STRATEGIES TOWARDS CARBON-CARBON BOND FORMATION VIA TANDEM HYDROTHIOLATION/KUMADA CROSS-COUPLING by Anthony Sabarre B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Chemistry) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2008 © Anthony Sabarre, 2008 Abstract Using recently developed methodology from our group, a variety of aryl and aliphatic terminal alkynes were reacted with n-propanethiol to undergo catalytic alkyne hydrothiolation in the presence Tp*Rh(PPh3)2. The alkynes examined afforded the branched isomer with high regioselectivity and moderate-to-high yield. Unsubstituted aryl alkynes, or those containing an electron-donating substituent at the para position, gave the branched vinyl sulfide in good isolated yield. In contrast, vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes containing an electron-withdrawing substituent at the para position showed a decrease in reactivity and yield. The aliphatic alkynes that were investigated gave the desired branched vinyl sulfide in good yield. The isolated vinyl sulfides were then subjected to Kumada cross-coupling in the presence of NiC12(PPh3)with various aryl and aliphatic Grignard reagents, affording the corresponding 1,1 -disubstituted olefins. While benzyl-, phenyl- and trimethylsilylmagnesium halides were shown to be suitable cross-coupling partners, phenylethynyl-, vinyl- and n-butylmagnesium halides were not. Once the viability for the Kumada cross-coupling of vinyl sulfides was established, a one-pot protocol was investigated. It was shown that the one-pot procedure afforded the desired 1,1 -disubstituted olefin from readily available terminal alkynes in similar, and in some cases superior, yields than the two-step process. 11 Table of Contents Abstract .ii table of Contents iii List of Tables v [4ist of Figures vi List of Schen.ies vii List of Charts viii List of Symbols and Abbreviations ix Aco1edgements xi Chapter 1 — Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Hydrothiolation 4 1.2.1 Transition-Metal Catalyzed Alkyne Hydrothiolation 4 1.2.1-1 Formation of the Branched Hydrothiolation Product 5 1.2.1-2 Branched Product Isomerization 8 1.3 Metal-Catalyzed Cross-coupling of C-S Bonds for C-C Bond Formation 9 1.3.1 Kumada Cross-Coupling of C-S Bonds 12 1.3.1-1 Cross-Coupling of Sulfides with Grignard Reagents 12 1.3.1-2 Cross-Coupling of Sulfones and Sulfonates with Grignard Reagents... 18 1.3.1-3 Cross-Coupling of Sulfonyl Chlorides with Grignard Reagents 21 1.3.2 Negishi Cross-Coupling Involving C-S Bond Cleavage 23 1.3.3 Stille Cross-Coupling Involving C-S Bond Cleavage 25 1.4 Conclusions 27 Chapter 2 — Catalytic Alkyne Hydrothiolation using Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Results and Discussion 32 2.2.1 Procedure and Optimization of Hydrothiolation Reactions 32 111 2.2.2 Substrate Scope of Hydrothiolation with n-Propanethiol 33 2.3 Conclusions 37 2.4 Experimental Procedures 38 2.4.1 General Methods 38 2.4.2 Reagents and Solvents 38 2.4.3 Physical and Spectroscopic Measurements 38 Chapter 3 — Kumada Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Sulfides 46 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Results and Discussion 47 3.2.1 Procedure and Optimization of Cross-Coupling Reactions 47 3.2.2 Substrate Scope of Kumada Cross-Coupling Reactions 48 3.2.3 One-Pot Hydrothiolation and Kumada Cross-Coupling Reactions 54 3.3 Conclusions 55 3.4 Experimental Procedures 56 3.4.1 General Methods 56 3.4.2 Reagents and Solvents 56 3.4.3 Physical and Spectroscopic Measurements 57 Chapter 4— Summary, Conclusions and Future Work 70 4.1 Summary 70 4.2 Future Work 71 73 Appendices 80 Appendix I: ‘H and ‘3C NMR Spectra for Hydrothiolation Products 80 Appendix II: ‘H and ‘3C NMR Spectra for Kumada Cross-Coupling Products 87 iv List of Tables Table 1.1. N1C12(PPh3)-catalyzed cross-coupling of 1 ,2-disubstituted vinyl sulfides 13 Table 1.2.NiC1(PPh3)-catalyzed cross-coupling of sulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones 14 Table 1.3. Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of 6-alkyl and 6-aryl purine derivatives 16 Table 1.4. Fe(acac)-cat lyzed cross-coupling of phenyl vinyl sulfide 17 Table 1.5. Ni(acac)2-cat lyzed cross-coupling of vinyl t-butyl sulfones 19 Table 2.1. Substrate scope alkyne hydrothiolation of n-propanethiol 35 Table 3.1. Summary ofNiC12(PPh3)-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryi vinyl sulfides .... 50 Table 3.2. Summary ofNiC1(PPh-catalyzed cross-coupling of aliphatic vinyl sulfides 51 Table 3.3. Summary of Results for One-Pot Protocol 55 V List of Figures Figure 1.1. Natural products containing 1,1 -disubstituted olefins .2 Figure 1.2. Tp*Rh(PPh3)complex 8 Figure 1.3. Heterobenzylic sulfonium salts 26 Figure 2.1. Rhodium pyrazolylborate complexes 31 vi List of Schemes Scheme 1.1. Proposed strategy for 1,1 -disubstituted olefin synthesis 4 Scheme 1.2. Proposed catalytic cycle for Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed hydrothiolation 6 Scheme 1.3. Addition of thiophenol to conjugated enynes 7 Scheme 1.4. Proposed catalytic cycle ofPdC12(Ph N)-catalyzed hydrothiolation 9 Scheme 1.5. Catalytic cycle for Kumada-catalyzed cross-coupling 10 Scheme 1.6. Formation of ,B-chalcogeno alkenylboranes 11 Scheme 1.7. Proposed catalytic cycle of Fe-catalyzed cross-coupling of sulfonyl chlorides 22 Scheme 2.1. Possible products of alkyne hydrothiolation 29 Scheme 2.2. Proposed catalytic cycle for Tp*Rh(PPh3)2catalyzed hydrothiolation 30 vii List of Charts Chart 2.1. Alkyne substrates for hydrothiolation 34 Chart 3.1. Vinyl sulfide substrates for Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling 48 Chart 3.2. Grignard reagents for Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling 49 viii List of Symbols and Abbreviations A angstroms (1W’o meters) mu, micro Ac acetate acac acetylacetonate a alpha Bn benzyl /1 beta dppe 1 ,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane dppp 1,3 -bis(diphenylphosphino)propane br broad Bu butyl calcd calculated cat. catalyst CNS central nervous system J coupling constant o degrees °C degrees Celcius D deuterium dba dibenzylideneacetone DCE 1 ,2-dichloroethane DCM dichloromethane DMAC dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate dppf diphenylphosphinoferrocene d doublet dd doublet of doublets El electron impact E entgegen eq equation equiv. equivalent Et ethyl gamma g gram Hz hertz HMTA 1 ,3-hexamethylenetetramine HRMS high resolution mass spectroscopy h hour Tp* hydrotris(3 ,5 -dimethylpyrazolylborate) L litre ix MHz mega hertz Me methyl mg milligram mL millilitre mmol millimol mm minute M molar (mol L’) m multiplet NMP N-methylpyrrolidone n normal NMR nuclear magnetic resonance ppm parts per million Ph phenyl pip piperidine q quartet quin quintet ft room temperature sxt sextet s singlet t tertiary t-Bu tertiary butyl THF tetrahydrofuran TMEDA tetramethylethylenediamine tol toluene TFP tri(2-furyl)phosphmne TMS trimethylsilyl t triplet td triplet of doublets PPh3 triphenyiphosphine Z zusammen x Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my supervisor Dr. Jennifer Love for all her support and encouragement in the past three years. Her kindness, patience, and advice in times of personal and research related struggles, has been a huge contribution to my success as a graduate student. I would also like to thank my fellow group members in the Love Lab; Paul Bichier, Heather Buckley, Alex Dauth, Lauren Fraser, Shiva Shoai, Alex Sun, Sara van Rooy, Tongen Wang and Jun Yang for all their help and support throughout these past few years. Thanks to my friends and family for being there for me in time of need and for helping me stay on track. I want to give a special thanks to my parents, Zacarias and Alicia Sabarre, for all their love and support in every respect. Without such wonderful parents I would not be the person I am today. Thanks to my brother and sister-in-law, Andrew and Cheryl Sabarre for their advice and guidance throughout my educational career, as well as every other aspect of my life. Thank you to Jessica Ubial for your love, encouragement and support. “The LORD is my rock, myfortress and my deliverer; my God is my rock, in whom I take refuge. He is my shield and the horn ofmy salvation, my stronghold.” xi Chapter 1 — Introduction 1.1 Background Substituted olefins are present in many biologically active molecules and synthetic intermediates.13 Consequently, strategies for their synthesis and functionalization has been an area of continued interest and development. In particular, the 1,1 -disubstituted double bond motif is present in several natural products such as dysidiolide4 (antitumor agent), kainic acid5 (CNS stimulant), laulimalide6 (microtubule stabilizer) and pinnatoxin A7 (potent neurotoxin) (Figure 1.1). Methods for the construction of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins have been developed to a much lesser degree than those for 1 ,2-disubstituted olefins. Even so, a number of methods have emerged, but all have significant limitations. 1 HO COOH c)COOH Laulimalide (-)-a-Kainic acid Figure 1.1. Natural products containing 1,1-disubstituted olefins Transition-metal catalysis is widely used in organic synthesis, and can be used in the synthesis of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins. One example is the cross-coupling of an aryl halide with an organometallic reagent, which can be obtained from the corresponding vinyl halide.8 The disadvantage of starting with vinyl halides lies in the often harsh conditions needed in their synthesis. These conditions typically require the use of a strong Lewis or Bronsted-Lowry acid, such as BBr3 or HBr, and therefore, present functional group incompatibility. An alternative to the use of vinyl halides in cross- coupling is the use of vinyl triflates; however, their synthesis also presents some functional group incompatibility.8’9 Another widely used transition-metal catalyzed reaction in the formation of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins is the cationic Heck reaction.10 This typically involves the reaction of an aryl halide with a mono-substituted olefin. One Pinnatoxin A Dysidiolide 2 disadvantage to this reaction is that it is mainly limited to the use of aryl halides, activated alkyl halides or alkyl halides lacking ,6-hydrogens.” It can be seen that by exploring different potential cross-coupling partners, milder methods for the synthesis of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins can be realized. One of the uses of vinyl sulfides is their ability to act as substrates in metal- catalyzed reactions, allowing for the stereospecific functionalization of olefins. Sulfur- containing substrates have had use as electrophilic cross-coupling partners in reactions with organotin reagents (Stille-type), arene and heteroarene boronic acids (Suzuki Miyaura type), organozinc chloride (Negishi-type), and Grignard reagents (Kumada-type) in the presence of nickel or palladium to give the corresponding unsaturated or saturated carbon-carbon bond (eq l.l).12 R_X + R1M cataIyst. R_R + MX (1.1) M = B : Suzuki-Miyaura M = Sn : Stille M = Zn : Negishi M = Mg Kumada We proposed that transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling involving vinyl sulfides could be a useful route for the synthesis of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins (Scheme 1.1). Furthermore, we anticipated that a one-pot procedure for 1,1-disubstituted olefin synthesis may be possible by combining the vinyl sulfide synthesis and cross-coupling reactions. While recent progress has been made in the area of catalytic C-S bond formation, a general and dependable synthetic method for the formation of 1,1 - disubstituted vinyl sulfides from alkynes has been comparatively evasive. The use of 3 carbon-sulfur bonds in cross-coupling reactions can be an effective route to the synthesis of 1,1 -disubstituted olefms; however, this method requires that the corresponding 1,1 - disubstituted vinyl sulfide starting material be available. Consequently, a versatile procedure for the formation of branched vinyl sulfides from alkynes is needed. As our proposed strategy involves the formation of 1,1-disubstituted olefins from terminal alkynes, the metal-catalyzed formation of branched vinyl sulfides will first be outlined. This will be followed by a review of the use of C-S bond cleavage in cross-coupling chemistry. R—SH SRcat. I cat. + __ R1 R1R1 Scheme 1.1. Proposed strategy for 1,1 -disubstituted olefin synthesis 1.2 Hydrothiolation 1.2.1 Transition-Metal Catalyzed Alkyne Hydrothiolation Due to the widespread belief that thiols and sulfides act as catalyst “poisons,” their reactivity in metal-catalyzed reactions have been studied to a much lesser extent than other heteroatom-containing nucleophiles, such as amines, alcohols and phosphines. Nonetheless, metal-catalyzed hydrothiolation of both aryl and alkyithiols as substrates has been successful. The formation of carbon-sulfur bonds has been achieved through several ways, which include radical,’3 nucleophilic’4 and catalyzed 4 alkyne hydrothiolation. The products of these reactions can then be used as building blocks in total synthesis and are precursors to more complex molecular structures.16 In 1976, Newton and co-workers showed thatMo02[SC(l-pip)j can catalyze the addition of thiophenol to dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAC), affording the addition product as a mixture of E and Z-isomers (19:1) in 25 % yield.l5a Since then, several other metal catalysts have been found to successfully add an S-H bond across terminal and internal alkynes. There are three possible products resulting from the addition of the S-H bond across a terminal alkyne: the branched product (A), and the linear isomers (E and Z, B and C respectively) (eq 1.2). The formation of the branched isomer will be covered in the following section as it is directly related to this thesis. R — + R’SH cataIyst + RSR + (1.2) 1.2.1-1 Formation of the Branched Hydrothiolation Product In 1992, Ogawa and co-workers showed that various palladium, platinum, nickel and rhodium complexes could catalyze the reaction of thiophenol and 1 -octyne to afford the corresponding vinyl su1fides.’5’ From the metal complexes that were examined, they found that Pd(OAc)2 gave the branched product (A) with high regioselectivity for a variety of terminal alkynes with aryl thiols. The alkynes used included hydroxyl, trimethylsilyl aryl alkynes, as well as amino substituted aliphatic alkynes. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of this reaction, the stoichiometric reaction 5 of Pd(OAc)2and thiophenol was carried out. From the reaction between Pd(OAc)2 and thiophenol, it was observed that a palladium sulfide species ([Pd(SPh21)and AcOH was produced. Furthermore, this palladium-sulfide species was capable of catalyzing the hydrothiolation of alkynes with thiophenol. Based on these observations, a catalytic pathway for Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed hydrothiolation was proposed (Scheme l.2).’’ Pd(OAc)2 2PhSH Pd(SPh)2L 2AcOH SPh R PhSH Rpd(sph)L SPh Scheme 1.2. Proposed catalytic cycle for Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed hydrothiolation In 1994, Bäckvall and co-workers showed that thiophenol can add to terminal enynes in the presence of Pd(OAc)2to afford the corresponding 2-Qhenylthio)-1,3-dienes (Scheme 13)15b The resulting vinyl sulfides, depending on the oxidizing agent and reaction conditions, were then selectively converted to sulfoxides and/or sulfones. For 6 the thiophenol addition to conjugated enynes, the optimal conditions [enyne (1.00 mmol), PhSH (1.00 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.02 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) at 50 °C] gave 41—75 % yield of the branched product across the alkyne, leaving the alkene untouched. SOPh cat. Pd(OAc)2 SPh PhSH [O] SO2Ph R Scheme 1.3.151) Addition of thiophenol to conjugated enynes In 2005, our group showed that Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 [Tp* = hydrotris(3,5- dimethylpyrazolylborate)] (Figure 1.2) can regioselectively catalyze alkyne hydrothiolation to give the branched addition product.15m Although alkyl thiols have been reportedly ineffective in metal-catalyzed alkyne hydrothioiation,l we rationalized that a highly active metal catalyst would permit the use of alkyl thiols. The ability of Tp*Rh(PPh3)2to activate C-H,’7 Sn-H, Si-H’8 and SHh8 bonds prompted us to select this complex for the initial study. The exploratory reaction of phenylacetylene and benzylthiol in the presence of Tp*Rh(PPh3)2gave exclusively the branched isomer in 90% isolated yield after just 20 mm. A variety of aliphatic thiols were then reacted with both aryl and aliphatic alkynes, affording the desired branched vinyl sulfides in excellent regioselectivities and good-to-excellent yields (eq 1.3). For the different substrate pairs that were explored, it was found that while the reaction involving aryl thiols with aryl alkynes gave excellent isolated yields (83-90%), a diminished branched:linear product ratio was observed (6:1 to 1.4:1). 7 Figure 1.2. Tp*Rh(PPh3)catalyst RSH + R1 — R2 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 R1 (1.3) DCE:PhCH3(1 1) R: alkyl R1: alkyl, aryl 63 - 93 % R2: H, alkyl, aryl 1.2.1-2 Branched Product Isomerization In 1999, Ogawal5and co-workers reported the use of PdC12(Ph N) as catalyst in the formation of internal vinyl alkynes. This occurred via initial formation of the branched hydrothiolation product of terminal aliphatic alkynes, followed by sequential double-bond isomerization. In order to gain some understanding about the mechanism of this reaction, Ogawa and co-workers carried out the stoichiometric reaction of PdC12(Ph N) with 2 equiv of PhSH to afford palladium complex, [PdCI(SPh)(PhSH)] (where n = 1 or 2). The palladium complex was found to catalyze the reaction of thiophenol and 1 -octyne to afford the corresponding addition/isomerisation product. Furthermore, if the branched product was treated with a catalytic amount of the palladium complex, the double-bond isomerization product could be afforded in almost quantitative yield. From these results, a catalytic cycle for the hydrothiolationlisomerization with PdC12(Ph N) was proposed (Scheme 1.4). 8 PdCI2(Ph N) PhSH R(CH3 HCI PhS R\____ Pd(SPh)CI L — R(Pd(SPh)L R’”PdCIL PhS + HCI SPh bPhSH RrPd(SPh)Ln.Cr ‘PhS Pd(SPh)CIL Scheme 145g Proposed catalytic cycle ofPdC12(Ph N)-catalyzed hydrothiolation 1.3 Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of C-S Bonds for C-C Bond Formation Transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for carbon-carbon bond formation began with Kumada’9 and Corriu2° and their co-workers in 1972. Independently of one another, these two groups found that Grignard reagents can be coupled with vinyl or aryl halides in a stereospecific manner in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Shortly after this initial discovery, Murahashi21 et al. introduced the use of palladium instead of nickel in the cross-coupling reaction. The catalytic cycle for Kumada cross-coupling (Scheme 1.5) involves the reduction of the Ni(II) precatalyst by the Grignard reagent. The resulting Ni(O) species then oxidatively adds to the 9 organohalide, affording a halo(organo)nickel complex. Transmetallation then takes place to afford a diorganonickel complex which undergoes reductive elimination, affording the desired cross-coupling product and regenerating the active catalyst.53 A radical process for the cross-coupling is also a possible pathway. Although the coupling of an organometallic reagent with organohalides had been recognized as one of the most valuable methods for carbon-carbon bond formation, the attention had been mostly limited to organohalides. It was not until 1979 that organosulfur compounds were used as electrophilic partners in nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. LNiCI2 R1MgX LNi° ArNiR1L2 ArNi”XL..2 MgX2 R1MgX Scheme Catalytic cycle for Kumada-catalyzed cross-coupling Takei22 and Wenkert’6’1and their coworkers found that 1,2-disubstituted vinyl sulfides could be reacted with various Grignard reagents in the presence of a nickel catalyst to afford the corresponding 1 ,2-disubstituted olefins. Wenkert also found that the 10 carbon-sulfur bond of sulfoxides and sulfones are capable of being replaced by carbon- carbon bonds using this type of chemistry.16” Since this initial discovery, a variety of sulfur containing substrates have been used as coupling partners in the formation of more highly functionalized molecules. One example is the synthesis of tn23- and tetrasubstituted24 olefins. In 2001, Hevesi and coworkers reported the rearrangement of 1 -alkynyltrialkyl borates, triggered by chalcogen (5, Se, Te) electrophiles in high stereoselectivity (Scheme 1.6). These ,6- chalcogeno vinylboranes then undergo sequential protodeborylation followed by Kumada cross-coupling to afford the corresponding trisubstituted vinyl sulfides, -selenides or — tellurides.24 Later, the same group showed that carbodeborylation of the /3- chalcogenovinyl borane is possible to afford the corresponding tetrasubstituted vinyl sulfide. These tetrasubstituted vinyl sulfides were then subjected to nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling to afford a variety of tetrasubstituted olefins.24a The use of the carbon- sulfur bond in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling will be discussed in the following section. ___ 1) n-BuLl, THF -20°C, lhr Li e R3YX R1 R2R1 — H R1 — B(R2)3 2) B(R23,r.t., 1 hr -78°C to r.t. R3Y B(R2) Y = S, Se, Te X = CI, Br, I Scheme 1.6. Formation of/3-chalcogeno alkenylboranes 11 1.3.1 Kumada Cross-Coupling of C-S Bonds 1.3.1-1 Cross-Coupling of Sulfides with Grignard Reagents Takei and co-workers22 reported the reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide with phenyl styryl sulfide in the presence of NiC12(PPh3)affording stilbene as the cross- coupling product, and biphenyl (homo-coupled product) (eq 1.4). Using phenyl styryl sulfide and PbMgBr as a model reaction in order to optimize the cross-coupling conditions, they found that 3 mol% catalyst loading afforded the desired substituted olefin in the highest yields. Increasing the catalyst loading did not improve the yield of the reaction, but instead led to larger amounts of the by-product resulting from the homo coupling of the Grignard reagent. NiCl2(PPh3)was also reportedly necessary for the reaction to take place, and that organolithium reagents were not suitable partners in the cross-coupling reaction. The optimized conditions were determined to involve 2.1 equiv. of Grignard reagent in the presence of 3 mol% NiC12(PPh3)and refluxing for 6-20 hours in THF or Et20. A variety of vinyl sulfides were successfully reacted with aryl and alkylmagnesium bromides in moderate to high yield under these reaction conditions (Table 1.1). PhMgBrITHF reflux (1.4) K SR 3 mol% NCI2(PPh3) s, R=Ph,Et 96-97% 12 Table 1 .1. 16dNiC12(PPh3)-catalyzed cross-coupling of 1 ,2-disubstituted vinyl sulfides RSR + PhMgBr moi%NICI2(PPh3) Rph reflux, 6-20 h Sulfide Grignard Product Yield (%) SPh PhMgBr ‘Ph 60 PhSCH3 PhMgBr Phh 85 Ph PhMgBr Ph 97 SPh Ph PhMgBr 81 SPh Ph The use of 2.0 equiv. of Grignard reagent was required when vinyl arylsulfides were used as coupling partners, while vinyl alkylsulfides required only 1.0 equiv. Dialkyl thioethers were not suitable substrates for this reaction. In general, the use of an excess amount of Grignard reagent produced the cross-coupled products in higher yields. The reaction was found to be highly stereospecific and only proceeded when vinyl or aryl sulfide substrates were coupled with Grignard reagents. Although their initial studies showed that the cleavage of the C,3-S bond of an alkyl sulfide did not occur, Takei and co-workers later reported the use of allylic sulfides as suitable cross-coupling partners with Grignard reagents in the presence of either NiC12(PPh3)or NiC12(dppp).5 Both nickel complexes were successful in catalyzing the coupling reaction; however, NiC12(dppp) was less reactive than NiC12(PPh3)when sterically hindered allylic sulfides were used. The reaction conditions for allylic sulfides with Grignard reagents were carried out in the presence of 3 mol% NiC12(PPh3)and 1.5- 2.4 equiv. of Grignard reagent, refluxing in Et20 for 8-10 hours. In general, the cross- 13 coupling of allylic sulfides was faster than for vinyl or aryl sulfides when a 1:1 ratio of Grignard to sulfide was used. In 1979, Wenkert and co-workers’6’showed that methylmagnesium and aryl magnesium bromides could be successfully cross-coupled with vinyl and aryl thiols, sulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones in the presence ofNiC12(PPh3)(Table 1.2). The cross- coupling reactions of the sulfides were carried out in refluxing benzene for 1-30 hours with 2-5 equiv. of Grignard reagent and 10 mol% ofNiC12(PPh3). Table 1.2.161NiC1(PPh3)-catalyzed cross coupling of sulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones. _SR1 + R2—M Br mol% NICI2(PPh3) CH R Sulfide Grignard Product Yield % C6H13..SCH R13 C6H13...R RCH3 64 R=p-CH6H4 50 -SCH3 R=CH3 97 iLJ R=p-CH6H4 iji 74 9 R = CH3 R [jJ [jj R = p-CH64 57 S RCH3 R 70I Rp-CH6H4 I 53 R=CH3 97 R=p-CH6H4 iLJ 45 14 The results also showed that the sulfur displacement process was faster for vinyl sulfides than for aryl sulfides, while alkyl sulfides could not undergo cross-coupling at all. In agreement with what was found by Takei and co-workers, Wenkert found that the nickel complex was necessary in order for the reaction to take place. Furthermore, although NiC12(PPh3)gave high yields in various different reactions involving methyl and aryl Grignard reagents, no reaction took place when EtMgBr was used as cross- coupling partner. In this case, NiC12(dppp) was shown to have better reactivity, presumably due to the ability of the bidentate ligand to better facilitate the reductive elimination step, leading to the cross-coupled product.26 Wenkert and Takei both showed that alkyl and aryl magnesium halides could be used in nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with aryl, vinyl and allylic sulfides with retention of configuration. Since these first reports by Wenkert and Takei, the use of low-valent nickel in the cross-coupling of sulfides with Grignard reagents has been extended to a variety of different sulfur containing substrates. In 1985, Takei and co-workers extended this strategy for the synthesis of substituted 6-alkyl and 6-aryl purine derivatives.27 Starting from 6-(methylthio)purine 1 and various alkyl and aryl Grignard reagents, the cross-coupled product could be obtained in good yields in the presence ofNiC12(dppp) (Table 1.3). 15 Table 1.3.27 Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of 6-alkyl and 6-aryl purine derivatives. SCH3 R + NiC(dppp) N”LN Grignard Yield % Grignard Yield % MgX 68 n-C4H9MgX 74 nC5H11MgX 62 MgX [jJ 72 n-C6H13MgX 62 n-C7H15MgX 67 J_.MgX 71 n-C8H17MgX 68 In 2005, Itami and co-workers28 reported an iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of vinyl sulfides with various Grignard reagents. It was found that the cross- coupling between styryl 2-pyrimidyl sulfide (2) and PhMgBr could be catalyzed by Fe(acac)3 at room temperature to afford trans-stilbene (45%) (eq 1.5). To determine whether or not the 2-pyrimidal group was necessary for the cross-coupling to take place, phenyl vinyl sulfide was reacted with various Grignard reagents in the presence of Fe(acac)3(Table 1.4). N Ph8 + PhMgBr m%Fe(acac)3 PhPh (1.5) 2 (45%) 16 Table 1.4.28 Fe(acac)3-cat lyzed cross-coupling of phenyl vinyl sulfide 5 mol% Fe(acac)3 + RMgBr THE entry Grignard Product Yield (%) I H3CQ—(-—MgBr H3CO—€J--1 2 -_MgBr 40 H3CO H3CO 3 (J—MgBr II OCH3 OCH3 4 H3C_—€J----—_—MgBr - 0 5 N’4MgBr 65 When p-MeOC6FL1MgBr was used in the cross-coupling reaction, the desired substituted olefin, resulting from the vinyl-S bond cleavage, was obtained in 74 % yield. The product obtained from the cross-coupling at the aryl-S bond was produced in only 2 % yield. These results have shown that the reactivity at the vinyl-S position far exceeds that of the aryl-S position. This observation was supported by the reaction of diphenyl sulfide withp-MeOC6H4MgBr, affording the cross-coupled product in less than 2 % yield (eq 1 .6).28 Other iron complexes were also investigated for the cross-coupling, and while FeC13, FeC12 and Fe(OAc)2 were all capable of catalyzing the reaction of phenyl vinyl sulfide andp-MeOC6H4MgBr, Fe(acac)3gave the highest yields. 17 +MgBr 5 mol% Fe(acac)3 (1.6) H3CO 1.3.1-2 Cross-Coupling of Sulfones and Sulfonates with Grignard Reagents In 1982, Julia and co-workers reported the cross-coupling of vinyl t-butyl sulfones29 with Grignard reagents in the presence of Ni(acac)2or Fe(acac)3 catalysts (eq 1.7). While both Ni(acac)2 and Fe(acac)3were successful in the cross-coupling involving a variety of vinyl sulfones with PhMgBr, only Ni(acac)2was shown to be reactive when methyl Grignard was used as a coupling partner (Table 1.5). Julia and co-workers later reported the use of aryl t-butyl sulfones as suitable coupling substrates under similar conditions.30’ Arylmagnesium halides afforded the desired cross-coupling product for both vinyl and aryl t-butyl sulfones while isopropylmagnesium chloride afforded the reduced product in high yield. I mol% Ni(acac)2 ort-BuSO2 CH3 Ph CH3/ ,mo eacac,3 / + PhMgBr (1.7) H CH3 H CH3 Ni: 68 % Fe: 60 % (<2 %) 18 Table 1.5. Ni(acac)2-cat lyzed cross-coupling of vinyl t-butyl sulfones t-BuSO2 R2 H C R2 ,—K Ni(acac)2— + CH3MgX — R R1 R R1 R R1 R2 X Yield (%) CH3 H CI 71 CH3 H Br 80 CH3 H I 80 n-C6H13 H CH3 Cl 55 n-C6H13 H CH3 Br 68 n-C6H13 H CH3 I 51 In 2003, Park and co-workers showed that the cross-coupling of alkyl arenesulfonates with aryl Grignard reagents in the presence ofNiC12(dppf) is an excellent method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls.32 Although NiC12(dppf) was not capable of catalyzing the reaction when alkylmagnesium halides were used as coupling partners, the reaction took place in high yields when NiC12(dppe) was used instead.33 A wide variety of alkyl and aryl arenesulfonates were synthesized and used in the reaction; however, for the purposes of developing a reactivity profile, sulfonates 1 and 2 were reacted with various aryl and vinyl Grignard reagents (eq 1.8). + R1MgBr (dppf)NiCl2 Rt (1.8) R = Ph (1), (43 - 95%) H (2) 19 Due to the loss of SO2 from the neopentyloxysulfonyl leaving group, the reactions were usually accompanied by the production of the corresponding neopentyl alcohol in the same amount as the desired cross-coupled product. In these reactions, it was found that para-substituted alkyl phenylmagnesium bromides could afford the desired biaryl product in high yields, while sterically hindered vinyl or ortho-substituted alkyl phenylmagnesium bromides gave the desired coupling product in lower yields. Due to competitive insertion at the C-O bond of the product, p-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide gave lower yields of the desired biaryl product, and Grignard reagents with electron withdrawing substituents, such as CF3,were found to be unreactive.33 In 2004, Park and co-workers applied very similar reaction conditions as those described for the cross-coupling of alkyl arenesulfonates with Grignard reagents, in order to synthesize unsymmetrical terphenyls.34 The low reactivity of alkyloxysulfonyl groups to typical palladium catalysts allowed for the chemoselective reaction of neopentyl bromobenzene sulfonates with arylboronic acids (eq 1.9). This was followed by sequential cross-coupling reaction with arylmagnesium bromides, to give unsymmetrical terphenyls in high yields (eq 1.10). (HO)2B—--—Y 9çBr \=/ (1.9) \=/ Pd(PPh3)4 / Na2CO3,110°C PhMgBr (1.10) )/—J ii — (dppf)NiCI2 >66°C (66 - 84%) (67 - 72%) 20 1.3.1-3 Cross-Coupling of Sulfonyl Chlorides with Grignard Reagents Although the use of palladium in carbon-carbon cross-coupling of sulfonyl chlorides has been reported, when applied to Kumada-Corriu type cross-coupling involving Grignard reagents, palladium or nickel based catalyst were shown to be unsuccessful.35 In 2006, Vogel and co-workers attempted the use of a palladium based catalyst in order to carry out the cross-coupling of sulfonyl chlorides with Grignard reagents; however, the desired Kumada-Corriu cross-coupling reaction failed, and only the homo-coupled product from the Grignard reagent was obtained. This led to the investigation of other metals to carry out the reaction. While the reaction of vinyl t-butyl sulfones29 and aryl t-butyl sulfones30’are known to undergo nickel and iron-catalyzed cross coupling with Grignard reagents, the first use of sulfonyl chlorides in these iron- catalyzed Kumada-type reactions was reported by Vogel and co-workers in 2008.36 The carbon-carbon cross-coupling of various aryl, vinyl and alkyl magnesium halides were successfully reacted with alkane- and alkenesulfonyl chlorides in the presence of Fe(acac)3 without the use of any additional ligands. The model reaction involved n-octanesulfonyl chloride with PhMgBr in the presence of 5 mol% Fe(acac)3. When the cross-coupling reaction was carried out in THF at 80 °C, the desired n octylbenzene was afforded in only 28 % yield, accompanied by the corresponding sulfone product in 5 % yield. The reaction carried out in refluxing Et20 or 1,2- dimethoxyethane also gave poor yields due to Grignard homo-coupling, while the reaction carried out at room temperature afforded large amounts of sulfone. Although the addition of TMEDA and HMTA did increase the yield slightly, the optimal conditions for the reaction were carried out in THF and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at 80 °C in the 21 5 mol% 0\\ ,,0 Fe(acac)3 R—MgX + THF/NMP Ph- + SO2 + MgXCI (1.11) R= n-C8H17,n-63 80°C 61-68% R’S02—Fe(MgX) R’—Fe(MgX)2 + 5021 Cl Cl + co-products Scheme 1.7.36 Proposed catalytic cycle of Fe-catalyzed cross-coupling of sulfonyl chlorides presence of Fe(acac)3with no additional ligands.36 Once these conditions were obtained, the reaction of various sulfonyl chloride and Grignard reagent combinations were carried out. In the case of alkenesulfonyl chlorides, the cross-coupling proceeded in moderate yields with retention of configuration (eq 1.11). A proposed mechanism for the desulfinylative Kumada cross-coupling is shown below (Scheme 1.7), and follows Ftirstner’s37 suggestion that low-valent iron species react much like Pd° catalysts. + Fe(acac)3RMgX R-R’ LFe(MgX)2 L R’SO2CI R R’—Fe(MgX)2 RMgX R’—Fe(MgX) 22 1.3.2 Negishi Cross-Coupling Involving C-S Bond Cleavage In 1997, Liebeskind38 and co-workers showed that aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl and benzylsulfonium salts could undergo Negishi, Mizoroki-Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura, and Stille-type cross-coupling reactions in the presence of Ni or Pd catalysts for carbon- carbon bond formation (eq 1.12). From the numerous reactions that were performed, it was found that when benzylic and heterobenzylic sulfonium salts were used as coupling partners, the organostannane reaction worked slightly better than the organoboron counterpart for the metal-catalyzed reaction. This observed trend was reversed when aryl and heteroarylsulfonium salts were used. R1_SJ + R2-M or Ni cat. R1-R2 (1.12) PF R1 = aryl, heteroaryl, M = B(OH)2 benzyl SnBu3 R2 = vinyl ZnX In 1999, Liebeskind39 and co-workers reported that S-(substituted)thioglycolic acids could undergo Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling with organozinc reagents in good-to- excellent yield. In order for the reaction to take place at a reasonable rate, a zinc cofactor was necessary. They proposed that the zinc ion could be intramolecularly bound in order that the proposed nickel-thiolate intermediate could be activated, thus facilitating transmetallation (eq 1.13). To determine which zinc reagent (the “internally” bound or an “external” zinc reagent) was responsible for the transmetallation process, the following experiments were carried out. An equimolar amount of thioglycolic acid was reacted with ZnMe2 in the presence of NiCl2(PPh3)at room temperature, and no cross- 23 coupling took place after 50 h; however, vigorous gas evolution was observed. When a second equiv. of ZnMe2 was added to this reaction mixture, the R-Me cross-coupled product was afforded in good yield. Furthermore, when ZnEt2 was added to the preformed MeZn-thioglycolate species, the R-Et cross-coupled product was obtained as the major product. From these experiments, it was concluded that an “external” zinc reagent is mainly responsible for the transmetallation to nickel, and not the alkylzinc that is internally bound.39 1 1 NiCI2(PPhMe)R—S °2 + R ZnXorR ZnR R—R1 (1.13) HO THF,50°C,12h 1 49-100%R = aryl, heteroaryl, R = benzyl, alkyl, R benzyl, vinyl aryl, enolate —Ni—S1 SO2 / Zn-O x In 2006, Vogel and Dubbaka developed a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of sulfonyl and organozinc chlorides (eq 1.14). Their initial attempts to cross- couple sulfonyl chlorides with Grignard reagents in the presence of 1-20 mol% Pd[PQ Bu)3]2 only gave the homo-coupled Grignard reagent with a small amount of sulfone. The investigation of the cross-coupling reaction under Negishi cross-coupling conditions was also carried out. The reaction of 1 -naphthalenesulfonyl chlorides and 2- methylphenylzinc chloride in the presence of 3-5 mol% Pd[P(t-Bu)3]2as catalyst in boiling THF were found to give the highest yields. The reaction of various other sulfonyl chloride and Grignard reagent combinations were carried out using the optimized 24 reaction conditions. It was shown that, in general, arylsulfonyl chlorides gave better yields than for allyl and alkylsulfonyl chlorides.35 R1-MgCI ZnCI2 3-5 mol% Pd[P(t-Bu)3]2 R—SO2CI + R1-ZnCI R—R1 + R1-R (1.14)THF reflux 15-24 h major minor 1.3.3 Stille Cross-Coupling Involving C-S Bond Cleavage Liebeskind and co-workers showed that a variety of tetramethylene, benzylic, heterobenzylic and alkenylsulfonium salts can undergo Stille cross-coupling with n Bu3Sn in the presence of Pd or Ni catalyst.38 Very low catalyst loading (0.01-0.5% Pd2dba3)was required in order for the benzylic and heterobenzylic sulfonium salt to undergo cross-coupling with n-Bu3SnR. Furthermore, the addition of Ph2(O)07n- Bu4Nto act as a “n-Bu3Sn” scavenger greatly increased the efficiency of the reaction. In 1999, Liebeskind and co-workers reported that unlike the corresponding heterobenzylic halides, sulfonium salts are suitable cross-coupling substrates in Stille cross-coupling in the presence of palladium.4°The exploratory reactions revealed that for the substrates of interest (Figure 1.3), the typical reaction conditions that had previously been obtained,38 were not very effective in the general cross-coupling reaction of heterobenzylic sulfonium salts with organometallic reagents. 25 c/P c/P cIJD Figure 1.3. Heterobenzylic sulfonium salts The catalytic system that needed to be developed was one which could catalyze the cross-coupling reaction at low enough temperature to minimize the possibility of competitive decomposition of the heterobenzylic coupling partner and catalyst deactivation. It was concluded that in order to attain the desired catalytic system, a support ligand was needed that could bind the metal well enough to prevent catalyst decomposition, but weak enough not to interfere with the transmetallation step.4° Furthermore, the support ligand should not be alkylated by the heterobenzylic halide or sulfonium salt. Various support ligands were surveyed, and it was found that the use of either P(PPh3)or P(OPh)3 gave excellent yields of the cross-coupled product. Further investigation of solvent, organostannane scavenger and additives revealed that the optimum conditions for the cross-coupling reaction required NMP solvent, Pd2(dba)3CHC1/(PhO/CuI as the catalyst system, andPh2(O)OBnMe3Nas a n Bu3Sn scavenger (eq 1.1 5)•40 In the case where an unhindered vinyistannane was used, Cu! was omitted from the reaction due to the Cu(I)-induced homocoupling that occurred. Liebeskind and co-workers also applied the use of P(OPh)3 as a support ligand with Pd(PhCN)2C1 to cross-couple heterobenyzlic sulfonium salts under Suzuki and Negishi cross-coupling conditions.4° 26 RSnBu3 4%Pd2(dba).CHCI 20% P(OPh)3,40% GuI (L,R (1.15) X PF0 1.2 equivPh(O)OBnMeN X6 NMP,rt,12h X = 0, N-Boc 49 - 97% In 2003, Vogel and Dubbaka showed for the first time, that phenylmethanesulfonyl chloride can undergo Stille cross-coupling with organostannanes in the presence of palladium and copper.4’ When Pd(PPh3)4was used as catalyst, the self-coupling of the organostannanes and diarylsulfides were the major products formed, with only moderate-to-poor yields of the desired cross-coupling product (eq 1.16). When the Pd source was changed to Pd2dba3 (1.5 mol%) with TFP (5 mol%) and CuBr•Me2S (10 mol%), the reaction worked successfully with a variety of sulfonyl chloride and organostannane combinations (eq 1.l7).’ Pd(PPh3)4 R—SQ2CI + R1—SnBu3 R—R1 (1.16)10 mol % CuBr Me2S THF, reflux, 2-4 h 1941/0 1.5 mol% Pd2dba3,5 mol% TFP R—SO2CI + R1—SnBu3 R—R1 (1.17) 10 mol % CuBr Me2S THF, reflux, 2-4 h 25-93% 1.4 Conclusions The development of strategies for olefin functionalization is an active area of synthetic chemistry as substituted double bonds are present in many biologically active molecules and synthetic intermediates. In this chapter, catalytic alkyne hydrothiolation affording the branched product was discussed, as well as the use of C-S bond cleavage in 27 transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. We have previously disclosed a convenient method for the regioselective formation of branched vinyl sulfides from alkynes via catalytic alkyne hydrothiolation using Tp*Rh(pph3)2.lSm We anticipated that these vinyl sulfides could act as pseudo vinyihalides to undergo subsequent cross coupling to afford 1,1 -disubstituted olefins in two steps from readily available alkyrie precursors. In the following chapters, the synthesis of a series of branched n propylthiovinyl sulfides will be discussed, followed by their subsequent use in Kumada cross-coupling to afford 1,1-disubstituted olefins. Furthermore, we envisioned a one-pot procedure for the catalytic alkyne hydrothiolation and cross-coupling steps to improve the efficiency of the reaction. 28 Chapter 2— Catalytic Alkyne Hydrothiolation Using Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 2.1 Introduction Alkyne hydrothiolation is the addition of an S-H bond across an alkyne. In the case of terminal alkynes, three addition products are possible (Scheme 2.1). The formation of C-S bonds have been achieved through several ways which include radical’3,nucleophilic’4and transition-metal’5catalyzed hydrothiolation; however, until recently, the use of alkyl thiols in alkyne hydrothiolation has been quite limited. R SR1 R + RSH cataIyst R_J + R-SR’ + SR1 branched E-linear Z-tinear SR1 RL isomer Scheme 2.1. Possible products of alkyne hydrothiolation Previous work done by our group has shown that Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 [Tp* hydrotris(3 ,5-dimethylpyrazolylborate)] catalyzes alkyne hydrothiolation of a wide range of aliphatic, aromatic and internal alkynes with a variety of thiols. The structure of Tp*Rh(PPh3)2is shown in Figure 1.2. When Tp*Rh(PPh3)2was used as catalyst, the branched isomer (Markovnikov product) was afforded in high yields and selectivity.5m 29 Based on preliminary mechanistic investigations, a catalytic cycle for the Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 catalyzed reaction has been proposed (Scheme 2.2); however, further mechanistic studies are currently underway.54 We have also recently reported that Wilkinson’s catalyst, in the appropriate solvent, affords the hydrothiolation product in high yield and selectivity, with the E-linear isomer as the major product.’5° PPh3 HSR PPh3 H’N LNTSR PPh3 H — R’ where: Tp*= H BN Scheme 2.2. Proposed catalytic cycle for Tp*Rh(PPh3)2catalyzed hydrothioltion H SR H R’ NPPh3 N PPh3 K3 H — R’ PPh3 30 Recently, the investigation of the reactivity of bis- and trisQyrazolyl)borate complexes (Figure 2.1) towards catalytic hydrothiolation was carried out, and tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes were shown to be superior than the corresponding bis(pyrazolyl)borate complexes.lSI’ In addition, complexes that contained substitution on the pyrazolyl rings gave higher yield and selectivity than those that contained unsubstituted rings, affording the branched isomer as the major product. H H—.. BS__... PPh3 [Bp*Rh(PPh3)2] /N N HB PPh3 PPh3 [TPPhMeRh(PPh3)2] Figure 2.1. Rhodium pyrazolylborate complexes As previously discussed, one of the synthetic uses of vinyl sulfides is their ability to act as precursors to a variety of functionalized molecules. For example, vinyl sulfides can undergo cross-coupling with an appropriate nucleophile to generate substituted olefins. We envisioned that we could use our recently developed methodology in the synthesis of 1,1 -disubstituted vinyl sulfides as a synthetic route to 1,1 -disubstituted PPh3 rfp*Rh(pph)] Ph—.<’7 H / ‘NPhi N,, PPh3 2 d) in THF, Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 decomposes, forming an inactive complex for hydrothiolation. The use of a 1:1 mixture of DCE and toluene circumvented this potential problem. Using previously established optimized reaction conditions, n-propanethiol was reacted with various alkynes in order to broaden the substrate scope of its use in alkyne hydrothiolation. 2.2.2 Substrate Scope of Hydrothiolation with n-Propanethiol It has been previously reported by our group that Tp*Rh(PPh3)2is an excellent catalyst for the hydrothiolation of aliphatic and arylthiols with a variety of aliphatic, aryl and internal alkynes, giving good-to-excellent yields. The hydrothiolation results of n propanethiol with various aryl and aliphatic alkynes (Chart 2.1) are summarized in Table 2.1. 33 Chart 2.1. Alkyne substrates for hydrothiolation Aryl Alkynes Aliphatic Alkynes70 C6H 13 7 8 PhO% 9 70H3CO Br N%54 34 Table 2.1. Substrate scope alkyne hydrothiolation of n-propanethiol __ 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 + R1 — DCE:PhCH(1:1), rt1 equiv. Entry Alkyne Product Time Yielda s—,.----- 1 2 h 74% 1 10 2 H3CO H3CO 2h 72% 2 11 3 Br’ 16 h 69% 3 12 F3C F3C 16 h 15% 13 I( 16 h 0% 5 14 6 2 h 83% 6 15 s—---- 7 16h 86%C5H13 C6H13 7 16 s—------ 8 Nc_%. Nc___c 16h 65% 8 17 s—----- 9 PhO% PhO-L 16 h 0% 9 18 a Isolated yield. 35 The reaction of n-propanethiol with phenylacetylene (1) in the presence of 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2was carried out first. The reaction was complete after 2 h; the formation of product was indicated by the appearance of the two singlet resonances for the olefinic protons of the branched product (10) at 6 5.47 and 6 5.19. The emergence of the olefinic protons of the branched product was used as a diagnostic tool to indicate the formation of all the hydrothiolation products investigated. Vinyl sulfide 10 was isolated via flash chromatography; however, while removing solvent, a portion of the product was also lost due to the volatility of the product. Furthermore, if left neat at room temperature, the product starts to decompose within hours and a change from a clear, colorless oil, to a clear yellow oil is observed. Therefore, to minimize the decomposition, vinyl sulfide 10 was stored in the freezer as a solution in petroleum ether, and to avoid the loss of product during isolation, vacuum rotary evaporation was carried out at room temperature. A visual change in all of the isolated hydrothiolation products of alkynes (1-4, 6-8) with n-propanethiol is observed if left neat at room temperature, indicating product decomposition. The reaction of n-propanethiol with 4-ethynyl anisole (2) was also complete after 2 h, with the singlet resonances for the olefmic protons of the branched product appearing at 6 5.39 and 6 5.11. For the reaction of aryl alkynes 3 and 4, a decrease in reactivity was observed, requiring 16 h to reach completion. The reaction involving 2-ethynylpyridine (5) did not undergo the hycirothiolation reaction. A possible reason for this reaction could be caused by competitive C-H activation of the alkyne. For the aliphatic alkynes that were investigated, 1 -ethynylcyclohexene (6) showed the highest reactivity, reaching completion after 2 h and afforded the branched product in high selectivity and isolated 36 yield. The hydrothiolation reactions of 1 -octyne (7) and 5-cyanohexyne (8) were complete after 16 h; affording the branched product in moderate-to-high isolated yields. Vinyl sulfides 16 and 17 were prone to isomerisation; however, the avoidance of the use of chloroform as solvent in either chromatography or NMR spectroscopy could circumvent this problem. Phenyipropargyl ether (9) showed no reaction after 16 h at room temperature to form the corresponding vinyl sulfide. 2.3 Conclusions The hydrothiolation of n-propanethiol with various aryl and aliphatic alkynes in the presence of Tp*Rh(PPh3)2has been carried out. The alkynes that underwent the hydrothiolation reaction afforded the branched vinyl sulfide in high selectivity. For the aryl alkynes that were investigated we found that vinyl sulfides derived from either unsubstituted or electron-rich aryl alkynes (1 and 2 respectively) were isolated in high yields. Vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes containing electron withdrawing substituents (3 and 4) led to a significant decrease in reactivity. Aliphatic alkynes (6-8) also reacted with n-propanethiol with high selectivity and good isolated yields (entries 6,7 and 8). While product decompostion was observed, dilution in petroleum ether and storage at -2 °C minimized decomposition. The use of the isolated branched vinyl sulfides in Kumada cross-coupling to generate 1,1 -disubstituted olefins will be discussed in the following chapter. 37 2.4 Experimental Procedures 2.4.1 General Methods The synthesis and manipulation of air and moisture sensitive organometallic compounds was carried out in a nitrogen-filled Vacuum Atmospheres glovebox (02 < 2 ppm). Reactions were carried out at room temperature and stirred with a Teflon-coated magnetic stir bar. Reaction mixtures were concentrated using rotary evaporation methods combined with a high vacuum pump line. Glassware was cleaned in the following manner: submersion in a base bath (500 g KOH, 2 L deionized water, 8 L isopropanol) for 16 h, rinsing with copious amounts of deionized water, followed by rinsing with acetone. Flash chromatography was used to separate products (Silicycle, 60-200i.tm, 70- 230 mesh), and the solvent was eluted using air pressure. 2.4.2 Reagents and Solvents Tp*Rh(PPh3)2[Tp* = hydrotris(3 ,5-dimethylpyrazolylborate)] was prepared by a published procedure.15m Hexanes, 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), THF and toluene were dried by passage through solvent purification columns. All other commercial reagents and solvents were used without further purification. Deuterated chloroform was dried using activated molecular sieves (4A) and8-toluene was used from 1 g ampules. 2.4.3 Physical and Spectropscopic Measurements NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance 300 or Bruker Avance 400 spectrometers. ‘H and ‘3C NIVIR spectra are reported in parts per million and referenced 38 to residual solvent. Coupling constant values were extracted assuming first-order coupling. The multiplicities are abbreviated as follows: s = singlet, ci = doublet, t triplet, q = quartet, quin = quintet, sxt = sextet, m = multiplet, dd = doublet of doublets, td = triplet of doublets. All spectra were obtained at 25 °C. Mass spectra were recorded on a Kratos MS-SO mass spectrometer. Higher yields and elemental anlyses of the compounds were impeded by product volatility. Reaction of n-Propanethiol and Phenylacetylene (1) SH + qS Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(82 mg, 0.089 mmol) was weighed out in the glove box using a spatula into a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. A 1:1 mixture of DCE:toluene (5 mL) was then added by syringe, followed sequentially by n-propanethiol (296 1.iL, 3.26 mmol) and phenylacetylene (325 j.tL, 2.96 mmol) via micropipette. The vial was then sealed using a screw cap with a foil liner, removed from glove box and wrapped in foil. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature, the solution was concentrated and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography using petroleum ether as eluent to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil with yellow tint (390 mg, 2.19 mmol, 74% yield). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3)6 7.62 — 7.50 (m, 2 H), 7.42 —7.29 (m, 3 H), 5.47 (s, 1 H), 5.19 (s, 1 H), 2.69 (t, J7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.69 (sxt, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.03 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3 H). 39 ‘3c{’H} NMR (CDC13,75 MHz): 145.2, 139.8, 128.3, 128.3, 127.1, 110.4, 34.1, 21.9, 13.5. HRMS (El) mlz calcd forC11H,4S: 178.0816; found: 178.0815. Reaction of n-Propanethiol and 4-ethynylanisole (2) SH + 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 H3CO DCE:PhCH,rt, 2 h 2 72% 11 Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(75 mg, 0.08 1 mmol) was weighed out in the glove box using a spatula into a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. A 1:1 mixture of DCE:toluene (5 mL) was then added by syringe, followed sequentially by n-propanethiol (269 .tL, 2.97 mmol) and 4-ethynylanisole (350 iiL, 2.7 mmol) via micropipette. The vial was then sealed using a screw cap with a foil liner, removed from glove box and wrapped in foil. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature, the solution was concentrated and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography, using a 4:1 petroleum ether:DCM mixture as eluent, to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil with yellow tint (405 mg, 1.94 mmol, 72% yield). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)ö 7.50 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2 H), 6.88 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2 H), 5.39 (s, 1 H), 5.11 (s, 1 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 2.72 - 2.62 (t, J7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.67 (sxt, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.02 (t, J7.3 Hz, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13, 75 MHz): ö 159.7, 144.6, 132.3, 128.3, 113.6, 109.1, 55.3, 34.1, 21.9, 13.5. HRMS (El) mlz calcd for C12H60S: 208.0922; found: 208.0926. 40 Reaction of n-Propanethiol and 4-Ethynyl-1-Bromobenzene (3) s—---3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 + I DCE:PhCH, Br 16h,rt Br 3 69% 12 Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(84 mg, 0.09 mmol) was weighed out in the glove box using a spatula into a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. A 1:1 mixture of DCE:toluene was then added (3 mL), followed sequentially by n-propanethiol (302 jL, 3.33 mmol) and 4- ethynyl-l-bromobenzene (549 mg, 3.03 mmol), which was weighed out in a 5 mL vial and transferred to the reaction mixture using 3 mL of a 1:1 mixture of DCE:toluene. The vial was then sealed using a screw cap with foil liner, removed from glove box and wrapped in foil. After stirring for 16 hours at room temperature, the solution was concentrated and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography using petroleum ether as eluent to afford the product as a white solid (538 mg, 2.09 mmol, 69% yield). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)ö 7.15 - 7.45 (m, 2 H), 7.45 - 7.39 (m, 2 H), 5.45 (s, 1 H), 5.19 (s, 1 H), 2.67 (t, J7.1 Hz, 2 H), 1.66 (sxt, J7.3, 2 H), 1.02 (t, J7.5 Hz, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13, 75 MHz): ö 144.1, 138.8, 131.4, 128.7, 122.3, 111.0, 34.1, 21.9, 13.5. HRMS (El) m/z calcd forC11H3SBr: 255.9921; found: 255.9924. 41 Reaction of n-Propanethiol and 4-Ethynyl-a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene (41 s-.----- + 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 F3C DCE:PhCH,rt F3C 4 16h,rt 13 15% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(50 mg, 0.054 mmol) was weighed out in the glove box using a spatula into a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. A 1:1 mixture of DCE:toluene was then added (4 mL), followed sequentially by n-propanethiol (181 pL, 1.98 mmol) and 4- ethynyl-a,a,a-trifluorotoluene (293 .tL, 1.8 mmol) via micropipette. The vial was then sealed using a screw cap with foil liner, removed from glove box and wrapped in foil. After stirring for 24 hours at room temperature, the solution was concentrated and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography using petroleum ether as eluent to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil (71 mg, 0.288 mmol, 16% yield). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)ö 7.71 - 7.54 (m, 4 H), 5.52 (s, 1 H), 5.27 (s, 1 H), 2.69 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.77 - 1.59 (m, 2 H), 1.03 (t, J7.3 Hz, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13,100 MHz): ö 144.1, 143,4, 130.2, 127.5, 125.3 (q, J=3.4 Hz), 122.7, 112.2, 34.2, 21.9, 13.5. HRMS (El) m/z caled forC12H,3SF:246.0690; found: 246.0689. 42 Reaction of n-Propanethiol and 1-Ethynylcyclohexene (6) SH + 3 mol% Tp*Rh(pph3)2 DCE:PhCH3,rt, 2 h L.J 6 83% 15 Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(75 mg, 0.081 mmol) was weighed out in the glove box using a spatula into a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. A 1:1 mixture of DCE:toluene (5 mL) was then added by syringe, followed sequentially by n-propanethiol (269 jtL, 2.97 rnmol) and 1-ethynylcyclohexene (317 iL, 2.7 mmol) via micropipette. The vial was then sealed using a screw cap with a foil liner, removed from glove box and wrapped in foil. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature, the solution was concentrated and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography using petroleum ether as eluent to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil (409 mg, 2.24 mmol, 83% yield). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)6 6.22 (t, J’4.l Hz, 1 H), 5.26 (s, 1 H), 4.89 (s, 1 H), 2.66 (t, J7.3 Hz, 2 H), 2.23 (td, J4.1, 1.94 Hz, 2 H), 2.14 (dt, J3.9, 2.26 Hz, 2 H), 1.73 - 1.51 (m, 6 H), 1.01 (t, J7.4 Hz, 3 H). ‘3C{1H} NMR (CDC13,75 MHz): 8 145.6, 135.4, 127.1, 106.6, 33.8, 26.9, 25.7, 22.8, 22.1, 21.9, 13.7. HRIVIS (El) m/z calcd for C11H8S: 182.1129; found: 182.1133. 43 Reaction of n-Propanethiol and 1-Octyne (71 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 DCE:PhCHjt,16h Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(30 mg, 0.033 mmol) was weighed out in the glove box using a spatula into a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. A 1:1 mixture of DCE:toluene (4 mL) was then added by syringe, followed sequentially by n-propanethiol (108 j.tL, 1.19 mmol) and 1-octyne (159 tL, 1.08 mmol) via micropipette. The vial was then sealed using a screw cap with foil liner, removed from glove box and wrapped in foil. After stirring for 16 h at room temperature, the solution was concentrated and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography with petroleum ether as eluent to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil (173 mg, 0.93 mmol, 86% yield). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)8 5.01 (s, 1 H), 4.68 (s, I H), 2.68 (t, J7.3 Hz, 2 H), 2.22 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H), 1.68 (sxt, J=7.3 Hz, 2 H), 1.60 - 1.45 (m, 2 H), 1.30 (m, 6 H), 1.03 (t, J7.54 Hz, 3 H), 0.95 - 0.82 (m, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR(d9-toluene, 100 MHz): 6 146.7, 104.7, 38.12, 33.3, 32.1, 29.3, 29.1, 23.0, 22.0, 14.3, 13.7. HRMS (El) mlz calcd for C11H22S: 186.1442; found: 186. 1447. 44 Reaction of n-propanethiol with 5-hexynenitrile (8 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 + DCE:PhCH3 Nc__ç 1 6h,rt 17 Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(100 mg, 0.108 mmol) was weighed out in the glovebox using a spatula into a 60 mL schlenck flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and greased glass stopcock. A 1:1 DCE:toluene mixture was then added (4 mL) was then added by syringe. The flask was then sealed with a rubber septum, taken out of the glovebox and wrapped in foil. n Propanethiol (360 .tL, 3.97 mmol) was then added followed by 5-hexynenitrile (377 tL, 3.6 mmol) via micropipette. After stirring for 16 hours at room temperature, the solution was concentrated and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography with petroleum ether as eluent to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil (396 mg, 2.34 mmol, 65% yield). ‘H NMR (300 M}{z, CDC13)6 5.08 (s, 1 H), 4.76 (s, 1 H), 2.67 (t, J=7.31 Hz, 2 H), 2.43 - 2.29 (m, 4 H), 1.89 (quin, J6.97 Hz, 2 H), 1.66 (sxt, J7.31 Hz, 2 H), 1.01 (t, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13, 75 MHz): 6 143.1, 119.3, 107.1, 36.0, 33.1, 24.1, 21.5, 15.8, 13.5. HRMS (El) mlz calcd forC9H,5NS: 169.0925; found: 169.0924. 45 Chapter 3— Kumada Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Sulfides 3.1 Introduction The development of strategies for the construction and substitution of olefins is an area of continued interest due to their presence in biologically active molecules and advanced synthetic intermediates. Traditional transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for the synthesis of substituted olefins typically involve the use of vinyl halide or vinyl triflate starting material. The harsh conditions often required for the synthesis of these starting materials present functional group incompatibility, and have led to the investigation of alternate coupling partner substrates. In 1987, Naso and co-workers reported the synthesis of 1,1-disubstituted olefins involving the use of 1 -chioro- 1 -phenylthioethene;42however, the substrate scope that was developed for this reaction was limited to only two examples. The chemoselective introduction of different alkyl groups onto the double bond was possible due to the reactivity differences between the carbon-chloride and the carbon-sulfur bonds towards cross-coupling. When one equiv. of Grignard reagent was reacted with l-chloro-l phenylthioethene in the presence ofNiC12(dppp), reaction occurred at the carbon-chloride bond first, affording the corresponding vinyl sulfide. If another equiv. of Grignard reagent was added, the cross-coupling at the carbon-sulfur bond occurred, affording the corresponding disubstituted olefin (eq 3.1). While a one-pot protocol was possible, higher yields were obtained when the vinyl sulfide resulting from carbon-chloride cleavage was actually isolated first before a second equiv. of Grignard reagent was added for cross-coupling at the carbon sulfur bond. 46 R1Mg)(INiCI2(dppp) R2MgXINiCI(dppp) (3.1)CI Et20, r.t. R1 Et20, r.t. R1 A convenient method for the regioselective synthesis of 1,1 -disubstituted vinyl sulfides was developed by our group 15m and we have shown that n-propanethiol can undergo alkyne hydrothiolation with various alkynes in moderate to high isolated yields (Table 2.1). Due to the low molecular weight of n-propanethiol, we postulate that the corresponding vinyl sulfide would be a suitable cross-coupling partner for the synthesis of a variety of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins. In this chapter, the reaction of vinyl sulfides derived from the hydrothiolation of various alkynes with n-propanethiol with Grignard reagents in the presence ofNiCI2(PPh3)will be discussed (eq 3.2). Furthermore, we will show that a one-pot procedure for the synthesis of the 1,1-disubstituted olefins is possible from readily available alkynes. R + RMgx Ni cat. R (3.2) 3.2 Results and Discussion 3.2.1 Procedure and Optimization of Cross-Coupling Reactions The test reaction was carried in Et20, using vinyl sulfide 10 (Chart 3.1) and benzylmagnesium chloride (Chart 3.2, 19) in the presence of 5 mol% NiC12(PPh3).The reaction was allowed to reflux for 16 h; however, it did not go to completion. After varying the catalyst loading and changing solvents from Et20 to THF, the optimal 47 conditions were found to require 10 mol% catalyst loading and refluxing in TI-IF (75 °C) for 16 h. Although Et20 was also a suitable solvent, THF was chosen due to its higher boiling point. When Et20 was used, at the end of the required reaction time of 16 h, the reaction mixture became a thick black paste, and gave overall lower yields than in THF. For each of the reaction combinations, the vinyl sulfides (10-13, 15-17) were first combined with the NiCI2(PPh3)in TI-IF. When the Grignard reagent was added in one portion, an increased amount of the homo-coupled product of the Grignard reagent was observed. It was found that the best results were obtained when the Grignard reagent is added dropwise over a longer period of time (over a period of 1 h). The reaction mixture was passed through a plug of Celite, and the organic layer was extracted with Et20, dried over Mg2SO4 and concentrated. The residue was then subjected to column chromatography, and it was found that the cross-coupled products tended to be less volatile than their corresponding vinyl sulfide starting material. 3.2.2 Substrate Scope of Kumada Cross-Coupling Reactions Chart 3.1. Vinyl sulfide substrates for Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling F3C C6H1 Nc 48 Chart 3.2. Grignard reagents for Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling iMgCI MgBr -MgCI MgBr 22 23 24 The results for the cross-coupling reactions of various aryl vinyl sulfides (10-13) with a variety of Grignard reagents (19-24) are summarized in Table 3.1 and the results for the cross-coupling involving aliphatic vinyl sulfides (15-17) are summarized in Table 3.2. One problem encountered was that the cross-coupling reactions involving vinyl sulfide 10 could not be separated from the homo-coupled Grignard reagent by column chromatography. As a consequence, the yield was calculated by ‘H NMR spectroscopic analysis using 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard. Based on ‘H NMR spectroscopic analysis, the cross-coupling of 10 with 19, afforded the desired 1,1 - disubstitued olefin in 51% yield. The disappearance of the vinyl proton singlet resonances (6 5.47 and 5.19) of 10 indicated that the reaction had gone to completion, and the appearance of new singlet resonances (6 5.53 and 5.05) indicated that a new 1,1- disubstituted olefin was formed. 49 Table 3.1. Summary ofNiCI2(PPh3)-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl vinyl sulfides s—-- R + l.MX NiCI2(PPh3) THF, 75°C 16 h R1 R Entry Vinyl Sulfide Grignard Product Yield PhCH2MgCI (19) 51%a(25) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Br F3C PhCH2MgCI (19) PhMgBr (20) TMS-CH2Mg I (21) n-BuMgCI (22) CH2HMgBr (23) PhCCMgBr (24) PhCH2MgCI (19) PhCH2MgCI (19) Br F3C 61% (26) 43% (27) 60%b (28) 0% 0% 0% 0% trace a Yield determined by 111 NMR spectroscopic analysis in CDCI3.b R’ = CH3. 11 •1 50 Table 3.2. Summary ofNiCJ2(PPh3)-catalyzed cross-coupling of aliphatic vinyl sulfides R1 + l.MX NiCI2(PPh32 R THF, 75°C R 16 h Entry Vinyl Sulfide Grignard Product Yield 10 PhCH2MgCI (19) 55% (29) 11 PhMgBr(20) R1 41% (30) 12 TMS-CH2Mg I (21) 81% (31) 13 n-BuMgCI (22) 0% 0%14 15 CH2HMgBr(23) 15 PhCCMgBr(24) 0% s—---- 16 C6H13 PhCH2MgCI(19) c6H13 51% (32) 16 s—”--.--- 17 PhCH2MgCI(19) Nc 0% N 17 Reaction of vinyl sulfide 11 with Grignard reagents 19-21 gave the desired cross- coupling products. We found that vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes containing an electron-donating substituent at the para position gave higher yields in the cross-coupling reaction with Grignard reagents than vinyl sulfides derived from unsubstituted aryl alkynes. Vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes containing an electron-withdrawing substituent at the para position (12-13), gave no cross-coupling product or only trace amounts. This reactivity trend is consistent with what was previously reported by Wenkert arid co-workers when aryl vinyl sulfides anethole, methylisoeugenol and isosafrole were synthesized.43 It can be seen that with increasing electron donation from the aryl ring of the vinyl sulfide, the yield of the cross-coupling product also increases. 51 For the reaction with trimethylsilylmethylmagnesium chloride (21) with vinyl sulfide 11, only the desilated cross-coupled product was obtained. The cross-coupling reaction involving vinyl sulfide 12 was not successful in giving the desired substituted olefm, presumably due to the competitive cross-coupling reaction or metal-halogen exchange occurring at the carbon-bromide bond. While the reaction was not expected to be successful due to various possible side reactions, the reaction was carried out in order to test the limits of the coupling reaction. The product that was formed was not isolated; however, it has been shown that different leaving groups show different reactivities towards the cross-coupling reaction. One example of chemoselective Kumada cross-coupling is the reaction of Grignard reagents with chlorophenyl alkyl sulfides in the presence ofNiC12(PPh3). The reaction occurs first at the carbon-chloride bond. If a second equiv. of Grignard reagent is added, subsequent reaction occurs at the carbon-sulfur bond, and the disubstituted benzene can be obtained. Another example is the previously mentioned work of Naso and co-workers42 in the synthesis of 1,1-disubstituted olefins from 1-chloro-l-phenylthioethene. Another reaction that was used in order to test the limit of the cross-coupling reaction was the reaction involving vinyl sulfide 17, where the possible side reactions could have been the attack of the Grignard reagent on the cyano group or deprotonation of the proton a to the cyano group. The desired cross-coupling product was not obtained. The reaction of vinyl sulfide 13 with benzylmagnesium chloride only gave trace amounts of the cross-coupled product, which was indicated by the appearance of new singlet resonances (6 5.56 and 5.16) in the olefmic region of the ‘H NMR spectrum. Vinyl sulfide 15 reacted with Grignard reagents 19-21 affording the desired cross- 52 coupling product; however, in contrast to the reaction with vinyl sulfide 11, the silylated product was obtained in high isolated yield when TMS-CH2MgC1 (21) was used as Grignard reagent. Although it was previously mentioned that primary and secondary Grignard reagents act as reducing agents in the cross-coupling reaction in the presence of NiC12(PPh3),the absence of/3-hydrogens in TMS-CH2MgC1 allows it to act as a suitable nucleophile in the formation of the desired 1,1 -disubstituted olefin. We should note that allyl silanes have been used in allylation reactions or as nucleophiles in other cross- coupling reactions.45 Furthermore, all of the products of the cross-coupling reaction of 15 have potential to act as Diels-Alder substrates.46 Reaction using phenylethynylmagnesium- or n-butylmagnesium bromide as cross-coupling partners did not give the desired substituted olefin when reacted with vinyl sulfides 11 and 15, but instead gave unidentified by-products. It is known that primary and secondary Grignard reagents can serve as reducing agents in the reductive cleavage of carbon-sulfur bonds in the presence ofNiCI2(PPh3).6’47 Wenkert and co workers found that the reduction can be suppressed by changing catalysts from NiCl2(PPh3)to NiC12(dppp) or NiC12(dppe). It was thought that the role of the ligand was crucial in determining the reactivity of the catalyst. By replacing the triphenylphosphine ligands with a bidentate dppp or dppe ligand, the reductive elimination step leading to cross-coupling could be accelerated, thus decreasing the chance for reductive cleavage to occur.47 The use of other nickel-complexes containing bidentate ligands in the cross-coupling reaction is an area of future exploration in our group. 53 3.2.3 One-Pot Hydrothiolation and Kumada Cross-Coupling Once the feasibility of vinyl sulfides to act as substrates in cross-coupling for the synthesis of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins was established, we addressed the possibility of a one-pot procedure, combining the hydrothiolation and Kumada cross-coupling reactions. Although the hydrothiolation reaction was typically carried out in a 1:1 DCE:toluene mixture, while the cross-coupling was carried out in THF, THF was chosen in order to carry out the one-pot protocol. We previously mentioned that Tp*Rh(PPh3)2decomposes in TI-IF if left for extended periods (>2 d); however, since the hydrothiolation step is complete within 16 h, we did not expect the use of THF to be problematic. The desired 1,1-disubstituted olefms obtained from the one-pot protocol (Table 3.3) gave comparable, and in some cases, superior isolated yields to those obtained from the two-step procedure. To determine what may be the cause of the superior yields, the hydrothiolation reaction was carried out using the NiC12(PPh3)as catalyst and the cross-coupling reaction was carried out using Tp*Rh(PPh3)2as catalyst. When the hydrothiolation was carried out using NiC12(PPh3)as catalyst, only unreacted starting material is observed. When Tp*Rh(PPh3)2was used as the catalyst for the cross-coupling reaction, a small amount of the cross-coupling product is formed, indicated by the emergence of new singlet resonances in ‘H NMR corresponding to the vinyl protons of the desired product. The superior yields that is sometimes observed in the one-pot protocol may the result of both the NiCl2(PPh3)and Tp*Rh(PPh3)2complexes catalyzing the cross-coupling reaction. Alternatively, loss of the vinyl sulfide substrates from the hydrothiolation reaction in the isolation step may occur, thus lowering the overall yield of the two-step process. 54 Table 3.3. Summary of Results for One-Pot Protocol 3.3 Conclusions n-PrS _________________ R1-MgX3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 R 10 mol% NiCI2(PPh3) THE, 75°C Product We have found that vinyl sulfides derived from aryl and aliphatic alkynes and n propanethiol, can undergo nickel-catalyzed Kumada-type cross-coupling with Grignard reagents to afford 1,1 -disubstituted olefins. Furthermore, the vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes that have an electron donating substituent at the para position gave higher yields than the unsubstituted variant, which in turn gave better yields than alkyl vinyl sulfides with an electron withdrawing substituent at the para position. While aryl and aliphatic Grignard reagents were found to be suitable cross-coupling partners, vinyl R + n-PrSH R1 R Time YieldEntry Alkyne Grignard Ph Ph PhCH2MgCI(19) Ph 16 h 30%a (25) I 2 PhCH2MgCI(19) R1 16 h 65% (26) 3 jJ PhMgBr(20) 16 h 37% (27) 4 MeO TMS-CH2Mg I (21) Ar 16 h 63%b (28) 2 5 PhCH2MgCI(19) R 16 h 66% (29) 6 PhMgBr(20) 16 h 30% (30) 7 TMS-CH2MgCI(21) 16 h 60% (31)6 8 C6H1 PhCH2MgCI(19) C6H13L 16 h 78% (32) a Yield determined by ‘H NMR spectroscopic analysis in CDCI3.b R’ = CH3. 55 Grignard reagents and those containing16-hydrogens did not afford the desired 1,1 - disubstituted olefin. A one-pot protocol has also been established and provides comparable or better isolated yields than the two-step procedure, while improving efficiency in requiring only one workup step. In addition to improving the efficiency of the reaction, the avoidance of one purification step reduces the use purification solvents as well as reaction solvent. 3.4 Experimental Procedure 3.4.1 General Methods The synthesis and manipulation of air and moisture sensitive organometallic compounds was carried out under N2 atmosphere. Reactions were refluxed at 75 °C for 16 h and stirred with a Teflon-coated magnetic stir bar. Reaction mixtures were concentrated using rotary evaporation methods combined with a high vacuum pump line. Internal standard yields were obtained via ‘H NMR spectroscopic analysis using 1,3,5- trimethoxybenzene as internal standard. A potassium hydroxide, isopropanol and water base bath was used to clean glassware, followed by subsequent rinsing with deionized water and acetone. Flash chromatography was used to separate products (Silicycle, 60- 200iim, 70-230 mesh), and the solvent was eluted using air. 3.4.2 Reagents and Solvents NiCI2(PPh3) was prepared by a published procedure.48 Hexanes, 1,2- dichioroethane (DCE), THF and toluene were dried by passage through solvent 56 purification columns. All other commercial reagents and solvents were used without further purification. Deuterated chloroform was dried using activated molecular sieves (4A). 3.4.3 Physical and Spectropscopic Measurements NIvIR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance 300 or Bruker Avance 400 spectrometers. ‘H and ‘3C NMR spectra are reported in parts per million and referenced to residual solvent. Coupling constant values were extracted assuming first-order coupling. The multiplicities are abbreviated as follows: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, quin = quintet, sxt = sextet, m = multiplet, dd = doublet of doublets, td = triplet of doublets. All spectra were obtained at 25 C. Mass spectra were recorded on a Kratos MS-50 mass spectrometer. Higher yields and elemental analyses of the compounds were impeded by homo-coupling of the Grignard reagent and product volatility. Reaction of (10) with Benzylmagnesium Chloride (19) s—--- L10 + 1. 10 mol% N1CI2(PPh3) I ,3,5-trimethoxybenzene THF, 75°C, 16h 2. IM HCI (MCI 19 51% 25 57 The yield for the above reaction was determined by ‘H NMR spectroscopic analysis using 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard. NiC12(PPh3)(36 mg, 0.056 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 25 mL 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 10 (100 mg, 0.56 mmol), l,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (31.3 mg, 0.186 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round- bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (6.8 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously while a 1.0 M solution of benzylmagnesium chloride (2.2 mL) in Et20 was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and the resulting brown/black solution was heated to 75 C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HC1 solution was added (4 mL) followed by Et20 (4 mL). The solution was stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 5 mL), dried over Mg2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CDCI3. ‘H NMR (300 MHz) spectroscopic analysis indicated the formation of the cross coupled product49 in 51 % yield. The spectrum shown in Appendix 2 contains residual toluene, bibenzyl and tetrahydrofuran. 58 Reaction of (11) with Benzylmanesium Chloride (19 H3CO1 1. 10 mol% NiCI2(PPh3) + THF, 75°C, 16h 2.IMHCI JjJ MgCI 61% H3CO 26 19 NiC12(PPh3)(16 mg, 0.026 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 15 mL 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 11 (55 mg, 0.26 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round-bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (3.7 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously while a 1.0 M solution of benzylmagnesium chloride (1.1 mL) in Et20 was added dropwise via syringe over a period 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and stopper, and the resulting brown/black solution was heated to 75 C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HCI solution was added (2 mL) followed by Et20 (2 mL). The solution was stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 4 mL), dried over Mg2SO4and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was then subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product as a clear colorless oil (36 mg, 0.16 mmol, 61 %). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)6 7.39 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.30 — 7.20 (m, 5 H), 6.83 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2 H), 5.44 (s, 1 H), 4.96 (s, 1 H), 3.83 (s, 2 H), 3.80 (s, 3H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13, 75 MHz): 6 159.0, 146.1, 139.7, 59 133.2, 128.8, 128.3, 127.2, 126.0, 113.6, 113.0, 55.2, 41.7. HRMS (El) mlz calcd for C16H0: 224.1201; found: 224.1202. Reaction of (11) with Phenylmagnesium Bromide (20) s—’--- 1. 10 mol% NICI2(PPh3)H3CO THF,75°C 16h + 2.IMHCI I 43% H3CO 27 2O NiC12(PPh3)(30 mg, 0.048 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 25 mE 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 11 (100 mg, 0.48 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round-bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (6.0 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously while a 1.0 M solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (2 mL) in THF was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and the resulting brownlblack solution was heated to 75 C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HC1 solution was added (4 mL) followed by Et20 (4 mL). The solution was stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 8 mL), dried over Mg2SO4and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product as a white solid (44 mg, 0.21 mmol, 43 %). Characterization matches previously 60 reported data.5° 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13)6 7.35 - 7.22 (m, 7 H), 6.85 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2 H), 5.38 (s, 1 H), 5.34 (s, 1 H), 3.81 (s, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13,100 MHz): 6 159.3, 149.5, 141.8, 134.0, 129.4, 128.3, 128.1, 127.6, 113.5, 112.9, 55.3. FIRMS (El) mlz calcd forC15H40: 210.1045; found: 210.1050. Reaction of (11) with Trimethylsi1ylmethy1manesium Chloride (21) s—--— CH3 H3CO’ 11 1. 10 mol% NiCI2(PPh3) THF, 75°C, 16h I + HCO2.1MHCI I.___ 60% 28Si MgCI 21 NiC12(PPh3)(30 mg, 0.048 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 25 mL 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 11 (100 mg, 0.48 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round-bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (6.0 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously while trimethylsilylmethylmagnesium chloride (2 mL of a 1.0 M solution in Et20) was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and the resulting brown/black solution was heated to 75 °C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HCI solution was added (4 mL) followed by Et20 (4 mE). The solution was stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. 61 The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 8 mL), dried over Mg2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product as a colorless oil (43 mg, 0.29 mmol, 60 %). Up to 10 % of the reduced product is produced as observed by ‘H NMR. Characterization matches previously reported data.5’ ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)6 7.44 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 H), 6.88 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 211), 5.30 (s, 1 H), 5.01, (s, 1 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H), 2.15 (s, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13, 100 MHz): 6 159,0, 142.5, 133.7, 126.6, 113.5, 110.6, 55.3, 21.9. HRMS (El) mlz calcd forC10H20: 148.0888; found: 148.0885. Reaction of (15) with Benzy1manesium Chloride (19) 1. iPPh3)2 + 2.1MHCI NiC12(PPh3)(34 mg, 0.055 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 25 mL 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 15 (100 mg, 0.55 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round-bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (7.7 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously while benzylmagnesium chloride (2.2 mL of a 1.0 M solution in Et20) was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 1 h. The reaction flask was then 62 equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and the resulting brown/black solution was heated to 75 C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HC1 solution was added (5 mL) followed by Et20 (5 mL). The solution was stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 8 mL), dried over Mg2SO4and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil (60 mg, 0.30 mmol, 43 %). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) 6.7.32 - 7.24 (m, 2 H), 7.23 - 7.14 (m, 3 H), 5.93 (t, J4.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.16 (s, 1 H), 4.74 (s, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 2 H), 2.26 - 2.18 (m, 2 H), 2.14 - 2.04 (m, 2 H), 1.73 - 1.62 (m, 2 H), 1.61 - 1.49 (m, 2 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13,75 M1-Iz): 6 147.0, 140.6, 135.5, 128.7, 128.2, 125.7, 125.5, 111.4, 40.1, 26.0, 25.9, 22.9, 22.1. FIRMS (El) m/z calcd for C,5H8: 198.1409; found: 198.1409. Reaction of (151 with PhenyImanesinm Bromide (201 1. 10 mol% NICI2(PPh3) 15 THF, 75°C, 16h I + 2.IMHCI 47% 1MgBr 30 2O NiC12(PPh3)(33 mg, 0.052 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 25 mL 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 15 63 (95 mg, 0.52 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round-bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (7.5 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously while phenylmagnesium bromide (2.2 mL of a 1.0 M solution in THF) was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and the resulting brown/black solution was heated to 75 °C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HC1 solution was added (5 mE) followed by Et20 (5 mE). The solution was stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 8 mL), dried over Mg2SO4and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product as a clear, colorless oil (45 mg, 0.24 mmol, 47 %). Characterization matches previously reported data.52 ‘H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13)6 7.37 - 7.21 (m, 5 H), 5.63 (t, J4.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.20 (s, 1 H), 4.98 (s, 1 H), 2.32 - 2.19 (m, 2 H), 2.17 - 2.04 (m, 2 H), 1.80 - 1.67 (m, 2 H), 1.67 - 1.56 (m, 2 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13, 100 MHz): 6 151.7, 142.1, 137.1, 129.0, 128.7, 127.8, 126.9, 110.9, 26.4, 25.9, 22.9, 22.2. FIRMS (El) mlz calcd forC14H6: 184.1252; found: 184.1251. 64 Reaction of (15 with Trimethylsily1methylmanesium Chloride (2fl NiC12(PPh3)(26 mg, 0.04 1 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 25 mL 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 15 (75 mg, 0.41 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round-bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (5.0 mL) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously while trimethylsilylmethylmagnesium chloride (1.7 mL of a 1.0 M solution in Et20) was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and the resulting brown/black solution was heated to 75 °C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HC1 solution was added (5 mL) followed by Et20 (5 mL). The solution is stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 8 mL), dried over Mg2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product as a clear colorless oil (64 mg, 0.33 mmol, 81 %). ‘H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) 5.82 (t, J4.0 Hz., 1 H), 4.86 (s, 1 H), 4.62 (s, 1 H), 2.27 - 2.06 (m, 4 H), 1.77 (s, 2 H), 1.73 - 1.52 (m, 4 H), 0.00 (s, 9 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDC13, 75 MHz): QZ 1. 10 mol% NiCI2(PPh3)THF, 75°C, 16h MgCI 2. 1M HCI 81% 21 31 65 ö 146.4, 136.6, 125.1, 106.7, 26.1, 25.9, 23.9, 23.1, 22.2, 1.2. HRMS (El) mlz calcd for C12H2Si: 194.1491; found: 194.1493. Reaction of (16) with Benzvlmanesium Chloride (19) 16 1. 10 mol% N1CI2(PPh3) [ j + THE, 75°C, 16h 86% 32MgCI 19 NiC12(PPh3)(31 mg, 0.062 mmol) was weighed out using a spatula onto weighing paper and added to a flame-dried 25 mL 2-neck round-bottom flask containing vinyl sulfide 16 (115 mg, 0.62 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar. The round-bottom flask was sealed using two rubber septa and flushed with N2 gas. THF (7.0 mL) was then added and the solution was stirred vigorously while benzyhnagnesium chloride (2.5mL of a 1.0 M solution in Et20) was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and the resulting brownlblack solution was heated to 75 C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HC1 solution was added (5 mL) followed by Et20 (5 mE). The solution is stirred for 5 mm then filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 8 mL), dried over Mg2SO4and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product as a clear colorless oil (56 mg, 0.32 mmol, 51 %). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) 66 6 7.37 - 7.13 (m, 5 H), 4.83 (s, 1 H), 4.74 (s, 1 H), 3.35 (s, 2 H), 1.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2 H), 1.53 - 1.38 (m, 2 H), 1.38 - 1.20 (m, 6 H), 0.89 (t, J6.9 Hz, 3 H). ‘3C{’H} NMR (CDCI3, 175MHz): 6 149.3, 139.9, 129.0, 128.2, 126.0, 110.9, 43.0, 35.4, 31.7, 29.0, 27.6, 22.6, 14.1. HRMS (El) mlz calcd forC15H22:202.1722; found: 202.1716. One-pot hydrothiolation/Kumada cross-coupling General procedure Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(25 mg, 0.027 mmol) was weighed out in the glove box using a spatula into a 25 mL two-neck round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. THF (2.5 mL) was then added by syringe, followed sequentially by n-propanethiol (90 itL, 0.99 mmol) and alkyne (0.9 mmol) via micropipette. The reaction flask was then sealed with rubber septa, removed from glove box and wrapped with foil. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h unless otherwise specified. After 2 h the foil was removed and a solution ofNiC12(PPh3)(45 mg, 0.072 mmol in 10 mL of THF) was added by syringe. While the solution was vigorously stirred, a 1.0 M solution of Grignard reagent (3.6 mL, 3.6 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe over 1 h. The reaction flask was then equipped with a flame dried reflux condenser and glass stopper, and heated to 75 °C for 16 h. The solution was then allowed to cool to room temperature and a 1 M HC1 solution (4 mL) was added, followed by Et20 (4 mL). After stirring for 5 mm, the mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite. The organic layer was extracted with Et20 (3 x 5 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Mg2SO4 for 10 mm, filetered and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to flash chromatography to afford the product. Yields given are isolated yields, unless otherwise specified. 67 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 - s MgCI 1 ,3,5-trimethoxybenzene + THF, rt, 2 h 8 mol% NiCI2(PPh3) THF, 75 °C, 16 h - 31%(overtwo steps) Tp*Rh(PPh3)2(27 mg, 0.029 mmol), n-propanetbiol (95 jL, 1.05 mmol), alkyne (0.97 mmol), NiC12(PPh3(45 mg, 0.072 mmol in 10 mE of THF), Grignard reagent (3.9 mL, 3.6 mmol), 1,3 ,5-trimethoxybenzene (53.2. mg, 0.316 mmol). The yield for the above reaction was determined by ‘H NMR spectroscopic analysis using 1,3,5- trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard. - H3CO + HS THF,rt,2h PhMgCI 8 mol% NiCI2(PPh3) THF,75°C, 16h 65% (over two steps) -MgBr H3CO 3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh)2 ______________________ + THF, rt, 2 h HS 8 mol% NICI2(PPh3) THF, 75°C, 16 h 37%(over two steps) H3CO HS’ CH3 iMgCI H3COr8 mol% NiCI2(PPh3) THF,75°C, 16h 63% (over to steps) 68 a-__3 mol% Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 — + THF, rt, 2 h HS -a______ r s__-__ Bra3 mol% Tp*Rh(pph3)2 La- J THF, 75 °C, 16 h+ THF,rt,2h 8 mol% N1CI2(PPh3)HS 30% (over o steps) 8 mol% N1CI2(PPh3) THF75°C, 16h 66% (over two steps) si dIMgCI3moI%Tp*Rh(pph)2 [a- j THF,75°C, 16hTHF,rt,2h 8 mol% NiCI2(PPh3)HS 60% (over two steps) 3 mol% + Tp*Rh(PPh)2 THF, rt, 16 h fMCI 8 mol% N1CI2(PPh3) THF,75°C, 16h 78% (over two steps) 69 Chapter 4— Summary, Conclusions and Future Work 4.1 Summary In this theses, we have shown a useful method for the synthesis of 1,1- disubstituted olefins from readily available terminal alkynes via hydrothiolation followed by nickel-catalyzed Kumada-type cross-coupling with various Grignard reagents. While our group previously reported the successful catalytic alkyne hydrothiolation of a variety of alkynes (aryl and aliphatic) with a series of thiols (aryl and aliphatic) in the presence of Tp*Rh(PPh3)2,the use of n-propanethiol was limited to only one example. The expansion of previously established methodology was carried out using n-propanethiol as hydrothiolation substrate with a variety of alkynes to afford the corresponding vinyl sulfides in moderate-to-high isolated yields. Vinyl sulfides derived from unsubstituted aryl alkynes or aryl alkynes containing an electron-donating substituent at the para position gave high isolated yields, while vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes containing an electron-withdrawing substituent at the para position showed a significant decrease in reactivity and yield. Aliphatic alkynes 6, 7 and 8 gave high isolated yields while alkyne 9 showed no reactivity to the hydrothiolation reaction. It should be noted that the vinyl sulfide products are relatively unstable should be used immediately or stored in the freezer as a solution in petroleum ether. The Kumada coupling of the isolated vinyl sulfides from the reaction of aryl and aliphatic alkynes, with various Grignard reagents were then investigated to explore the 70 feasibility of their use as substrates for 1,1 -disubstituted olefin synthesis. The cross- coupling of vinyl sulfides 10-17 with various Grignard reagents (19-24) was carried out, and it was found that 1,1 -disubstitued olefins can be afforded by the reaction of aryl or aliphatic Grignard reagents with alkyl or aryl vinyl sulfides. We also found that vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes containing an electron-donating substituent at the para position increased reactivity towards cross-coupling relative to the vinyl sulfide derived from the unsubstituted aryl alkyne. In contrast, vinyl sulfides derived from aryl alkynes containing an electron-withdrawing substituent at the para position had a significant decrease in reactivity towards cross-coupling. Alkynylmagnesium halides, vinyl magnesium halides, or Grignard reagents that contain fi-hydrogens were found to be unproductive in the cross-coupling reaction in the presence of NiC12(PPh3).A one-pot protocol was also developed for the formation of 1,1-disubstituted olefins starting from readily available alkynes. 4.2 Future Work In this thesis, the synthesis of a variety of 1,1 -disubstituted olefins was discussed involving catalytic alkyne hydrothiolation and subsequent nickel-catalyzed Kumada cross-coupling. The vinyl sulfides obtained from the hydrothiolation involving n propanethiol readily decompose at room temperature. Isolation and characterization of these decomposition products may be useful in further optimizing the hydrothiolation procedure. 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Undergraduate Honours Thesis, University British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., 2006.; (b) Shoai, S.; Love, J. A. unpublished results. 79 t t C . a C C t t O . a -I C n C l) a t f t a t t 3 V 3 ‘- 0 — a U I N CD _i 0 a c -f l- 0 0 — 0 c-fl 0 00 C 0 — ‘ z o * 0 0 - - 0 0 00 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- p 0 • 0 3 — 1 N C C M 00 k) t 3 0— 0 0 - • 0 3 - n Ci ) C) 0 0 N C) C) t t 3 ‘ 0 0 - ‘ 3 N 0 G o P 0 0 0 -- 0 a ’ 0 0 — P 0 0 c’) 0 0 0 p 0 N C) C-) 5 V V 3 00 CT ’— 0 0 -- 0 CT’ 0 0 -- I— 0 - 0 3 0 -4 0 0) 0 CO 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 C C C s C C N O C’) 00 0 - 0 CO - - 0 0 -- 3 - z C) O • J 0 C’ , 0 0 0 - 9.0 ppm (fi) Appendix II: ‘H and ‘3C NMR Spectra for Kumada Cross-Coupling Products 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 The spectrum above was taken from the crude product and contains the desired cross- coupling product as well as bibenzyl, toluene and tetrahydrofuran. The yield was determined by ‘H NMR spectroscopic analysis using l,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard. 25 (300 MHz, CDC13 rt) iI 87 t V - V V 3 3 _& iD __ - N - n 0 - n - a 0 - 4 0 a - 0 o 0 C o CC 0 p 0 c m 0 a 0 0 “ 3 a , w 0 0 N C C ‘ 43 a , 0 0 0— so 9) 0 -4 0 9) 0 Co 0 0 C) 0 I’) 0 0 0 0 t 3 C C N C C N 00 — 4 (0 - 0 8 (0- 0 0- t V - 3 - t1 2 N C) C e C) a a 0 I V V 3 3 0 ‘ 0 1% ) Co U’ 0 t t 3 — a N C C C 1% ) CD t 3D 0 U’ 0 0 a 0 0 - 0 0’ - - 0 0 — 0) 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 C; , 0 0 t’ J C; , 0 0 0 3 0 0 N n C) a t 3 ‘ 9 “ 3 -