UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report An Investigation into Waste-Reducing Vending Products: Office Supplies Hui Tan James Li Joey Liu Aobo Yu Root Xie University of British Columbia APSC 261 November 29, 2011 Disclaimer: “UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report”.     04   An  Investigation  into              Waste-­‐Reducing  Vending  Products:  Office  Supplies      Tutorial Instructor: Christina C. Gyenge Students’ names: Hui Tan James Li Joey Liu Aobo Yu Root Xie Submission Date: Nov 29th       Technology and Society – APSC 261 UBC  Applied  Science  Sustainability  Project  Student  Report     i   Abstract This report investigates the plan to install vending machines that sells re-usable office supplies on UBC campus. The vending machines will provide students with easy access to green office supplies. Extensive primary and secondary researches was performed to examine the impacts of existing office supplies have on the environment as well as the implications of introducing re-usable office supplies to the campus. This report focuses on three commonly used office supplies: staplers, batteries, and disposable pens. Research has revealed that existing office supplies used on campus have profound negative impacts on the environment. Some of the negative impacts include consumption of steel and coal, emission of air pollutants, and emissions of toxic compounds. To better assess the feasibility of selling re-usable office supplies in vending machines, triple –bottom-line assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental, social, and economical aspects of each of the three office supplies. For environmental aspects, research indicated that all three office supplies help to mitigate some of the environmental problems associated with existing office supplies. From a social perspective, results from student surveys indicated that most students on campus were not aware of the existence of the three re-usable office supplies but most of the students who took the surveys have responded in favor of using these three office supplies once they have learned the benefits. For economical aspect, research has shown that all three re- usable office supplies are equally priced as the existing office supplies and in the long term, are cheaper than the existing office supplies. The re-usable office supplies are environmentally friendly, potentially widely acceptable, and economical to implement in vending machines on UBC campus. This report strongly recommends UBC AMS to installing vending machines on campus that sells these office supplies.   ii   Illustration Figures: Figure  1  to  14:  Survey  ................................................................................................................................    Figure  15:  US  Battery  Demand  &  Supply  ...........................................................................................    Figure  16:  Demand  for  Secondary  &  Primary  Batteries  ..............................................................    Figure  17:  Characteristics  of  commonly  used  rechargeable  Batteries  ..................................     iii   Glossary Staple-less staplers: invented in 1910, are a means of stapling that punches out a small flap of paper and weaves it through a notch. Non-biodegradable waste: waste that will NOT break down (or won't for many many years). Examples are plastics, metal and glass. Some dangerous chemicals and toxins are also non-biodegradable, as are plastic grocery bags, Styrofoam (polystyrene), and other similar materials but will eventually break down over time. Primary Battery: Disposable batteries that are designed to use once and discarded Secondary Battery: Rechargeable battery Photochemical Oxidation: Oxidation that occurs when a substance poses an electron and combines with another substance. Zinc - carbon Batteries: A battery is packaged in a zinc can that serves as both a container and negative terminal. Nickel Cadmium Battery: A type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery: A type of rechargeable battery similar to the nickel– cadmium cell. NiMH battery uses a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode instead of cadmium. Lithium Ion Battery: A family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging.   Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... i Illustration ......................................................................................................................... ii Glossary ............................................................................................................................ iii 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 2.0 Refillable Pen ................................................................................................................2 2.1 Environment Impact ......................................................................................................2 2.2 Economic Impact ...........................................................................................................3 2.3 Social Impact .................................................................................................................3 2.4 Recommendations ..........................................................................................................4 3.0 Rechargeable Battery ..................................................................................................5 3.1 Environment Impact ......................................................................................................5 3.2 Economic Impact ...........................................................................................................7 3.3 Social Impact .................................................................................................................8 3.4 Recommendations ..........................................................................................................9 4.0 Staple-less Staplers.....................................................................................................10 4.1 Environment Impact ....................................................................................................10 4.2 Economic Impact .........................................................................................................10 4.3 Social Impact ...............................................................................................................11 5.0 Vending Machine .......................................................................................................12 5.1 Environment Impact ....................................................................................................12 5.2 Economic Impact .........................................................................................................12 5.3 Social Impact ...............................................................................................................13 6.0 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................14 References .........................................................................................................................15 Appendix  ...................................................................................................................  18     1   1.0 Introduction Office supplies such as stapler, disposable pens, and batteries have become a serious issue to the well-being of the environment. Little research has been done to evaluate the environmental impacts of these three office supplies have and even less attention has been paid to the habit of using these office supplies. This report highlights some of the environmental, social and economic problem associated with disposable pens and staplers and presents the readers with more sustainable options. This report investigates the option of selling re-usable office supplies in vending machines. Specifically, three types of re-usable office supplies have been chosen for this report: refillable pen, rechargeable battery and staple-free stapler. This report performs a triple-bottom line analysis to assess the environmental, economical and social aspects of each of the three products. In addition, this report will determine the feasibility of implementing these products in vending machines. This report will help UBC AMS to make informed decisions on installing vending machines that sells re-usable office supplies on UBC Campus.   2   2.0 Refillable Pen While computer software has significantly replaced the need to write documents using pen and paper, the need for old-fashioned pen and paper still exists. For example, it is still necessary for people to write documents such as homework, letters, and multi- million dollar formal contracts using pen and paper. However, just like Alvin Weinberg said, “the technological solutions to social problems tend to be incomplete and metastable.”(4) The environmental impact caused by the use of pen and paper has not been entirely fixed by the paperless technology. Many technicians and social engineers have been trying to develop more sustainable pulp and paper technologies. In a similar vein, many sustainable solutions have been developed to mitigate the negative environmental impacts caused by disposable pens. The disposable pens can cause environmental problems. The United States along discards 1,600,000,000 pens each year. (Recycling Facts, 2010, Para. 6). These disposable pens will eventually wind up in the landfills, deep under the waterways or being buried in some unforeseen areas. Since plastic materials are hard to decompose, it will take a long time for most disposable pens to completely decompose inside the landfills. Introducing the Refillable Pen Most types of pen can be refillable. Fountain Pen is the best solution among all since it keeps its own cartridge and refills by delivering the liquid ink through the nib. Other types of pens such as ballpoint pen, rollerball pen, markers and highlighters can also be refilled by replacing a new cartridge. Environmental Impact   3   Instead of watching disposable pens stack up in the landfills, we can simply avoid it by using a refillable pen. How? One can prolong the life of a pen by using a refill cartridge. For instance, after the pen is out of ink, instead of discarding it or buying a new pen, one can simply refill the ink into the cartridge. By doing so, one refillable pen can last as long as the user keeps it. As a result, the number of discard disposable pens will be reduced if more people use refillable pen. Economic Impact Refillable pens and disposable pens have the similar initial cost. However, comparing with buying a new pen, refilling ink cartridges is more cost effective. Moreover, People can buy a pack of ink cartridges with only a few dollars, which is equivalent of buying a lot of disposable pen without the possible environmental impacts. Therefore, the cost of buying refillable pens is much preferable than buying disposable pens in a long run. Social Impact We performed a survey on 50 students. The result showed us that 21 students could not accept the refillable pens. When asked why they made their choices, six people responded that disposable pens are convenient, five people thought disposable pens are cheap and ten people prefer disposable pens because it is readily available. In addition, eight people chose disposable pens for all of the above reasons. According to the survey, 29 out of 50 students approved refillable pens. Therefore, the majority of the students will support the idea of selling refillable pens in the vending machine. Furthermore, after the students were introduced to the benefits of using refillable pen, the number of students chose refillable pens dramatically increased as they realized that how much they could contribute to the cause of sustainable way of living by buying refillable pens. In short, most of the students understood the importance of sustainability. Therefore if refillable   4   pens are to be sold in vending machines, more students will have opportunity to get involved in promoting sustainability. Recommendations I strongly recommend this product since the differences between disposable pens and refillable pens listed in the previous section are profound. Specifically, I recommend BeGreen and Parker brand. However, if one loses it every few months, there will hardly be any environmental benefit and certainly no financial benefit. On the other hand, people may find it hard to remember the refill option of a pen. In order to encourage people to accept refillable pens, we need to raise public awareness of the benefits of purchasing refillable pens by setting up posters near vending machines.   5   3.0 Rechargeable Batteries Nowadays, re-usable energy is becoming paramount in building a sustainability society. As many students are using batteries in their electronic devices, replacing normal batteries with rechargeable batteries can significantly save energy. Rechargeable batteries are also known as secondary cells. They are consisted of groups of electrochemical cells such as lead-acid (this is mainly used for car batteries, so we do not discuss in this project), nickel cadmium, lithium ion and lithium ion polymer. Rechargeable batteries can reverse the chemical reaction by applying an external voltage while the chemicals in the normal batteries cannot be recharged. In this project, we have analyzed the difference between disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries. 3.1 Environment Impact The disposable batteries, which also known as primary batteries, include zinc- carbon batteries and alkaline batteries. Both of these primary batteries are made of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride, which are highly soluble in water and mildly acidic. Due to photochemical oxidation process, these chemical compounds will become toxic. These toxic are responsible for peaks in ozone concentration as well as emission of other toxic compounds. On the other hand, rechargeable batteries have up to 28 times less impact on climate warming comparing to disposable batteries. (Energizer, 2008, Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Handbook and Application Manual, page 2) In additional to the toxic acid, recycling wasted batteries is a major problem. According to official statistic, South Africa disposes almost 100 million waste batteries, none of which is recycled despite the fact that South Africa government has implemented a program to recycle these batteries. (Recharge Your Batteries - and care for the environment, 2010, Para 1) This failure to recycle waste batteries has led to a serious degradation of the environment. In contrast, rechargeable batteries can be reused up to one thousand times. In other words, one rechargeable battery can reduce the waste of nine   6   hundred and ninety-nine batteries. Thus, instead of having these waste batteries contaminate the soil, water, and animal life up to fifty years, we can reduce that contamination by twelve times by using rechargeable batteries. There are several kinds of rechargeable batteries such as Nickel Cadmium, Nickel-Metal Hydride, Lead Acid, Lithium Ion and Lithium Ion Polymer. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. From an environmental perspective, Nickel Metal Hydride is the most environmentally friendly of all the batteries since it contains no toxic material.   7   3.2 Economic Impact In this project, we will analyze the cost and gain from both consumer side and AMS side. The cost to manufacture a rechargeable batter is almost the same as a disposable battery. As consumers, students can save their money by purchasing rechargeable batteries. A rechargeable battery can be reused for one thousand times while the disposable can be used for only once. Although students have a slightly higher initial   8   cost of buying the rechargeable batteries, in the long term, they are actually saving money as they can recharge these batteries instead of buying a new one. (Linden, 2002, chapter 22). Furthermore, when implementing a sustainability vending machine project, AMS can sale chargers with rechargeable batteries as a package since a rechargeable battery need a charger to apply an external voltage during the recharging process. Selling the charger with the rechargeable battery in vending machine is convenient for students to recharge batteries and provide incentives to buy rechargeable batteries. From the economic point of view, Nickel Cadmium rechargeable batteries have low will cost less in the long term. What I mean is that Nickel Cadmium rechargeable batteries has the shortest charge time. Thus, they will cost less as customer recharge it for several times. 3.3 Social Impact   From  the  survey  we  did  (attached  in  appendix)  we  are  able  to  conclude  that  majority  of   students  are  still  using  disposable  batteries.  However,   this   survey  also  shows   that   most   disposable   battery   user   would   like   to   use   rechargeable   battery  after   we   introduce   the   benefits.   Therefore,   by   advocating   more   people   to   buy  rechargeable  batteries,  industries  will  use  less  resource  and  our  society  can  be  more  sustainability.               9   Figure 15 Figure 16a 16b 3.4 Recommendation In this report, after analyze all kind of batteries, we recommend Nickel Metal Hydride rechargeable batteries. Although they have high expense in reducing cycle life, they can benefit the environment in the long term and build sustainability society.   10   4.0 Staplers The vending machines can make great contribution to the cause of sustainability by promoting re-usable office supplies. One such product that this report will be focusing on is the staple-less stapler. Staple-less stapler binds paper by punching a v-shaped cut in the paper and then folds the point of the V up. In this section, we will evaluate staple- free staplers using triple-bottom-line assessment. 4.1 Environmental Impact Just as its name implies, this kind of staplers do not use staples. Usually, staples are made of steel. Given the amount of staples used each year, a colossal amount of steel is used in making staples every year. According to a research from the University of Aberdeen, if each of the UK’s estimated ten million office workers used one less staple a day, 120,000 kg (or 120 tonnes) of steel would be saved every year. (University of Aberdeen, 2010, p.1). In most developed countries, it takes 0.7 tonne of coal to make one tonne of steel while in developing countries; it might take more than one tonne of coal to make one tonne of steel. This process of burning coal to make steel releases a large amount of flue-gas that contains harmful compounds such as SOx, NOx, and CO2, which cause acid rain. (World Coal Association, 2010, Para. 4). In addition, steel will need further processes before it can be made into staples, which will consume energy. By using staple-less staplers, it will completely eliminate the need of steel and coal for making staples and thereby, reducing pollution levels in the environment. Furthermore, since there is no staple needed, it is easier to recycle the paper, as there is no need to remove staples. 4.2 Economical Impact   11   Based on the information on some big stores such as amazon, staples, and etc. The price of traditional staplers ranges from $3 to more than $20. On the other hand, the price of staple-free staplers is about $5 to $8. Although the price of staple-free staplers cannot match that of the cheapest traditional staplers, they are still much cheaper than the more expensive traditional staplers. Therefore, staple-free staplers can be very competitive. Moreover, traditional staplers have to use staplers and so long as people are using them, they must buy new staples. However, once people buy a staple-free stapler, they will not have to spend any additional money on buying staples. In conclusion, staple-free stapler is a product that is good for sustainability, reasonably priced, and potential to gain wide acceptance. If products like staple-free staplers were sold in vending machines, they would make a great contribution to sustainability. 4.3 Social Impact The staple-less stapler is a new kind of stapler. Its unique appearance, and functionality could attract people's attention. According to our survey, only 26% of interviewees have heard of staple-less staplers prior to doing the survey. However, after learning about the staple-less staplers and its benefits, 54% of the interviewees are willing to buy this kind of staplers. Compare with a traditional stapler, a staple-less stapler has a relatively small size. It is about L2" x W2" x H1" and weigh no more than 70 grams, which makes it very convenient to carry around. (Grass Roots, 2011, p.1). Since a staple- less stapler does not need any staples, people do not need to worry if the staple runs out of staples when they use it. Although staple-free stapler cannot hold more than 5 pages, it still has broad applications, such as binding assignments, memos, and emails printouts. (Staple Free Stapler, 2009, Para. 2) The most important social impact of staple-free staplers is that by using them, people are actively engaged in promoting a healthy, and sustainable way of living.   12   5.0 Vending Machine We have conducted triple bottom line analysis on several products in the previous sections. However, we cannot overlook the fact that vending machine itself has considerable impacts on social, environmental and economic aspects. Therefore, our group has also conducted a triple bottom line analysis on vending machine itself. 5.1 Economic Impact In terms of economic aspect, vending machines have many advantages. The one- time purchase cost of vending machine ranges from $2000 to $3000. (Vending machine unlimited, 2011). However, low maintenance cost is what makes the vending machine profitable. A vending machine can operate all year long with minimum maintenance. In fact, a typical vending machine only needs a few hours to replenish its stock. Another benefit is that the products sold in vending machines require no advertisement; the vending machine itself is the best advertisement for the products, which in this case, promote sustainability. In addition, vending machine can easily be relocated. Vending machines can be moved to a new place without much effort. Therefore, in a long run, vending machines can make considerable amount of profit. 5.2 Environmental Impact Our group has also researched on the environmental impact of the vending machine. There has been lots of concern on the energy consumption of a vending machine. Researchers have conducted many studies on the energy consumption of a vending machine. According to their researches, in one week, a vending machine can consume 38 kWh of electricity. On a monthly basis, that accumulates to be 163 kWh of electricity. (Platts, 2004, page 2) Therefore, a vending machine indeed consumes a lot of energy. However, it is important to note that the US has set a new standard on energy   13   consumption of vending machine and (source #15) therefore, the newer model of vending machines are likely to consume a lot less energy. Moreover, the analysis is based on vending machines with refrigeration system. If a vending machine only sells office supply, it will consume very little energy since the refrigeration system is not needed. Also, another benefit is that the vending machine itself should not generate any waste. (source #16) 5.3 Social Impact The vending machines can have various social impacts. Our group has conducted a survey on a sample of 50 students. They are given the option to either approve or disapprove the idea of having a vending machine that sells office supply on campus. More than 70% of them support the idea. We also ask them why do they want to buy office supply from a vending machine. According to the survey, it’s evident that many students believe that It would save their time if there’s vending machine to buy office supply from. Another benefit is that having vending machines that sells office supply can help students in certain situation. For example, if a student forgot to bring pen for the exam, having a vending machine in a place near the exam location such as the Student Reaction Center would be very convenient for them. After concluding the triple bottom line analysis, it’s evident that vending machine itself has mostly positive impacts on economic, environmental and social aspects.   14   6.0 Conclusion In this project, our group has conducted triple bottom line analysis on three types of re-usable office supplies: staple-free stapler, refillable pen, and rechargeable battery. From the environmental point of view, our research showed that all three office supplies have some advantages in solving environmental problems associated with existing office supplies. In the economical term, research has shown that all three re- usable office supplies are equally priced as the existing office supplies and in the long term, are cheaper than the existing office supplies. From a social perspective, results from student surveys indicated that most students on campus were not aware of the existence of the three re-usable office supplies but most of the students who took the surveys are willing to make changes to save the environment. They will become in favor of using these three office supplies once they have learned the benefits. Therefore, our group strongly recommends three products to be stocked in the vending machines.   15   References Doan, A. (2008) GREEN CELL Universal Battery Sold in Vending Machines. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011 from http://inhabitat.com/green-cell-universal-battery-sold-in- vending-machines/ Energizer. (2008). Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Handbook and Application Manual. Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/alkaline_appman.pdf Environment Canada. (2010). Batteries. Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/default.asp?lang=En&n=8E1CA841-1 Grass Roots. (2011). Cubed Staple Free Stapler.Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://www.grassrootsstore.com/Cubed_Staple_Free_Stapler_p/12554.htm Henley, J. (2005,September 9)Bic over the moon as sales top 100bn. From: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/sep/09/france.jonhenley Home > Products > Find ENERGY STAR Products > Vending Machines. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2011, from Vending Machines : http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGro up&pgw_code=VMC Linden, D. Reddy, T. (2002). Handbook Of Batteries 3rd Edition. Lee, D. (2003). Consumers' Experiences, Opinions, Attitudes, Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behaviour with Vending Machines. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behaviour, 16, 1-15.   16   Monley, B. (2011, July). Vending Machine Collection Dispensers in Libraries. APLIS, 24(3), 133-138. Maag, C. (2011).Vending Machines Going Cashless. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011 from http://www.credit.com/blog/2011/03/vending-machines-going-cashless/ Muller, R.(2008). Rechargeable batteries have marginal impact on environment. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011 from http://mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/2707- rechargeable-batteries-have-marginal-impact-on-environment.html Perry, D. (2011). HP Patents Ink Cartridge Vending Machines. Retrieved from http://www.tomsguide.com/us/hp-printer-ink-cartridge-refill,news-12306.html Platts. (2004). Office Equipment and Other Plug Loads: Vending Machine Energy Savings Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://www.reliant.com/en_US/Platts/PDF/P_PA_50.pdf Rogers, H.(2005). Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life Of Garbage, Chapter 1. Recharge Your Batteries, (2008). Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/2707-rechargeable-batteries-have- marginal-impact-on-environment.html Rusdiansyah, A. (2005, October). An Integrated Model of the Periodic Delivery Problems for Vending Machine Supply Chains. Journal of Food Engineering, 70(3), 421-434. Vezzoli , C. (2006). EcoDesign: What's Happening? . Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(15-16), 1319-1325.   17   Recycling Facts, (2010). From http://www.recycling-revolution.com/recycling- benefits.html Brandt, D. (2010, March). Vending Appeal. Industrial Engineer, 42(3), 52-53. Schieltz, M. (2011). Types of Vending Machines. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011 from http://www.ehow.com/list_5788095_types-vending-machines.html Segrave, K. (2002). Vending machines : an American social history, page 299-277. Staple Free Stapler. (2009). Staple Free Stapler. Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://www.staplefreestaplers.com/ US sets new energy standards for vending machines, 2009. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011 from http://www.energyefficiencynews.com/policy/i/2365/ University of Aberdeen. (2010). Staples versus paperclips. Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://www.abdn.ac.uk/estates/environment/resources/documents/Staplesversuspap erclips.pdf US sets new energy standards for vending machines, 2009. From http://www.energyefficiencynews.com/policy/i/2365/ Vending machine unlimited. (2011). Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://www.vendingmachinesunlimited.com/ World Coal Association. (2010). Coal & Steel Statistics. Retrieved Nov 26, 2011, from http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/coal-steel-statistics/ Weinberg, A. Nuclear Reactions: Science and Trans-Science. Buffalo, NY: American Institute of Physics, 1992. Print.   18   Appendix Some Brands to Recommend Refillable Pen: BeGreen, Paker Staple-Free Staplers: Eco Types of Battery to Recommend Rechargeable Battery: Nickel-Metal Hydride   19   Survey Results Figure 1 Figure 2 No  72%   Yes  28%   Are  you  aware  of  the  of-ice  supply   vending  machine  in  Koerner  library  on   campus  at  UBC?   Disposable  42%  RePillable  58%   Do  you  prefer  re-illable  or  disposable   pens?     20   Figure 3 Figure 4 convenient  22%   cheap  17%  more  readily  available  34%   above  all  27%   Why  would  you  choose  disposable  pen?   sustainable  32%   last  longer  32%   both  34%   other  2%   Why  do  you  choose  re-illable  Pens?     21   Figure 5 Figure 6 interesting  apperence  46%  new  functionality  36%   environmental  friendly  18%   What  do  you  like  the  staple-­‐less  stapler   most?     No  72%   Yes  28%   Have  you  ever  heard  about  staple-­‐less   staplers?     22   Figure 7 Figure 8 Yes  52%   No  48%   After  we  introduce  the  stapler,  are  you   willing  to  buy  it?   disposable  68%   rechargable  32%   Do  you  prefer  use  disposible  batteries  or   rechargeable  batteries?     23   Figure 9 Figure 10 Cheaper  35%   more  readily  available  25%   convenient  10%   the  above  all  30%   why  do  you  prefer  disposible  batteries?   sustainable  14%   less  waste  8%   both  78%   why  do  you  prefer  rechargeable   batteries?     24   Figure 11 Figure 12 Recycle  in  battery  bin  18%   garbage  bin  82%   How  did  you  deal  with  waste  batteries?   Yes  62%   No  38%   Will  you  buy  rechargeable  batteries  after   you  realize  it  cost  less  than  disposible   batteries  and  it  will  be  available  in  ubc   vending  machines?     25   Figure 13 Figure 14 convenient  80%   cheaper  2%   thers  18%   Why  do  you  buy  pens  and  other  of-ice   supply  from  vending  machines  ?A.   convenient  and  saves  time  80%    B   cheaper  price  2%    C  others  18%   Yes  70%   No  30%   Do  you  want  vending  machines  which   sells  of-ice  supply  on  campus  ?