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Rogers, Sean M.; Tamkee, Patrick; Summers, Brian; Balabahadra, Sarita; Marks, Melissa; Kingsley, David E.; Schluter, Dolph

<b>Abstract</b><br/>Transition of an evolving population to a new adaptive optimum is predicted to leave a signature in the distribution of effect sizes of fixed mutations. If they affect many traits (are pleiotropic), large effect mutations should contribute more when a population evolves to a farther adaptive peak than to a nearer peak. We tested this prediction in wild threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by comparing the estimated frequency of large effect genetic changes underlying evolution as the same ancestor adapted to two lake types since the end of the ice age. A higher frequency of large effect genetic changes (quantitative trait loci) contributed to adaptive evolution in populations that adapted to lakes representing a more distant optimum than to lakes in which the optimum phenotype was nearer to the ancestral state. Our results also indicate that pleiotropy, not just optimum overshoot, contributes to this difference. These results suggest that a series of adaptive improvements to a new environment leaves a detectable mark in the genome of wild populations. Although not all assumptions of the theory are likely met in natural systems, the prediction may be robust enough to the complexities of natural environments to be useful when forecasting adaptive responses to large environmental changes.; <b>Usage notes</b><br /><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E4 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E4 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E5 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E5 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E6 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E6 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E10 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Cranby E10 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H5 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H5 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H7 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H17 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H17 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H19 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H19 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 1 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 1 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 2 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 2 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 10 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 10 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 11 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Graham 11 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A3 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A3 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A5 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A5 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A7 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A7 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A10 pheno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Paq A10 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">NHG wild genotypes</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div><div class="o-metadata__file-usage-entry"><h4 class="o-heading__level3-file-title">Hoggan H7 geno</h4><div class="o-metadata__file-description">Microsatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.</div><div class="o-metadata__file-name"></div></div>

Dataset

2020-06-24

This dataset is made available under a Creative Commons CC0 license with the following additional/modified terms and conditions: CC0 Waiver

https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/CVCULB

https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/