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Ali, Abdullahi H.; Ford, Adam T.; Evans, Jeffrey S.; Mallon, David P.; Hayes, Matthew M.; King, Juliet; Amin, Rajan; Goheen, Jacob R.

<b>Abstract</b><br/>Understanding how bottom-up and top-down forces affect resource selection can inform restoration efforts. With a global population size of <500 individuals, the hirola Beatragus hunteri is the world's most endangered antelope, with a declining population since the 1970s. While the underlying mechanisms are unclear, some combination of habitat loss and predation are thought to be responsible for low abundances of contemporary populations. Efforts to conserve hirola are hindered by a lack of understanding as to why population density remains low, despite eradication of the viral disease, rinderpest. To elucidate factors underlying chronically low numbers, we examined resource selection and landscape change within the hirola's native range. Because hirola are grazers, we hypothesized that the availability of open areas would be linked both to forage and safety from predators. We quantified: (1) changes in tree cover across the hirola's historical range in eastern Kenya over the past 27 years; (2) how tree cover has influenced resource selection by hirola; and (3) interactions between tree cover and predation. Between 1985 and 2012, tree cover increased by 251% across the historical range of hirola. Tree encroachment was associated with a 98% decline of hirola and elephant Loxodonta africana populations, a 74% decline in cattle Bos indicus, an increase in browsing livestock by 327%, and a reduction in rainfall. Although hirola avoided tree cover, we found no evidence that predation on hirola increased with increasing tree cover. Synthesis and applications. Hirola may qualify as a refugee species, in which contemporary populations are restricted to suboptimal habitat and exhibit low survival, reproduction, or both. The extinction of hirola would be the first of a mammalian genus on the African continent in modern history. We conclude that contemporary low numbers of hirola are due at least partly to habitat loss via tree encroachment, triggered by some combination of elephant extirpation, overgrazing, drought, and perhaps fire suppression. We recommend a combination of rangeland restoration efforts (including conservation of elephants, manual clearing of trees, and grass seeding), increased enforcement of an existing protected area (Arawale National Reserve), and reintroductions to enhance recovery for this endangered species. These efforts will rely on enhanced support from the international conservation community and the cooperation of pastoralist communities with which the hirola coexist.; <b>Usage notes</b><br /><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Livestock, Cattle, elephants abundance in hirola's range_77_2011</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">This is aerial survey data from the Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing Kenya from 1977 to 2011 to give historical estimates wildlife and livestock abundances. We estimated the trends of livestock, hirola, elephants abundances from this data.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Masalani_daily rainfall</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">The rainfall data file contains daily rainfall observations for Masalani station in the centre of hirola's geographic range for the period from 1970-2009.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hirolacollardatamay2nd 2015</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">The hirola collar data contains the telemetry data of collared hirola individuals within the hirola's geographic range. Note: due to the sensitive nature of the data, GPS location information for the critically endangered Beatragus hunteri have been removed from the dataset.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Imagery analysis</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">P166R61zip contains details of the imagery analysis (1985 and 2012) for the hirola's geographic range.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name">P166R61_zip.zip</br></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hirolakillsites_2015</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Hirola kill sites data contains observed hirola kill sites collected by network of scouts within the hirola's geographic range. Note: due to the sensitive nature of the data, GPS location information for the critically endangered Beatragus hunteri have been removed from the dataset.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div>

Eastern Kenya; Garissa; Horn of Africa

Dryad version number: 1</p>

Version status: submitted</p>

Dryad curation status: Published</p>

Sharing link: https://datadryad.org/stash/share/FD8IShw84_FxYnzwSIJL3jSi3_0_0YA_0DtG4yjELYQ</p>

Storage size: 13816829</p>

Visibility: public</p>

University of British Columbia Library

10.14288/1.0397929

https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/TASG7F; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.p1v07

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