 • • P • O K X X x X 45 • Ftru P° x x^ x X xx X 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 50 C D . X 300 350 • InfDisCOD x EffDisCOD Figure 31. The DCOD in the influent and effluent over the experimental period. 85 100-90-80-9? ™" 60-50-Q 40-o 2 30-o H 20-10-0--10-20 • • 50 30 • CP 100 • 40 45 50 P • • • • 150 200 Time [days] • • • • P • • • -E3-250 • 300 350 Figure 32. The removal efficiency of TCOD throughout the experimental period. 86 20 • • 30 • • • P 40 45 50 • • • • a P • • • 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 33. The removal efficiency of DCOD throughout the experimental period. 87 Figure 34. The average TCOD influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 88 Figure 35. The average DCOD influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for the different temperature runs. 89 5.3. Reactor Parameters 5.3.1. Food to Microorganism Ratios and Specific Substrate Utilization Rates The decrease in the TDS, TOC, TCOD and DCOD removal efficiencies (Figures 25, 28, 22, and 23) observed during the 45°C run might have been caused by the concurrent decrease in reactor VSS (Figure 22). A lower biomass inventory in the reactor might have had reduced substrate removal ability. By taking into account the amount of biomass present in the reactor and the reactor flow and volume, the specific substrate utilization rates for each temperature run better reflect the capabilities of the reactor solids for contaminant removal. Useful design parameters, the specific substrate utilization rate (U) and the food to microorganism ratio (F/M) are calculated by the following equations (Equations 6 and 7) (Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991; Benefield and Randall, 1980). They are compared with values reported in the literature to ensure that the treatment was within reasonable control parameters and operational responses. The F / M ratios can be used as a design parameter in a scale-up of this biological process. The U values can be used to check the performance of similar biological processes in future research. U O ( S o - S ) V r • X Eqn. 6 F / M = S o ex Eqn. 7 Where Q S S o X 0 V r flow rate [L/d] final concentration of substrate [g/L] initial concentration of substrate [g/L] concentration of mixed liquor microorganism [g M L V S S ] hydraulic detention time [d] reactor volume = 10L 90 5.3.1.1. Food to Microorganism Ratios The food to microorganism (F/M) ratios were calculated for the different temperature runs and for the different substrate measurements (Tables 18 and 19). The increase of F / M values with temperature reflected the decreased M L V S S concentrations and the high influent levels at the end of the 50°C temperature run. In comparing the F / M ratios in Tables 18 and 19 with other F / M ratios reported in the literature, differences in the measured substrate prevents direct comparison. However, F / M ratios in B O D 5 units reported in the literature can be roughly compared with the measured F / M ratios in TCOD units (Table 19) by dividing the measured values in half. This conversion, derived from the influent TCOD and B O D 5 comparison reported earlier (Table 18), roughly converts the influent TCOD into its B O D 5 equivalent. The measured F / M ratios for the reactor in this study are higher than those reported for municipal SBR aerobic treatment (Table 20). The high F / M ratios could also be due to a shorter HRT and/or a lower M L V S S level than in municipal SBR aerobic treatment. This was not found to be the case since the M L V S S levels and HRTs of several municipal waste treatment plants using SBR technology were generally similar or lower than those of the reactor in this study. The high F / M ratios are probably due to the nature of the feed in the bioreactor, being a high strength waste, rather than a less-concentrated municipal waste. Table 21 lists typical F / M ratio values for several modifications of the conventional activated sludge treatment process for municipal waste. The measured F / M ratios in Table 19, after dividing them in half to roughly convert them to B O D 5 units, fall within the range of the SBR typical values in Table 21. 91 Table 18. The food to microorganism ratios (F/M) for the substrates TDS and TOC for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. Temp F / M [mg S o / mg M L V S S • d] [°C] TDS TOC Avg SD Min Max n Avg SD Min Max n 20 0.41 0.01 0.40 0.42 2 0.11 0.01 0.10 0.13 2 30 0.30 0.02 0.27 0.32 4 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.11 4 40 0.39 0.03 0.34 0.43 7 0.12 0.01 0.09 0.13 7 45 0.59 0.16 0.39 0.79 5 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.19 6 50 1.25 0.21 0.92 1.51 6 0.27 0.04 0.21 0.32 6 Table 19. The food to microorganism ratios (F/M) for the substrates TCOD and DCOD for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. Temp F / M [mg S o / mg M L V S S • d] [°C] TCOD DCOD Avg SD Min Max n Avg SD Min Max n 20 0.40 0.12 0.28 0.51 2 0.27 0.03 0.24 0.30 2 30 0.35 0.06 0.30 0.45 4 0.27 0.03 0.23 0.31 4 40 0.42 0.06 0.35 0.53 7 0.30 0.02 0.26 0.33 7 45 0.45 0.10 0.33 0.63 6 0.39 0.10 0.25 0.53 6 50 0.94 0.37 0.63 1.73 6 0.76 0.10 0.58 0.88 6 92 Table 20. The F / M ratios, M L V S S concentrations, and HRTs of several municipal waste treatment plants using SBR technology. Plant A was converted to SBR treatment from conventional continuous flow activated sludge treatment (Irvine etal, 1983). Plants B and C were converted to SBR treatment from extended aeration and plant D was converted from septic tanks (Melcer et al, 1987). The range of F / M ratios at 20°C for the reactor in this study (Reactor) are listed for comparison. Plant A B C D Reactor F / M Tg B O D s / g M L V S S • d] 0.12 0.041 0.062 0.308 F / M Tg TCOD / g M L V S S • dl 0.28-0.51 M L V S S [mg/Ll 1380 3180 1477 2387- -HRT[d] 0.34 2.1 0.63 0.32 Typical F / M design parameters for various pulp mill biotreatment systems are listed in Table 22. The measured F / M values for TCOD, after they are divided in half to roughly convert to B O D 5 substrate, are similar to the aerated stabilization basin (ASB), activated sludge, and oxygen-activated sludge biotreatment processes. As seen from similar values in Tables 21 and 22, the reactor in this study operated under reasonable F / M parameters. 93 Table 21. Typical values of F / M ratios for different modifications of conventional activated sludge treatment (Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991). The range of F / M ratios at 20°C for the reactor in this study (Reactor) are listed for comparison. Process Modification F / M [ g B O D , / g M L V S S d] Conventional plug flow 0.2 - 0.4 Complete-mix 0.2 - 0.6 Step-feed 0.2 - 0.4 Modified aeration 1.5 - 5.0 Contact stabilization 0.2 - 0.6 Extended aeration 0.05 - 0.15 High-rate aeration 0.4 - 1.5 Kraus process 0.3 - 0.8 High-purity oxygen 0.25 - 1.0 Oxidation ditch 0.05 - 0.30 Sequencing batch reactor 0.05 - 0.30 Deep shaft reactor 0.5 - 5.0 Reactor [g TCOD / g M L V S S • dl 0.28 - 0.51 94 Table 22. F / M design parameters for various pulp mill biotreatment systems (Springer, 1986). Biotreatment System F / M [mg B O D s / mg M L V S S • d] ASB 0.1 Activated Sludge 0.3 -0.5 Extended Aeration 0.1 Oxygen-activated Sludge 0.7 Rotating Biological Surface 1.0 5.3.1.2. Specific Substrate Utilization Rates The specific substrate utilization rates (IT), also called substrate utilization ratios, were calculated for the different temperature runs and for the different substrate measurements of TDS, TOC, TCOD, and DCOD (Tables 23 and 24). The U values for all substrates were similar for the 20, 30, and 40°C temperature runs. The U values of TDS and TOC were lower at the higher temperatures of 45 and 50°C. The U values of TCOD and DCOD were similar to those of lower temperatures at 45°C, but were lower during the 50°C temperature run. In comparing the U values in Tables 23 and 24 with other U values reported in the literature, differences in the measured substrate prevents direct comparison. However, U values from B O D 5 removal can be roughly compared with the measured U values from COD removal since they are both types of oxygen demands. Table 25 allows a comparison of U values with various pulp mill biotreatment systems. The measured U values (Table 24) are closest to those of activated sludge (Table 25). 95 Table 23. The specific substrate utilization rates (U) for the substrates TDS and TOC for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. S r = Substrate removed. Temp U[mg S r / m g M L V S S • d] [ ° C ] TDS TOC Avg SD Min Max n Avg SD Min Max n 20 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.13 2 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.10 2 30 0.11 0.01 0.08 0.12 4 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.08 4 40 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.16 7 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.09 7 45 0.00 0.12 -0.23 0.14 6 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.08 6 50 0.02 0.05 -0.06 0.08 6 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.05 6 Table 24. The specific substrate utilization rates (U) for the substrates TCOD and DCOD for the different temperature runs during the experimental period. S r = Substrate removed. Temp U[mg S r / m g M L V S S • d] [ ° C ] TCOD DCOD Avg SD Min Max n Avg SD Min Max n 20 0.32 0.11 0.21 0.43 2 0.19 0.01 0.18 0.20 2 30 0.29 0.07 0.21 0.37 4 0.20 0.03 0.15 0.24 4 40 0.27 0.06 0.18 0.39 7 0.18 0.02 0.14 0.21 7 45 0.27 0.05 0.19 0.34 6 0.24 0.07 0.13 0.32 6 50 0.21 0.28 -0.02 0.81 6 0.07 0.05 -0.03 0.12 6 96 Table 25. U design parameters for various pulp mill biotreatment systems (calculated from data from Springer, 1986). The range of U values at 20°C for the reactor in this study (Reactor) are listed for comparison. Biotreatment System U [ mg B O D s / mg M L V S S • d] ASB 0.08-0.09 Activated Sludge 0.24 - 0.43 Extended Aeration 0.08 Oxygen-activated Sludge 0.63 Rotating Biological Surface 0.85 Reactor [mg TCOD / mg M L V S S • d] 0.21-0.43 A bench-scale activated sludge treatment for TMP wastewater had U values ranging from 0.16 to 0.26 [mg B O D 5 / mg M L V S S • d] for non-filamentous growth and from 0.38 to 0.47 [mg B O D 5 / mg M L V S S • d] for filamentous growth (Liver et al, 1993). Some typical U values for municipal waste treatment are 0.38 [mg B O D 5 / mg M L V S S • d] for conventional activated sludge and 0.12 [mg B O D 5 / mg M L V S S • d] for extended aeration (Wilson, 1981), both comparable to the U values measured here (Table 24). In conclusion, the specific substrate utilization rates for the reactor in this study were similar to those of other municipal and pulp mill treatment processes. In general, U values at high temperatures were lower than those at lower temperatures, indicating a lower substrate removal despite the lower M L V S S concentrations at higher temperatures. Thus, treatment was not as effective at temperatures above 40°C as the treatment at temperatures of 40°C and below. 97 5.3.2. Growth Yield Another important consideration in the applicability of this treatment system is the extent of sludge production and the efficiency of the substrate removal. The removal efficiencies between influent and effluent are one way of indicating biodegradation. Removal efficiencies, although valuable operational assessments, do not take into account the material removed during wasting and the internal fluctuations within the reactor. The growth yield (Y) takes into account the total cumulative amount of substrate consumed and the total cumulative amount of M L V S S produced (Equation 8) over a reasonably long period of time. Y = mass of M L V S S formed Eqn. 8 mass of substrate removed The total masses of M L V S S formed during the individual experimental runs were calculated from Figure 23 by subtracting the initial cumulative net biomass growth amount from the final net biomass for that temperature run. The total mass of substrate consumed was determined in a similar manner from cumulative substrate mass flow calculations (Figures A l , A2, A3, and A4 in Appendix A) using the cumulative total substrate removal curve for each temperature run. The calculated growth yield values are listed in Table 26. Since the SRT was quite variable, but long, the growth yield or the quantity of suspended solids produced per unit mass of substrate was very low. As the reactor biomass grew, substrate was removed from the feed. However, the low growth yields and the high SRT indicates that the sludge was bordering on auto-oxidation. This was advantageous to keep the solids production down to reduce the need to manage the wastes resulting from applying this treatment. At high temperatures of 40 and 50°C, the Y values were negative, indicating little or no substrate removal even after taking account of the reactor biomass level changes. 98 Table 26. The biomass growth yields during the experimental runs. Temperature [°C] Growth Yield for TOC for TCOD for DCOD [mg VSS/mg C] [mg VSS/mg O?] [mg VSS/mg O?.] 20 0.29 0.077 0.13 30 0.25 0.073 0.10 40 -0.012 -0.003 -0.005 45 0.11 0.018 0.022 50 -0.25 -0.059 -0.14 The growth yield values during the 20 and 30°C runs were comparable to those observed in the A N A M E T treatment process (Table 2) even though this process includes an anaerobic stage. - But the measured growth yield at these temperatures were lower than those from aerobic SBR treatment of landfrll leachate.(0.87 mg MLSS / mg TOC [C], SRT 19.5 days, Ying et al, 1986). Table 27 lists typical values of growth yield coefficients for conventional biological treatment of different substrates, expressed in units of B O D 5 . In comparing the Y values in Table 26 with other Y values reported in the literature, differences in the form of substrate measured prevents direct comparison. However, Y values from B O D 5 removal can be roughly compared with the measured Y values from COD removal since they are both types of oxygen demands The growth yield values for the reactor in this study were not as high as those reported for domestic waste activated sludge, being one order of magnitude lower. Growth yield for the reactor in this study was in the order of magnitude of anaerobic digestion. Thus, the growth yield values were lower than for activated sludge domestic waste treatment, but were comparable to anaerobic digestion (Figure 27). 99 Table 27. Typical values of growth yield for conventional treatment of different substrates (Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991). The growth yield value calculated for the reactor in this study at 20°C is listed for comparison. Process Growth Yield [mg VSS / mg BODs] Range Typical Activated Sludge: Domestic waste 0.4 - 0.8 0.6 Anaerobic Digestion: Domestic waste Fatty acids Carbohydrates Protein 0.040 - 0.100 0.040 - 0.070 0.020 - 0.040 0.050 -0.090 0.060 0.050 0.024 0.075 Reactor [mg VSS / mg TCOD] 0.077 5.3.3. Summary of Significance of Reactor Parameters Overall, F/M ratios were similar from 20 to 45 °C and comparable to values in the literature, while at 50°C, the ratio was higher. This was probably due to the high-strength waste treated. U values using TDS and TOC as substrates were similar from 20 to 40°C and U values using TCOD and DCOD were similar from 20 to 45°C and comparable to values in the literature. At higher temperatures, the U values decreased. This indicated that the decrease in substrate removals with increasing temperatures was not merely due to the decrease in reactor biomass, but also to a reduced ability to remove contaminants at high temperatures. Growth yield values (Y) were similar at the lower temperatures of 20 and 30°C and comparable to values in the literature, but decreased at higher temperatures. This indicated 100 that during periods of lower substrate removal, at higher temperatures, the biomass was not converting substrate into biomass as efficiently as at lower temperatures. Thus, the lower sludge production would be an advantage for treatment at high temperatures. In looking at the removal efficiencies and substrate utilization rates of conventional substrates such as TDS, TOC, TCOD, and DCOD, and in taking into account the change in reactor biomass, effective removal can be achieved at temperatures up to 40 for COD removal and up to 45°C for TDS and TOC removal. Thus, in conclusion, at higher temperatures, maintenance of an active biomass is difficult and the treatment efficiency is low. 5.4. Resin and Fatty Acids Behaviour in the Reactor During the Experimental Period 5.4.1. Resin and Fatty Acids Removal Even though they account for less than 5% of the TOC in the reactor, the behaviour of resin and fatty acids under high temperature SBR treatment was investigated because they are partially responsible for problems in Whitewater recirculation. The removal efficiencies and removal rates of resin and fatty acids were examined to investigate the efficiency of the reactor. As can be seen in more detail in the following sections, the resin and fatty acids were removed to varying degrees within the reactor. Removal does not necessarily mean that biological degradation occurred. Possible alternative processes that might have occurred, such as chemical oxidation during aeration and accumulation in the solids, were also investigated. 5.4.1.1. Resin and Fatty Acids Removal Efficiency Between the Influent and Effluent Resin and fatty acids were removed to different extents at the different steady state temperatures. Figure 36 shows the total fatty acid concentration of the influent and effluent and Figure 37 shows the total resin acids concentration of the influent and effluent. 101 60-20 50H i—i 40H £ W 20-10-• 30 • • 40 P • • • 45 • • 50 100 150 200 Time [days] p • 50 • • • P • 250 300 350 • Inf * Eff Figure 36. The total fatty acid concentrations of the influent and effluent during the experimental period. 102 20 • 30 • x x • -x-40 • P C D • • X*DK i X X 45 • 50 • X X • x • • p X X } X 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 • Inf * Eff Figure 37. The total resin acids concentrations of the influent and effluent during the experimental period. 103 Influent R F A values (Figures 36 and 37) appeared to decrease throughout the experimental period. This apparent decrease is probably due to the higher than average concentrations near the beginning of the experimental period in the screw pressate (Figures 18 and 19). The low influent R F A levels during the 45°C run and at the beginning of the 50°C temperature run (Figure 36 and 37) did not coincide with high influent VSS measurements (Figure 20) so most likely were not due to biological R F A removal in the influent bucket. At the end of the 50°C temperature run, one influent resin and fatty acid measurement was considerably greater than previous influent levels (Figures 36 and 37). Although the end of the 50°C run coincides with the changeover from an old screw pressate batch to a new screw pressate batch, the resin and fatty acid values of both batches were comparable (Figures 17, 18, and 19). The measurement point, coincides with high solids levels in the influent (Figure 20) and high TCOD levels contrasted with normal DCOD levels (Figures 30 and 31). At times during the experimental period, influent solids were at levels similar to those at the end of the 50°C run, but influent characteristics were not drastically different then as they were at the end of the 50°C run. Resin and fatty acid levels, especially fatty acids, in the mixed liquor liquid at the beginning of the react cycle were much higher than previous levels. Thus, the high resin and fatty acid concentration is not attributable solely to solids accumulated in the influent bucket that were high in resin and fatty acids. Since this was measured in only one point near the end of the experimental period where it had not been affecting the reactor for long, minimal weight is given in the following discussion to this measurement. Effluent fatty acids levels were near zero throughout all of the temperature runs (Figure 36). The fatty acid removal efficiencies were generally higher than 90% throughout all of the temperature runs, except during temperature transitions (Figure 38). Some removal efficiencies were low because of the lower influent values during the 45 and 50°C temperature runs. 104 Although effluent resin acids concentrations (Figure 37) were near zero during the 20, 30 and 40°C temperature runs, they began to increase after the 45 °C temperature transition. Resin acids consistently appeared in the effluent during the 45 and 50°C temperature runs. The resin acids removal efficiencies (Figure 39) were essentially 100% at the lower temperatures, then varied from -20% to 90% removal during the higher temperature runs. Low influent resin and fatty acid concentrations, such as those near the end of the 45 °C run and at the beginning of the 50°C run, resulted in lower calculated removal efficiencies. In cases where the resin or fatty acids were removed completely, there might have been potential for even greater mass removal had more resin or fatty acids been present. The influent and effluent concentrations of resin acids and fatty acids and their percent removals are summarized in Figures 40 and 41. The calculation of removal efficiency is partially affected by the amount of material available for removal. Thus mass removals better reflect the actual amount of resin and fatty acids removed. The mass removals for both resin and fatty acids decreased with increasing temperature (Figure 42). Since resin acids were present in the effluent at high temperatures (Figure 37), this mass removal trend shows a diminished ability to remove resin acids. Fatty acids, on the other hand, are not present in the effluent at high temperatures (Figure 36) and thus the decreasing mass removals might reflect lower fatty acid concentrations in the influent with higher temperatures (Figure 40) rather than a decreased ability to remove fatty acids. 105 20 30 • - B -40 • • 4 5 Q Z 1 • • P P a U F 50 • P • 204 — i — 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 38. The removal efficiencies of the total fatty acids during the experimental period. 106 100-20 - B -80H 30 CP - B -40 • • i 45 • 50 • 60H rs 40-^ P • Pi 20-• • • -20-• ^0- i— 50 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 300 350 Figure 39. The removal efficiencies of the total resin acids during the experimental period. 107 100 Q to Temperature [oC] Inf Eff Removal C 4> to C M 13 > o a Pi Figure 40. The average influent and effluent concentrations of fatty acids and the calculated removal efficiencies during different temperature runs. 108 Figure 41. The average influent and effluent concentrations of resin acids and the calculated removal efficiencies during different temperature runs. 109 Figure 42. The resin and fatty acid mass removals during the experimental period. 110 5.4.1.2. Resin and Fatty Acids During the React Cycle The foregoing comparisons of the influent and the effluent examined only the inputs and outputs from the treatment system. Calculations using only the influent and effluent ignore the interaction between liquid and solid phases within the reactor and treat the reactor as a black box system. While valuable in the application of the reactor, the examination of resin and fatty acid removal during the reaction period of the reactor in the liquid and solid phases provides a better indication of the internal activity of the reactor and the extent of association of resin and fatty acids with the particulate phase. Hydrophobic organic compounds such as resin and fatty acids tend to associate with suspended organic solids (Hassett and Anderson, 1979; Landrum et al, 1984; Unkulvasapaul, 1984; Morales et al, 1992; Liu et al, 1993; Sithole, 1993) and thus influent resin and fatty acids added to a reactor containing large concentrations of suspended solids in the form of biomass, might tend to associate more with the solids. In addition, the resin acid levels measured during the react cycle might indicate that the efficiency of the reactor would increase if the react cycle were lengthened or shortened. Figure 43 is a typical plot from the 30°C temperature runs for day 129. The total concentrations of both fatty acids and resin acids during the react cycle are graphed. In this graph and in similar graphs presented later, time 0 on each x-axis is just after effluent draw and influent addition were completed and aeration was begun. The react period lasted for 22.5 hours. The resin and fatty acids concentrations at the end of the previous cycle are included in the plot at -1.5 hours to give an indication of how the addition of fresh influent raises the resin and fatty acids concentrations. i l l 5 10 15 Time [hours] 25 - a - FA RA Figure 43. A typical plot from the 30°C temperature run of the mixed liquor total resin and fatty acids concentrations during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 112 At time -1.5 hours, the previous react cycle was finishing and the resin and fatty acids remaining in the reactor were plotted (Figure 43). Between -1.5 hours and 0 hour, aeration was stopped and settling was allowed for one hour. Resin and fatty acids associated with the solids phase remained in the reactor in the settled solids while the resin and fatty acids associated with the liquid phase were removed in the effluent. The influent introduces new resin and fatty acids to the reactor which starts mixing at hour 0 when the react cycle begins with aeration. For the rest of the react cycle, the resin and fatty acids are monitored and their concentrations usually decrease over time. Total Resin and Fatty Acids Figures 43, 44, 45, and 46 are four typical plots from the 30, 40, 45, and 50°C temperature runs for days 129, 216, 249, and 310 respectively. At 30°C (Figure 43), the total fatty acids added with the influent were removed completely over the react period, leaving a significant amount of fatty acids in the reactor at the end of the react cycle that were also present at the end of the previous react cycle. The resin acids, on the other hand, were removed completely long before the end of the react cycle. Thus, overall, the fatty acid concentrations during the react period were higher than the resin acid concentrations. Similarly, at 40°C (Figure 44), resin acids were removed completely during the react period, but the time required for removal was longer at 40 than at 30°C. Similar to the pattern seen at 30°C, a significant amount of fatty acids remained in the reactor at 40°C at the end of the react period. In general, the added fatty acids tended to not start being removed until 2 to 9 hours into the react period. On all the sampling days except on day 154 which was a few days after the temperature change from 30 to 40°C, the fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher than the resin acid concentrations during the react cycle. 113 Figure 44. A typical plot from the 40°C temperature run of the mixed liquor total resin and fatty acids concentrations during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 114 Figure 45. A typical plot from the 45°C temperature run of the mixed liquor total resin and fatty acids concentrations during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 115 Time [hours] Figure 46. A typical plot from the 50°C temperature run of the mixed liquor total resin and fatty acids concentrations during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 116 Resin and fatty acid behaviour changed markedly at temperatures higher than 40°C. At 45°C (Figure 45) and 50°C (Figure 46), resin acid concentrations were higher than fatty acid concentrations during the react cycle instead of the inverse seen at lower temperatures. Throughout the 45°C temperature run, the resin acids were not removed completely by the end of the react cycle and appeared to accumulate, resulting in mixed liquor resin acid concentrations that were higher than the fatty acid concentrations throughout the react period (Figure 45). At 45 and 50°C (Figures 45 and 46), resin acids were not removed to any extent during the react period, in contrast to the complete removal observed at lower temperatures (Figures 43 and 44). On the other hand, the removal of fatty acids began 1 to 2 hours into the react period and continued throughout the react period. This lag in removal was shorter than at 40°C (Figure 44). Fatty acid concentrations at the end of the react period were lower at 45 and 50°C (Figures 45 and 46) than at lower temperatures (Figures 43 and 44), but some still remained at the end of the react cycle.. Overall, resin, acids were completely removed at 30 and 40°C, while at 45 and 50°C, resin acids were not significantly degraded during the react period. Resin acids were not present in the reactor at the end of the react period at 30 and 40°C, but at higher temperatures, resin acids appeared to accumulate in the reactor and were present at the end of the react period. The removal of total fatty acids continued throughout the react period at all temperatures and the concentrations remaining in the reactor at the end of the react period appeared to decrease at higher temperatures. By looking at the R A concentrations at the end of the previous cycles, called the baseline levels, in Figures 43, 44, 45, and 46, a trend for R A accumulation in the reactor was seen. Between 40 and 45°C (Figures 44 and 45), the baseline R A level jumped from zero to 117 approximately 11 mg/L and further increased during the 50°C run to a concentration of about 15 mg/L. F A baseline levels, on the other hand, appeared to not increase, perhaps becoming lower as the experimental period progressed. Fatty Acids in the Liquid and Solids Phases Figures 47, 48, 49, and 50 are taken from typical sampling days at 30, 40, 45, and 50°C respectively for fatty acids concentrations in the liquid and solids phases. At all four temperatures, the highest fatty acid concentrations during the react period are found in the solids, especially at 30, 40, and 45°C (Figures 47, 48, and 49). At 50°C (Figure 50), the fatty acid concentration in the liquid phase is lower than at lower temperatures, but this may be due to lower influent fatty acids levels (Figure 40). Most fatty acid removal occurs in the solid phase at all temperatures where the majority of the fatty acids were present. Fatty acid concentrations in the liquid phase were near zero at 30, 40, and 45 °C (Figures 47, 48, and 49). At 50°C (Figure 50), however, higher fatty acid concentrations in the liquid phase allowed some removal to occur in this phase. Overall, fatty acids are mostly associated with the solids phase where most removal occurred except at 50°C where fatty acids in the liquid phase allowed some removal in the liquid phase. 118 0 5 10 15 Time [hours] • e - FA in Liquid - » ~ FA in Solids Figure 47. A typical plot from the 30°C temperature run of the fatty acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 119 14 2H - B - - S - - S - -ED 10 Time [hours] 15 20 25 e— FA in Liquid FA in Solids Figure 48. A typical plot from the 40°C temperature run of the fatty acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 120 10 Time [hours] 25 - a - FA in Liquid FA in Solids Figure 49. A typical plot from the 45°C temperature run of the fatty acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 121 20-r 18-16-14-5 * 12-E 10-Time [hours] e - FA in Liquid FA in Solids Figure 50. A typical plot from the 50°C temperature run of the fatty acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 122 Resin Acids in the Liquid and Solids Phases Figures 51, 52, 53, and 54 plot typical sampling days at 30, 40, 45, and 50°G respectively for resin acids concentrations in the liquid and solids phases. Generally, resin acids were most commonly found in the liquid phase, in contrast to the fatty acids which were present in the solids phase. Resin acids in both the liquid and the solids phases were completely removed at 30 and 40°C (Figures 51 and 52). At higher temperatures (Figures 53 and 54), however, a substantial amount of resin acids were present and were not removed from the two phases throughout the react period. Overall, resin acids were more associated with the liquid phase, but were present in substantial concentrations in the solids phase. At lower temperatures, where removal occurred, both phases contributed to the removal. Summary As the treatment temperature was increased, the resin and fatty acid concentrations remaining at the end of the react cycle also increased, in agreement with the measured overall removal efficiencies discussed earlier. The fatty acids were observed to be primarily associated with the solid phase during the react cycle. The resin acids were associated with both the liquid and the solid phases, but more so with the liquid phase, during the react cycle. This explains the appearance of resin acids in the effluent at high temperatures (Figure 41), basically the liquid phase, while the fatty acids are essentially absent (Figure 40). 123 6T 5-Time [hours] e - RA in Liquid RA in Solids Figure 51. A typical plot from the 30°C temperature run of the resin acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 124 e - RA in Liquid RA in Solids Figure 52. A typical plot from the 40°C temperature run of the resin acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 125 5 10 Time [hours] - a - RA in Liquid RA in Solids Figure 53. A typical plot from the 45°C temperature run of the resin acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 126 2 0 T 18-16-Time [hours] RA in Liquid RA in Solids Figure 54. A typical plot from the 50°C temperature run of the resin acids concentrations in the mixed liquor liquid and solids phases during the react cycle. Time 0 on the x-axis is just after effluent and influent flows have been completed and aeration has begun. 127 5.4.1.3. Resin and Fatty Acids Removal Rates In an application of SBR treatment to mechanical newsprint Whitewater, observed and maximum rates of resin and fatty acids removal are needed for process design. The resin and fatty acid specific removal rates were calculated in a similar manner to the specific substrate utilization rates for conventional substrates such as TDS, TOC, and COD (Equation 6) except for a few differences. Instead of the Q and Vr terms used in Equation 6, a time term, t, indicates the length of removal time (Equation 9). The length of removal time, in reality taking hours in the bioreactor, is expressed in days to maintain the same units as for the specific substrate utilization rates calculated for conventional substrates. The calculation includes a normalization to the M L V S S level in the reactor which takes account of any solids changes during the experimental period. I W = (So-S) Eqn. 9 t • X Where URFA = specific resin and fatty acid removal rate S = final concentration of substrate [g/L] S o = initial concentration of substrate [g/L] X = concentration of mixed liquor microorganism [g M L V S S ] t = time for R F A removal [d] Two specific removal rates were calculated, the observed specific removal rate and the maximum specific removal rate. The observed specific removal rates utilized the removal of fatty and resin acids in the solids and liquid phases over a complete react cycle, a 22.5 hour period. Thus, t in Equation 9 was 22.5 hours in the units of days and So was the resin or fatty acid concentration at time 0 of the react cycle and S was the resin or fatty acid concentration 128 at 22.5 hours of the react cycle or at the end. Details on the individual calculations are reported in Appendix B. The maximum specific resin and fatty acid removal rates were calculated in a similar manner to the observed specific removal rates (Equation 9) except that the removal rates were calculated during the period of greatest removal starting near the beginning of the react cycle and not over the whole react cycle time as in the observed removal rates. Plotting the substrate concentration over the time of the react cycle similar to Figure 32 and using the slope helped find the time period of fastest removal. The substrate concentrations (So and S) are those seen at the beginning and at the end of this time period of maximum removal (t). The specifics of the calculation of the maximum specific removal rate are described in Appendix B . Observed Removal Rates Observed specific removal rates for resin and fatty acids were averaged for each temperature and plotted in Figure 55. The observed specific removal rates generally decreased with higher temperatures. The fatty acid removal rate increased from 30 to 40°C and then decreased with temperature, while the resin acid removal rates decreased with increasing temperature starting at 30°C. The resin acid removal rates decreased to a greater degree than fatty acids at 45 and 50°C. However, like removal efficiency calculations, removal rate calculations are affected by the amount of material available to be removed. The low influent fatty acid concentrations during the last two temperature runs (Figure 36) might have contributed to lower calculated rates. 129 T3 * 5 DX) 4> S a, r: 4) cn o 0.0020 0.0015 O 0.0010 ox 0.00054 0.0000--0.0005 Temperature [oC] I F A H R A Figure 55. The observed resin and fatty acid specific removal rates during the complete react cycle, a 22.5 hour period during the different temperature runs. 130 Maximum Removal Rates While the observed resin and fatty acid specific removal rates described the particular experimental system investigated, the maximum resin and fatty acid specific removal rates help define the resin and fatty acid removal activity near the beginning of the reactor cycle when substrate is least likely to be limited. During the 22.5 hour react cycle of the reactor, resin and fatty acids could have been degraded before the end of the react period. To optimize treatment, the react time could be shortened to the period of maximum removal. Figure 56 plots the maximum specific removal rates for fatty and resin acids during the reactor cycle. The maximum specific removal rates for fatty acids exhibited no obvious trends with temperature, but rates were higher at 40, 45 and 50°C than at 30°C. Resin acid maximum specific removal rates, on the other hand, decreased with increasing temperature. The maximum specific removal rates measure the removal rate at the beginning of the react cycle, so are not limited by low concentrations of substrate. Figure 57 plots the observed and the maximum specific removal rates for resin and fatty acids with the same y-axis for comparison. Except at 30°C where they are equal, the maximum fatty acid specific removal rates are about twice as large as the observed removal rates. For resin acids, on the other hand, in general, the maximum removal rates are about four times higher than the observed removal rates. Removal rates were also calculated for individual compounds such as palmitic acid. The maximum specific removal rates for individual resin and fatty acids are reported in Appendix C. 131 0.007 "a Figure 56. The maximum specific removal rates for resin and fatty acids at the beginning of the react cycle during the different temperature runs. 132 0.007 TJ * 0.006 0.005H E 0.004 < £ 0.003 ~ 0.002 CD 0.00H -0.001 30 40 45 Temperature [oC] Max FA Obs FA Max RA 22 Obs RA Figure 5 7 . The observed and the maximum specific removal rates for resin and fatty acids are plotted with the same y-axis for comparison. 133 5.4.2. Fate of the Resin and Fatty Acids As seen in the previous sections, the resin acids were removed to varying degrees within the reactor. Removal does not necessarily mean that extensive biological degradation occurred. Possible alternative processes might have occurred, such as abiotic removal during aeration and adsorption onto the experimental apparatus. Some removal of resin and fatty acids might have occurred through non-biological air oxidation rather than biological degradation. Theoretically, non-biological air oxidation is possible because oxygen attacks the unsaturated double bonds in the resin and fatty acid molecules (Swern, 1961; Kochhar, 1993; Liu etal, 1993). Liu etal (1993) studied the static air oxidation of a concentrated CTMP effluent with resin and fatty acid concentrations of 44 mg/L, to determine the non-biological component of removal. A resin and fatty acid removal of only 10% was found after 12 hour of aeration and, after 24 hours of aeration, about 12% of the original resin and fatty acid concentration was removed (Liu et al, 1993). No investigation into the adsorption of resin and fatty acids onto the surfaces of the experimental apparatus was reported so these figures might include some surface adsorption. Nevertheless, the air oxidation contributed only slightly to the removal of resin and fatty acids and thus air oxidation in this Whitewater treatment research was probably not a major removal mechanism. As noted above, resin and fatty acid removal could be affected by adsorption onto the surfaces of the experimental apparatus such as the reactor walls or the effluent and aeration tubing (Figure 14). This was not considered to be a significant factor in the present study because all equipment had been exposed continuously to influent levels of resin and fatty acids during the four months acclimatization stage prior to the experimental period. Thus any surfaces exposed to the reactor contents would be saturated with adsorbed resin and fatty acids. 134 One alternative fate mechanism for the resin and fatty acid removal that was investigated was accumulation in the solids. Another possible fate for the resin and fatty acids that was also investigated was the transformation into compounds that differed from the 13 resin and fatty acids measured. 5.4.2.1. Solids R F A Content One possible mechanism for removal of resin and fatty acids from the influent is their accumulation in the reactor solids (Liu et al, 1993). Because reactor biomass levels fluctuated throughout the experimental period, the R F A content of the biomass solids, by mass, was used for comparison. Figures 58 and 59 plot the fatty and resin acid content of the solids, respectively. The fatty acid content of the reactor solids (Figure 58) decreased from the 40 to 45 to 50°C temperature runs. Whereas the resin acid content of the reactor solids (Figure 59) increased with increasing temperature. Even so, after operation for over 300 days, the reactor resin or fatty acid concentrations remained relatively low at up to 0.25% of the reactor biomass by weight. The changes in resin and fatty acids in the reactor were negligible compared to the sum total of influent, effluent and waste entering and exiting the reactor throughout the experimental period as seen before (Figures A5 and A6, Appendix A). Thus, although they are present at measurable concentrations in the solids, resin and fatty acids did not appear to accumulate in the reactor biomass phase throughout the experimental period. 135 0.25-0.204 S « 0.15-G O U < to £ 0.1 oH C3 p a 0.05H 0.00-20 .'50 30 • • 40 • • • • • • • • • • 45 • • • • 100 150 200 Time [days] 250 50 • • • • 300 350 Figure 58. The biomass fatty acid content throughout the experimental period. 136 0.25-20 30 40 45 50 0.20H • • «J 0.154 C o. % 0.101 03 s o 0.054 • • p • • • • • • • • B • • • 0.00-50 100 - B -150 B • s n , a q i 200 250 Time [days] 300 350 Figure 59. The biomass resin acid content throughout the experimental period. 137 5.4.2.2. The Accumulation of Closely-Related R F A Transformation Products If resin and fatty acids werebiodegraded, they might have been only partially transformed into byproducts which might similar properties to those of the original resin and fatty acids (Kringstad and Lindstrom, 1984; Ohtani etal, 1986; Scott, 1989; Sithole, 1992). Also, resin and fatty acids are just one of the identified groups of compounds of concern in closed Whitewater systems (Scott, 1989). Therefore, an attempt was made to quantify the overall removal of extractable and chromatographable component, albeit unidentified, during SBR treatment. This general measurement was made by summing GC peak areas following the extraction and derivitization in the method used to measure resin and fatty acids (see Section 4.2.4.l.)e. It was recognized that some derivatives of resin and fatty acids are not detectable through chromatography (Unkulvasapaul, 1984). Furthermore, other metabolites of resin and fatty acid degradation would chromatograph at too low a retention time to be included in the peak area sum (Atlas and Bartha, 1973; Kutney et al, 1981a, 1981b; Kutney et al, 1982; Richardson and Bloom, 1982). As a resin or fatty acid is degraded, the original aromatic and simple ring structures are not broken as side chains are altered (Biellmann and Wennig, 1970; Biellmann and Wennig, 1971; Biellmann et al, 1973a, 1973b; Kutney et al, 1981a). As for the resin and fatty acids, these initial degradation compounds might give rise to problems in the running of a papermachine because their physical properties are similar to the original resin of fatty acid (Kringstad and Lindstrom, 1984; Ohtani et al, 1986; Scott, 1989; Sithole, 1992). These initial degradation products may appear on the chromatograph in the vicinity of the other resin and fatty acids and thus an area summation of that part of the chromatograph might include these compounds (Atlas and Bartha, 1973; Rogers, 1973; Keith, 1976; Kutney et al, 1982; Unkulvasapaul, 1984; Kutney etal, 1988; McFarlane and Clark, 1988). Further degradation would break the 138 cyclic structures, splitting the molecule into fragments of lower molecular weight and probably would not appear in the chromatogram window for peak area summation (Biellmann and Wennig, 1970; Biellmann and Wennig, 1971; Biellmann et al, 1973a, 1973b; Keith, 1976). These lower molecular weight fragments, not measured in the retention time range of the peak area summation because of their low molecular weights, could be straight chain compounds that would be more easily degraded (Keith, 1976; Richardson and Bloom, 1983). The peak areas of all extracted compounds detected by the GC were summed for the influent and effluent for the sampling days illustrated in Figures 43, 44, 45 and 46, one for each temperature run, 30, 40, 45 and 50°C. A large distinct peak, called peak A, present in all influent samples and most effluent samples marked the beginning of the region over which peak areas were summed. Peak A occurred before the palmitic acid peak (Figure 60), detected at between 14.733 and 15.120 minutes using the temperature program detailed in Table 10. The peak area summation ended at methyl tricosanoate and did not include the peaks of the added compounds used in QA/QC such as o-methylpodocarpic acid, methyl heneicosanoate and tricosanoic acid. On different sampling days and for different samples, the chromatography response was different. So, in order to compare peak area summations with each other, they were normalized. The peak areas in all the influent and effluent samples of methyl heneicosanoate, an internal standard added to all samples in a known amount, were averaged. The areas of the individual chromatographs were normalized by using the ratio between the calculated average methyl heneicosanoate value and the methyl heneicosanoate peak areas of the individual chromatographs as normalization conversion factors. 139 V."r-n rj_iif • 14 .754 I W k R .b . 371 - r e - T T T vU 4 4420 309 12 .055 ."Ubb" 5 .334 :? .313 28 251 3G .976 3 § & 5 § £ 4 O - met.pod. ==—: ii. .117 33 .085 34 .491 ^ q 753 5,b_4 041 f 3 8 .381 m e t . Wenei,. 9 .584 41 4 Ll . "1 c I i . -TOO 44. G3b Figure 60. A typical influent chromatograph showing peak A, o-methylpodocarpic acid, methyl heneicosanoate, and methyl tricosanoate. 140 Figure 61 shows total peak summations of the influent and effluent at different temperature runs. Influent and effluent total peak areas were plotted for comparison. In general, resin acids accounted for a significant portion of the total peak area in both influents and effluents. Al l the same, material not identified as resin and fatty acids was not produced during treatment. Thus, although the reactor was effective for the removal of resin and fatty acids, closely-related transformation products did not seem to accumulate in significant quantities. 141 Figure 61. The total peak summation of the influent and effluent at different temperature runs. Influent and effluent total peak areas were plotted for comparison. 142 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1. Conclusions This research investigated the treatability of a synthetic closed-system Whitewater with an aerobic biological sequencing batch reactor, focusing on the removal of resin and fatty acids. From this research, the following conclusions were made: (1) Based on the results obtained from this research, the biological stage of a biological membrane reactor would exhibit restricted operational viability in the treatment of a simulated Whitewater for an integrated newsprint mill at high temperatures. (a) A viable biomass was easily maintained at temperatures up to 40°C. Above this temperature, the maintenance of a viable biomass was difficult due to low biomass growth. (b) Incomplete sludge settling contributed to the loss of biomass from the reactor (c) Design parameters and performance indicators such as the food to microorganism ratio, the specific substrate utilization rate, and the growth yield were comparable to other reported values in the literature, indicating that the treatment was occurring within reasonable limits and that the deterioration in performance at high temperatures was caused primarily by excessive biomass loss. (2) The removal of conventional "Contaminants such as TDS, TOC, and COD was significant at temperatures up to and including 40°C while at higher temperatures, contaminant removal was reduced. Parameters describing reactor performance such as the specific substrate utilization rate and growth yield indicated reduced conventional contaminant removal potential at temperatures higher than 40°C. 143 (a) The removal efficiencies of F A were over 95% for all temperatures, but for RA, near-complete removal was observed only up to 40°C. At higher temperatures, the removal efficiencies of R A were reduced, but still significant. (b) During the react cycle, F A were mainly associated with the mixed liquor solids, while R A were primarily associated with the both liquid phase and the solid phase. (cf Observed specific removal rates decreased with increasing temperature, while maximum specific removal rates were high for all temperatures studied. For FA, the maximum removal rates were about twice the observed removal rates, while for RA, the maximum removal rates were about four times the observed removal rates. The resin and fatty acids appeared to degrade in the biological system through means other than aerobic chemical oxidation, surface adsorption, accumulation in the biomass, and accumulation of closely-related transformation products, most likely by biological degradation. (a) Literature reports indicate an approximate 10% removal of RFAs through aerobic chemical oxidation under similar circumstances. (b) Since the reactor was operated for four months prior to the experimental period with the same equipment, surface adsorption on the apparatus, although not measured, was not expected to be significant. (c) The F A content in the biomass appeared to decrease with increasing temperature, while the R A content appeared to increase. The RFAs removed were not accumulated in the solid phase because the R F A content of the biomass was negligible compared to the overall mass flow through the system. 144 (d) A large non-RFA extractable chromatographable component of material was removed at all temperatures, though less removal was observed at 50°C. 6.2. Recommendations (1) By combining the aerobic biological stage with the ultrafiltration component of a biological membrane reactor, the biomass would be contained within the treatment system, so low sludge growth at high temperatures would be adequate to maintain a viable biomass and sludge settleability would not be a factor. A membrane system would necessitate constant flow conditions. In a mill application, several SBRs operating in parallel at staggered treatment stages could provide constant flow conditions. Investigation into other aerobic treatment strategies that provide a constant effluent flow such as activated sludge could be useful to a mill application. Bench-scale research is needed to assess the performance of the bioreactor combined with an ultrafiltration unit. The application of the bioreactor membrane device to a mill situation should be investigated through computer modeling and mill trials. (2) If the biological treatment is conducted at elevated temperatures, attention should be paid to the maintenance of conventional contaminant removal so that accumulation of these materials does not occur in the Whitewater system in an application to a mill situation. (3) The result from this study can help control and optimize the removal of RFAs. (a) If the biological treatment is conducted at elevated temperatures, attention should be paid to the removal of resin acids so that their accumulation does not occur in the Whitewater system in an application to a mill situation. In 145 addition, the removal of other problem compounds or compound groups such as anionic trash would add insight into the usefulness of this technology. 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(1986) Biological treatment of a landfill leachate in sequencing batch reactors. Env. Prog. Vol . 5(l):41-50. Young, J. (1994) Chetwynd pioneers innovations in zero-effluent pulp production. Pulp & Pap. Vol . 68(3):73-75. 152 Zaidi, A. , H . Buisson, and S. Sourirajan. (1991) Ultrafiltration in the concentration of toxic organics from selected pulp and paper effluents. 1991 Environmental Conference Proceedings (TAPPI) Vol . 1:453-468. 153 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Details on the Calculation of Growth Yield APPENDIX B: Details on the Calculation of R F A Removal Rates Observed Specific Removal Rates Maximum Specific Removal Rates APPENDIX C: Individual R F A Removal Rates APPENDIX D: Raw Experimental Data 154 APPENDIX A: Details on the Calculation of Growth Yield As part of the growth yield calculations (Table 26), total cumulative substrate removals were used. These were determined by cumulative mass balances of the substrate in the influent, effluent and wasted mixed liquor, calculated in a similar manner to VSS accumulation detailed earlier (Equation 1). In applying this calculation to substrate removal, the reactor term was negligible and outflow terms did not include the reactor biomass solids because the focus of the calculation was on the substrate removal capacities and not on sludge generation. The total substrate removed was calculated by subtracting the cumulative outflow of substrate from the cumulative input of substrate (Equation A l ) . Tot S Removed = Cum Inf S — Cum Eff S — Cum Waste S Eqn. A l The TDS, TOC, DCOD, and TCOD in the waste mixed liquor were not measured directly, but were assumed to be equal to the effluent concentrations. In assuming this, the total TCOD removed might have been underestimated from time to time depending on the amount of solids in the effluent included in the TCOD concentration when it was used as the waste mixed liquor concentration. The cumulative TDS (Figure A l ) , TOC (Figure A2), TCOD (Figure A3), and DCOD (Figure A4) levels in the influent, effluent and wastage and the net substrate removed were calculated. The cumulative F A (Figure A5) and R A (Figure A6) levels in the influent, effluent, waste and the net substrate removal were calculated also. 155 Figure A l . The cumulative TDS levels in the influent, effluent and wastage and the TDS removal during the experimental period. 156 Time [days] Figure A2. The cumulative TOC levels in the influent, effluent and wastage and the net TOC removal throughout the experimental period. 157 Time [days] Figure A3. The cumulative TCOD in the influent, effluent and waste and the net TCOD removal throughout the experimental period. 158 4.5-Time [days] Figure A4. The cumulative DCOD in the influent, effluent and waste and the net D C O D removal throughout the experimental period. 159 Figure A5. The cumulative totals of fatty acids for the influent, effluent, waste and net removal throughout the experimental period. The concentrations of fatty acids in the reactor were plotted on this graph but were negligible compared with the cumulative totals and are near the zero axis. 160 Time [days] Figure A6. The cumulative totals of resin acids for the influent, effluent, waste and net removal throughout the experimental period. The concentrations of resin acids in the reactor were plotted on this graph but were negligible compared with the cumulative totals and are near the zero axis. 161 APPENDIX B: Details on the Calculation of RFA Removal Rates Observed Specific Removal Rates The observed specific removal rates examined the removal of fatty and resin acids in the solids and liquid phases during the complete react cycle, a 22.5 hour period. Thus, t in Equation 9 was 22.5 hours in the units of days and So was the resin or fatty acid concentration at time 0 of the react cycle and S was the resin or fatty acid concentration at 22.5 hours of the react cycle or at the end. Tables B I and B2 detail the measurements used to calculate the observed specific removal rates. 162 Table B l . The fatty acid concentrations, So and S, the react cycle time (t), the corresponding M L V S S concentration for the sampling days, and the calculated observed fatty acid specific removal rates. Temp Day So S t M L V S S Observed Removal Rate r ° c ] [mg/L] [mg/L] [mg/L] [mgRFA / mgMLVSS • d] 30 175 12.00 8.80 22.5 5110 0.000668 214 5.10 3.74 22.5 5610 0.000259 40 266 9.63 0 22.5 4740 0.002167 271 16.99 10.53 22.5 4730 0.001457 278 12.16 9.74 22.5 4850 0.000532 292 14.13 7.48 22.5 4590 0.001545 301 12.12 8.71 22.5 4300 0.000846 45 320 10.04 3.88 22.5 5220 0.001259 327 2.28 1.76 22.5 3910 0.000142 334 8.35 3.13 22.5 3310 0.001682 344 2.25 1.26 22.5 2600 0.000406 50 368 1.44 0.72 22.5 1830 0.00042 383 1.31 0.62 22.5 2180 0.000338 389 1.57 0.80 22.5 1750 0.000469 395 5.00 2.00 22.5 1910 0.001675 163 Table B2. The resin acid concentrations, So and S, the react cycle time (t), the corresponding M L V S S concentration for the sampling days, and the calculated observed resin acid specific removal rates. Temp Day So S t M L V S S Observed Removal Rate ra [mg/L] [mg/L] [h] [mg/L] [mgRFA / mgMLVSS • d] 30 175 10.3 0 22.5 5110 0.00215 214 4.87 0 22.5 5610 0.000926 40 266 6.52 0 22.5 4740 0.001467 271 5.81 0.14 22.5 4730 0.001279 278 4.65 0.14 22.5 4850 0.000992 292 7.26 0 22.5 4590 0.001687 301 5.36 0.13 22.5 4300 0.001297 45 320 12.56 10.46 22.5 5220 0.000429 327 6.49 6.01 22.5 3910 0.000131 334 13.26 12.10 22.5 3310 0.000374 344 9.81 9.57 22.5 2600 0.000100 50 368 10.38 10.56 22.5 1830 -0.000100 383 8.97 10.34 22.5 2180 -0.000670 389 8.01 9.54 22.5 1750 -0.000930 395 16.87 17.39 22.5 1910 -0.000290 164 Maximum Specific Removal Rates The maximum specific resin and fatty acid removal rates were calculated in a similar manner to the observed specific removal rates (Equation 9) except that the removal rates were calculated during the period of fastest removal starting near the beginning of the react cycle and not over the whole react cycle time as in the observed removal rates. A plot of the substrate concentration over the time of the react cycle helped in determining the period of fastest removal. Three or more data points had to be included in the time period of maximum removal, the first being between hour zero and hour two during the react cycle. The substrate concentrations (So and S) are those seen at the beginning and at the end of this time period of maximum removal (t) (Tables B3 and B4). 165 Table B3. The fatty acid concentrations, So and S, at the beginning and at the end of the time period (t) of the maximum slope, the starting hour of this maximum slope (t s), the corresponding M L V S S concentration for the sampling days, and the calculated maximum fatty acid specific removal rates. Temp Day So S t M L V S S Maximum Removal Rate [°C] [mg/L] [mg/L] [h] [h] [mg/L] [mgRFA / mgMLVSS • d] 30 175 12.0 8.8 22.5 0 5110 0.000668 214 5.1 3.74 22.5 0 5610 0.000259 40 266 9.63 6.0 6 0 4740 0.00306 271 16.99 13.71 4 0 4730 0.00416 278 12.16 9.74 22.5 0 4850 0.000532 292 14.13 12.22 4 0 4590 0.00250 301 12.55 8.71 21.5 1 4300 0.00100 45 320 9.99 7.68 3 1 5220 0.00354 327. 2.30 1.66 10 2 3910 0.000393 334 8.36 6.9 3 1 3310 0.00353 344 2.25 1.11 12 0 2600 0.000877 50 368 1.47 0.63 11 1 1830 0.00100 383 1.31 0.94 2 0 2180 0.00204 389 1.62 1.15 63 1 1750 0.00215 395 5.85 3.28 10 2 1910 0.00323 166 Table B4. The resin acid concentrations, So and S, at the beginning and at the end of the time period (t) of the maximum slope, the starting hour of this maximum slope (t s), the corresponding M L V S S concentration for the sampling days, and the calculated maximum resin acid specific removal rates. Temp Day So S t ts M L V S S Maximum Removal Rate [°C] [mg/L] [mg/L] [h] [h] [mg/L] [mgRFA / mgMLVSS • d] 30 175 10.3 6.4 2 0 5110 0.00916 214 4.29 0.17 5 1 5610 0.00353 40 266 6.52 4.43 2 0 4740 0.00529 271 5.18 0.7 10 2 4730 0.00227 278 4.28 0.56 10 2 4850 0.00184 292 7.07 3.53 10 2 4590 0.00185 301 4.87 1.85 10 2 4300 0.00169 45 320 13.65 10.46 20.5 2 5220 0.000715 327 6.72 5.95 10 1 3910 0.000473 334 13.26 11.92 2 0 3310 0.00486 344 9.81 9.57 22.5 0 2600 0.000100 50 368 10.49 9.96 17 1 1830 0.000409 383 10.16 8.11 8 1 2180 0.00282 389 9.89 9.54 21.5 1 1750 0.000223 395 18.16 17.39 21.5 1 1910 0.000450 167 A P P E N D I X C : Individual R F A Removal Rates The maximum specific removal rates of individual resin and fatty acids have importance in determining which compounds degrade faster than others and through association with which phase, solid or liquid. This allows an understanding of the ease of R F A removal in Whitewaters with different R F A compositions. For example, Whitewaters containing large concentrations of certain RFAs with relatively higher removal rates might have their RFAs removed at a faster rate than other Whitewaters of a different composition. Table CI lists the maximum specific removal rates for the individual fatty acids measured, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids. In the liquid phase of the fatty acid group, linoleic acid had the highest removal rate throughout the experimental period, followed by palmitic acid. Oleic and stearic had removal rates in the liquid phase of near zero and in many cases, none of these compounds were detected during the react cycle. In the solids phase, palmitic acid had the highest removal rates, followed by linoleic acid then oleic acid. Similar to the liquid phase, stearic acid had very low removal rates. No trends related to the different temperatures were discernible in any of the fatty acids in either the liquid or the solids phase. 168 Table C I . The maximum removal rates for the individual fatty acids, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids, n/a = no compound available for removal Fatty Acid Temp [OC] Liquid Solids Average SD Average SD [mg R F A / mg M LLVSShr] [mg R F A / mg IV ILVSShr] Palmitic 30 -3.2 x 10-7 0 7.9 x 10-6 0 40 6.2 x 10-6 3.5 x 10-6 4.8 x 10-5 2.3 x 10-5 45 2.3 x 10-5 1.7 x 10-5 3.0 x 10-5 2.0 x 10-5 50 1.4 x 10-5 1.1 x 10-5 1.5 x 10-5 6.2 x 10-6 Linoleic 30 n/a n/a 2.4 x 10-6 0 40 1.8 x 10-5 2.8 x 10-6 1.9 x 10-5 1.2 x 10-5 45 50 2.1 x 10-5 0 8.8 x 10-6 1.1 x 10-5 2.0 x 10-5 5.9 x 10-6 3.1 x 10-5 1.7 x 10-5 Oleic 30 n/a n/a 1.1x10-5 0 40 n/a n/a 1.2 x 10-5 9.0 x 10-6 45 50 n/a n/a 3.2 x 10-6 3.5x10-6 3.7 x 10-6 6.2 x 10-7 9.8 x 10-6 5.8 x 10-6 Stearic 30 n/a n/a 7.9 x 10-7 0 40 1.0 x 10-5 6.7 x 10-6 3.3 x 10-6 3.9 x 10-6 45 n/a n/a 2.9 x 10-6 2.9 x 10-6 50 n/a n/a 2.5 x 10-6 3.2 x 10-6 169 Table C2 lists the maximum removal rates of the individual resin acids measured, pimaric, sandaracopimaric, isopimaric, palustric and levopimaric, dehydroabietic, abietic, and neoabietic acids. In the liquid phase, D H A had the highest removal rates, followed closely by abietic then palustric and levopimaric acids. Isopimaric and when present, neoabietic, had intermediate removal rates and sandaracopimaric and pimaric acids had removal rates near zero. No trends were observed in relation to temperature except in the sandaracopimaric acid content of the liquid phase which decreased with temperature. 170 Table C2. The maximum removal rates of the individual resin acids \ measured, pimaric, sandaracopimaric, isopimaric, palustric and levopimaric, dehydroabietic, abietic, and neoabietic acids, n/a = no compound available for removal Resin Acid Temp [OC] Liquid Solids Average SD Average SD [ m g R F A / m g M L V S S h r ] [mg R F A / mg M L V S S h r ] Pimaric 30 1.5 x 10-5 0 1.2 x 10-5 0 40 1.5 x 10-6 1.5 x 10-6 1.4 x 10-6 1.2 x 10-6 45 3.4 x 10-6 2.8 x 10-6 2.4 x 10-6 2.5 x 10-6 50 5.5 x 10-6 5.3 x 10-6 2.2 x 10-5 4.0 x 10-5 Sandaracopimaric 30 n/a n/a n/a n/a 40 6.9 x 10-6 6.4 x 10-6 -1.1 x 10-5 1.3 x 10-5 45 2.1 x 10-6 1.3 x 10-6 - 1.4 x 10-6 3.8 x 10-6 50 1.5 x 10-6 2.1 x 10-6 -1.3 x 10-6 2.5 x 10-6 Isopimaric 30 n/a n/a n/a n/a 40 9.6 x 10-6 3.1 x 10-6 5.9 x 10-6 4.2 x 10-6 45 1.6 x 10-5 1.7 x 10-5 1.6 x 10-6 2.3 x 10-6 50 7.3 x 10-6 1.8 x 10-5 4.6 x 10-6 1.3 x 10-5 Palustric & Levopimaric 30 n/a n/a n/a n/a 40 1.4 x 10-5 1.3 x 10-5 3.0 x 10-5 5.7 x 10-5 45 8 x 10-6 5.8 x 10-6 1.5 x 10-5 1.7 x 10-5 50 1.1 x 10-5 7.0 x 10-6 2.4 x 10-5 2.3 x 10-5 171 Dehydroabietic 30 5.9 x 10-5 0 1.6 x 10-5 0 40 1.9 x 10-5 1.1 x 10-5 5.7 x 10-6 1.1 x 10-6 45 1.4 x 10-4 2.6 x 10-4 4.0 x 10-6 3.7 x 10-6 50 1.4 x 10-5 2.8 x 10-5 2.5x10-5 2.8 x 10-5 Abietic 30 3.3 x 10-5 0 1.2 x 10-5 0 40 8.2 x 10-6 6.3 x 10-6 6.7 x 10-6 4.9 x 10-6 45 4.7 x 10-6 6.0 x 10-6 3.3 x 10-6 3.7 x 10-6 50 1.4 x 10-5 1.2 x 10-5 7.3 x 10-6 5.8 x 10-6 Neoabietic 30 6.7 x 10-6 0 n/a n/a 40 9.6 x 10-6 4.7 x 10-6 n/a n/a 45 -1.2 x 10-7 2.6 x 10-6 4.9 x 10-6 7.4 x 10-7 50 6.5 x 10-5 1.1 x 10-5 5.8 x 10-7 1.0 x 10-6 172 APPENDIX D: Raw Experimental Data Table DI details the volumes wasted from the reactor during certain time periods. Table DI. The volumes wasted from the reactor during certain time periods. Volume Wasted [L] Time Period [days] 0.5 Oto 65 0.3 66 to 164 0 165 to 169 0.3 170 to 276 0.1 277 to 280 0 282 to 318 Pages 174 and 175 contain the raw experimental data for the influent and effluent of TCOD, DCOD, TOC, TDS and VSS and the MLVSS. Pages 176 through 234 detail the resin and fatty acid raw experimental data. For these data, time is in hours and the resin and fatty acid concentration is in mg/L. Time -1.5 is the sample point at the end of the previous cycle, at 22.5 hours. Effnext is the effluent at the end of the measured cycle, while Eff is the effluent right before the measured cycle. 173 Temp TCOD Inf TCOD E f f DCOD Inf DCOD E f f TOC Inf [OC] [ m g / L 0 2 ] [ m g / L 0 2 ] [ m g / L 0 2 ] [ m g / L 0 2 ] [ m g / L C] 0 20 2818 2385 1000 6 20 2818 689 2385 559 1040 18 20 33 20 3858 611 2298 793 953 73 30 3486 1092 2598 905 1012 77 30 81 30 3733 2992 776 1068 90 30 4621 855 3190 737 1115 117 30 129 30 3397 917 2721 630 1202 146 34 148 37 15'0 39 152 40 154 40 3734 1812 3126 1575 1363 160 40 173 40 4086 1574 2814 1172 1016 181 40 4286 1306 2948 1172 1133 186 40 3617 1306 2747 1155 1031 193 40 3818 1339 2948 1239 1155 207 40 3929 1257 2750 1022 1085 216 40 4558 1218 2829 1002 1124 217 43 220 44 223 45 226 45 3262 349 2951 302 1224 235 45 4383 1831 2640 1271 843 242 45 2722 680 2722 680 933 249 45 3234 969 2786 905 978 256 45 2593 1129 2722 937 890 259 45 3259 2268 2730 2003 975 263 47 266 49 272 50 276 50 2796 2202 2796 2334 944 283 50 2862 2532 2730 2400 882 298 50 2730 2796 2532 2664 936 304 50 2824 2824 2950 2572 1083 310 50 3642 2824 2950 2698 1050 317 50 5530 2950 2824 2635 1016 174 T O C E f f M L V S S V S S E f f V S S I n f T D S I n f T D S E f f [ m g / L C ] [ m g / L ] [ m g / L ] [ m g / L ] [ m g / L ] [ m g / L ] 0 5 8 5 0 1 7 2 3 8 2 0 6 2 2 1 5 0 6 0 8 0 2 0 8 4 2 7 6 4 1 0 4 1 8 5 1 9 0 1 3 2 3 2 0 3 2 2 4 2 0 9 6 3 3 2 3 5 3 7 7 0 2 7 6 6 2 8 3 0 0 4 1 9 8 8 7 3 3 5 9 5 6 7 0 2 0 4 2 8 8 3 4 7 6 2 1 2 0 7 7 5 9 1 0 5 0 8 8 1 2 7 9 5 2 6 0 6 5 2 2 0 4 3 1 6 0 1 9 4 8 9 0 2 9 0 5 1 1 0 1 2 4 4 2 0 3 2 4 4 2 1 0 4 1 1 7 6 0 5 0 4 1 6 6 2 4 3 0 5 2 2 1 0 4 1 2 9 2 9 8 5 6 1 0 2 2 4 3 7 6 2 9 8 4 2 0 4 8 1 4 6 4 8 2 0 1 4 8 4 8 9 0 1 5 0 4 7 1 0 1 5 2 4 6 5 0 1 5 4 6 6 2 5 3 6 0 6 2 8 1 5 6 3 7 4 4 3 3 2 4 1 6 0 4 9 3 0 5 2 0 5 1 0 1 7 3 4 1 9 5 3 5 0 1 4 4 6 7 2 4 3 2 8 2 5 7 6 1 8 1 3 7 6 4 7 4 0 1 4 8 4 9 2 4 0 6 0 2 7 0 0 1 8 6 4 0 5 4 7 3 0 9 2 4 1 6 3 9 6 8 2 5 2 4 1 9 3 3 2 2 4 8 5 0 1 0 0 3 4 0 3 2 8 4 2 5 0 0 2 0 7 3 7 9 4 5 9 0 1 4 0 4 0 8 3 3 9 6 2 4 5 6 2 1 6 3 3 6 4 3 0 0 6 8 5 8 4 3 4 2 4 2 2 4 0 2 1 7 3 6 5 0 2 2 0 5 7 8 0 1 4 8 2 2 3 5 1 1 0 2 2 6 4 6 2 4 8 9 0 2 9 6 1 5 2 3 8 5 2 2 4 9 2 2 3 5 4 0 3 5 2 2 0 3 6 0 7 6 4 2 4 0 0 2 4 2 5 5 7 3 9 1 0 0 6 8 3 1 8 0 3 0 2 4 2 4 9 7 8 6 3 3 1 0 2 0 4 2 2 4 4 3 5 6 3 9 8 8 2 5 6 8 1 6 2 7 6 0 2 1 6 7 6 3 9 1 2 4 0 6 4 2 5 9 7 6 2 2 6 0 0 1 5 6 1 4 0 4 1 0 4 3 7 9 6 2 6 3 2 2 9 0 1 2 4 2 6 6 2 3 0 0 7 2 2 7 2 1 8 5 0 7 2 2 7 6 8 5 4 1 9 5 0 9 2 6 8 4 7 5 2 4 6 8 0 2 8 3 8 2 5 1 8 3 0 1 2 0 8 0 3 3 7 6 3 6 0 8 2 9 8 7 2 9 2 1 8 0 1 5 6 6 0 4 6 5 2 4 3 8 8 3 0 4 9 3 6 1 7 5 0 1 7 6 9 2 5 1 6 0 4 8 6 8 3 1 0 9 6 2 1 9 1 0 9 6 4 5 2 5 0 6 8 5 0 3 2 3 1 7 8 9 4 1 6 0 0 2 1 2 1 9 2 8 4 8 3 6 4 7 3 2 175 D e c e m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 9 3 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 1 3 . 3 4 . 5 3 . 2 2 . 1 2 3 . 1 I n f 2 1 2 . 8 4 . 2 2 . 9 0 . 9 6 2 0 . 9 I n f 3 1 2 . 2 4 . 2 2 . 9 0 . 9 4 2 0 . 2 E f f l 1 . 8 0 0 0 1 . 8 E f f 2 3 . 3 0 . 3 0 0 . 3 8 4 E f f 3 3 . 4 0 0 0 . 2 5 3 . 6 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 3 0 . 9 6 7 . 9 5 . 1 1 2 . 1 I n f 2 3 0 . 9 8 7 . 7 4 . 2 1 2 . 6 I n f 3 2 . 9 0 . 9 6 7 . 5 3 . 3 1 2 . 4 E f f l 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 1 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 2 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 6 . 3 0 3 5 . 3 5 8 . 5 I n f 2 5 . 7 0 . 8 4 3 4 . 9 5 5 . 8 I n f 3 4 . 3 0 . 2 1 3 1 . 8 5 2 E f f l 0 0 0 1 . 8 E f f 2 0 0 0 . 4 1 4 . 4 E f f 3 0 0 0 . 3 2 4 J a n u a r y 2 5 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l I n f 2 E f f l E f f 2 3 . 6 3 . 9 0 0 . 2 9 7 . 8 5 . 4 6 . 3 2 . 8 0 . 3 9 1 4 . 8 0 7 . 4 0 . 88 0 . 4 8 0 . 3 8 9 . 1 0 . 5 8 . 9 1 . 1 0 . 4 0 . 4 7 1 0 . 8 1 1 0 1 0 . 3 1 0 . 5 3 1 1 . 9 2 1 0 1 0 . 3 3 0 . 5 4 1 2 . 1 3 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 3 1 0 . 5 3 ^ 1 2 4 1 0 . 6 1 0 . 3 5 0 . 5 5 1 2 . 6 5 1 1 . 9 1 0 . 3 0 . 6 4 . 1 3 . 9 6 1 0 . 8 0 . 8 6 0 . 3 3 0 . 5 9 1 2 . 6 2 . 3 5 1 . 1 5 0 . 5 5 0 . 1 2 4 . 2 3 . 2 2 . 3 1 . 1 0 . 2 4 6 . 9 1 . 5 0 0 0 1 . 5 176 J a n u a r y 25, 1994 Time P i m a r i c Sandara I sop imar iPa lus+LevDHA I n f 1 1.2 0.4 3.4 1.7 5 .6 I n f 2 1.8 0.6 5 .1 2 . 9 9 .1 0 0.62 0.2 1.7 1.1 3 0. 5 0.55 0 1.1 0.87 2 .9 1 0.39 0 0.7 0.77 2.9 2 0 0 0 0.59 2 .7 3 0 0 0 0 1.2 4 0 ' 0 0 0 0. 22 5 • 0 0 0 0 0.35 6 0 0 0 0 0.32 E f f A v g 0.3 0. 095 0.8 0.23 1.75 E f f l 0.6 0.19 1.6 0.46 3 .5 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 0 J a n u a r y 25, 1994 Time A b i e t i c Neoab ie t iRA RFA I n f l 2.2 0. 26 14.8 22.6 I n f 2 3 . 6 0. 44 23 . 6 38.4 0 1.6 0. 24 8.4 17.5 0. 5 1.3 0 6.8 17. 6 1 1.2 0 6 17.9 2 0.72 0 4 16 .1 3 0 0 1.2 13 .2 4 0 0 0.22 12.8 5 0 0 0.35 14.2 6 0 0 0.32 12.9 E f f A v g 0.33 0 3.45 7.65 E f f l 0. 66 0 6.9 13.8 E f f 2 0 . 0 0 1.5 177 F e b r u a r y 1 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 5 5 . 6 2 . 1 0 . 6 1 2 . 3 I n f 2 4 . 3 4 . 3 2 0 . 5 1 1 . 1 I n f 3 4 . 9 4 . 5 2 . 1 0 . 6 1 2 . 1 0 8 0 . 7 5 0 . 3 9 0 . 5 3 9 . 6 1 / 2 8 . 9 0 . 8 4 0 . 4 2 0 . 5 7 1 0 . 7 1 9 0 . 7 9 0 . 3 9 0 . 5 7 1 0 . 8 2 1 0 . 7 0 . 8 2 0 . 4 4 0 . 6 9 1 2 . 7 3 1 0 . 4 0 . 9 9 0 . 3 7 0 . 6 7 1 2 . 4 4 1 1 0 . 9 0 . 3 9 0 . 7 2 1 3 5 9 . 2 0 . 7 4 0 . 3 5 0 . 6 1 0 . 9 6 9 . 6 0 . 8 1 0 . 3 2 0 . 6 4 1 1 . 4 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 8 0 0 0 0 . 8 E f f l 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 E f f 2 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 2 E f f 3 0 . 7 7 0 . 7 7 F e b r u a r y 1 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 1 / 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 E f f A v g 2 3 . 7 5 E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 1 . 5 1 . 2 3 . 7 2 . 5 7 1 . 5 1 . 2 3 . 6 1 . 6 7 . 7 1 . 5 1 . 2 3 . 9 2 . 9 7 1 . 1 0 . 3 6 1 2 . 8 0 . 9 5 0 . 7 3 2 . 7 0 . 8 1 0 . 1 9 2 . 7 0 . 6 2 2 . 6 0 . 4 8 1 . 3 0 . 4 3 0 . 2 8 0 . 3 2 0 . 2 4 0 . 3 2 0 . 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 178 F e b r u a r y 1 , 1 9 9 4 E f f A v g T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 3 . 4 0 . 2 5 1 9 . 6 1 3 1 . 8 7 I n f 2 2 . 2 0 . 2 6 1 8 . 1 4 2 9 . 2 1 I n f 3 3 . 7 0 . 2 2 0 . 5 3 2 . 6 0 0 . 7 4 0 . 1 4 6 . 2 1 5 . 9 1 / 2 0 . 7 5 0 . 1 3 5 . 2 1 6 1 0 . 5 3 0 . 1 2 4 . 3 1 5 . 1 2 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 1 3 . 6 1 6 . 2 3 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 7 1 . 9 1 4 . 3 4 0 0 . 7 1 1 3 . 7 5 0 0 . 5 6 1 1 . 5 6 0 0 . 5 4 1 1 . 9 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 8 E f f l 0 . 8 1 E f f 2 0 . 8 2 E f f 3 0 . 7 7 F e b r u a r y 1 0 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 E f f A v g E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c FA 8 8 . 3 3 . 9 0 . 5 3 2 0 . 7 7 . 4 8 . 5 3 . 9 0 . 5 2 0 . 3 7 . 7 8 3 . 7 0 . 5 2 1 9 . 9 . 5 6 . 9 0 . 5 0 . 3 4 0 7 . 8 0 9 . 7 0 . 9 1 0 . 7 4 0 . 6 5 1 2 1 9 . 3 0 . 9 8 0 . 4 7 0 . 5 7 1 1 . 3 2 9 . 5 0 . 9 6 0 . 5 6 0 . 5 9 1 1 . 6 4 8 . 3 0 . 9 7 0 . 3 7 0 . 5 1 1 0 . 2 6 9 . 5 1 . 1 0 . 4 7 0 . 5 1 1 1 . 5 9 1 0 . 2 1 . 1 0 . 4 8 0 . 5 3 1 2 . 2 1 2 1 0 . 2 0 . 9 8 0 . 4 5 0 . 5 4 1 2 . 1 2 3 7 . 5 0 . 6 2 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 6 8 . 8 7 5 0 . 1 1 4 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 4 3 3 3 0 . 0 8 5 0 . 0 8 5 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 1 9 0 . 1 9 179 F e b r u a r y 1 0 , 1 9 9 4 E f f A v g E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I n f l 2 . 8 1 . 1 I n f 2 2 . 9 2 . 4 I n f 3 2 . 8 2 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 1 . 2 0 . 4 7 1 0 . 9 4 0 2 0 . 6 2 0 . 2 2 4 6 9 1 2 2 3 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A 7 . 5 7 . 7 7 . 3 0 2 . 5 1 . 5 0 . 7 1 . 9 1 2 . 4 2 . 5 1 1 . 6 2 . 2 1 1 . 7 0 0 0 5 . 2 0 5 . 6 0 4 . 4 3 . 7 0 . 3 6 0 . 2 6 0 0 0 0 F e b r u a r y 1 0 , 1 9 9 4 E f f A v g T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 3 . 5 0 2 9 . 3 4 9 . 9 I n f 2 4 . 8 0 . 3 2 3 2 . 2 5 2 . 5 I n f 3 4 . 2 0 . 2 8 3 0 . 5 5 0 . 4 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 7 . 8 0 0 . 9 1 0 1 0 . 3 2 2 . 3 1 0 . 9 3 0 8 1 9 . 3 2 0 . 4 1 0 6 . 4 1 8 4 0 0 3 . 7 1 3 . 9 6 0 0 0 . 3 6 1 1 . 9 9 0 0 0 . 2 6 1 2 . 5 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 . 1 2 3 0 0 0 8 . 8 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 4 3 3 3 E f f l 0 . 0 8 5 E f f 2 0 . 0 6 8 E f f 3 1 0 . 1 9 180 M a r c h 2 1 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d E f f A v g T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 3 . 4 4 . 2 1 . 6 0 . 4 2 9 . 6 I n f 2 3 . 4 4 . 4 1 . 6 0 . 4 1 9 . 9 I n f 3 3 . 4 , 4 . 3 1 . 6 0 . 3 8 9 . 7 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 . 1 4 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 5 3 . 6 0 . 1 8 0 0 . 2 3 4 0 4 . 3 0 . 2 8 0 . 1 2 0 . 2 6 5 1 4 . 1 0 . 2 8 0 . 1 2 0 . 2 6 4 . 8 2 3 . 9 0 . 2 6 0 0 . 2 3 4 . 4 4 4 . 1 0 . 2 3 0 0 . 2 7 4 . 7 6 3 . 7 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 3 4 . 1 9 3 . 6 0 . 2 1 0 0 . 2 2 4 1 2 3 . 8 0 . 2 2 0 0 . 2 4 4 . 2 2 3 3 . 3 0 . 1 7 0 0 . 2 1 3 . 6 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 0 7 6 6 6 7 0 0 0 0 . 0 7 6 6 6 7 E f f l 0 . 1 0 . 1 E f f 2 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 3 E f f 3 0 0 181 M a r c h 2 1 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A L i q u i d S o l i d E f f A v g I n f l 1 . 4 0 . 4 2 3 . 8 3 . 4 5 . 3 I n f 2 1 . 5 0 . 4 4 3 . 9 3 . 6 5 . 5 I n f 3 1 . 4 0 . 4 1 3 . 7 3 . 7 5 . 2 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 3 0 0 0 . 8 4 2 1 0 . 2 4 0 0 0 . 7 1 1 . 8 2 0 . 1 7 0 0 0 . 6 7 1 . 7 4 0 0 0 0 . 3 7 1 . 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 1 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 . 2 0 . 3 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 182 M a r c h 2 1 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A L i q u i d S o l i d E f f A v g I n f l 3 . 5 0 . 9 1 8 . 8 2 8 . 4 I n f 2 3 . 7 0 . 9 4 1 9 . 6 2 9 . 4 I n f 3 3 . 8 1 . 2 1 9 . 5 2 9 . 2 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 7 4 0 . 1 5 4 . 1 4 . 2 1 0 . 5 6 0 3 . 3 3 . 4 2 0 . 4 9 0 . 1 3 3 . 1 3 . 1 4 0 0 1 . 9 2 6 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 . 2 7 0 0 . 7 7 5 . 7 1 0 . 2 9 0 0 . 9 9 5 . 8 2 0 . 2 0 0 . 6 4 5 4 0 0 0 4 . 7 6 0 0 0 . 1 7 4 . 3 9 0 0 0 4 1 2 0 0 0 4 . 2 2 3 0 0 0 3 . 6 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 7 6 6 6 7 E f f l 0 . 1 E f f 2 0 . 1 3 E f f 3 0 183 A p r i l 1 5 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 0 . 8 8 0 . 2 7 2 . 7 9 1 . 5 9 4 . 8 9 I n f 2 0 . 8 5 0 . 4 4 . 9 2 1 . 6 1 5 . 0 3 I n f 3 0 . 9 4 0 . 2 9 2 . 9 1 . 7 5 5 . 1 5 L i q u i d — 1 . 5 0 . 7 4 0 1 . 4 9 0 . 6 9 3 . 6 2 0 0 . 8 8 0 . 2 2 2 . 0 2 1 . 8 4 . 2 6 1 0 . 9 0 . 2 4 2 . 0 7 1 . 8 2 4 . 4 4 2 0 . 9 4 0 . 2 4 2 . 0 7 1 . 7 2 4 . 3 7 4 0 . 9 5 0 . 2 3 2 . 0 1 1 . 7 3 4 . 5 9 6 0 . 7 8 0 . 1 9 1 . 6 5 1 . 3 4 3 . 7 4 9 0 . 9 8 0 . 2 3 2 . 0 4 1 . 5 2 4 . 7 5 12 1 0 . 2 3 2 1 . 4 6 4 . 7 9 2 3 0 . 9 6 0 . 2 1 . 9 5 1 . 1 3 4 . 7 3 S o l i d -1 . 5 0 . 5 4 0 1 . 2 4 0 0 . 8 1 0 0 . 4 8 0 1 . 2 8 0 . 4 0 . 9 6 1 0 . 4 5 0 1 . 2 9 0 . 4 7 0 . 8 7 2 0 . 4 6 0 1 . 2 7 0 . 3 7 0 . 8 5 4 0 . 4 9 0 1 . 2 6 0 . 4 7 0 . 8 2 6 0 . 5 5 0 1 . 3 3 0 . 2 3 0 . 9 9 0 . 5 8 0 1 . 4 4 0 . 2 6 0 . 9 1 12 0 . 5 8 0 1 . 4 7 0 0 . 9 2 3 0 . 54 0 1 . 4 0 . 3 6 0 . 8 5 N o w E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 7 5 6 6 6 7 0 . 0 9 3 3 3 3 1 . 4 6 6 6 6 7 0 . 3 6 6 6 6 7 3 . 2 1 3 3 3 3 N o w E f f l 0 . 8 4 0 . 1 5 1 . 6 2 0 . 6 3 . 5 7 E f f 2 0 . 7 1 0 1 . 3 6 0 3 . 0 3 E f f 3 0 . 7 2 0 . 1 3 1 . 4 2 0 . 5 3 . 0 4 N e x t E f f A v 0 . 9 8 3 3 3 3 0 . 1 8 6 6 6 7 1 . 9 7 3 3 3 3 1 . 1 3 4 . 6 2 N e x t E f f l 0 . 8 9 0 . 1 8 1 . 9 7 1 . 0 9 4 . 6 E f f 2 1 . 0 1 0 . 1 9 1 . 9 2 1 . 1 4 4 . 5 3 E f f 3 1 . 0 5 0 . 1 9 2 . 0 3 1 . 1 6 4 . 7 3 A p r i l 1 5 , 1994 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 7 3 . 6 6 1 .12 0 . 4 4 1 2 . 3 I n f 2 7 . 2 1 3 . 7 6 1 .18 0 . 5 8 1 2 . 7 I n f 3 7 . 1 1 3 . 9 1 1 .22 0 . 5 7 1 2 . 8 L i q u i d — 1 . 5 0 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 7 5 0 0 . 8 0 . 4 6 0 0 1 . 2 6 1 1 .58 0 . 4 0 0 . 1 4 2 . 1 2 2 0 . 7 5 0 . 2 1 0 0 0 . 9 5 4 1 . 2 9 0 0 0 . 1 6 1 . 4 6 6 0 . 8 3 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 . 9 6 9 1 .1 0 0 0 1 .1 12 1 . 1 7 0 0 0 . 1 5 1 .32 23 0 . 4 5 0 0 0 0 . 4 5 S o l i d — 1 . 5 5 . 3 1 0 . 4 4 0 . 1 3 0 . 6 1 6 . 4 9 0 1 0 . 5 1 0 . 6 3 0 . 9 3 1 4 . 1 1 8 . 6 7 1 . 5 0 . 5 3 0 . 8 9 1 1 . 6 2 6 . 5 1 . 1 5 0 . 4 4 0 . 7 2 8 . 8 2 4 8 . 1 0 . 5 9 0 . 1 8 0 . 7 7 9 . 6 4 6 7 . 7 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 0 . 8 9 . 3 3 9 7 . 3 2 0 . 5 1 0 . 1 5 0 . 7 2 8 . 6 9 12 5 . 9 6 0 . 4 6 0 . 1 4 0 . 6 1 7 . 1 7 23 4 . 0 8 0 . 5 6 0 . 1 5 0 . 4 9 5 . 2 8 N o w E f f A v 23 . 7 5 2 . 1 9 6 6 6 7 0 . 2 5 0 0 . 306667 2 . 756667 Now E f f l ' 2 . 5 2 0 . 1 9 0 0 . 3 1 3 . 0 3 E f f 2 2 . 0 8 0 . 2 9 0 0 . 3 2 2 . 6 9 E f f 3 1 . 9 9 0 . 2 7 0 0 . 2 9 2 . 5 5 N e x t E f f A v 2 . 6 2 0 . 2 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 . 306667 3 . 136667 N e x t E f f l 2 . 5 3 0 . 1 9 0 0 . 3 2 3 . 0 5 E f f 2 2 . 6 1 0 . 2 4 0 0 . 3 2 3 . 1 7 E f f 3 2 . 7 2 0 . 1 8 0 0 . 2 8 3 . 1 9 185 A p r i l 1 5 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 2 . 0 9 0 . 6 1 3 . 1 2 5 . 4 I n f 2 2 . 1 0 . 6 1 5 . 5 2 8 . 2 I n f 3 2 . 1 9 0 . 6 4 1 3 . 9 2 6 . 7 L i q u i d _ 1 . 5 1 . 5 7 0 8 . 1 2 8 . 8 7 0 2 . 1 2 0 . 5 2 1 1 . 8 1 3 . 1 1 2 . 1 9 0 . 5 4 1 2 . 2 1 4 . 3 2 2 . 1 6 0 . 5 1 1 2 1 3 4 2 . 1 7 0 . 5 2 1 2 . 2 1 3 . 7 6 1 . 7 6 0 . 4 3 9 . 8 9 1 0 . 9 9 2 . 1 4 0 . 4 9 1 2 . 2 1 3 . 3 1 2 2 . 1 6 0 . 4 5 1 2 . 1 1 3 . 4 2 3 1 . 9 6 0 1 0 . 9 1 1 . 4 S o l i d -1 . 5 0 . 8 7 0 3 . 4 6 9 . 9 5 0 0 . 9 1 0 . 1 8 4 . 2 2 1 8 . 3 1 0 . 8 3 0 . 1 8 4 . 0 9 1 5 . 7 2 0 . 8 4 0 . 2 4 1 2 . 8 4 0 . 8 9 0 . 1 9 4 . 1 2 1 3 . 8 6 1 0 3 . 9 8 1 3 . 3 9 1 0 4 . 1 9 1 2 . 9 1 2 0 . 9 8 0 3 . 9 3 1 1 . 1 2 3 0 . 8 8 0 4 . 0 4 9 . 3 2 N o w E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 1 . 4 5 6 6 6 7 0 7 . 3 5 1 0 . 1 1 3 3 3 N o w E f f l 1 . 5 9 0 8 . 3 7 1 1 . 4 E f f 2 1 . 3 9 0 6 . 4 8 9 . 1 8 E f f 3 1 . 3 9 0 7 . 2 9 . 7 6 N e x t E f f A v 1 . 9 3 6 6 6 7 0 1 0 . 8 1 3 . 9 6 6 6 7 N e x t E f f l 1 . 8 9 0 186 May 1 2 , 1994 L i q u i d S o l i d E f f A v T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 4 . 7 5.'28 1 . 3 7 0 . 3 1 1 . 6 I n f 2 4 . 6 4 5 . 4 3 1 . 6 9 0 . 3 1 2 . 1 I n f 3 4 . 4 3 5 . 2 8 1 . 6 5 0 . 2 9 1 1 . 7 - 1 . 5 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 0 . 0 9 0 0 . 5 8 0 0 0 0 . 5 8 1 0 . 5 8 0 0 0 0 . 5 8 2 0 . 4 7 0 0 0 0 . 4 7 4 0 . 4 1 0 0 0 0 . 4 1 6 0 . 4 2 0 0 0 0 . 4 2 9 0 . 3 4 0 0 0 0 . 3 4 12 0 . 2 2 0 0 0 0 . 2 2 - 1 . 5 3 . 4 8 0 . 1 5 0 0 . 2 5 3 . 8 8 0 7 . 0 2 0 . 8 4 0 . 6 1 0 . 5 8 9 . 0 5 1 7 . 2 5 0 . 5 3 0 . 4 2 0 . 5 9 8 . 7 9 2 6 . 5 5 0 . 4 2 0 . 3 1 0 . 5 2 7 . 8 4 5 . 5 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 1 2 0 . 4 7 6 . 4 5 6 4 . 8 8 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 3 9 5 . 5 8 9 5 . 0 2 0 . 2 4 0 . 1 0 . 4 5 5 . 8 2 12 4 . 6 1 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 . 3 4 5 . 2 5 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 . 133333 E f f l 0 . 1 7 0 0 0 0 . 1 7 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 3 0 . 2 3 0 0 0 0 . 2 3 E f f S 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 187 May 1 2 , 1994 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A L i q u i d S o l i d E f f A v I n f l 0 . 9 9 0 . 4 3 3 . 1 1 1 . 9 7 4 . 6 4 I n f 2 0 . 9 6 0 . 4 1 2 . 9 9 1 .98 4 . 2 1 I n f 3 0 . 9 3 0 . 4 2 . 9 1 . 9 5 4 . 3 5 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2 9 0 . 1 2 0 . 7 5 0 . 8 1 1 . 7 8 1 0 . 3 0 . 1 2 0 . 7 2 0 . 5 2 1 . 7 4 2 0 . 2 8 0 0 . 63 0 1 . 5 9 4 0 . 2 7 0 0 . 5 4 0 1 . 1 8 6 0 . 2 8 0 0 . 5 0 . 2 6 0 . 9 8 9 0 . 2 9 0 0 . 4 1 0 0 . 3 7 12 0 . 1 9 0 0 0 0 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2 3 0 0 . 7 5 0 . 1 6 0 . 3 6 1 0 . 2 3 0 0 . 6 8 0 0 . 3 7 2 0 . 2 2 0 0 . 6 0 0 . 3 2 4 0 . 2 4 0 0 . 5 8 0 0 . 2 7 6 0 . 2 5 0 0 . 5 1 0 0 . 1 9 9 0 . 2 5 0 0 . 4 7 0 0 . 1 1 12 0 . 1 5 0 0 0 0 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 E f f l 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 0 E f f S 0 0 0 0 0 188 M a y 1 2 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d E f f A v T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 2 . 7 6 0 . 7 7 1 4 . 7 2 6 . 3 I n f 2 2 . 7 2 0 . 8 3 14 . 1 2 6 . 2 I n f 3 2 . 4 8 0 . 7 1 3 . 7 2 5 . 4 — 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 9 0 0 . 7 7 0 . 1 5 4 . 6 7 5 . 2 5 1 0 . 7 0 . 1 4 4 . 2 3 4 . 8 2 2 0 . 5 5 0 3 . 0 5 3 . 5 2 4 0 . 4 2 0 . 2 3 2 . 6 4 3 . 0 5 6 0 . 1 5 0 2 . 1 8 2 . 6 9 0 0 1 . 0 6 1 . 4 1 12 0 0 0 . 1 9 0 . 4 1 -1 . 5 0 0 0 3 . 8 8 0 0 . 3 5 0 1 . 8 5 1 0 . 9 1 0 . 3 1 0 1 . 5 8 1 0 . 4 2 0 . 2 4 0 1 . 3 8 9 . 1 8 4 0 . 1 7 0 1 . 2 6 7 . 7 1 6 0 0 0 . 9 4 6 . 5 2 9 0 0 0 . 8 3 6 . 6 4 12 0 0 0 . 1 5 5 . 4 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 3 3 3 3 E f f l 0 0 0 0 . 1 7 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 . 2 3 E f f S 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 189 M a y 1 7 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 6 . 1 5 . 3 3 1 . 2 6 0 . 4 1 3 . 1 I n f 2 6 . 5 3 5 . 3 8 1 . 3 0 . 4 5 1 3 . 6 I n f 3 6 . 4 5 5 . 3 8 1 . 2 9 0 . 4 3 1 3 . 5 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 1 4 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 0 0 . 7 5 0 . 1 5 0 0 . 0 8 0 . 9 9 1 0 . 4 5 0 . 0 8 0 0 0 . 5 2 2 0 . 3 9 0 0 0 0 . 3 9 4 0 . 3 1 0 0 0 0 . 3 1 6 0 . 2 6 0 0 0 0 . 2 6 9 0 . 1 4 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 1 2 0 . 1 4 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 2 3 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 S o l i d - 1 . 5 8 . 1 8 0 . 2 7 0 . 0 7 0 . 5 8 9 . 1 0 1 3 . 4 1 . 2 3 0 . 3 5 0 . 9 8 1 6 1 1 3 . 4 0 . 9 1 0 . 2 5 0 . 9 7 1 5 . 6 2 1 3 . 5 0 . 7 1 0 . 1 5 1 1 5 . 4 4 1 1 . 9 0 . 5 2 0 . 0 8 0 . 8 7 1 3 . 4 6 1 2 . 3 0 . 5 8 0 . 1 2 0 ; 8 8 1 3 . 9 9 1 2 . 4 0 . 5 3 0 . 0 7 0 . 8 9 1 3 . 9 12 1 1 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 0 7 0 . 8 1 2 . 8 2 3 9 . 2 7 0 . 3 8 0 . 0 8 . 0 . 6 6 1 0 . 4 E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 4 0 0 0 0 . 4 E f f l 0 . 3 7 0 0 0 0 . 3 7 E f f 2 0 . 4 7 0 0 0 0 . 4 7 E f f 3 0 . 3 6 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 E f f n e x t A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 4 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 . 4 1 3 3 3 3 E f f n e x t l 0 . 3 8 0 0 0 0 . 3 8 E f f n e x t 2 0 . 4 3 0 0 0 0 . 4 3 E f f n e x t 3 0 . 4 3 0 0 0 0 . 4 3 190 M a y 1 7 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 1 2 2 3 E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 E f f n e x t A v 2 3 . 7 5 E f f n e x t l E f f n e x t 2 E f f n e x t 3 P i m a r i c 0 . 9 6 0 . 9 9 0 . 9 4 0 2 9 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 8 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 2 0 0 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 4 0 , 0 , 2 6 2 8 0 . 3 3 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S a n d a r a 0 . 3 9 0 . 4 0 . 3 7 0 0 . 1 2 0 . 1 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A 3 . 0 6 3 . 1 7 2 . 9 6 0 0 . 7 5 0 . 6 3 0 . 5 9 0 . 5 4 0 . 5 0 . 3 2 0 0 0 0 . 6 7 0 . 6 6 0 . 0 , 0 . 6 3 5 8 6 4 0 . 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 . 6 9 2 . 7 2 . 3 8 0 0 . 5 6 0 . 5 5 0 . 4 8 0 . 4 0 . 2 6 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 . 4 3 0 . 4 4 0 . 3 9 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 0 . 2 7 0 . 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 . 1 1 4 . 3 6 4 . 0 9 0 1 . 7 9 1 . 5 3 1 . 4 3 1 . 2 3 1 . 0 6 0 . 4 4 0 0 0 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 1 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 191 M a y 1 7 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 2 . 3 1 0 . 8 14 . 3 2 7 . 4 I n f 2 2 . 19 0 . 8 1 1 4 . 6 2 8 . 3 I n f 3 2 . 1 5 0 . 6 2 1 3 . 5 2 7 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 0 0 . 4 4 0 3 . 9 6 4 . 9 4 1 0 . 4 7 0 . 0 9 3 . 6 3 4 . 1 5 2 0 . 4 0 . 0 9 3 . 3 2 3 . 7 1 4 0 . 3 0 . 0 9 2 . 8 9 3 . 2 6 0 . 1 9 0 2 . 3 6 2 . 6 2 9 0 0 . 0 5 1 . 1 5 1 . 2 9 12 0 0 0 . 2 2 0 . 3 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 0 0 9 . 1 0 0 . 2 4 0 1 . 8 5 1 7 . 8 1 0 . 2 4 0 1 . 9 2 1 7 . 5 2 0 . 2 7 0 1 . 8 6 1 7 . 3 4 0 . 2 2 0 1 . 6 5 1 5 6 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 5 1 . 7 8 1 5 . 7 9 0 . 16 0 1 . 3 3 1 5 . 2 1 2 0 0 0 . 4 8 1 3 . 3 2 3 0 0 0 . 1 4 1 0 . 5 E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 4 E f f l 0 0 0 0 . 3 7 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 . 4 7 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 E f f n e x t A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 4 1 3 3 3 3 E f f n e x t l 0 0 0 0 . 3 8 E f f n e x t 2 0 0 0 0 . 4 3 E f f n e x t 3 0 0 0 0 . 4 3 192 M a y 2 4 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 6 . 6 5 5 . 0 1 1 . 1 2 0 . 4 4 1 3 . 2 I n f 2 6 . 6 5 1 . 1 1 0 . 4 2 1 3 . 1 I n f 3 6 . 2 8 • 5 . 2 1 . 3 0 . 4 9 1 3 . 3 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 1 4 • 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 0 0 . 7 3 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 7 0 . 8 6 1 0 . 5 8 0 0 0 0 . 5 8 2 0 . 5 5 0 0 0 . 0 6 0 . 6 1 4 0 . 3 6 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 6 0 . 3 7 0 0 0 0 . 3 7 9 0 . 3 1 0 0 0 0 . 3 1 12 0 . 1 7 0 0 0 0 . 1 7 2 3 0 . 1 7 0 0 0 0 . 1 7 S o l i d - 1 . 5 7 . 6 6 0 . 2 8 0 . 2 3 0 . 5 3 8 . 7 0 9 . 8 2 0 . 4 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 7 1 1 1 . 3 1 1 0 . 6 0 . 4 6 0 . 2 2 0 . 7 3 1 2 2 1 0 . 8 0 . 4 5 0 . 2 1 0 . 7 7 1 2 . 2 4 1 0 . 9 0 . 4 6 0 . 1 7 0 . 8 1 2 . 3 6 1 1 . 3 0 . 4 3 0 . 0 8 0 . 7 6 1 2 . 5 9 1 1 . 5 0 . 4 5 0 . 1 0 . 7 8 1 2 . 8 12 1 0 . 6 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 4 0 . 7 2 1 1 . 8 2 3 8 . 5 5 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 1 0 . 5 7 9 . 5 7 S t o r a g e 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 9 4 3 3 3 3 5 . 0 1 4 . 3 7 3 3 3 3 0 . 5 6 3 3 3 3 1 0 . 9 S t o r a g e l 0 . 9 4 4 . 9 5 4 . 3 8 0 . 5 5 1 0 . 8 S t o r a g e 2 0 . 9 3 4 . 8 9 4 . 3 0 . 5 3 1 0 . 7 S t o r a g e 3 0 . 9 6 5 . 1 9 4 . 4 4 0 . 6 1 1 1 . 2 E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 3 2 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 . 3 2 3 3 3 3 E f f l 0 . 2 7 0 0 0 0 . 2 7 E f f 2 0 . 3 5 0 0 0 0 . 3 5 E f f 3 0 . 3 5 0 0 0 0 . 3 5 E f f n e x t A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 . 3 7 0 0 0 0 . 3 7 E f f n e x t l 0 . 3 6 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 E f f n e x t 2 0 . 3 9 0 0 0 0 . 3 9 E f f n e x t 3 0 . 3 6 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 193 M a y 2 4 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 0 . 7 7 0 . 3 1 2 . 1 1 1 . 9 9 3 . 7 1 I n f 2 0 . 7 6 0 . 3 2 2 . 1 6 2 . 0 6 3 . 6 8 I n f 3 0 . 7 6 0 . 3 3 2 . 1 9 2 . 2 2 3 . 7 4 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 8 0 . 0 8 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 3 1 . 4 1 0 . 1 7 0 0 . 4 1 0 . 3 7 1 . 3 3 2 0 . 1 8 0 0 . 4 1 0 . 3 7 1 . 2 4 • 4 0 . 1 8 0 0 . 3 9 0 . 3 2 1 . 0 6 6 0 . 2 0 0 . 3 9 0 . 2 8 0 . 9 5 9 0 . 2 2 0 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 9 0 . 6 6 1 2 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 . 1 9 0 0 . 4 8 0 . 3 6 0 . 2 8 1 0 . 2 1 0 0 . 4 9 0 . 3 7 0 . 2 9 2 0 . 2 2 0 0 . 5 1 0 . 3 7 0 . 2 9 4 0 . 2 5 0 0 . 5 2 0 . 3 7 0 . 3 6 0 . 2 8 0 0 . 5 2 0 . 3 6 0 . 2 6 9 0 . 3 0 0 . 4 7 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 7 1 2 0 . 1 5 0 0 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 9 2 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 0 S t o r a g e 2 3 . 7 5 2 . 9 4 6 6 6 7 1 . 7 6 7 . 4 3 3 3 3 3 9 . 8 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 . 6 6 6 6 7 S t o r a g e l 3 . 0 7 1 . 4 7 . 7 7 1 0 . 3 1 3 . 7 S t o r a g e 2 2 . 8 7 1 . 7 7 7 . 2 8 9 . 4 1 2 . 4 S t o r a g e 3 2 . 9 2 . 1 1 7 . 2 5 9 . 8 1 1 . 9 E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 E f f l 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 0 E f f n e x t A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 E f f n e x t l 0 0 0 0 0 E f f n e x t 2 0 0 0 0 0 E f f n e x t 3 0 0 0 0 0 194 M a y 2 4 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 2 . 1 0 . 5 4 1 1 . 5 2 4 . 8 I n f 2 2 . 0 4 0 . 5 2 1 1 . 5 2 4 . 7 I n f 3 1 . 9 9 0 . 4 4 1 1 . 7 2 4 . 9 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 0 0 . 4 1 0 2 . 9 6 3 . 8 2 1 0 . 3 2 0 2 . 6 3 . 1 8 2 0 . 3 4 0 2 . 5 3 3 . 1 5 4 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 8 2 . 2 6 2 . 6 2 6 0 . 1 8 0 2 . 0 1 2 . 3 8 9 0 . 0 9 0 1 . 5 2 1 . 8 3 1 2 0 0 0 . 0 9 0 . 2 6 2 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 7 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 0 0 . 1 3 8 . 8 3 0 0 . 3 7 0 1 . 6 9 1 3 1 0 . 3 5 0 1 . 7 1 3 . 7 2 0 . 2 8 0 . 0 7 1 . 7 5 1 4 4 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 2 1 . 8 1 14 . 1 6 0 . 16 0 . 2 3 1 . 8 1 i 4 . 3 9 0 . 0 9 0 1 . 3 6 14 . 2 1 2 0 0 0 . 4 7 1 2 . 3 2 3 0 0 0 . 14 9 . 7 S t o r a g e 2 3 . 7 5 9 . 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 . 2 0 6 6 6 7 4 7 . 3 6 6 6 7 5 8 . 3 S t o r a g e l 9 . 6 5 3 . 3 1 4 9 . 1 6 0 S t o r a g e 2 9 . 4 3 . 0 6 4 6 . 2 5 6 . 9 S t o r a g e 3 9 . 5 2 3 . 2 5 4 6 . 8 5 8 E f f A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 3 2 3 3 3 3 E f f l 0 0 0 0 . 2 7 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 . 3 5 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 . 3 5 E f f n e x t A v 2 3 . 7 5 0 0 0 0 . 3 7 E f f n e x t l 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 E f f n e x t 2 0 0 0 0 . 3 9 E f f n e x t 3 0 0 0 0 . 3 6 195 J u n e 7 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 7 . 8 2 7 . 9 7 8 . 2 9 0 . 4 6 0 4 8 1 0 9 0 2 4 1 , 4 1 . 3 9 0 . 3 5 5 . 6 4 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 5 1 1 . 6 1 0 9 . 5 4 9 . 1 9 7 . 9 2 6 . 5 1 . 5 5 1 . 4 1 1 . 3 9 9 . 3 1 9 . 4 1 9 . 1 5 0 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2 1 0 . 0 . 6 6 5 2 0 . 5 2 0 . 4 3 0 . 3 8 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 3 0 . 2 7 0 0 0 2 . 4 2 . 4 7 2 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 6 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 S t e a r i c 0 . 6 2 0 . 7 5 0 . 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2 9 0 . 7 4 F A 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 , 7 6 8 3 6 6 5 9 0 . 5 3 0 . 5 2 0 . 3 6 0 0 0 2 0 . 1 4 2 0 . 6 2 0 0 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 4 6 1 3 8 1 0 9 0 2 4 1 1 . 4 1 I . 3 9 0 . 3 5 6 . 1 4 1 3 1 2 . 9 1 3 . 1 I I . 2 1 0 . 6 1 0 . 1 8 . 7 7 7 . 1 3 1 . 5 5 1 . 4 1 1 . 3 9 S t o r a g e 1 . 7 3 9 . 8 3 8 . 4 1 0 . 3 1 2 0 . 3 196 J u n e 7 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 P i m a r i c 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 3 1 . 1 4 0 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 4 0 . 2 4 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 8 0 . 2 9 0 0 0 . 2 9 0 . 3 0 . 3 2 0 . 3 7 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 8 0 0 0 0 S a n d a r a 0 . 4 8 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A 3 . 0 9 3 3 . 1 7 0 0 . 6 3 0 . 6 0 . 6 1 0 . 6 0 . 6 3 0 . 6 5 0 . 5 4 0 0 0 . 7 6 0 . 7 3 0 . 7 9 0 . 9 0 . 7 8 0 . 7 6 0 . 6 4 0 0 0 0 3 . 1 6 2 . 7 2 3 . 2 3 0 0 . 6 8 0 . 7 0 . 7 0 . 6 1 0 . 6 2 0 . 5 7 0 . 2 7 0 0 0 . 6 4 0 . 5 8 0 . 5 8 0 . 6 7 0 . 5 0 . 4 5 0 . 3 1 0 0 0 0 4 . 8 6 4 . 7 5 . 1 2 0 1 . 8 3 1 . 8 2 1 . 6 8 1 . 6 1 . 5 5 1 . 5 5 0 . 7 2 0 0 0 . 6 0 . 5 6 0 . 5 8 0 . 6 0 . 5 2 0 . 4 9 0 . 2 6 0 0 0 0 S t o r a g e 5 . 5 6 2 . 7 3 14 . 3 2 0 . 4 2 1 . 7 197 J u n e 7 , 1994 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A L i q u i d S o l i d I n f l 3 . 0 9 0 . 8 3 1 6 . 6 3 6 . 8 I n f 2 3 . 11 0 . 7 7 1 5 . 9 3 6 . 5 I n f 3 3 . 1 5 0 . 7 7 1 7 . 1 3 7 . 1 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 . 4 6 0 0 . 6 9 0 . 1 6 4 . 2 3 5 . 3 6 1 0 . 6 7 0 . 1 7 4 . 2 5 . 0 1 2 0 . 6 5 0 . 1 7 4 . 0 6 5 . 1 5 4 0 . 5 2 0 3 . 5 8 4 . 6 6 0 . 5 1 0 . 1 6 3 . 7 3 5 . 1 4 9 0 . 4 1 0 3 . 4 5 4 . 8 7 12 0 0 1 . 8 2 3 . 2 1 23 0 0 0 0 . 3 5 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 6 . 1 4 0 0 . 5 6 0 . 1 7 3 . 0 3 16 1 0 . 5 8 0 . 1 6 3 . 0 3 16 2 0 . 5 7 0 . 1 7 3 . 0 1 1 6 . 1 4 0 . 5 6 0 . 2 3 . 3 9 1 4 . 6 6 0 . 4 3 0 . 1 5 2 . 7 1 1 3 . 3 9 0 . 3 6 0 2 . 4 1 2 . 5 12 0 . 1 2 0 1 . 7 1 1 0 . 5 23 0 0 0 7 . 1 3 E f f l 0 0 0 1 . 5 5 E f f 2 0 0 0 1 . 4 1 E f f 3 0 0 0 1 . 3 9 S t o r a g e 1 8 . 5 6 . 8 8 9 0 . 1 1 1 0 . 4 198 J u n e 1 6 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 E f f l E f f 2 E f f 3 8 . 6 7 9 . 7 5 9 . 6 6 0 . 1 9 0 . 3 2 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 1 0 . 5 9 0 . 5 6 0 . 6 0 . 6 7 0 . 2 5 6 . 4 7 1 0 . 3 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 1 . 1 0 . 9 . 8 9 7 . 5 5 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 2 0 . 8 5 6 6 . 3 6 6 . 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 . 4 2 0 . 4 0 . 4 4 0 . 3 8 0 . 3 9 0 . 3 0 0 0 1 . 2 8 1 . 3 8 1 . 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 9 0 . 1 7 0 . 1 3 1 3 1 3 14 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 S t e a r i c F A 0 . 4 5 1 6 . 4 0 . 5 6 1 8 . 1 0 . 5 1 1 7 . 9 0 0 . 1 9 0 0 . 3 2 0 0 . 3 5 0 0 . 3 1 0 0 . 5 9 0 0 . 5 6 0 0 . 6 0 0 . 6 7 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 4 1 7 . 1 7 0 . 7 5 1 1 . 8 0 . 8 1 2 . 2 0 . 7 7 1 1 . 7 0 . 7 2 1 1 . 4 0 . 8 4 1 2 . 5 0 . 7 2 1 1 . 9 0 . 6 9 1 1 . 1 0 . 4 9 8 . 4 6 0 0 . 8 7 0 0 . 8 2 0 0 . 8 5 S t o r a g e 1 . 1 6 . 1 4 5 . 1 9 0 . 3 8 1 2 . 8 199 J u n e 1 6 , 1994 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A L i q u i d S o l i d I n f l 1 0 . 4 2 3 . 3 7 2 . 6 2 4 . 1 4 I n f 2 1 . 0 5 0 . 4 5 3 . 5 1 2 . 6 7 4 . 3 4 I n f 3 1 . 0 6 0 . 4 7 3 . 5 4 2 . 6 2 4 . 4 4 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2 0 . 0 8 0 . 5 9 0 . 4 6 1 . 4 1 1 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 4 4 0 . 3 9 1 .1 2 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 4 5 0 . 3 9 1 . 1 2 4 0 . 1 8 0 . 06 0 . 4 4 0 . 3 7 1 .1 6 0 . 2 0 . 0 7 0 . 4 6 0 . 3 6 1 . 0 7 9 0 . 1 9 0 . 0 6 0 . 4 0 . 3 4 0 . 8 9 12 0 . 2 1 0 0 . 2 9 0 0 . 1 3 23 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 9 0 . 6 8 0 . 3 5 0 . 4 7 1 0 . 2 6 0 . 0 9 0 . 7 0 . 3 3 0 . 5 6 2 0 . 2 7 0 . 0 9 0 . 6 9 0 . 3 3 0 . 5 1 4 0 . 2 8 0 . 0 9 0 . 6 7 0 . 3 1 0 . 5 6 0 . 3 2 0 . 0 9 0 . 7 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 9 9 0 . 3 2 0 . 0 8 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 8 0 . 3 7 12 0 . 3 7 0 0 . 4 7 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 4 23 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 0 E f f l 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 0 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 0 S t o r a g e 3 . 7 2 2 . 9 3 9 . 5 3 1 3 . 5 15 200 J u n e 1 6 , 1994 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A L i q u i d S o l i d I n f l 2 . 2 8 0 . 6 8 1 4 . 5 3 0 . 9 I n f 2 2 . 3 3 0 . 6 8 15 3 3 . 1 I n f 3 2 . 3 2 0 . 6 3 1 5 . 1 33 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 . 1 9 0 0 . 4 5 0 3 . 2 3 . 5 2 1 0 . 3 6 0 . 0 8 2 . 5 9 2 . 9 3 2 0 . 3 6 0 2 . 5 5 2 . 8 6 4 0 . 3 5 0 . 0 7 2 . 5 8 3 . 1 7 6 0 . 2 9 0 2 . 4 4 3 9 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 7 2 . 1 9 2 . 7 9 12 0 0 0 . 62 1 . 2 9 23 0 0 0 0 . 2 5 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 . 0 9 7 . 2 7 0 0 . 3 3 0 2 . 1 6 13 . 9 1 0 . 3 6 0 2 . 2 9 1 4 . 5 2 0 . 3 6 0 . 0 8 2 . 3 2 14 4 0 . 3 2 0 2 . 1 7 1 3 . 6 6 0 . 3 1 0 2 . 1 2 1 4 . 7 9 0 . 2 2 0 1 . 9 1 3 . 8 12 0 0 1 . 2 3 1 2 . 4 23 0 0 0 . 1 3 8 . 5 8 E f f l 0 0 0 0 . 8 7 E f f 2 0 0 0 0 . 8 2 E f f 3 0 0 0 0 . 8 5 S t o r a g e 1 2 . 6 4 . 5 7 6 1 . 9 7 4 . 7 201 J u n e 2 6 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 3 - 1 1 . 4 1 0 . 3 9 0 . 2 1 5 . 1 1 I n f 2 3 . 0 6 1 . 5 2 0 . 4 6 0 . 2 6 5 . 3 1 I n f 3 2 . 7 1 1 . 4 2 0 . 4 0 . 1 4 4 . 6 7 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 0 6 0 0 0 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 2 5 0 0 0 0 . 2 5 1 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 0 . 0 9 2 0 . 0 8 0 0 0 0 . 0 8 4 0 . 0 8 0 0 0 0 . 0 8 6 0 . 0 7 0 0 0 0 . 0 7 9 0 . 0 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 S o l i d - 1 . 5 2 . 5 8 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 . 2 7 3 . 1 6 0 3 . 3 6 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 3 2 4 1 3 . 3 8 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 3 1 4 . 0 1 2 3 . 3 4 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 3 2 3 . 9 5 4 3 . 4 8 0 . 2 2 0 . 0 7 0 . 3 1 4 . 0 8 6 3 . 5 1 0 . 2 4 0 . 1 0 . 3 4 4 . 1 9 9 3 . 2 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 1 2 0 . 3 7 4 . 0 5 1 2 3 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 9 0 . 3 2 3 . 6 4 2 3 2 . 5 1 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 1 0 . 3 1 3 . 1 6 E f f 0 . 4 4 0 0 0 0 . 4 4 202 J u n e 2 6 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 P i m a r i c 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 8 0 . 4 6 S a n d a r a 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A 1 . 2 6 1 . 2 6 1 . 2 1 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2 2 2 . 9 8 3 2 . 8 8 L i q u i d - 1 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 0 . 0 . 0 , 0 . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 8 0 . 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 5 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 8 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 1 0 . 2 4 0 0 0 . 3 0 . 5 4 0 . 5 4 0 . 5 8 0 . 0 . 6 2 5 4 E f f 0 . 4 3 0 . 3 3 0 0 0 . 1 3 0 . 4 3 0 . 3 9 0 . 4 3 0 . 3 2 0 . 3 2 0 . 2 0 0 0 . 1 3 0 , 0 . 2 4 2 5 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 2 1 . 0 4 1 . 5 9 1 . 7 1 . 7 8 8 4 8 1 6 8 4 2 9 1 0 . 4 0 . 5 9 0 . 6 0 . 6 5 0 . 7 7 0 . 7 1 0 . 6 3 0 . 5 7 0 . 4 3 0 . 9 8 203 J u n e 2 6 , 1994 T i m e A b i e t i c I n f l 1 . 3 2 I n f 2 1 .32 I n f 3 1 .34 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 0 0 . 3 8 1 0 . 3 6 2 0 . 3 8 4 0 . 2 9 6 0 . 3 1 9 0 . 1 9 12 0 23 0 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 1 8 0 0 . 4 1 0 . 4 2 2 0 . 4 2 4 0 . 4 3 6 0 . 3 9 9 0 . 3 5 12 0 . 2 9 23 0 . 1 6 E f f 0 N e o a b i e t i R A R F A 0 . 3 1 7 . 7 6 1 2 . 9 0 . 2 9 7 . 7 6 1 3 . 1 0 . 3 6 7 . 6 8 1 2 . 3 0 . 3 1 1 . 4 7 1 . 5 3 0 . 2 3 3 . 0 8 3 . 3 4 0 . 1 8 3 . 0 9 3 . 1 8 0 . 2 1 3 . 3 3 . 3 8 0 . 2 3 3 . 1 2 3 . 2 0 . 3 1 3 . 0 6 3 . 1 2 0 . 3 4 2 . 6 5 2 . 7 0 . 3 5 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 0 . 3 5 1 . 2 6 1 . 2 6 0 . 1 6 1 . 1 8 4 . 3 4 0 . 1 3 2 . 0 9 6 . 0 9 0 . 1 4 2 . 1 4 6 . 1 5 0 . 1 2 2 . 2 1 6 . 1 7 0 . 1 5 2 . 3 9 6 . 4 8 0 . 1 9 2 . 2 4 6 . 4 4 0 . 2 2 . 0 2 6 . 0 6 0 . 2 1 1 . 6 3 5 . 2 7 0 . 1 9 0 . 9 1 4 . 0 7 0 . 3 3 1 . 4 3 1 . 8 7 204 i J u l y 5 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 8 . 5 8 4 . 0 1 1 . 7 3 0 . 5 4 1 4 . 8 6 I n f 2 9 . 0 3 4 . 0 8 1 . 7 8 0 . 5 6 1 5 . 4 5 I n f 3 8 . 8 7 4 . 2 7 1 . 7 9 0 . 5 5 1 5 . 4 8 - 1 . 5 0 . 0 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 5 0 0 . 5 5 0 0 0 0 . 5 5 1 0 . 4 1 0 0 0 0 . 4 1 2 0 . 3 1 0 0 0 0 . 3 1 4 0 . 2 3 0 0 0 0 . 2 3 6 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 9 0 . 1 4 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 1 2 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 . 5 3 . 6 6 0 . 3 0 . 1 6 0 . 3 6 4 . 4 8 0 7 . 6 9 0 . 7 3 0 . 3 2 0 . 7 6 9 . 4 9 1 7 . 9 7 0 . 6 4 0 . 2 5 0 . 7 2 9 . 5 8 2 7 . 1 7 0 . 5 4 0 . 2 1 0 . 7 4 8 . 6 5 4 6 . 2 5 0 . 4 3 0 . 1 6 0 . 6 1 7 . 4 5 6 5 . 7 5 0 . 4 7 0 . 1 6 0 . 6 1 6 . 9 9 9 4 . 7 5 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 3 0 . 4 8 5 . 7 5 1 2 4 . 1 2 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 3 0 . 4 6 5 . 0 8 2 3 3 . 0 2 0 . 3 6 0 . 1 6 0 . 3 4 3 . 8 8 E f f 0 . 7 9 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 7 0 . 9 3 S t o r a g e 1 . 1 1 6 . 9 2 5 . 5 9 0 . 7 6 1 4 . 3 8 205 J u l y 5 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A L i q u i d I n f l 1 . 2 8 0 . 7 4 4 . 2 1 5 . 1 8 6 . 5 8 I n f 2 1 . 3 9 0 . 9 5 4 . 3 5 . 2 8 6 . 9 9 I n f 3 1 . 2 9 1 . 3 6 4 . 2 5 . 4 6 . 8 8 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 7 1 . 3 8 0 0 . 3 0 . 12 0 . 9 7 1 . 0 3 2 . 7 2 1 0 . 2 8 0 . 1 1 0 . 8 7 0 . 8 9 2 . 6 2 2 0 . 3 1 0 . 1 3 0 . 9 8 1 . 0 4 2 . 7 5 4 0 . 3 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 9 9 1 . 0 3 2 . 8 3 6 0 . 3 0 . 1 5 0 . 8 8 1 . 0 6 2 . 5 7 9 0 . 3 2 0 . 1 5 0 . 9 3 1 . 0 3 2 . 6 6 1 2 0 . 3 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 9 1 0 . 9 8 2 . 6 6 2 3 0 . 1 5 0 0 . 8 3 0 . 7 5 2 . 7 1 - 1 . 5 0 . 2 4 0 0 . 4 8 0 . 2 8 0 . 5 8 0 0 . 6 0 . 2 2 1 . 7 5 1 . 0 2 1 . 2 7 1 0 . 7 4 0 . 2 7 1 . 7 8 1 . 1 5 1 . 1 3 2 0 . 8 4 0 . 3 5 1 . 8 5 1 . 0 4 1 . 2 8 4 0 . 6 0 . 1 9 1 . 7 3 0 . 8 7 1 . 2 2 6 0 . 6 2 . 0 . 1 7 1 . 7 2 0 . 7 2 1 . 2 4 9 0 . 67 0 . 16 1 . 8 0 . 7 3 1 . 1 8 12 0 . 6 5 0 . 1 7 1 . 8 3 0 . 6 9 1 . 2 4 2 3 0 . 3 9 0 1 . 5 1 0 . 4 5 1 . 2 E f f 0 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 4 1 . 2 2 S t o r a g e 3 . 3 4 2 . 5 3 9 . 9 4 1 6 . 6 7 1 4 . 2 1 206 J u l y 5 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 3 . 1 7 1 . 1 5 2 2 . 3 2 3 7 . 1 8 I n f 2 3 . 2 3 1 . 1 1 2 3 . 2 5 3 8 . 7 I n f 3 3 . 0 4 1 . 0 4 2 3 . 2 3 8 . 6 9 - 1 . 5 0 . 1 1 0 . 2 7 2 . 2 8 2 . 3 3 0 0 . 7 7 0 . 4 3 6 . 3 4 6 . 8 9 1 0 . 7 7 - 0 . 4 8 6 . 0 2 6 . 4 3 2 0 . 8 9 0 . 5 1 6 . 6 1 6 . 9 2 4 0 . 9 2 0 . 5 3 6 . 7 3 6 . 9 5 6 0 . 8 9 0 . 5 2 6 . 3 6 6 . 4 9 9 0 . 8 7 0 . 4 8 6 . 4 4 6 . 5 8 1 2 0 . 8 1 0 . 4 9 6 . 2 7 6 . 3 9 2 3 0 . 6 4 0 . 6 1 5 . 6 9 5 . 6 9 - 1 . 5 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 1 2 . 2 3 6 . 7 0 1 . 0 2 0 . 3 3 6 . 2 2 1 5 . 7 1 1 1 . 1 7 0 . 5 6 . 7 3 1 6 . 3 1 2 1 . 1 9 0 . 4 9 7 . 0 4 1 5 . 6 9 4 1 . 1 2 0 . 4 5 6 . 1 8 1 3 . 6 2 6 1 . 1 5 0 . 4 4 6 . 0 5 1 3 . 0 5 9 1 . 1 3 0 . 4 5 6 . 1 3 1 1 . 8 8 1 2 1 . 1 2 0 . 4 2 6 . 2 1 1 1 . 2 2 3 0 . 8 7 0 . 3 6 4 . 7 7 8 . 6 5 E f f 0 . 2 2 0 . 5 2 . 4 2 3 . 3 5 S t o r a g e 1 3 . 6 1 5 . 3 5 6 6 . 2 6 8 0 . 6 3 207 J u l y 1 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c 1 . 4 5 1 . 4 8 1 . 4 9 0 . 4 3 0 . 4 0 . 4 2 0 . 1 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 3 S t e a r i c F A 0 . 2 1 2 . 2 2 0 . 1 2 2 . 1 2 0 . 1 3 2 . 1 7 L i q u i d S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 E f f S t o r a g e 0 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 4 4 2 4 5 1 . 2 9 1 . 2 8 1 . 0 4 0 . 8 7 0 . 9 9 0 . 0 7 0 . 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 0 . 3 2 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 6 0 . 3 5 0 . 2 8 0 . 3 1 0 3 . 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 6 0 . 1 4 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7 0 . 1 6 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 6 0 3 . 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 3 2 0 . 2 6 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 3 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 7 0 . 2 9 0 0 . 4 9 0 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 1 7 2 4 2 . 3 2 . 1 5 . 2 . 1 5 1 . 8 6 1 . 6 6 1 . 7 6 0 . 0 7 8 . 7 1 1. 2 . 2 . 208 J u l y 1 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A L i q u i d S o l i d I r i f 1 0 . 2 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 5 7 0 . 6 2 2 . 0 2 I n f 2 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 9 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 6 2 . 1 3 I n f 3 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 3 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 9 2 . 1 7 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 . 3 4 0 . 4 2 . 2 6 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 . 3 8 0 . 4 2 2 . 1 2 1 0 . 0 9 0 0 . 3 9 0 . 4 9 2 . 0 2 2 0 . 0 9 0 0 . 3 8 0 . 4 3 2 . 1 2 4 0 . 1 0 0 . 3 7 0 . 4 2 2 . 0 6 6 0 . 1 2 0 0 . 3 6 0 . 4 8 2 . 0 7 9 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 8 2 . 1 5 12 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 3 3 0 . 3 7 2 . 1 3 2 3 0 . 0 8 0 0 . 3 2 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 2 - 1 . 5 0 . 2 7 0 0 . 4 4 0 . 2 1 0 . 6 5 0 0 . 3 2 0 0 . 5 5 0 . 2 8 0 . 7 1 1 0 . 3 5 0 0 . 5 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 7 6 2 0 . 2 9 0 0 . 5 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 7 9 4 0 . 3 5 0 0 . 5 0 . 2 2 0 . 6 6 6 0 . 2 8 0 0 . 5 3 0 . 2 5 0 . 6 9 9 0 . 2 8 0 0 . 5 2 0 . 2 5 0 . 7 7 12 0 . 2 6 0 0 . 4 4 0 . 2 2 0 . 6 9 2 3 0 . 2 3 0 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 9 0 . 6 7 E f f 0 0 0 . 3 0 . 3 3 1 . 9 6 S t o r a g e 2 . 6 2 1 . 7 6 6 . 5 2 9 . 5 9 1 0 . 2 209 J u l y 1 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 0 . 5 8 0 . 1 5 4 . 2 9 6 . 5 1 I n f 2 0 . 5 9 0 . 1 2 4 . 5 3 6 . 6 5 I n f 3 0 . 5 9 0 . 1 3 4 . 5 8 6 . 7 5 L i q u i d S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 1 2 2 3 E f f S t o r a g e 0 . 3 9 0 . 4 1 0 . 5 0 . 4 2 0 . 4 2 0 . 5 0 . 4 2 0 . 3 7 0 . 3 4 0 . 4 3 0 . 52 0 . 5 4 0 . 54 0 . 4 8 0 . 5 0 . 5 1 0 . 4 0 . 4 1 0 . 3 6 8 . 4 9 0 . 6 8 0 . 4 5 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 5 0 . 5 5 0 . 4 9 0 . 4 8 0 . 5 5 0 . 3 3 0 . 2 2 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 2 0 . 1 9 0 . 1 7 0 . 6 6 2 . 7 7 4 . 0 8 3 . 8 9 3 . 9 7 3 , 3 . 4 . 3 . 3 3 9 2 8 1 0 8 8 6 7 5 9 4 2 . 3 4 2 . 6 2 . 7 5 7 3 4 2 4 6 5 4 2 . 2 2 . 0 7 3 . 6 1 4 1 . 9 4 . 0 8 4 4 9 2 8 1 0 8 8 6 , 7 5 . 9 4 . 1 5 , 7 6 . 9 8 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 . 0 3 4 . 5 7 4 . 6 1 4 . 4 3 . 8 6 3 . 8 3 3 . 6 8 5 0 . 6 210 J u l y 1 9 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 6 2 . 0 7 2 . 0 1 3 . 5 7 I n f 2 0 . 6 2 0 . 2 5 2 . 1 2 . 0 1 3 . 7 I n f 3 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 5 2 . 0 2 1 . 8 9 3 . 5 7 - 1 . 5 0 . 3 0 . 1 1 1 . 2 5 0 . 7 9 3 . 4 8 0 0 . 4 0 . 1 6 1 . 5 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 5 7 1 0 . 4 0 . 1 5 1 . 5 1 1 . 0 2 3 . 6 7 2 0 . 3 4 0 . 1 7 1 . 2 6 0 . 8 8 3 . 0 6 4 0 . 3 6 0 . 1 4 1 . 4 2 0 . 8 9 3 . 5 1 6 0 . 3 4 0 . 1 3 1 . 4 2 0 . 7 7 3 . 4 1 9 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 2 1 . 3 1 0 . 8 1 3 . 2 2 12 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 3 1 . 3 8 0 . 7 1 3 . 5 6 1 8 0 . 3 6 0 . 1 2 1 . 5 6 0 . 8 3 . 7 9 2 3 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 1 . 3 7 0 . 7 8 3 . 4 7 - 1 . 5 0 . 4 0 . 1 1 , 1 . 5 3 0 . 3 3 1 . 0 5 0 0 . 5 2 0 . 1 7 1 . 6 7 0 . 7 4 0 . 9 9 1 0 . 4 3 0 . 1 5 1 . 5 6 0 . 7 6 0 . 9 7 2 0 . 4 6 0 . 1 5 1 . 6 2 0 . 7 5 0 . 9 8 4 0 . 4 3 0 . 1 4 1 . 6 0 . 6 4 0 . 9 1 6 0 . 4 4 0 . 1 3 1 . 6 7 0 . 5 9 0 . 9 7 9 0 . 4 8 0 . 1 5 1 . 7 9 0 . 6 1 . 2 8 1 2 0 . 4 6 0 . 1 5 1 . 8 1 0 . 5 7 1 . 0 4 1 8 0 . 4 8 0 . 1 3 1 . 8 1 0 . 3 7 1 . 0 7 2 3 0 . 4 5 0 . 1 3 1 . 8 3 0 . 5 7 1 . 0 6 E f f 0 . 2 9 0 1 . 0 2 0 . 5 2 3 . 1 2 E f f n e x t 0 . 3 1 0 . 1 2 1 . 2 7 0 . 6 2 3 . 7 2 S t o r a g e 5 . 1 6 1 . 8 2 1 3 1 6 . 7 1 8 . 5 212 J u l y 2 9 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 2 . 4 4 1 . 3 4 0 . 4 5 0 . 1 9 4 . 4 2 I n f 2 2 . 4 2 1 . 3 3 0 . 4 5 0 . 1 7 4 . 3 7 I n f 3 2 . 8 7 1 . 6 0 . 5 2 0 . 4 2 5 . 4 1 - 1 . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 1 0 . 0 5 0 0 0 0 . 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 . 5 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 2 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 9 1.18 0 1 . 3 9 0 . 2 8 0 . 1 5 0 . 3 1 2 . 1 3 1 1 . 1 3 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 3 0 . 3 1 . 8 2 1 . 0 8 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 8 0 . 2 5 1 . 9 1 4 1 . 0 5 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 7 0 . 2 5 1 . 8 4 6 0 . 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 1 3 0 . 2 5 1 . 5 5 9 0 . 9 5 0 . 3 6 0 . 1 5 0 . 2 2 1 . 6 9 1 2 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 5 1 . 1 1 1 8 0 . 7 2 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 3 0 . 2 7 1 . 3 6 2 3 0 . 7 1 0 . 2 4 0 . 1 2 0 . 1 9 1 . 2 6 E f f 0 . 0 8 0 0 0 0 . 0 8 S t o r e O l d 0 . 9 5 4 . 8 1 4 . 4 6 0 . 3 1 1 0 . 5 S t o r e N e w 1 . 5 7 6 . 7 2 8 . 8 8 0 . 4 9 1 7 . 6 214 J u l y 2 9 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 P i m a r i c 0 . 5 4 0 . 5 5 0 . 6 S a n d a r a 0 . 2 2 0 . 2 2 0 . 2 4 I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A 1 . 9 2 1 . 9 1 2 . 2 0 . 7 5 0 . 6 8 0 . 7 6 3 . 6 7 3 . 6 3 . 9 8 L i q u i d S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 1 2 1 8 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 1 2 1 8 2 3 E f f S t o r e O l d S t o r e N e w 0 . 2 3 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 3 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 9 0 . 3 0 . 2 9 0 . 2 7 0 . 3 3 0 . 4 2 0 . 3 4 0 . 4 5 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 9 0 . 3 5 0 . 0 , 3 1 3 5 0 . 2 4 3 . 3 2 5 . 4 2 0 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 2 0 0 . 0 9 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 0 0 . 1 0 . 1 4 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 9 1 7 12 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 0 . 1 3 0 2 . 7 1 2 . 5 3 1 . 2 1 . 4 5 1 . 5 8 0 1 . 1 4 1 . 2 3 1 . 2 4 1 . 4 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 5 6 4 8 3 3 4 6 1 . 4 1 . 5 2 1 . 9 1 1 . 7 1 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 4 7 1 . 4 2 1 . 1 8 8 . 1 9 1 2 . 8 0 0 . 1 5 0 . 2 2 0 0 . 0 . 1 2 1 3 0 . 1 4 0 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 3 0 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 . 0 4 7 . 6 6 3 . 5 6 3 . 6 7 3 . 5 1 0 3 . 1 9 3 . 5 3 . 4 8 3 . 5 7 3 . 8 5 3 . 8 2 1 . 2 1 . 3 3 1 . 1 4 1 . 3 6 1 . 4 8 1 . 4 1 1 . 3 2 1 . 0 1 1 . 1 9 1 . 0 8 3 . 3 5 1 8 . 5 2 6 . 5 215 J u l y 2 9 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 0 . 5 3 0 7 6 2 1 2 I n f 2 0 5 5 0 7 5 1 . 1 1 . 9 I n f 3 0 . 7 2 0 8 . 5 1 1 3 . 9 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 1 5 0 0 . 2 1 0 . 3 2 0 4 0 . 2 2 6 0 . 2 2 9 0 . 2 4 12 0 . 2 4 1 8 0 . 2 6 2 3 0 . 2 4 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 2 1 0 0 . 2 7 1 0 . 2 7 2 0 . 3 3 4 0 . 4 4 6 0 . 4 1 9 0 . 4 6 1 2 0 . 2 9 1 8 0 . 3 2 2 3 0 . 2 7 E f f 0 . 1 4 S t o r e O l d 9 . 2 S t o r e N e w 1 3 . 4 0 . 2 5 5 . 3 8 5 . 3 8 0 . 1 5 6 . 1 9 6 . 2 1 0 . 1 6 6 . 2 3 6 . 2 8 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 3 5 . 1 2 5 . 1 2 0 . 1 7 5 . 6 1 5 . 6 1 0 . 1 6 5 . 6 4 5 . 6 4 0 . 2 5 . 8 2 5 . 8 2 0 . 2 2 6 . 4 5 6 . 4 5 0 . 2 6 6 . 3 2 6 . 3 2 0 3 . 0 1 4 . 1 9 0 3 . 6 2 5 . 7 5 0 3 . 3 7 5 . 1 7 0 3 . 6 3 5 . 5 4 0 4 . 4 6 6 . 3 0 3 . 9 9 5 . 5 3 0 4 . 3 2 6 0 3 . 1 9 4 . 3 0 3 . 3 9 4 . 7 6 0 3 . 2 5 4 . 5 1 0 . 2 5 5 . 1 7 5 . 2 5 1 . 3 2 4 8 . 2 5 8 . 8 1 . 7 6 7 0 . 1 8 7 . 7 216 A u g u s t 1 5 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c I n f l 0 . 5 2 I n f 2 0 . 5 3 I n f 3 0 . 5 1 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 7 3 0 0 . 7 9 1 0 . 8 2 2 0 . 8 3 4 0 . 8 2 6 0 . 8 2 9 0 . 8 5 1 2 0 . 7 9 1 8 0 . 7 4 2 3 0 . 7 6 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 4 0 0 . 4 5 1 0 . 4 2 0 . 4 2 4 0 . 4 5 6 0 . 4 3 9 0 . 3 9 1 2 0 . 4 1 8 0 . 4 1 2 3 0 . 4 E f f 0 . 5 9 S t o r e O l d 6 . 2 4 S t o r e N e w 5 . 2 9 I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A 0 . 2 2 1 . 3 9 1 . 2 1 3 . 3 7 0 . 2 2 ~ 1 . 3 9 1 . 1 4 3 . 4 4 0 . 2 2 1 . 3 6 1 . 1 4 3 . 3 6 0 . 2 4 2 . 1 9 0 . 8 8 5 . 4 6 0 . 2 7 2 . 4 7 1 . 2 3 4 . 9 8 0 . 2 9 2 . 6 8 1 . 2 6 4 . 8 1 0 . 2 9 2 . 7 4 1 . 2 5 5 0 . 2 8 2 . 6 9 1 . 2 8 4 . 9 2 0 . 2 9 2 . 7 1 1 . 1 3 5 . 1 2 0 . 3 2 . 8 2 1 . 1 1 5 . 1 3 0 . 2 4 2 . 5 9 1 . 1 2 5 . 1 3 0 . 2 5 2 . 4 1 1 . 0 3 5 . 1 5 0 . 2 5 2 . 4 6 0 . 8 7 5 . 3 3 0 . 1 8 1 . 3 3 0 . 1 8 0 . 9 5 0 . 2 1 1 . 6 8 0 . 2 8 1 . 2 8 0 . 1 9 1 . 5 2 0 . 2 6 0 . 9 2 0 . 2 1 1 . 6 3 0 . 2 4 0 . 9 8 0 . 2 1 1 . 6 2 0 . 2 8 1 . 1 2 0 . 2 1 . 6 1 0 . 2 2 1 . 2 6 0 . 1 9 1 . 5 5 0 . 2 1 0 . 9 9 0 . 1 9 1 . 5 7 0 . 2 5 0 . 9 6 0 . 1 9 1 . 6 2 0 . 2 1 1 . 2 7 0 . 1 8 1 . 5 6 0 . 2 4 1 . 1 9 0 . 2 1 . 7 1 0 . 6 7 4 . 9 6 2 . 9 1 1 6 2 2 . 1 2 5 . 6 1 . 7 8 1 2 . 5 1 4 . 6 2 0 . 9 218 A u g u s t 1 5 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c I n f l 1 . 5 I n f 2 1 . 4 7 I n f 3 1 . 4 4 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 1 . 1 0 1 . 4 6 1 1 . 5 4 2 1 . 4 9 4 1 . 5 6 6 1 . 3 1 9 1 . 3 5 1 2 1 . 3 8 1 8 1 . 2 6 2 3 1 . 1 1 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 4 7 0 0 . 6 7 1 0 . 6 6 2 0 . 5 8 4 0 . 6 7 6 0 . 6 1 9 0 . 5 8 1 2 0 . 5 4 1 8 0 . 6 2 3 0 . 5 4 E f f 0 . 9 S t o r e O l d 2 1 . 3 S t o r e N e w 1 4 . 9 N e o a b i e t i R A R F A 0 . 3 4 8 . 5 4 1 1 . 9 0 . 3 1 8 . 4 9 1 1 . 7 0 . 3 4 8 . 3 8 1 1 . 6 0 . 1 6 1 0 . 8 1 0 . 8 0 . 2 1 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 5 0 . 1 9 1 1 . 6 1 1 . 7 0 1 1 . 6 1 1 . 7 0 . 2 1 1 . 8 1 1 . 8 0 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 4 0 1 1 . 6 1 1 . 6 0 . 1 7 1 1 . 4 1 1 . 4 0 . 2 1 1 1 1 0 . 1 7 1 0 . 9 1 0 . 9 0 3 . 5 2 4 . 6 2 0 4 . 5 7 6 . 9 8 0 3 . 9 5 6 . 0 2 0 4 . 0 6 6 . 2 7 0 4 . 3 4 6 . 2 0 4 . 3 3 5 . 7 0 3 . 9 2 5 . 1 6 0 3 . 9 5 . 1 7 0 4 . 3 5 . 5 8 0 4 . 1 1 5 . 2 1 0 . 1 8 9 . 2 2 9 . 3 7 . 3 7 1 0 2 1 2 3 4 . 4 7 7 4 . 4 9 3 . 1 219 A u g u s t 2 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A L i q u i d S o l i d I n f l 0 . 6 4 0 . 2 6 1 . 7 4 1 . 0 4 3 . 7 I n f 2 0 . 6 6 0 . 2 7 1 . 9 5 1 . 3 5 4 . 0 1 I n f 3 0 . 6 7 0 . 2 8 1 . 8 9 1 . 3 3 3 . 8 1 - 1 . 5 0 . 6 3 0 . 2 2 . 1 2 0 . 4 9 4 . 1 4 0 0 . 5 3 0 . 1 8 1 . 7 7 0 . 6 1 3 . 4 1 0 . 5 5 0 . 1 9 1 . 8 7 0 . 5 8 3 . 4 8 2 0 . 5 7 0 . 1 8 1 . 9 2 0 . 4 8 3 . 5 8 4 0 . 5 5 0 . 1 9 1 . .91 0 . 6 2 3 . 4 1 6 0 . 5 5 0 . 1 8 1 . 8 6 0 . 5 1 3 . 5 9 9 0 . 5 8 0 . 1 9 1 . 9 6 0 . 4 8 3 . 7 8 12 0 . 5 6 0 . 1 8 1 . 9 5 0 . 4 9 3 . 6 5 1 8 0 . 5 7 0 . 1 7 1 . 9 6 0 . 2 7 3 . 8 2 3 0 . 5 9 0 . 1 9 2 . 0 1 0 . 3 9 3 . 9 9 - 1 . 5 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 5 1 . 2 6 0 0 . 6 4 0 0 . 3 0 . 1 4 1 . 1 8 0 . 2 4 0 . 7 3 1 0 . 3 4 0 . 1 6 1 . 2 7 0 . 2 2 0 . 7 1 2 0 . 2 8 0 . 1 4 1 . 2 5 0 . 2 2 0 . 7 2 4 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 6 1 . 2 3 0 . 1 9 0 . 7 6 0 . 3 3 0 . 16 1 . 3 3 0 . 1 8 0 . 6 4 9 0 . 3 6 0 . 1 8 1 . 3 8 0 . 1 3 0 . 9 3 1 2 0 . 3 0 1 . 2 8 0 0 . 6 4 1 8 0 . 3 0 . 1 4 1 . 2 3 0 0 . 6 4 2 3 0 . 3 0 1 . 3 3 0 0 . 6 9 E f f 0 . 5 2 0 . 1 7 1 . 6 2 0 . 2 6 3 . 8 2 S t o r e O l d 4 . 5 9 2 . 1 8 1 1 . 8 1 6 . 1 1 8 . 6 S t o r e N e w 3 . 5 9 1 . 2 4 8 . 6 4 1 0 . 4 1 2 . 8 221 A u g u s t 2 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c I n f l 1.5 I n f 2 1 . 6 4 I n f 3 1 . 7 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 6 1 0 0 . 7 7 1 0 . 7 1 2 0 . 6 6 4 0 . 8 6 0 . 6 6 9 0 . 6 4 12 0 . 6 8 1 8 0 . 4 6 2 3 0 . 5 5 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 3 4 0 0 . 4 1 0 . 4 2 2 0 . 4 2 4 0 . 3 9 6 0 . 4 2 9 0 . 3 7 1 2 0 . 3 4 1 8 0 . 3 2 3 0 . 3 4 E f f 0 . 4 4 S t o r e O l d 1 5 . 3 S t o r e N e w 1 0 . 8 N e o a b i e t i R A R F A 0 . 1 9 9 . 0 8 1 3 . 7 0 . 2 2 1 0 . 1 1 4 . 9 0 . 2 6 9 . 9 5 1 5 0 . 1 7 8 . 3 6 8 . 3 6 0 . 1 4 7 . 4 7 . 5 8 0 7 . 3 8 7 . 5 2 0 7 . 3 8 7 . 4 6 0 . 1 3 7 . 6 1 7 . 6 6 0 7 . 3 6 7 . 3 6 0 . 1 5 7 . 7 8 7 . 7 8 0 . 1 4 7 . 6 6 7 . 6 6 0 . 1 3 7 . 3 5 7 . 3 5 0 . 1 9 7 . 9 7 . 9 0 2 . 7 3 3 . 3 3 0 2 . 9 8 4 . 2 4 0 3 . 1 1 4 . 4 5 0 3 . 0 3 4 . 2 9 0 3 . 0 1 4 0 3 . 0 5 3 . 9 0 3 . 3 5 4 . 4 1 0 2 . 5 6 3 . 1 9 0 2 . 6 1 3 . 2 5 0 2 . 6 6 3 . 3 8 0 . 1 3 6 . 9 6 7 . 2 6 4 . 9 4 7 3 . 3 8 9 . 2 3 . 3 5 5 0 . 9 5 9 . 3 222 September 6, 1994 Time P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c FA I n f l 0.76 0.23 0.12 0.13 1.24 Inf2 0.51 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.84 Inf3 0.7 0.21 0.12 0.11 1.14 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.18 0 0 0 0.18 1 0.17 0.07 0 0.11 0.35 '2 0.08 0 0 0 0.08 4 0.09 0 0 0 0.09 6 0.08 0 0 0 0.08 9 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 18 0.07 0 0 0 0.07 23 0.09 0 0 0 0.09 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0.5 0.1 0 0.12 0.72 0 0.68 0.2 0.08 0.17 1.13 1 0.64 0.23 0.09 0.25 1.22 2 0.58 0.16 0 0.12 0.86 4 0.54 0.13 0 0.14 0.81 6 0.49 0.13 0 0.14 0.76 9 0.45 0.13 0 0.14 0.72 12 0.44 0.11 0 0.11 0.55 18 0.33 0 0 0 0.33 23 0.36 0.08 0 0.09 0.53 E f f 0.19 0 0 0 0.19 223 S e p t e m b e r 6 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 0 . 9 9 0 . 1 5 1 . 0 1 0 . 5 3 . 9 I n f 2 0 . 2 9 0 . 1 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 3 8 2 . 6 5 I n f 3 0 . 7 8 0 . 1 5 0 . 9 4 0 . 5 3 3 . 5 7 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 6 2 0 . 1 7 . 1 . 8 0 4 . 2 3 0 0 . 6 0 . 1 2 1 . 2 7 0 . 1 7 3 . 0 4 1 0 . 7 2 0 . 1 7 1 . 5 7 0 . 1 8 3 . 7 5 2 0 . 4 3 0 . 1 4 1 . 4 1 0 . 1 9 3 . 2 3 4 0 . 5 2 0 . 1 6 1 . 6 3 0 . 2 1 3 . 7 8 6 0 . 5 3 0 . 1 7 1 . 6 6 0 . 2 4 3 . 6 8 9 0 . 4 0 . 1 3 1 . 3 1 0 . 1 6 2 . 8 5 12 0 . 4 4 0 . 1 3 1 . 2 8 0 . 1 5 2 . 9 5 1 8 0 . 4 5 0 . 1 5 1 . 5 0 3 . 4 2 2 3 0 . 5 7 0 . 1 8 1 . 7 8 0 . 1 9 4 . 2 6 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 4 4 0 . 1 1 1 . 2 9 0 1 . 2 2 0 0 . 3 4 0 . 1 1 1 . 2 1 0 1 . 0 2 1 0 . 7 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 7 0 0 . 7 8 2 0 . 3 1 0 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 0 0 . 7 4 0 . 3 4 0 . 1 3 1 . 1 7 0 . 0 . 8 9 6 . 0 . 3 5 0 . 1 2 1 . 1 8 0 0 . 9 3 9 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 1 . 0 7 0 0 . 9 1 2 0 . 3 2 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 8 0 0 . 9 8 1 8 0 . 3 2 0 0 . 9 4 0 0 . 6 6 2 3 0 . 3 8 0 . 1 2 1 . 1 5 0 0 . 8 3 E f f 0 . 6 9 0 . 1 8 1 . 8 4 0 4 . 4 2 224 S e p t e m b e r 6 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 0 . 9 5 0 7 4 9 8 7 3 I n f 2 0 . 6 7 0 4 8 1 5 . 6 5 I n f 3 0 8 7 0 6 . 8 4 7 9 9 L i q u i d S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 12 1 8 2 3 - 1 . 5 0 1 2 4 6 9 1 2 1 8 2 3 0 . 3 8 0 . 4 8 0 . 5 6 0 . 5 2 0 . 5 8 6 6 4 4 0 . 4 3 0 . 5 4 4 7 3 5 5 9 0 . 5 6 0 . 5 2 0 . 5 2 0 . 5 0 . 4 2 0 , 0 . 0 , 4 5 3 7 4 1 E f f 0 . 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 . 1 9 5 . 6 9 6 . 9 5 5 . 9 2 6 . 8 9 6 . 9 4 5 . 2 9 5 . 3 7 6 . 0 6 7 . 4 6 3 . 4 2 3 . 2 8 3 . 2 1 2 . 3 . 3 . 2 . 2 . 2 , 2 . 7 , 7 7 0 5 0 8 8 2 9 4 2 8 8 8 7 1 7 . 2 9 5 . 8 7 7 . 3 6 9 8 0 2 2 9 3 7 1 3 5 4 1 3 4 . 4 4 . 4 4 . 6 4 . 8 6 . 8 4 . 5 4 . 4 9 . 6 1 . 4 2 7 . 9 225 S e p t e m b e r 1 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A I n f l 1 . 1 8 1 . 1 6 0 . 4 7 0 . 1 5 2 . 9 6 I n f 2 1 . 3 1 . 3 1 0 . 5 2 0 . 2 4 3 . 3 8 I n f 3 0 . 9 5 0 . 9 2 0 . 3 7 0 . 0 9 2 . 3 3 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 0 0 . 1 5 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 . 2 5 1 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 . 2 5 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 8 0 0 0 . 1 8 4 0 . 0 8 0 0 0 0 . 0 8 6 0 . 1 4 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 9 0 . 1 0 0 0 0 . 1 12 0 . 1 4 , 0 0 0 0 . 1 4 1 8 0 . 1 3 0 0 0 0 . 1 3 2 3 0 . 1 2 0 0 0 0 . 1 2 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 4 7 0 . 0 9 0 0 . 0 9 0 . 6 5 0 0 . 6 8 0 . 3 8 0 . 1 3 0 . 1 2 1 . 3 2 1 0 . 7 2 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 1 . 3 7 2 0 . 5 9 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 2 0 . 1 1 1 . 1 5 4 0 . 5 6 0 . 2 6 0 . 1 2 0 . 1 2 i . 0 7 6 0 . 5 2 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 3 0 . 9 6 9 0 . 4 2 0 . 1 3 0 0 . 0 9 0 . 6 4 1 2 0 . 4 7 0 . 1 1 0 0 . 1 3 0 . 7 1 8 0 . 4 0 . 1 4 0 0 . 1 1 0 . 6 5 2 3 0 . 4 7 0 . 1 0 0 . 1 1 0 . 6 8 E f f 0 . 2 0 0 0 0 . 2 226 S e p t e m b e r 1 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 0 . 6 2 0 . 1 6 1 . 1 2 0 . 4 3 3 . 0 3 . . I n f 2 0 . 9 2 0 . 1 8 1 . 1 7 0 . 4 2 3 . 3 3 I n f 3 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 3 0 . 8 8 0 . 3 2 2 . 3 1 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 5 9 0 . 1 7 1 . 5 3 0 . 2 3 . 1 7 0 0 . 4 2 0 . 1 4 1 . 3 8 0 . 2 8 2 . 5 4 1 0 . 5 7 0 . 1 8 1 . 7 9 0 . 3 6 3 . 3 9 2 0 . 4 7 0 . 1 8 1 . 6 7 0 . 3 3 3 . 0 7 4 0 . 3 2 0 . 1 2 1 . 0 6 0 . 2 1 2 . 0 7 6 0 . 7 4 0 . 1 9 1 . 7 8 0 . 2 7 3 . 6 1 9 0 . 5 7 0 . 1 6 1 . 6 7 0 . 2 8 3 . 2 1 12 0 . 8 0 . 2 1 . 9 2 0 . 3 4 . 0 2 18 0 . 9 4 0 . 2 1 . 7 9 0 . 2 4 3 . 8 6 2 3 0 . 7 9 0 . 1 8 1 . 5 7 0 . 1 6 3 . 4 4 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 3 1 0 . 1 1 . 4 3 0 0 . 6 2 0 0 . 6 2 0 . 0 8 1 . 2 5 0 0 . 6 6 1 0 . 4 9 0 . 1 2 1 . 4 9 0 0 . 7 3 2 0 . 2 3 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 2 0 0 . 5 3 4 0 . 3 3 0 . 1 2 1 . 3 5 0 0 . 6 1 6 0 . 5 3 0 . 0 9 1 . 3 5 0 0 . 6 3 9 0 . 4 9 0 . 1 1 1 . 2 9 0 0 . 6 12 0 . 5 7 0 . 1 1 1 . 2 5 0 0 . 7 1 18 0 . 4 0 . 1 1 . 2 2 0 0 . 6 9 2 3 0 . 6 4 0 . 0 8 1 . 5 8 0 0 . 6 8 E f f 0 . 5 2 0 . 1 5 1 . 4 6 0 . 1 9 3 . 2 3 \ 227 S e p t e m b e r 1 2 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A L i q u i d S o l i d I n f l 0 . 6 9 0 6 . 0 4 I n f 2 0 . 6 8 0 6 . 7 I n f 3 0 . 4 7 0 4 . 4 9 - 1 . 5 0 . 2 9 0 5 . 9 5 0 0 . 4 1 0 5 . 1 7 1 0 . 5 2 0 6 . 8 1 2 0 . 4 4 0 6 . 1 6 4 0 . 2 9 0 4 . 0 6 6 0 . 4 9 0 7 . 0 8 9 0 . 4 0 6 . 2 9 12 0 . 4 5 0 7 . 6 9 1 8 0 . 3 5 0 7 . 3 8 2 3 0 . 2 4 0 6 . 3 8 - 1 . 5 0 . 2 0 2 . 6 5 0 0 . 2 3 0 2 . 8 4 1 0 . 2 5 0 3 . 0 8 2 0 . 1 8 0 2 . 0 6 4 0 . 2 0 2 . 6 6 0 . 2 1 0 2 . 8 1 9 0 . 1 8 0 2 . 6 8 1 2 0 . 2 2 0 2 . 8 5 1 8 0 . 1 8 0 2 . 5 9 2 3 0 . 1 7 0 3 . 1 6 E f f 0 . 4 6 0 6 . 0 1 9 1 0 . 0 7 6 . 8 2 6 . 0 9 5 . 4 1 7 . 0 6 6 . 3 4 4 . 1 4 7 . 2 2 6 . 3 9 7 . 8 3 7 . 5 1 6 . 5 3 . 3 4 . 1 7 4 . 4 5 3 . 2 1 3 . 6 6 . 7 7 . 3 2 . 5 5 . 2 4 . 8 4 6 . 2 228 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 L i q u i d S o l i d E f f P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c F A 2 . 9 2 9 . 2 2 2 . 6 3 0 . 2 9 1 5 . 0 7 2 . 9 3 8 . 9 2 . 6 5 0 . 2 3 1 4 . 7 1 2 . 8 8 9 . 1 1 2 . 6 0 . 2 8 1 4 . 8 6 - 1 . 5 0 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 . 1 1 0 0 . 3 5 1 . 0 1 0 . 1 5 0 1 . 5 1 0 . 2 3 0 . 8 9 0 . 1 3 0 1 . 2 5 2 0 . 2 1 0 . 8 7 0 . 1 2 0 1 . 2 1 4 0 . 2 2 0 . 7 7 0 . 1 3 0 1 . 1 1 6 0 . 2 1 0 . 7 3 0 . 1 4 0 1 . 0 8 9 0 . 2 1 0 . 6 3 0 . 1 3 0 0 . 9 7 1 2 0 . 1 9 0 . 4 1 0 . 0 9 0 0 . 6 9 1 8 0 . 1 4 0 . 2 2 0 0 0 . 3 6 2 3 0 . 1 3 0 . 2 0 0 0 . 3 3 - 1 . 5 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 5 0 0 . 1 3 0 . 6 8 0 0 . 9 5 1 . 8 8 0 . 5 3 0 . 1 4 3 . 5 1 1 . 2 2 2 . 5 6 0 . 6 7 0 . 1 7 4 . 6 3 2 1 . 2 6 2 . 5 2 0 . 6 6 0 . 2 4 . 6 4 4 1 . 1 8 2 . 3 4 0 . 6 7 0 . 2 4 . 3 9 6 1 . 1 4 1 . 9 8 0 . 5 9 0 . 2 3 . 9 2 9 1 . 0 7 1 . 6 5 0 . 5 3 0 . 2 7 3 . 5 2 12 0 . 8 5 1 . 2 1 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 5 2 . 5 9 1 8 0 . 7 1 0 . 7 7 0 . 2 8 0 . 2 1 . 9 7 2 3 0 . 6 7 0 . 5 3 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 3 1 . 6 7 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 0 0 . 3 229 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 1 . 5 8 0 . 6 4 . 0 3 2 . 8 4 6 . 5 I n f 2 1 . 6 0 . 6 1 4 . 0 6 2 . 8 7 6 . 6 I n f 3 1 . 5 7 0 . 6 3 . 9 5 2 . 8 8 6 . 4 3 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 8 7 0 . 3 4 2 . 8 6 0 . 4 5 7 . 2 5 0 1 . 1 2 0 . 4 2 3 . 3 3 1 . 1 1 6 . 6 8 1 1 . 1 2 0 . 4 1 3 . 4 3 1 . 0 9 6 . 5 9 2 1 . 0 8 0 . 4 3 . 2 9 1 . 2 2 6 . 4 2 4 1 . 1 1 0 . 4 2 3 . 4 2 1 . 0 8 6 . 7 6 1 . 0 2 0 . 3 6 3 . 2 1 1 . 0 1 6 . 2 9 9 1 . 1 2 0 . 4 3 3 . 5 1 0 . 9 8 7 . 0 4 1 2 1 . 0 2 0 . 3 7 3 . 1 8 0 . 5 2 6 . 8 4 1 8 1 . 0 4 0 . 3 9 3 . 2 1 0 . 3 3 7 . 2 6 2 3 1 . 0 7 0 . 4 3 . 4 2 0 . 7 6 7 . 1 4 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 5 1 . 3 8 0 0 . 9 2 0 0 . 2 8 0 . 1 1 0 . 9 9 0 0 . 8 1 0 . 4 2 0 . 1 4 1 . 6 0 . 2 1 . 1 1 2 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 6 1 . 5 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 9 7 4 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 7 1 . 4 8 0 1 . 2 1 6 0 . 4 0 . 1 5 1 . 4 2 0 1 . 1 8 9 0 . 4 0 . 1 5 1 . 4 0 0 . 9 2 1 2 0 . 4 2 0 . 1 5 1 . 4 8 0 0 . 9 4 1 8 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 5 1 . 5 0 1 . 0 4 2 3 0 . 4 4 0 . 1 7 1 . 5 5 0 0 . 9 4 E f f 0 . 6 5 0 . 2 6 2 . 1 1 0 . 2 7 5 . 5 230 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e I n f l I n f 2 I n f 3 A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A L i q u i d S o l i d E f f 3 . 9 9 0 . 6 1 2 0 . 1 6 3 5 . 2 3 4 . 0 8 0 . 6 1 2 0 . 4 4 3 5 . 1 5 3 . 8 9 0 . 5 9 1 9 . 9 1 3 4 . 7 8 - 1 . 5 0 . 8 9 0 1 2 . 6 6 1 2 . 7 7 0 1 . 8 1 0 1 4 . 4 8 1 5 . 9 8 1 1 . 6 5 0 1 4 . 2 9 1 5 . 5 4 2 1 . 7 3 0 1 4 . 1 5 1 5 . 3 6 4 1 . 6 1 0 1 4 . 3 5 1 5 . 4 6 6 1 . 5 9 0 1 3 . 4 8 1 4 . 5 6 9 1 . 5 9 0 1 4 . 6 7 1 5 . 6 4 12 0 . 9 8 0 1 2 . 9 1 1 3 . 6 1 1 8 0 . 5 9 0 1 2 . 8 1 1 3 . 1 6 2 3 1 . 2 4 0 1 4 . 0 2 1 4 . 3 5 - 1 . 5 0 . 2 2 0 3 . 0 4 3 . 7 2 0 0 . 2 0 2 . 3 9 5 . 8 9 1 0 . 4 0 3 . 8 7 8 . 5 2 0 . 4 4 0 3 . 7 8 . 3 5 4 0 . 4 3 0 3 . 6 9 8 . 0 8 6 0 . 3 9 0 3 . 5 5 7 . 4 7 9 0 . 3 4 0 3 . 2 2 6 . 7 4 1 2 0 . 2 4 0 3 . 2 4 5 . 8 2 1 8 0 . 3 2 0 3 . 4 1 5 . 3 8 2 3 0 . 2 8 0 3 . 3 7 5 . 0 4 0 . 5 6 0 9 . 3 2 9 . 6 1 231 S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 1 9 9 4 FA 4 7 . 0 6 5 0 . 3 2 5 4 . 8 3 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 1 0 . 0 9 0 0 0 . 1 8 0 . 7 6 0 . 7 1 0 . 6 6 0 . 6 1 0 . 6 2 0 . 4 6 0 . 4 5 0 . 2 5 0 . 1 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 4 9 0 . 1 7 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 7 2 3 . 0 8 3 . 1 1 2 . 8 3 2 . 4 6 1 . 8 9 2 . 1 1 1 . 4 7 0 . 9 1 0 . 7 4 0 . 4 8 T i m e P a l m i t i c L i n o l e i c O l e i c S t e a r i c I n f l 1 0 . 0 5 2 5 . 9 9 9 . 8 4 1 . 1 7 I n f 2 1 0 . 7 7 2 7 . 7 6 1 0 . 5 5 1 . 2 5 I n f 3 1 1 . 7 5 3 0 . 2 8 1 1 . 4 9 1 . 3 — 1 0 9 0 0 . 2 3 0 . 4 4 0 . 0 9 0 1 0 . 1 9 0 . 4 3 0 . 0 9 0 2 0 . 1 9 0 . 4 0 . 0 8 0 4 0 . 1 7 0 . 3 6 0 . 0 8 0 6 0 . 1 7 0 . 3 7 0 . 0 9 0 9 0 . 1 6 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 6 0 12 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 7 0 18 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 1 0 0 2 3 0 . 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 1 . 0 5 1 . 3 3 0 . 4 7 0 . 2 3 1 1 . 0 4 1 . 4 4 0 . 4 8 0 . 1 4 2 1 . 0 5 1 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 1 8 4 0 . 8 8 1 . 04 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 6 6 0 . 8 3 0 . 7 5 0 . 3 0 9 0 . 7 4 0 . 8 5 0 . 5 2 0 12 0 . 7 2 0 . 4 3 0 . 2 0 . 1 1 1 8 0 . 5 9 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 2 0 2 3 0 . 5 3 0 . 1 4 0 . 0 7 0 E f f 0 . 3 5 0 . 1 4 0 0 232 S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 1 9 9 4 T i m e P i m a r i c S a n d a r a I s o p i m a r i P a l u s + L e v D H A I n f l 4 . 3 4 1 . 7 4 1 1 . 4 5 7 . 3 9 1 4 . 0 4 I n f 2 4 . 7 6 2 . 3 7 1 2 . 1 7 7 . 9 4 1 4 . 4 5 I n f 3 4 . 8 3 2 . 3 3 1 2 . 5 7 . 9 9 1 4 . 5 9 L i q u i d - 1 . 5 0 . 9 4 0 . 3 6 3 . 4 8 0 . 5 1 6 . 2 1 0 1 . 0 2 0 . 3 6 3 . 4 9 0 . 8 8 5 . 6 7 1 1 . 0 2 0 . 3 7 3 . 5 4 0 . 8 5 . 8 1 2 1 . 0 1 0 . 3 5 3 . 5 1 0 . 8 4 5 . 8 4 1 . 0 1 0 . 3 7 3 . 5 6 0 . 8 1 5 . 7 9 6 1 . 0 1 0 . 3 7 3 . 5 7 0 . 7 3 5 . 8 7 9 1 . 0 2 0 . 3 6 3 . 6 4 0 . 6 4 6 . 0 9 1 2 1 . 0 4 0 . 3 8 3 . 7 4 0 . 5 8 6 . 3 2 1 8 0 . 9 2 0 . 3 4 3 . 3 2 0 . 5 6 5 . 5 6 2 3 0 . 9 6 0 . 3 5 3 . 4 7 0 . 2 6 6 . 3 1 S o l i d - 1 . 5 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 4 1 . 5 4 0 0 . 8 1 0 0 . 4 5 0 . 1 7 1 . 8 5 0 . 1 8 0 . 9 8 1 0 . 4 1 0 . 1 7 1 . 6 0 . 1 7 0 . 9 2 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 3 1 . 5 9 0 0 . 8 1 4 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 4 1 . 6 3 0 . 1 6 1 . 0 1 6 0 . 3 9 0 . 1 4 1 . 5 3 0 0 . 8 7 9 0 . 3 6 0 . 1 4 1 . 4 3 0 0 . 8 1 12 0 . 3 7 0 . 1 3 1 . 4 8 0 0 . 7 7 1 8 0 . 4 0 . 1 4 1 . 6 1 0 0 . 9 6 2 3 0 . 4 0 . 1 3 1 . 6 5 0 0 . 8 4 E f f 0 . 8 5 0 . 3 2 . 9 7 0 . 3 8 6 . 1 2 233 S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 1 9 9 4 L i q u i d S o l i d T i m e A b i e t i c N e o a b i e t i R A R F A I n f l 1 1 . 1 5 2 . 3 7 5 2 . 4 9 9 9 . 5 4 I n f 2 1 1 . 4 5 2 . 3 7 5 5 . 5 1 0 5 . 8 2 I n f 3 1 2 . 4 4 2 . 6 9 5 7 . 3 7 1 1 2 . 1 9 1 . 5 0 . 8 3 0 1 2 . 3 2 1 2 . 5 1 0 1 . 3 2 0 1 2 . 7 4 1 3 . 5 1 1 . 2 4 0 1 2 . 7 8 1 3 . 4 9 2 1 . 2 8 0 1 2 . 7 8 1 3 . 4 5 4 1 . 2 3 0 1 2 . 7 7 1 3 . 3 9 6 1 . 1 9 0 1 2 . 7 4 1 3 . 3 6 9 0 . 9 9 0 1 2 . 7 4 1 3 . 2 12 0 . 8 8 0 1 2 . 9 5 1 3 . 4 1 8 1 . 3 4 0 1 2 . 0 4 1 2 . 2 9 2 3 0 . 4 2 0 1 1 . 7 6 1 1 . 8 6 1 . 5 0 . 2 3 0 2 . 0 9 3 . 8 0 0 . 4 5 0 4 . 0 8 7 . 1 6 1 0 . 4 0 3 . 6 5 6 . 7 6 2 0 . 4 1 0 3 . 3 2 6 . 1 5 4 0 . 4 0 3 . 7 4 6 . 1 9 6 0 . 2 9 0 3 . 2 2 5 . 1 9 0 . 2 5 0 2 . 9 8 5 . 0 9 1 2 0 . 2 8 0 3 . 0 4 4 . 5 1 1 8 0 . 2 6 0 3 . 3 7 4 . 2 9 2 3 0 . 2 4 0 3 . 2 5 3 . 9 9 E f f 0 . 7 4 0 1 1 . 3 6 1 1 . 8 4 234