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Turner, Kathryn G.; Fréville, Hélène; Rieseberg, Loren H.

Abstract
Phenotypic differentiation in size and fecundity between native and invasive populations of a species has been suggested as a causal driver of invasion in plants. Local adaptation to novel environmental conditions through a micro-evolutionary response to natural selection may lead to phenotypic differentiation and fitness advantages in the invaded range. Local adaptation may occur along a stress tolerance trade-off, favoring individuals that, in benign conditions, shift resource allocation from stress tolerance to increased vigor and fecundity and, therefore, invasiveness. Alternately, the typically disturbed invaded range may select for a plastic, generalist strategy, making phenotypic plasticity the main driver of invasion success. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we performed a field common garden and tested for genetically based phenotypic differentiation, resource allocation shifts in response to water limitation, and local adaptation to the environmental gradient which describes the source locations for native and invasive populations of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa). Plants were grown in an experimental field in France (naturalized range) under water addition and limitation conditions. After accounting for phenotypic variation arising from environmental differences among collection locations, we found evidence of genetic variation between the invasive and native populations for most morphological and life-history traits under study. Invasive C. diffusa populations produced larger, later maturing, and therefore potentially fitter individuals than native populations. Evidence for local adaptation along a resource allocation trade-off for water limitation tolerance is equivocal. However, native populations do show evidence of local adaptation to an environmental gradient, a relationship which is typically not observed in the invaded range. Broader analysis of the climatic niche inhabited by the species in both ranges suggests that the physiological tolerances of C. diffusa may have expanded in the invaded range. This observation could be due to selection for plastic, “general-purpose” genotypes with broad environmental tolerances.; Usage notes
Bioclimatic data C. diffusa experimental populationsGeographic and climatic information for 14 sampled populations of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed). Also, first three principal components from an analysis of this data.FrbioclimPCA_DKdat.txt
Planting information C. diffusa experimental plantsPlanting information for experimental Centaurea diffusa plantsFrdes.txt
Occurrence records C. diffusaRecords of Centaurea diffusa in Europe and North America, from GBIF.org, downloaded January 9, 2015Cdif_GBIF_allocc.txt
Location information for collected C. diffusa populationsLocation and collection information for populations of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) used in the experimental PCA and occurrence PCA.Popcoord.txt
Adjusted location information for collected C. diffusa populationsAdjusted location and collection information for populations of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) used in the experimental PCA and occurrence PCA.Popcoord_worldclim.txt
Bioclimatic data for C. diffusa occurrencesBioclimatic data and PCA values for occurrence records of Centaurea diffusa Geographic and climatic information for 662 occurrence records of native and invasive Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) from North America and Europe. Occurrence records include records from GBIF.org as well as collected populations.Cdif_allocc_bioclimPCA.txt
Trait data at harvest, from C. diffusa common gardenTrait data for experimental populations of Centaurea diffusa, measured at harvest. Trait values measured in common field experiment in Montpellier, France, 2011. File also include the first three principal components from the experimental PCA of the bioclimatic data for these populations.FrTraitClimDat_cline.txt
Phenological trait data, from C. diffusa common gardenPhenological trait data for experimental populations of Centaurea diffusa, measured throughout experiment Trait values measured in common field experiment in Montpellier, France, 2011. File also include the first three principal components from the experimental PCA of the bioclimatic data for these populations.FrEnd_cline.txt
Repeated measures of traits, from C. diffusa common gardenTrait data for experimental populations of Centaurea diffusa, repeated measures. Trait values measured in common field experiment in Montpellier, France, 2011. File also include the first three principal components from the experimental PCA of the bioclimatic data for these populations.FrTraitClimDat_cline_long.txt
FranceCG - codeGithub repository storing R scripts used in this paper.

Northern Hemisphere

Dryad version number: 1

Version status: submitted

Dryad curation status: Published

Sharing link: https://datadryad.org/stash/share/vgY68MKn95fZJYBPLVIsgXECspKwq-MZb513pYI6IXs

Storage size: 610521

Visibility: public

University of British Columbia Library

10.14288/1.0397633

https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/C3KLLL

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