Lode Metals CONTENTS General Review . - Page 3 Notes on Metal Mines _ — _ . 6 Alsek River 6 Cassiar 6 Portland Canal. . ... ... 6 Alice Arm 8 Observatory Inlet . . 10 Queen Charlotte Islands ... . 11 Ecstall River ... . _. 12 Scotia River . - . ~ . . „ 12 Kitimat . - . ... 13 Cedarvale . , „ ___ 13 Hazelton... ... 13 Smithers . . 13 Eutsuk Lake . _ ~ .. 14 Omineca ~ . . . 14 Cariboo .. — ~ — . 15 Clinton __ .. .... 19 Lillooet „ - ..... . . ..... 20 Anderson Lake .... 24 Highland Valley. . ' 25 Merritt 26 Nicola Lake , ... . .... ._ 41 Greenstone Mountain ._ _ ... .... . 41 Tulameen... .. .... 42 Ashnola River . 55 Similkameen River. _ 55 Copper Mountain Princeton... ... ,,,,,, ... 57 57 Hedley 57 2 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 Notes on Metal Mines—Continued Page Keremeos 58 Fairview Camp 61 CampMcKinney 62 Beaverdell 62 Greenwood 63 Phoenix 65 Rossland 66 Trail u 66 Nelson 66 Ymir . 67 Salmo 68 Nelway 71 North Kootenay Lake 72 Woodbury Creek .'. 74 Paddy Peak 75 Kaslo 75 Retallack-Three Forks 75 Sandon 76 Springer Creek 76 Burton 77 North Lardeau 77 South Lardeau 79 Kimberley 82 Windermere 83 McCulloch Creek 85 Revelstoke 86 Skagit River 87 Hope 87 Howe Sound 89 Texada Island 89 Bute Inlet 90 Vancouver Island 90 Reports on Geological, Geophysical, and Geochemical Work 117 GENERAL REVIEW All principal metals but lead showed an increase in the average Canadian price paid in 1960 as compared to 1959. The price for lead decreased a very small amount. The price for gold was up about 1 per cent owing to a slight change in the average rate of exchange. The price for silver increased a little over a cent an ounce, the price for copper increased about a cent and a quarter, and the price for zinc increased about a cent and a half, compared to 1959. The New York price for silver was steady at 91.375 cents per ounce. The United States price for copper started 1960 at 31 cents per pound and closed just below 27 cents per pound. The New York price for lead was steady at 12 cents per pound, only to fall to 11 cents in December. The East St. Louis price for zinc started 1960 at 12.5 cents per pound and fell to 12 cents at the end of the year. Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced at British Columbia lode mines in 1960 had a value of $112,735,769. Miscellaneous metals, including iron ore, nickel, tin, and minor metals recovered at the Trail smelter, had a value of $17,714,969. The total quantity of ore mined at all lode mines amounted to 8,242,703 tons and came from sixty-seven mines, of which thirty-one produced 100 tons or more. The average number employed in the lode-mining industry in 1960, including mines, concentrators, and smelters, was 7,423. In 1960 twenty-eight mills were operated—sixteen throughout the year and six on a seasonal or intermittent basis. Of the latter, two were operated by lessees and one accepted custom ore. Four mills closed and one small mill at Torino operated for the first time. The Pioneer mine shut down after thirty-five years of continuous operation, Cowichan Copper after three years, and Hualpai Enterprises after less than one year. At the Mastodon mine, after a seven-year closure, production was resumed in June and ceased in October. Of the year-round operating mills, three treated ores of gold, three copper, seven silver-lead-zinc, two iron, and one nickel. The Trail smelter recorded custom receipts of 10,043 tons of ore from thirty properties, 9,468 tons of which, from seven properties, obtained a silica bonus in excess of the treatment charge. The smelter also recorded custom receipts of 1,228 tons of lead concentrates and 35,331 tons of zinc concentrates. Totals of approximately 15,470 tons of lead concentrates and approximately 41,660 tons of zinc concentrates were shipped out of the Province for smelting. Copper concentrates were shipped to the Tacoma smelter, except for the output of Cowichan Copper, the copper concentrates recovered by Texada Mines Ltd., and the copper contained in bulk nickel concentrates from Giant Nickel Mines Limited, all of which went to Japan. All iron-ore concentrates, amounting to 1,156,297 tons, were shipped to Japan. The production of gold was higher than in 1959 and, due partly to a slightly higher value of the American dollar, the total value was approximately 10 per cent higher than in 1959. This was because of increased production at Bralorne, new production at Premier and Camp McKinney, and an increase in the production of copper, of which gold is a by-product. The Pioneer mine closed in August due to depletion of reserves, after thirty-five years of continuous operation. Total production for the life of the mine was approximately 1,331,500 ounces of gold from almost 2Vi million tons of ore. The Cariboo Gold Quartz' Aurum mine encountered a better grade of ore than in 1959, and the company was engaged in opening up the new Burnett ore zone in the Mosquito Creek section of the property. The old Cariboo Amelia at Camp McKinney produced again after a lapse of fifty-seven 4 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 years since the last company operation and, aided by the bonus for siliceous ore, shipped direct to the Trail smelter. The output of silver ore was less than the average for some years past. However, more silver was produced than in 1959, because of the increased production of lead. Copper production about doubled, and was paid for at about 1V4 cents per pound more than in 1959. Cowichan Copper closed down for lack of ore late in 1960, but at the same time it was announced that the Sunloch property had been leased and that the mill at Cowichan Lake would be transferred to the Sunloch at Jordan River. At Craigmont, preparation of an open pit began in June, and at the end of 1960 construction was under way at the site of the proposed 4,000-tons-per-day mill. At Bethlehem no agreement had been reached at the end of 1960, although a considerable amount of investigational work had been done by the company on behalf of Sumitomo Metal Mining Company of Tokyo. The Old Sport mine of Coast Copper Company Limited was being readied for production, after twenty years of inactivity; the concentrates will go to Japan. Exploration for copper continued at a good pace, although there was a weakening of activity in some parts of the Merritt-Highland Valley area. Some ground has been gone over by more than one company, and it would seem that techniques for the demonstration of anomalies have rather overshadowed the techniques for their elucidation. Recent work has in no way narrowed the " copper belt," but it has shown that orebodies are not easy to find. Copper exploration continued in the northwest part of the Province, at several localities, extending from the vicinity of Stewart to the Alsek River.' Geological mapping done by Newmont Mining Corporation in the general Leduc-Unuk Rivers area demonstrated an exploration technique new in British Columbia. This was systematic regional mapping, of a sort usually done by governmental agencies, carried out over two seasons by a group of geologists supported by helicopter. As a result, a decision was reached early in January, 1961, to do additional development work on the Granduc property and to investigate other recently discovered showings. The production of lead was up 16 per cent from that of 1959, an increase largely the result of mining ore with a higher lead content at the Sullivan mine. The output of the other larger mines was lower, and there was a drop in production from the Slocan. The production of zinc showed little change compared to 1959. The Mastodon mine, which had a short period of production in 1952 and had lain idle for nearly seven years, was reopened and the mill operated for five months. The operation failed owing to lack of ore and inability to recover oxidized sulphides. Work on the Duncan Lake property by Consolidated proved the existence of a mine, but the outlook for lead was deemed too unsatisfactory to warrant an operation at present, and the development crew was withdrawn. Interest in the area did not diminish, however. In other parts of the Province, exploration for lead and zinc was at a low ebb. The importance of the magnetite deposits in the coastal region continued to grow, in spite of the fact that one operation was closed. Prospecting was done, and several properties were under development or exploration. A magnetite deposit of relatively large apparent size was discovered just east of Kennedy Lake on Vancouver Island, and was at once investigated by diamond drilling. The Annual Report of the Minister of Mines for 1902 records the presence of a " very marked magnetic attraction " at this site and the fact that an unsuccessful attempt had been made to reach bedrock to investigate the cause of the attraction. LODE METALS 5 Nickel was exported to Japan in the form of a bulk concentrate from the Giant Nickel operation, after termination of a contract with Sherritt-Gordon Mines Ltd. An activated raise platform, or, more simply, a raise machine, was used at two properties to drive vertical raises 310 and 465 feet. These machines have saved time and expense in driving long raises. Ammonium nitrate blasting agent, introduced into British Columbia quarries in 1957, was the most used blasting material in open-pit mines and quarries in 1960, when more than a million and a half pounds was used, twice the quantity used in 1959. 6 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 NOTES ON METAL MINES ALSEK RIVER* Copper-Cobalt (59° 137° N.W.) Head office, 25 King Street West, Windy and Craggy Toronto. H. V. Fraser, president; Alex. Smith, manager; (Ventures Limited) J. McDougall, geologist in charge. The Windy and Craggy groups comprise fourteen recorded mineral claims and are about 20 miles north of the junction of the Alsek and Tatshenshini Rivers. Copper and cobalt mineralization, occurring in a massive pyrrhotite replacement of pillow lavas, outcrops between the head wall of a cirque and precipitous bluffs to the north. Using a Hiller 12e helicopter for transportation, a 9- by 12-foot prefabricated building was assembled on the property. The helicopter was used to service a crew of eight. In the period July 28th to October 1st, eleven packsack holes, totalling 800 feet, were drilled and a topographical and geological survey of the property was made. The property was not visited. CASSIARf Gold (59° 129° S.W.) This property consists of seventy-three Copco recorded claims—Copco Nos. 1 to 69 and Cote Nos. 1 to 4. These claims, which were located by J. J. Copeland and J. I. Couture, cover the showings formerly held by Benroy Gold Mines Limited and originally known as the Cornucopia group. The group is on the east slope of Quartzrock Creek valley and 2 to 3 miles north of McDame Lake. The showings have been described in the 1947 Annual Report. During the summer of 1960 a Gibson self-amalgamating mill was installed near the lower extremity of the exposed part of one of the quartz veins containing visible gold. It has been reported that this mill treated 25 tons of vein material during the season. Work on the property, which was carried out by three men, included the construction of approximately half a mile of road between the Cassiar road and the mill-site. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1946, p. 61; 1947, pp. 70-72.] PORTLAND CANAL fExploration activities supplied by aircraft based at Stewart were carried on by Granduc Mines, Limited, Newmont Mining Corporation of Canada Limited, and The Granby Mining Company Limited. The Granduc company, under the supervision of G. W. H. Norman and employing a large crew of geologists and geophysical operators, made extensive air-borne geophysical surveys, ground geophysical surveys, and geological surveys in the area lying between Granduc mine and the Unuk River. As a result of their air-borne geophysical surveys, the company in June located twenty-four claims on the north side of Fewright Creek, 248 claims along the Unuk River on the north slope of McQuillan Ridge, and seventy-eight claims at the junction of Gracey Creek and south Unuk River. * By W. C. Robinson. t By Stuart S. Holland. LODE METALS The Newmont company, under the direction of D. M. Cannon, did some exploration work on Surprise Creek west of Meziadin Lake on claims located by R. K. Watson, of Stewart, also on their Todd Creek showing, which was located in September, 1959. The Granby company prospectors were supervised by Keith Fahrni. Gold-Silver Tide Lake (56° 130° S.E.): East (Dempster Exploration Company Ltd.) Company office, 2281 Yonge Street, Toronto. L. Dempster, president; C. Riley, consulting geologist. The property, which is on the west side of the Tide Lake valley, consists of fourteen recorded claims held under option from A. Phillips, of Stewart. The property has been described in the 1946 Annual Report. Work in 1960, which was carried out by a crew of five men under the direction of D. Irving, commenced on June 1st and was suspended on September 30th. Initial work consisted of the cleaning-out of underground workings to make them accessible for the detailed geological examination which followed. Subsequently, 1,248 feet of drilling was done underground and 691 feet of drilling was done on the surface. Equipment on the property included a Bull Moose C 25 crawler. This tractor was used to construct an airstrip, measuring 1,350 by 60 feet, on the Tide Lake flats. This airstrip enabled the camp to be serviced by wheel-equipped aircraft based at Stewart. The property was not visited. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1927, pp. 106, 107; 1930, p. 117; 1939, p. 66, under the name "Pioneer group"; 1944, p. 53; 1946, pp. 68-72; 1950, p. 76; 1953, p. 90.] Bowser Lake (56° 129° S.W.)* Copper Fifty-two recorded mineral claims, Todd Nos. 1 to 52, are Todd Group held by Newmont Mining Corporation of Canada Limited. The claims are at the head of Todd Creek, approximately 30 miles north of Stewart. The showings are reported to consist of chalcopyrite-pyrite bearing quartz impregnated fault zones in brecciated dacite. The structures are continuous over distances in excess of 2,000 feet. Quartz and sulphide mineralization are restricted to situations at and near the intersections of two such faults. Minor gold values are associated with the chalcopyrite. Work commenced in May and continued to September. The work was done by an average crew of eight men under the supervision of T. C. Osborne. Four holes, totalling 1,150 feet, were diamond drilled. Outlying showings were investigated by surface trenching and packsack drilling. The property was serviced by a Piper Supercub aircraft, which landed on a previously prepared landing-strip. The property was not visited. Bear Pass (56° 129° S.W.)* Lead-Zinc This property it at the head of a tributary of Surprise Creek, Surprise Group east of Bear Pass, and consists of twenty claims held by record. It has been reported that the showings consist of pods of nearly massive mixed galena, sphalerite, and pyrrhotite in highly fractured limestone at and near its contact with quartzite. * By W. C. Robinson. 8 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 Work during 1960, which commenced in August and was completed in September, was done by Newmont Mining Corporation of Canada Limited. The geology in the vicinity of the showings was mapped in detail and six packsack-drill holes were put down to test the mineralization below the zone of oxidation. Three men were employed, the crew being serviced by Piper Supercub aircraft which landed on the glacier. The property was not visited. Salmon River (56° 130° S.E.)* Gold-Silver-Lead-Zinc Company office, 844 West Hastings Street, Vancouver 1. Silbak Premier A. E. Bryant, president; Hill, Starck and Associates, consult- Mines Limited ing engineers. Under a lease from the company that terminated on September 23rd, 1960, Bermah Mines Ltd. (that is, T. J. McQuillan and his two partners) and a crew of eight men mined and shipped ore from a small high-grade shoot in a newly discovered vein lying on the footwall side of the old Premier glory-hole. The vein was found in 1959 by one of the partners who walked down through the old glory-hole and found high-grade float which had sloughed from a vein parallel to and 15 feet on the footwall side of the main vein that had been stoped in the glory-hole. During the latter part of 1959, McQuillan and his partners snipped 62 tons of high-grade ore sorted from the slough in the bottom of the glory-hole. This 62 tons of ore contained a total of 650 ounces of gold and 16,829 ounces of silver. In 1960 a short sublevel drift 30 feet long was driven along the new vein and a raise put through to surface in ore. High-grade ore as a shoot about 35 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 100 feet down dip was benched down through the raise and drawn off through the sublevel. On the termination of the lease on September 23rd, the company bought the lessees' equipment and, with a crew of twelve men, continued to mine high-grade ore until November 1st, 1960, when operations ceased. Production during 1960 amounted to 1,282 tons of high-grade ore, 1,239 tons being mined by Bermah Mines Ltd. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1947, pp. 74-82; 1956, pp. 17, 18; Geol. Surv., Canada, Mem. 175, pp. 161-166.] ALICE ARMf Silver (55° 129° N.W.) Company office, 355 Burrard Street, Van- Wolfe (Dolly couver 1. W. Clarke Gibson, president; Hill, Starck and Varden Mines Ltd.) Associates, consulting engineers. The property, which comprises four Crown-granted mineral claims, is held under option from the estate of the late Victor Spencer. The claims are on the east slope and bottom of Kitsault Valley about one-quarter of a mile south of Trout Creek. The property has been described in the 1951 Annual Report. During October, 1960, eight holes totalling 1,400 feet were diamond drilled to check the downward extensions of the main vein. Transportation was by helicopter, although the property can be reached by following 17 miles of good motor-road up the Kitsault Valley from Alice Arm to the old Torbrit mine and thence by 2 miles of tractor-road. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1916, pp. 52, 77; 1928, pp. 85-86; 1951, pp. 97-98; Geol. Surv., Canada, Mem. 175, p. 87.] * By Stuart S. Holland. t By W. C. Robinson. (Aerial oblique photo B.C. 510:44.) Looking down Bear River valley to Stewart at the head of Portland Canal. Junction of American Creek in foreground and of Bitter Creek in mid distance. (Aerial oblique photo B.C. 510:42.) Head of American Creek and north end of Bear River ridge. Salmon glacier in centre distance. Adjoins photo above. 10 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 Molybdenum (55° 129° S.E.) Head office, 25 King Street West, Toronto Alice (Kennco 1. C. J. Sullivan, president; J. R. Woodcock, engineer in Explorations charge of property. A total of sixty-eight claims are held— (Western) Limited) fifty-five by record and thirteen by option. The property is on Lime Creek about 5 miles southeast of Alice Arm. A circular stock, about one-half mile in diameter, intrudes greywacke of the Hazelton group. It has a quartz stockwork and molybdenum mineralization throughout a large part of the northern half of the stock. Work on the property commenced May 15th and was suspended on October 15th. The average crew consisted of twenty-two men. Twenty holes totalling 12,486 feet were diamond drilled. Some bulldozer and hand trenching was done and approximately 1 mile of road was constructed. The camp was supplied by coastal boat to Alice Arm and thence by helicopter, as well as by air drops from Beaver aircraft based at Prince Rupert. (55° 129° S.E.) Fifty-eight recorded claims and two frac- Roundy Creek tions, which extend up Roundy Creek from tidewater, were held under option agreement by Southwest Potash Corporation until December 1st, 1960. On Roundy Creek, and about 1V4 miles from tidewater, showings of molybdenite occur in quartz veins and as disseminated flakes in granite, which intrudes folded hornfelsed rocks of the Hazelton group of Jurassic age. During 1960 exploratory investigations of these showings consisted of geological mapping and the diamond drilling of six holes totalling 2,500 feet. Twelve men, under the supervision of R. W. Hodder, carried out the work from May to September. In conjunction with the exploration work on Roundy Creek, seven men, under the direction of J. R. Loudon, were engaged in reconnaissance exploration of the Alice Arm-Stewart area from May to September. Transportation to Roundy Creek was by coastal boat and aircraft, while a helicopter was used extensively for the reconnaissance work. OBSERVATORY INLET* Copper (55° 129° S.W.) G. A. Derry, development superintendent. Double Ed (The This property of fifteen recorded claims is on Bonanza Creek, Consolidated Min- 3 miles west of Anyox. During the early part of 1960, work ing and Smelting continued on the crosscut adit, which was driven at about 500 Company of feet elevation to investigate further the surface showing of Canada, Limited) copper mineralization, which is about 500 feet higher than the adit. The adit, which was 1,898 feet long at the end of 1959, was driven an additional 976 feet in 1960, making it 2,874 feet long when completed. Copper mineralization was encountered in the adit, and a total of 14,224 feet of diamond drilling was done underground. The showing consists of several steeply dipping zones which are siliceous pyrite replacements of sheared andesite flows. Disseminated chalcopyrite is also present in these zones. * By W. C. Robinson. LODE METALS 11 An average crew of twenty men was employed. Coastal boats and float- equipped aircraft were used for transportation to Bonanza Creek landing, and trucks were used on the access road to the camp. Work ceased in June, 1960, and all buildings and equipment were removed from the property. QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS* Graham Island Manganese (54° 132° S.W.) This property is 25 miles west of Masset Shag Rock on the east side of Klashwun Point near Shag Rock. It can be reached by sea or air, but landing may present difficulties in either case. The property is held by Joseph Pauloski, of Masset, by two claims located in 1955. The claims extend northward along the east side of the point from Indian Reservation No. 13, and extend 300 feet or more offshore. Rock is exposed in the area only along the wide tidal zone, and the showings are on the shore. Basaltic lavas of the Masset formation here strike north to northeast and dip 15 to 20 degrees eastward. The lavas are cut by a north-trending fault, on the east of which the lavas are underlain by dark-grey shale and buff calcareous shale to sandstone of about 75 feet exposed thickness. The fault strikes north 15 degrees east, subparallel to the shore, and dips about 80 degrees eastward. It is filled with 5 to 15 feet of basalt breccia that is cemented by variable amounts of manganite. Fragments in the breccia are angular and as much as 2 feet across, although commonly the large fragments are only 6 to 8 inches across. Fragments range downward in size from these dimensions to a few millimetres; still smaller sizes were not seen. Veinlets of manganite also extend into the volcanic rocks of the west wall of the fault. The mineralization is primary and is Tertiary in age. It is probably related to the Masset volcanism. The fault and the showings are exposed along the shore for about 550 feet from the beach near the Indian reservation northward to where the shore trends sharply to the west. The best showings appear to be in the northern third of the exposure. Large hand specimens may be taken that contain as much as 50 per cent manganese. At the northern end, where the breccia outcrops like a dyke, one of the higher-grade lenses, about 8 feet high by 50 feet long by 5 feet wide is estimated to contain between 30 and 40 per cent manganese. Moresby Island Iron (52° 131° S.E.) Company office, 808, 602 West Hastings Harriet Harbour Street, Vancouver2. H. B.Gilleland,manager; A.C.Ritchie, (Silver Standard general superintendent. Harriet Harbour is on Skincuttle Mines Limited) Inlet, on the southeastern coast of Moresby Island, and is 70 miles south of Sandspit. The properties on Harriet Harbour controlled by Silver Standard Mines Limited were reviewed fully in the 1959 Annual Report. The general geological setting is shown on the preliminary geological map of the southern Queen Charlotte Islands issued by this Department in March, 1960. The main orebody is east of the south end of Harriet Harbour on the Jessie (Lot 1861) Crown-granted claim and the Limestone recorded claim. Additional orebodies have been explored on the Adonis (Lot 1865) Crown-granted claim east of the Jessie on the trail to Ikeda Cove, and on the Magnet (Lot 79) and * By A. Sutherland Brown. 12 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 Dingo (Lot 87) Crown-granted claims southwest of the south end of Harriet Harbour. A total of ninety-five holes and 19,531 feet of EX core has been diamond drilled since exploration was first started in June, 1959. After a short winter shutdown, drilling recommenced and continued until July, 1960. Of all the drilling done, fifty-three holes totalling 16,364 feet have been drilled on the Jessie and Limestone claims, thirteen holes, totalling 1,081 feet on the Adonis, twenty-two holes totalling 1,531 feet on the Magnet, and seven holes totalling 553 feet on the Dingo. The camp was closed with a caretaker at the end of August, awaiting the arrangement of suitable financing. An agreement for sale of concentrates to the Sumitomo Metal Mining Company of Japan had been completed in December, 1959. The annual report of the company at June 1st, 1960, stated the ore reserves consisted of 2,238,262 long tons of proven ore containing 51.8 per cent iron and 381,000 long tons of probable ore, mostly in the Jessie ore zone. The small amount of drilling completed since June, 1960, has not altered these reserves. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Rept., 1959, pp. 11-14; Sutherland Brown, A. and Jeffery, W. G., Preliminary Geological Map of Southern Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. Dept. of Mines.] ECSTALL RIVER* Pyrite-Zinc-Copper (53° 129° N.E.) Executive office, 75 East Forty-fifth Street, Packsack New York. C. O. Stephens, New York, president; W. R. (Texas Gulf Bacon, manager of British Columbia operations. This prop- Sulphur Company) erty consists of sixteen claims, a double row of eight claims extending northward from the big bend of the Ecstall River. A description of the property was given in the 1958 Annual Report. During the summer of 1960 eleven drill-holes, totalling 2,891 feet, were put down to sample the mineralized zone that had been found by prospecting and traced for a strike length of 2,000 feet beneath overburden by electromagnetic work. All the holes are reported to have intersected pyrite mineralization, much of which is massive. No further work is planned for this property. The property, which was serviced by helicopter, was not visited. SCOTIA RIVER* Zinc (54° 129° S.W.) Executive office, 75 East Forty-fifth Street, Scotia New York. C. O. Stephens, New York, president; W. R. (Texas Gulf Bacon, manager of British Columbia operations. This group Sulphur Company) of four claims is about 10 miles south of Skeena River, on the north bank of an easterly flowing tributary of Scotia River. In 1958 investigation of a rusty hillside revealed the presence of a high-grade zinc showing with minor amounts of lead and copper. The host rock is reported to be a granitic gneiss containing pegmatitic material. The highly irregular showing is on the west flank of an anticline that plunges southward at 30 degrees. In addition to sphalerite, minor galena, and less chalcopyrite, there is a light general development of pyrite and pyrrhotite in the immediate vicinity. In 1960 ten short drill-holes, totalling 1,865 feet, partially tested the showing over a strike length of 250 feet. Transportation was by helicopter. The property was not visited. * By W. C. Robinson. LODE METALS 13 KITIMAT* Iron Iron Mountain (Quebec Metallurgical Industries Ltd.) (54° 128° S.W.) Company office, 602, 88 Metcalfe Street, Ottawa. N. B. Davies, president; Alex. Smith, engineer in charge. The property is on Iron Mountain, about 6 miles north of Kitimat. It consists of four Crown-granted claims and nine recorded claims. Work on the property commenced in April and was suspended in December, 1960. Five to six men were employed under the direction of H. S. Lazenby. Sixteen EX holes, averaging about 400 feet long, and five packsack-drill holes, averaging 100 feet long, were drilled. A magnetometer survey was also carried out on the property during 1960. Near the Wedeene River crossing of the Kitimat branch of the Canadian National Railway, a camp, consisting of office, cook-house, bunk-house, and dry, was constructed. The camp was serviced by the railway, which passes through the southern portion of the property. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1929, p. 72; 1959, p. 15.] Molybdenum CEDARVALE Seven Sisters Mountain (54° 128° N.E.)* Telkwa Prospector's Club In 1958 a group, known as the Telkwa Prospector's Club, located twenty claims on the northern slope of Seven Sisters Mountain. Molybdenum mineralization occurs on this property in a showing exposed at the head of the valley of Whiskey Creek and about 300 feet below an area covered by permanent snow. Flakes of molybdenite occur in narrow quartz veinlets in diorite. Although molybdenite is present in only some of the veinlets in a rather limited area, a further mineralized zone under the snow is indicated by the presence of molybdenite-bearing float above the showing. Access to the property is by 8 miles of foot-trail from the Gull Creek crossing of Highway No. 16. HAZELTON* Silver-Lead Silver Standard (Silver Standard Mines Limited).—(55° 127° S.W.) Company office, 808, 602 West Hastings Street, Vancouver 2. R. W. Wilson, president. The property is on Glen Mountain, 5Vi miles north of Hazelton. The mine was leased by John Gallo, of Hazelton. Thirty-seven tons of silver-lead ore was shipped to the Trail smelter during the early part of 1960. SMITHERS* Silver-Lead-Zinc (54° 126° N.W.) Company office, 844 West Hastings Street, Cronin (New Cronin Vancouver 1. L. C. Creery, president; Hill, Starck and As- Babine Mines sociates, consulting mining engineers. The property is on the Limited) east slope of Cronin Mountain, about 30 miles by road from Smithers. P. Kindrat, lessee, again operated the mine and mill during part of 1960. Seventy-nine tons of lead concentrate and 66 tons of zinc concentrate were produced and snipped to the Trail smelter. * By W. C. Robinson. 14 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 EUTSUK LAKE* Molybdenum (53° 127° S.E.) Phelps Dodge Corporation of Canada, CAFB Limited, 904, 1030 West Georgia Street, Vancouver 5, holds by record fifty-six mineral claims extending northward from Haven (Bone) Lake toward the summit of Red Bird Mountain. Haven Lake is 8 miles west of Pondosy Bay on Eutsuk Lake. The claims cover a small stock of granite porphyry which contains some molybdenite mineralization. During June a tent camp was established near timberline on the south slope of Red Bird Mountain, and a crew of four men under the direction of J. W. Bryant did some surface trenching and ground sluicing. The granite porphyry stock on the south side of Red Bird Mountain intrudes a succession of tuffs and volcanic rocks of the Hazelton group. There has been some silicification and pyritization of the granite together with some disseminated molybdenite mineralization. The adjacent Hazelton formation is hornfelsed at and near the contact and is partly silicified along zones of shearing which contain a small amount of molybdenite. Unmelted snow extending below timberline during June prevented effective prospecting or stripping being done except in a few small areas of exposed ground. Work was stopped and the camp abandoned early in July. OMINECAf Mercury (55° 125° N.E.) This property is on Silver Creek, 9 miles Snell Group south of Omineca River, and consists of thirty claims held by record. It has been reported that diamond drilling had previously indicated two zones of mercury mineralization—one near the east bank of Silver Creek, and another approximately 600 feet to the east. It has been reported that in 1943 and 1944 two attempts were made by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, to drive a crosscut to intersect the eastern zone. Both attempts encountered an old channel and the adits were abandoned. In 1959 hydraulic stripping exposed a surface showing approximately 600 feet northward from the westerly zone previously indicated by diamond drilling. This surface showing consists of lenses of cinnabar mineralization in dolomitic limestone along the Pinchi Lake fault zone. Cinnabar mineralization exists on either side of a fault striking northward. The predominant rock type on the eastern side of the fault is a tuff which contains no cinnabar in the areas exposed. Work in 1960, which began on May 4th, included the replacement of four bridges and a number of culverts west of Twin Creek on the access road from Germansen Lake. On the property, further ground-sluicing was done in an attempt to expose bedrock north of the showing. Bedrock had not been reached when shortage of water forced a stoppage of work on August 1st. Work on the property was done by four men under the supervision of E. Bron- lund. The project was a joint effort by Bralorne Pioneer Mines Limited, Noranda Exploration Company, Limited, and Canex Aerial Exploration Ltd. Transportation was by truck and aircraft. Silver-Gold-Zinc (55° 125° N.E.) This group of fifteen claims, held by option, Lustdust is on Kwanika Creek, 20 miles south of Omineca River. The showings, indicating a sulphide mass, are reported to contain * By Stuart S. Holland, t By W. C. Robinson. LODE METALS 15 values in zinc, silver, and gold. Four men under the supervision of E. Bronlund are reported to have drilled a number of short test-holes and done a considerable amount of trenching by bulldozer. Work commenced on August 1st and ended for the season on October 18th. The project was a joint effort by Bralorne Pioneer Mines Limited, Noranda Exploration Company, Limited, and Canex Aerial Exploration Ltd. The property was not visited. CARIBOO „ ,, Wells-Barkerville (53° 121° S.W.) Gold Company office, 1007 Royal Bank Building, Vancouver; mine Aurum, Mosquito office, Wells. Dr. W. B. Burnett, president; Marcel Guiguet, Creek (The Cariboo general manager; J. J. Stone, mill superintendent. Capital: Gold Quartz Mining 2,000,000 shares, $1 par value. Changes in the Cariboo Company Limited)* Gold Quartz mine have been marked since the purchase of the Island Mountain (Aurum) mine in August, 1954. Following the purchase, the Aurum mine has supplied most of the ore; the original mine closed in September, 1959, and the Mosquito Creek property started production in May, 1959. The Aurum, which was purchased for $300,000 and which was believed to have less than a year's reserves, has since produced over $4,000,000 in bullion. The bulk of this has come from replacement ore, much of which has been found adjacent to previously mined bodies by drilling test-holes with pneumatic drills using flexible drill steel. Current production from the whole mine averages 3,460 tons of ore per month with an average gold content of 0.483 ounce per ton. About 15 per cent of current production comes from the new ore zone, the Burnett zone of the Mosquito Creek property. For the mine as a whole, 67 per cent of the tonnage and 77 per cent of the gold now comes from replacement stopes. One of the main reasons for the purchase of the Aurum mine was to provide access to the Mosquito Creek property held by the company. Although no ore was proven on this property, its potential was thought good because not only was it on strike with the ore-bearing limestone beds, but " ore making " northerly faults were known to cross it. Furthermore, Mosquito Creek has been a rich placer-gold creek. A drive on the 3000 level was started in January, 1958. This encountered a new fault, the Burnett fault, 2,300 feet northwest of the shaft. This fault strikes north to north 16 degrees east and dips 67 to 80 degrees east, and hence is similar to the main group of northerly striking normal faults of the Wells camp. Ore dragged by the Burnett fault confirms that the post-ore movement has been normal. Significant replacement orebodies are found on both sides of the fault, in Ml stope northwest and 64 stope southeast of the fault. Ml stope has produced to August 31st, 1960, 4,864 tons of ore with an average gold content of 0.60 ounce per ton. Ml has been mined up to the fault above the 3000 level. The 64 orebody has a length of 280 feet on the down-dip side and a thickness of 4 to 8 feet. It was being prepared for mining in September, 1960. In the summer of 1960, hydraulic mining by J. J. Gunn in Mosquito Creek exposed replacement mineralization about 1,000 feet northwest of the Burnett fault, in what appear to be the same strata. To develop the known orebodies and to explore for others, two drifts were started on the levels immediately above and below the 3000 level. It is planned to drive the 3125 level 800 feet and the 2850 level 2,700 feet. To pay for this development, $200,000 in first mortgage bonds has been issued. The drifting on the 3125 level was completed in November. The 2850 drift was still being driven at the year-end and is expected to reach the zone of projected replacement ore in April, 1961. * By A. Sutherland Brown and A. R. C. James. 16 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 The geological environment of the new ore zone is very much like that of the best area of the Aurum mine. The Burnett fault cuts and repeats a large dragfold that is similar in size to the Aurum mine dragfold (see Fig. 1). The folding is in Figure 1. The Cariboo Gold Quartz Mining Company Limited. Isometric sketch showing relation of Aurum dragfold and fault to Burnett dragfold and fault as outlined by the " Rainbow-Baker " contact. the same sense, involves the same beds, and is of the same attenuated and complexly dragfolded type. Figure 1 shows diagrammatically the relation between the two folds. The Aurum fold is encountered first on the 2625 level, where it plunges at about 22 degrees to the northwest. It flattens and becomes smaller at the 3250 level and appears to die out just below the 3125 level. On the 3000 level it is absent, but 800 feet northwest of the projected position of the Aurum fold the new fold appears. This is repeated in the same manner as the Aurum fold is repeated by the Aurum fault. The Aurum fold was a particularly favourable locus of replacement deposits, especially close to the fault and in the anticline. The size and grade of the Ml and the 64 orebodies indicate that the same may be true of the newly discovered Burnett fold and fault. LODE METALS 17 The following is a summary of development work done at the mine in 1960:—■ Drifting and crosscutting— Feet Current development 2,188 Capital development 1,929 Total 4,117 Raising 819 Diamond drilling 15,452 Ribbon steel test-holes 9,488 In addition to the development work being done in the Burnett fault zone, small orebodies or extensions of existing orebodies continue to be found in the older section of the mine. The mine is developed from a main haulage adit at the 4000 level. Eleven levels have been developed from the Aurum shaft, which is a three-compartment internal shaft 1,450 feet deep and collared at the 4000 level. The working stopes are all between the 3250 and 2700 levels. At the end of the year a crew of 116 men was employed, of which seventy-two were underground. The accident rate at the mine shows a striking improvement on past years. There was only one lost-time accident in 1960, giving an accident rate of 4.1 accidents per million man-hours worked, the lowest of any mine in the Province. This compares very favourably indeed with the rate of 32.6 for 1959, and 64.2 for the average of the last five years. A full-time safety director is employed and regular safety meetings and inspections are carried out. A total of 39,113 tons of ore was milled, yielding 19,555 ounces of gold. This is approximately a 10-per-cent increase in gold production over 1959 and a 16-percent decrease in the amount of ore milled. [Reference: B.C. Dept. of Mines, Bull. No. 38, Geology of the Antler Creek area, pp. 74-79, 82-85.] Silver Nine recorded mineral claims and fractions extending north- Scarn* eastward up Copper Creek from the twin bridges on the Cariboo-Hudson road make up the Scarn group held by Daniel Jorgenson, of Barkerville. The claims are reached by 16 miles of road east from Barkerville. In an area north of the north branch of Copper Creek, the claims cover mineralized quartz veins containing silver values and some scheelite as well as other scheelite showings along the south branch of Copper Creek previously described in British Columbia Department of Mines Bulletin No. 34, pages 77 and 78. This report covers only those veins lying north of the north branch of Copper Creek. Over the past ten years Dan Jorgenson has done a very large amount of prospecting and hand-trenching on the Scarn group. The surface work has been extremely thorough and the vein characteristics are well displayed. In a drift- covered area underlain by black argillite, siltstone, and thin limestone beds belonging to the Midas formation along and east of the Copper Creek fault, he has found and trenched at least six quartz veins. The veins strike 20 to 40 degrees west of north, dip steeply, and cut across the more northwesterly striking formations. Vein quartz is mineralized with silver-bearing tetrahedrite, galena, and small amounts of pyrite and sphalerite. In some instances scheelite is present. The mineralization is for the most part across widths of 3 to 8 inches in veins that are * By Stuart S. Holland. 18 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 3 feet or more wide and in which the balance of the quartz is essentially devoid of mineralization. As a consequence, only narrow widths of well-mineralized quartz were sampled (see table of assays). One of the quartz veins cuts a bed of limestone, and in several open cuts along it scheelite is present in the adjacent limestone as well as in the vein. Fifteen samples were taken from five veins. The widths and assay results are shown in the accompanying tabulation and the sample locations are shown on the accompanying plan, Figure 2. ©-■< i ,i—© ©—-V ©—«, V0' LEGEND |~" | Vein I *»«| Limestone © Sample number ^O^rJ ©—H ft—® M > ®—7> i ®—f/ } Figure 2. Scarn group. Plan showing veins and sample locations. In the quartz veins, high silver values are present only where the quartz is well mineralized with tetrahedrite; the gold content is generally very low, and the tungsten content is erratic and controlled in part by the near presence of limestone. LODE METALS Assays of Samples from the Scarn Group 19 No. Width of Vein Width Sampled Gold Silver Copper Tungstic Oxide 1 2 10' 3' 3' 8' 18" 7' T 3' 8' 8' 2' 7' 18"-2' 6' 3V4' f Selected | from 6" 10" 3' 2' 18" 12" 2' 12" 48" 6-8" 2' 2' 4-6" 3" 3W Oz. per Ton ) 0.03 0.01 Trace Nil Trace Trace Trace Trace 0.01 Nil Trace 0.02 Nil 0.025 0.01 Oz. per Ton 114.2 88.6 14.5 Trace 0.3 0.1 12.8 0.4 9.3 3.9 2.9 7.7 9.1 27.8 2.9 Per Cent 4.16 2.15 0.42 0.01 0.04 0.37 0.51 0.17 0.23 0.68 0.46 1.83 0.26 Per Cent Nil 3 _ .. 0.04 4 0.25 5 0 21 6 0.061 7.. 8 0.08 0.34 9 in 0.05 0.111 n 0.59 12 13 14 0.19 0.01 0.05 15 „ 1 Silicified limestone. Gold Yanks Peak (52° 121° N.E.)* The Jim group consists of eight claims and fractions held by Jim F. H. M. Codville, of Duncan. The property is near Yanks Peak and is 12 miles by road from Keithley Creek ranch. The upper part of the road is best travelled by four-wheel-drive vehicle. The showings comprise quartz veins and lenses containing gold values that outcrop at elevations of from 5,720 to 5,780 feet on the Ridge No. 4 and Jim claims. The showings have been explored underground from an adit at 5,638 feet elevation by about 1,200 feet of drifts and crosscuts. Work done in 1960 consisted of four diamond-drill holes totalling 500 feet. These holes were drilled in the adit. A crew of from two to three men was employed from June 30th until August 17th. [Reference: B.C. Dept. of Mines, Bull. No. 34, 1954, pp. 65-68.] Copper CLINTON* Poison Mountain (51° 122° S.W.) Copper Nos. 1 to 4 (New Jersey Zinc Exploration Corn- Vancouver office, 905, 525 Seymour Street, Vancouver 2. This property comprises four recorded claims (Copper Nos. 1 to 4) optioned from H. Reynolds, of Lillooet, and sixteen recorded claims held by the present company. The claims pany (Canada) Ltd.) are mainly on the west side of Poison Mountain, about 40 miles northwest of Lillooet near the headwaters of Yalakom River and Churn Creek. The property may be reached by 36 miles of jeep-road from Big Bar ferry on the Fraser River, but the easiest approach now is from Lillooet via the Yalakom River road as far as Blue Creek. From here a 12Vi-mile jeep- road has been made to the camp on Poison Mountain Creek at 5,400 feet elevation. The principal showings are east of Poison Mountain Creek and on the lower westerly slope of Poison Mountain from 5,600 to 6,000 feet elevation. The claims are underlain by sandstones, argillites, and greywacke. These sediments are intruded by diorite porphyry. Recent work indicates complex structure with many flat-lying * By A. R. C. James. 4 20 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 faults and complex alteration. The mineralization, comprising disseminations and fracture fillings (mainly chalcopyrite and pyrite), is associated with the alteration of both sediments and porphyry. The showings were apparently first discovered in 1935. A number of pits and trenches were dug between 1935 and 1946 on the exposures on the Copper No. 1 claim north of Copper Creek, a small creek flowing west into Poison Mountain Creek. In 1956 The Granby Consolidated Mining Smelting and Power Company Limited optioned the Copper group of claims and recorded additional ones in the area. This company did a considerable amount of stripping, and diamond drilled ten holes totalling 1,973 feet. All this work was done on what was then thought to be the most favourable zone of mineralization adjacent to and north of Copper Creek. The average assay of a large number of samples taken near the western end of this zone was 0.60 per cent. The Granby company subsequently dropped their option. In 1959 the present company optioned the property and carried out a comprehensive magnetometer and soil-sample survey. In 1960 a 12^-mile jeep-road was constructed from the Yalakom River road at Blue Creek to the camp at Poison Mountain. A number of bulldozer trenches and access roads were made on the claims (the overburden cover averages about 15 feet) to investigate anomalies indicated by the 1959 surveys. Fifteen vertical holes were diamond drilled, totalling 2,000 feet. The work indicated fairly widespread areas of mineralization, but copper values were generally low, and the option was terminated at the end of the season. A crew of eight men was employed under the supervision of E. Livingstone. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1946, pp. 101-102; 1956, pp. 35-37.] Porcupine Mountain (51° 122° S.E.) Gold Company office, Box 100, Chilliwack. G. H. Clarke, presi- Porcupine Mountain dent. This company holds by record ten mineral claims and (Empire Valley three fractions on Porcupine Mountain between the Fraser Gold Mines Ltd.) River and Churn Creek. The property, which is at an elevation of from 6,500 to 7,300 feet, is reached by 29 miles of road from the Fraser River bridge near the Gang Ranch. The principal showings consist of a number of gold-bearing quartz veins in dark-green volcanic rocks. Intermittent work has been done on the showings since they were discovered in 1947. Approximately two weeks' work was done in September and October, 1960, by a crew ranging from four to eight men (all directors of the company) under the supervision of Earl Brett. It is reported that 2,500 feet of road was built in order to facilitate drilling on the lower levels of the Ogden and Turret claims. The road to the Sugar Bowl fraction was cleared. Repairs were made to the roofs of camp buildings. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1948, pp. 92-95; 1954, pp. 98-100.] LILLOOET* Gold Bridge River (50° 122° N.W.) The Ace Mining Company Ltd., 404, 510 West Hastings Acet Street, Vancouver 2, holds forty-nine recorded mineral claims, ten mineral leases, and forty-four Crown-granted mineral * By A. R. C. James, except as noted. t By Stuart S. Holland. . LODE METALS 21 claims covering a considerable area lying for the most part north of the Bridge River and extending for 4 miles west of the junction of Gun Creek. It includes the Wayside, Congress, and Minto mines. In the autumn of 1959 a new vein was exposed to view about 3,000 feet west of the Congress mine in a rock cut on the new Bridge River road. In December an agreement with Bralorne Pioneer Mines Limited was reached whereby the latter company is to provide funds for exploration work. In the first half of 1960 the showing was traced uphill to the north by a number of irregularly spaced trenches. Surface diamond drilling confirmed the presence of the vein structure down dip to a depth of several hundred feet. In June a drift was started below the Bridge River highway, to explore the shear at depth. The work was done under the direction of J. P. Weeks, chief geologist at Bralorne mine. The showing, as exposed in the original road cut, is a strongly oxidized mineralized shear striking north and dipping about 55 degrees west. The shear is occupied by quartz mineralized with stibnite, arsenopyrite, and pyrite. A sample taken across 20 inches of strongly sheared and oxidized material assayed: Gold, 0.73 oz. per ton. Trenching uphill to the north of the road cut picked up the shear along strike for about 500 feet and with exposed widths of as much as 9 feet. Assays of surface samples were sufficiently encouraging for the company to institute surface diamond drilling which confirmed the extension of the vein shear and associated gold values to a depth of at least 200 feet. By mid-September the drift on the vein shear had been driven a distance of 277 feet. In the drift the shear is seen to have a variable width and to reach a maximum of 5 feet. The shear is not continuously mineralized, but is occupied by several discontinuous lenses of quartz mineralized with stibnite and arsenopyrite. From one a sample taken across 26 inches assayed: Gold, 0.32 oz. per ton. Drifting terminated for the winter on October 31st, at which time the drift was 507 feet long. A small amount of stripping was done elsewhere on the property in conjunction with the geological mapping done by W. Chinn, of Bralorne mine. Eight diamond-drill holes totalling 4,848 feet were drilled. Two of these holes, totalling 3,050 feet, were drilled in the Congress mine, and the remaining six in the vicinity of the Discovery vein. At the end of the season a representative sample of ore from the Congress mine was taken for a metallurgical investigation to be carried out during the winter. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Rept, 1948, pp. 106-112; Cairnes, C. E., Geol. Surv., Canada, Mem. 213, 1937, pp. 102-104.] Company office, 355 Burrard Street, Vancouver 1; mine Bralorne Pioneer office, Bralorne. F. R. Joubin, president; J. E. McMynn, Mines Limited general manager; C. M. Campbell, Jr., resident manager; J. S. Thomson, superintendent of mines; C. D. Musser, superintendent of mills. At the end of 1960 this company was operating only the Bralorne mine. The Pioneer mine was closed down in August as a result of the mining out of existing reserves in the 27 vein. The results of development on No. 30 level on this vein proved disappointing, and other exploration failed to indicate new sources of ore. The Pioneer mine was first located in 1897 and has been in continuous production since 1924. In the early thirties it was the leading gold mine in the Province, and in 1933 a total of 82,519 ounces of gold was produced, valued at $2,400,000. By 1944 the Main vein was mined out, but the mine gained a new lease on life when the 27 vein was discovered. In the ensuing years, production 22 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 again rose to a maximum of 56,198 ounces in 1957. During the whole lifetime of Pioneer mine a total of nearly 21/i millions tons of ore has been mined, yielding approximately 1,330,000 ounces of gold. The average grade of the ore throughout the working life of the mine was 0.54 ounce of gold per ton. In 1960, 50,163 tons of ore was milled. Bralorne Mine.—The Bralorne mine is on Cadwallader Creek, a tributary of the Bridge River. It is reached by 51 miles of road from Shalalth or 75 miles from Lillooet, both stations on the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. The property was described in some detail in the 1958 Annual Report. The extensive workings are in a generally northwesterly trending vein system which is now being mined at depths of between 3,200 and 4,100 feet below the surface, with development work proceeding up to a depth of 5,000 feet below the surface. The workings are approached by a main haulage adit on No. 8 level. There are three internal shafts: the Crown shaft, approximately 2,600 feet deep, from No. 8 to No. 26 level; the Empire shaft, approximately 3,280 feet deep from No. 3 to No. 26 level; the Queen shaft, 2,000 feet deep from No. 26 to a point just below No. 39 level. The major portion of present production is mined in cut-and-fill stopes between No. 26 and No. 33 levels, the 77 vein being the principal producing vein. The ore is hoisted in the Queen shaft to No. 26 level and is then hauled by battery locomotive to the Crown shaft, hoisted to No. 8 level, the main haulage level of the mine, and hauled by trolley locomotive to the mill. In the mill the ore is treated by amalgamation, blanket concentration, and flotation. A sulphide concentrate made by flotation is shipped to the Tacoma smelter. During the latter half of the year, work was in progress on the erection of an entirely new 600-ton cyanide mill to replace the old mill and to provide greater efficiency and improved recovery. It is planned to have the new mill in operation in May, 1961. In 1960, 153,482 tons of ore was milled. Development work comprised 1,893 feet of drifting, 444 feet of crosscutting, 1,038 feet of raising, and 19,343 feet of diamond drilling. The Queen shaft was sunk from a point 91 feet below No. 37 level to a point 24 feet below No. 39 level station, a distance of 224 feet. A station has been cut at No. 38 level, and a crosscut driven toward the 77 vein; at the end of the year this crosscut was within 250 feet of the vein. Exploratory drifting and diamond drilling was also done on the 51b vein at No. 4 level, and rehabilitation of the Taylor Bridge River crosscut on No. 20 level was carried out with a view to investigating the possibilities of downward extensions of the King structures below No. 14 level. A sand-fill plant was designed and installed during the year, to use mill-tailings for the hydraulic filling of stopes in place of the present waste fill. The sand and water mixture is pumped from surface to a central reservoir on No. 8 level. From there it is passed downward to the lower workings through a 2% -inch diamond-drill hole. The plant is to go into operation in January, 1961, and all new stopes from this date will be sand-filled. Existing stopes will continue to be waste-filled until completion. The ventilation raise, started in the summer of 1957, was completed by the middle of 1960. This raise, which is 12 feet in diameter and extends from the surface at the old Blackbird portal (No. 4 level) down to No. 25 level, a vertical distance of 3,000 feet, provides an entirely new intake air-shaft and permits cool air from the surface to be supplied direct to the mine workings. A radial fan on the surface at the collar of the raise draws 80,000 cubic feet of air per minute into the mine. Provision is made at the fan housing for installing a second fan in parallel, which could increase the air flow to 120,000 cubic feet per minute. The exhaust air now passes out of the workings via the Crown and Empire shafts and No. 8 and ~ LODE METALS 23 No. 3 level adits. A comparison of temperature readings taken in various parts of the Queen shaft area in October, 1957, and October, 1960, shows a 5-per-cent drop in dry bulb temperature (from 83.5 to 78.9 degrees) despite the fact that the present workings are deeper. Average relative humidity in the mine was reduced 8 per cent (88 to 81 per cent) over the same period. Average temperature at Queen shaft stations was down 11 per cent from 83.5 degrees in 1957 to 72.3 degrees in 1960. The number of men employed was 384, of whom 274 were employed underground. Although the year was marred by one fatal accident, it is pleasing to be able to report a marked improvement in the accident rate over last year. The fatal accident occurred in the Queen shaft sinking operations on August 18th. Harold Jessome, an employee of Patrick Harrison and Company, engaged in contract sinking of the Queen shaft, was killed as a result of a Cryderman mucking-machine breaking loose and falling down the shaft. A more detailed description of this accident will be found elsewhere in this Report. Of the non-fatal accidents, a total of twelve compensable accidents was reported during the year. This is a rate per million man-hours of 15.1, which may be regarded as very satisfactory. The accident rate for all lost-time accidents also showed a remarkable improvement. For 1960 this was 19.0 accidents per million man-hours, as compared with 37.3 accidents per million man-hours in 1959, a drop of 49 per cent. When compared with the average lost-time accident rate over the past five years of 47.9, the improvement is even more notable. An active safety organization at this property receives the full backing of management, and regular safety meetings and inspections are held. Company office, 404, 510 West Hastings Street, Vancouver 1. Bridge River United Raymond R. Taylor, president. Capital: 4,500,000 shares, Mines Ltd. no par value. This company controls twenty-one Crown- granted claims and fractions on the lower reaches of Hurley River, extending for a distance of 2 miles up the river from a point Wi miles above Gold Bridge. The property includes the Ural, Forty Thieves, and Why Not claims, which were first located in 1896 and 1897. Intermittent exploration work, both surface and underground, has been done for many years on these claims, which lie on the east side of the deep and rugged canyon of the Hurley River. The claims are underlain mainly by andesite of the Pioneer formation and diorite of the Bralorne intrusions, bounded on the west by an outcrop of serpentinized pyroxenite. Quartz- filled fractures occur in the andesites and diorites, some of which have been traced for over 900 feet. These veins in places contain gold values, but the vein matter has hitherto not generally been found to be of ore grade. A number of adits have been driven at various points at the foot of the canyon bluffs to explore the Forty Thieves, Why Not, Jewess, and other veins which outcrop either close to or on the canyon bluffs. Until the present company began work in 1959, the property had been dormant since 1946. In 1960, work on the property was begun on May 15th and continued until the end of the year. The first work done was to widen and improve the road along the bottom of the Hurley River canyon, which extends about \lA miles to the foot of the Why Not bluffs. In September a contract was signed with Rayrock Mines Limited for this company to participate in the exploration of the property. By the end of the year 2,300 feet of diamond drilling had been done, mainly on the Why Not vein structure, and detailed geological mapping of the Why Not tunnel was completed. The Ural No. 3 tunnel (giving access to underground workings on the Forty Thieves vein) was reopened for inspection and geological mapping in December, after a large amount of rock had been bulldozed away from above the caved 24 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 adit. A crew of from three to ten men was employed under the supervision of R. R. Taylor. The work was under the general direction of W. E. Clarke, of Ray- rock Mines Limited. [References: Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Rept., 1946, pp. 106-112; Cairnes, C. E., Geol. Surv., Canada, Mem. 213, 1937, pp. 88-91.] Company office, Box 305, Lillooet. President, Paul Polis- Hurley River chuk, Bralorne. Capital: 3,000,000 shares, $1 par value. Mines, Ltd. This company controls several properties in the Bridge River area and one near the head of Lillooet Lake. The largest property is a group of fifty-six claims in the general area northwest of Hurley River about IVi miles west of Bralorne. The claims extend on either side of Gwyneth Lake and for \3A miles southwest of the lake. The property is approached by a road from Bralorne by way of the Alma prospect and the Hurley dam-site. The claims are largely underlain by argillaceous, limy, and volcanic rocks of the Hurley formation, with some granitic intrusives immediately to the east of Gwyneth Lake. Interest in 1960 has been centred on the contract of an easterly striking felsite dyke with the aforementioned rocks on the Gary claim 2,300 feet south-southeast of Gwyneth Lake. Approximately 200 feet of packsack diamond drilling was done here in the spring by Paul Polischuk, and it was reported that significant gold values were obtained in some of the holes. Rayrock Mines Limited optioned the property in June and diamond drilled six holes totalling 1,800 feet in the same area drilled by Paul Polischuk. A crew of five men was employed under the supervision of B. Nekrasov. The option was subsequently dropped. The company also holds a group of claims, known as the Spruce group, in the upper part of Truax Creek. Some diamond drilling and surface stripping was done on these claims, and a crew of four men was employed under the supervision of Paul Polischuk. Fraser River (50° 121° N.W.) Copper Company office, 510 West Hastings Street, Vancouver 1. Askom (Tombac Isaac Shulman, president. Capital: 5,000,000 shares, no Exploration Ltd.) par value. In January this company optioned a group of twenty-four recorded claims, known as the Askom group, from A. Jenner and John Rickard, of Lillooet. The property is on the west side of the Fraser River in the vicinity of Nesikep Creek, about 15 miles southeast of Lillooet. It is reported that there are four or five outcrops with indications of copper mineralization over a distance of approximately a mile. Work was done on the property over a three-month period in the early part of the year with a total of four men employed under the supervision of J. Sullivan. A number of trenches were dug and sampling was done in the mineralized zones. The assay results from the sampling is reported by the company to have averaged a low percentage of copper, and the option was subsequently dropped. Gold ANDERSON LAKE* (50° 122° N.E.) Company office, 928 West Pender Street, Golden Contact Vancouver 1. John A. McKelvie, president and manager. (Cassiar Copper- Capital: 5,000,000 shares, $1 par value. This company fields Limited) holds under option agreement the Golden Contact property, on the north slope of McGillivray Creek about 5 miles by * By A. R. C. James. LODE METALS 25 jeep-road from Ponderosa Ranch on the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. The main showings are quartz veins, locally mineralized and containing gold values, within a schistose host rock. The showings were discovered in 1898, and a considerable amount of underground exploration has been carried out over three separate periods—1900-1903, 1932-1938, and 1947-1953. There are six adit levels from the No. 1 at 3,615 feet elevation to the Pep adit at 2,938 feet elevation. The underground workings were inaccessible when the present company took over. The present company began work in May, 1960. The camp at the 3,000- foot level was rehabilitated. While attempting to open the Fortyniner adit on June 1st, two of the crew were trapped by a cave-in. This involved a major rescue operation, which is described elsewhere in this Report. The men were released safely after thirty hours. After this incident it was decided to bulldoze the unconsolidated and weathered material away from the portals of both the Fortyniner and the Pep adits. Over 8,000 yards of material was moved from the two portals before solid rock was reached. The new portal at the Fortyniner adit was finally set up on October 29th and access was gained to the old tunnel. The Pep adit was opened in July, but caving conditions in the tunnel made progress very slow. In one section a diversion tunnel 110 feet long had to be driven. By the end of the year, access had been gained on this level to the underground workings. The object of this work is to prepare the property for a detailed geological examination and for sampling. The future programme will depend on the results of these findings. A crew of six men was employed from July to December under the supervision of John McKelvie. HIGHLAND VALLEY* Copper (50° 120° N.W.) Company office, 809, 837 West Hastings Trojan Consolidated Street, Vancouver 1. G. L. Conn, president. This company Mines Ltd. holds about eighty claims and fractions north and east of the south peak of Forge Mountain. For most of 1960 the property continued under option to Rio Tinto Canadian Exploration Limited, which did geophysical and geochemical surveying. A surface diamond-drill hole 341 feet long was drilled about 2,000 feet southeasterly from the Highland shaft. An average crew of six men was employed from May to October under the supervision of L. B. Gatenby and N. G. Mattocks. (50° 121° N.E.) Company office, 1004, 850 West Hastings Krain Copper Ltd. Street, Vancouver 1. D. F. Farris, president. This company holds about eighty claims and fractions which adjoin the north boundary of the Trojan property. In 1960 a part of the property was optioned for a time by Rio Tinto Canadian Exploration Limited, which did geophysical work and drilled one hole 530 feet long on the D.W. group. This hole was in volcanic rocks for its total length. (50° 120° N.W.) This group lies southwest of the Lodge Beaver group and is held jointly by Farwest Minerals Limited (com pany office, 1075 Melville Street, Vancouver) and Beaver Lodge Uranium Mines Limited, of the same address. In 1960 ten claims in the north part of the group were optioned for a time by Rio Tinto Canadian Exploration Limited, which did geophysical surveying. * By J. M. Carr. I 26 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 (50° 120° N.W.) This group of about forty-seven claims Lodge and fractions lies between the Trojan and Bethlehem prop erties and is held by Northlodge Copper Mines Limited (company office, 1075 Melville Street, Vancouver). In 1960 the group was optioned for a time by Rio Tinto Canadian Exploration Limited, which did geophysical and geochemical surveying and drilled one hole 565 feet in length. (50° 120° S.W.) Company office, 814, 402 West Pender Bethlehem Copper Street, Vancouver 3. H. H. Huestis, president; C. J. Corporation Ltd. Coveney, chief geologist. This company holds about 158 claims and fractions immediately east of Quiltanton (Divide) Lake, about 30 miles by road southeast of Ashcroft. In 1960 work was mainly done in the vicinity of the East Jersey mineralized zone, on behalf of Sumitomo Metal Mining Company of Tokyo. It included two raises, each about 100 feet in length, from which percussion drilling was done. About 12,000 feet of surface diamond drilling was done, together with some trenching. In addition, three churn-drill holes, each about 300 feet deep, were drilled for water near Witches Brook, of which two were productive. Detailed topographic surveys were made of prospective open-pit and plant sites. Five men were employed, together with a mining crew provided by Intermountain Construction Ltd. (50° 120° S.W.) Company office, 104, 569 Howe Street, Jericho Mines Vancouver 1. Hamlin B. Hatch, president. This company Limited holds about eighty claims south of Witches Brook, about 7 miles east of Quiltanton (Divide) Lake. In 1959 the company built a road from about 1 mile west of the camp on Witches Brook to a showing where trenching was then done. This showing is 1 mile northwest of a lake which is known locally as Billy Lake and which lies 1 mile northwest of the Billy Lake shown on published maps. Work done in 1960 included diamond drilling which was partly at this showing and partly at a locality near the road about 2 miles north of Billy Lake. A geophysical survey was also made. MERRITT* Geology of the Promontory Hills Introduction This account is designed to accompany a geological map of an area of about 24 square miles, extending south and west from the Craigmont mine (Fig. 3). The northern boundary of the area lies partly north of Birkett Creek, on which the mine is situated, and partly south of David Creek. The western boundary is on Indian Reserve No. 9, due north of Canford, and the southern and eastern boundaries are along the valleys of Nicola River and both Stumbles (Ten Mile) and Guichon Creeks, which join the Nicola River near Lower Nicola. The country is only moderately rugged and in part has a pronounced east-northeasterly grain. It is dominated by a dissected ridge whose highest feature is Lookout Point (5,688 feet). North of the ridge, the terrain is typical of the Interior Plateau and is more diversified, with rather bare or park-like south-facing slopes which descend interruptedly to the main valleys, which are at about 2,000 feet elevation. One or two benches and high-level valleys afford rough pasturage or farm land, and in recent * By J. M. Carr, except as noted. KINGSVALE GROUP LEGEND COYLE STOCK GEOLOGY OF PROMONTORY HILLS AREA 50° 10' CANFORO LODE METALS 27 years there has been considerable logging of Douglas fir and red pine in this part of the area. The climate is semi-arid and no permanent streams occur in the area. Several creeks flow radially from the ridge and are partly linear in course. Access to the area is mainly by an all-weather road to Lookout Point that is 8 miles long and leaves the Merritt-Spences Bridge highway about 7 miles west of Merritt. This road serves the forest lookout and the microwave station at Lookout Point and connects with logging-roads of lesser quality which give wide access to the rest of the area. It also connects with a recently completed jeep-road from Craigmont mine, at a point about 1 mile south of the lookout. Principal access to the mine is by a road leaving the highway at Lower Nicola, which is 6 miles to the west of Merritt and near the Canadian Pacific Railway branch line at Coyle. Natural-gas and oil pipe-lines pass through Lower Nicola and Merritt, respectively. The Craigmont orebody is on the eastern slope of Promontory Hills, about 2V2 miles east-northeast of Lookout Point. It is a massive deposit of chalcopyrite, magnetite, and specular hematite, and occurs in skarns of the Nicola group close to the margin of the Guichon batholith. After the orebody was discovered in 1957, this and adjacent areas have been heavily prospected by a variety of means, including magnetic, electrical, geological, and soil-sampling surveys. Large parts of the area remain covered by mineral claims in good standing, and prospecting still continues. Despite all this work, which is some cases included trenching and diamond drilling, no other mineral occurrences of significance have yet been found. Much of the area either is underlain by rocks of post-mineral age or is obscured by superficial deposits, and probably less than 3 per cent of it is occupied by Nicola outcrops. The present mapping made use of existing geological information and was done in 1959 and 1960. A preliminary geological map was made by R. Lee, using vertical air photos obtained from Hunting Survey Corporation and transferring the field information to a provisional base map on a scale of 1 inch to 1,000 feet. Following limited additional work in 1960, the final map was compiled on a topographical base map of the same scale, made available by Canadian Exploration Limited and associated companies. A summary of the geological features recognized during preliminary mapping has already been published, together with a general account of the Craigmont orebody, in the 1959 Annual Report. The present account makes no attempt to describe in detail the geology and structure of the Craigmont mine, which are still being investigated. [References: Geol. Surv., Canada, Mem. 249, Nicola Map-area, 1948; Minister of Mines, B.C., Ann. Repts., 1957, p. 28; 1958, pp. 24-27; 1959, pp. 31-34.] Nicola Group Strata of the Nicola group, of Upper Triassic age, directly underlie about half the mapped area and contain the Craigmont orebody. They are intruded by the Guichon batholith and by a stock northwest of Lower Nicola, as well as by numerous smaller igneous bodies which are variously of basalt, andesite, and quartz porphyry, or quartz-porphyry breccia. The Nicola rocks are chiefly tuffs, tuffaceous sediments, and limestone together with impure limy beds. Except to the southwest, they generally possess steep dips. The stratigraphy is still uncertain, largely because no reliable marker beds have been recognized and the fossil content of these and other Nicola rocks has so far been insufficiently studied. Lithological mapping has distinguished two kinds of assemblage, characterized by feldspathic and limy rocks, respectively, which occupy a number of more or less extensive belts. These belts strike northeastward across the main part of Figure 3, and are separated by belts 28 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 in which the rock types have not been differentiated. Correlation of any of the belts with rocks farther east at the Craigmont mine is not yet possible. Feldspathic Rocks.—Feldspathic rocks comprise the whole of a persistent belt some 2,500 feet wide and occur less exclusively in two more southerly belts. They are mainly tuffs, with some tuff breccia and volcanic conglomerate, and are characterized by a prevalent purple-red colour as well as abundant white feldspar crystals, which accompany volcanic rock fragments in a dense matrix. Although commonly reddish, the colour of the rocks may show gradations to pale green or white. These differences may be due partly to reduction of iron oxides and to dissemination of epidote by hydrothermal alteration. Rare beds of white quartz tuff and tuff breccia, as much as 100 feet wide, could be traced for no more than a few hundred feet. The rocks are mostly massive or thick bedded, and commonly exhibit a poor to moderate bedding foliation. Thin beds of fine red tuff occur and are generally regular and undeformed. Graded bedding and related sedimentary structures have not been observed. The feldspathic rocks contain varying proportions of detrital volcanic rock fragments, crystals, and matrix. The rock fragments are of red, brown, green, grey, or black aphanitic material, which is only feebly porphyritic or vesicular. They occur in amounts ranging from as much as 25 per cent in volcanic conglomerates and pebble beds, through intermediate amounts in tuff breccias, to about 10 per cent in medium-grained tuffs. Rounding of the fragments increases with then- size—the tuffs and tuff breccias commonly contain unmodified, irregular, or angular fragments which seldom exceed one-quarter inch, whereas the conglomerates have abundant, well-rounded or ovoid fragments as much as 6 inches in size. Southeast of Lookout Point, some beds resembling agglomerate contain unstratified, subangu- lar blocks of volcanic rock as much as 1 foot across. The crystal detritus, which comprises as much as 25 per cent of most rocks, consists chiefly of whole or broken laths of plagioclase feldspar as large as 2 millimetres, which are in places accompanied by a few quartz grains of similar size. Like the volcanic rock fragments, the crystal debris is distributed haphazardly in the matrix, without perceptible sorting. The matrix itself is a generally dark, tough, and aphanitic material comprising at least one-third of the rock. Under the microscope the tuffs show additional features. Volcanic fragments are seen to range in size downward to less than 1 millimetre, and to consist of chloritic andesites or basalts showing wide textural variations, from holocrystalline, microporphyritic rocks to glassy microvesicular types. Feldspar fragments show no evidence of attrition following breakage, and the quartz grains are identified as crystals which show magmatic corrosion and are deeply penetrated by the flow- banded matrix. Small well-shaped crystals of augite occur in some rocks, which also contain minute shard-like shapes of fine-grained quartz or feldspar. Magnetite is well disseminated and accounts for the pronounced magnetic susceptibility of the rocks, which can be tested with a suspended hand-magnet. The matrix of the rocks appears as a turbid, largely unresolvable fine-grained aggregate of medium refractive index and is partly flow textured. In all three belts of outcrop the feldspathic rocks are accompanied by rare flows of basalt lava, which are the only extrusive Nicola rocks seen in the area. The flows are as much as 50 feet thick and may extend laterally for some thousands of feet. They consist mainly of a dark-grey porphyritic rock with abundant small phenocrysts of plagioclase feldspar and others of a dark mineral oriented in the plane of flow. Under the microscope this rock is holocrystalline and consists chiefly of labradorite feldspar, hornblende, and augite with hornblende mantles, together with LODE METALS 29 much accessory magnetite and some chlorite and epidote. Near the top of a flow the non-vesicular rock passes rapidly into a vesicular, less porphyritic variety which within a few feet may become intimately mixed with red scoriacous lava, and this, by decrease in the number and size of enclosed masses of the vesicular rock, may grade upward into a fissile red rock resembling fine-grained tuff. Where these relationships are sufficiently exposed, they provide the only fully reliable means of identifying the top of any of the Nicola rocks. Unfortunately, only one flow in the main feldspathic belt is exposed in this way. Limy Rocks.—Limy belts which contain roughly equal proportions of limy and non-limy rocks are numbered southward successively from 1 to 6 (Fig. 3). There are, in addition, scattered outcrops of limy rocks which have not been correlated with the recognized belts. In each belt, all gradations exist between pure limestone and non-limy rocks. The limy rocks are limestones, limy tuffs, tuffaceous limy greywackes, and limy argillites, whilst the non-limy rocks are similar to the undifferentiated rocks which occur elsewhere. As mapped, the belts are lenticular or braided, with a thickness as great as 1,400 feet and commonly much less. Poorly to well preserved fossils appear restricted to the limy rocks. The pelecypod Halobia was identified by W. R. Danner from outcrops in belt No. 1 at Lookout Point and indicates that these rocks belong to the Karnian stage of the Upper Triassic. The limestones commonly weather grey or tan coloured and are either massive or foliated. Bedding is not generally seen, except at interfaces with other beds or where impure laminae are revealed by differential weathering. Massive limestone appears confined to the south of the main feldspathic belt, and is the principal component of beds whose thickness is between 50 and 100 feet in belts Nos. 3, 4, and 5, and less elsewhere. It is a grey or white rock which is either porcellainous or unevenly grained and somewhat porous, with casts or fragments of fossils. A somewhat impure variety was seen under the microscope to consist predominantly of fine-grained calcite together with a few clastic grains of calcite, quartz, feldspar, and volcanic rocks. Foliated limestone is widely distributed and may locally be associated with massive limestone, from which it is probably derived by partial recrystallization under conditions of stress. All limestones seen to the north of the main feldspathic belt and in the eastern part of belt No. 3 are foliated. They occur in beds which seldom exceed 40 feet in thickness and which commonly contain thin layers of rocks similar to those forming adjacent beds. The foliated limestone is a black, grey, or less commonly white rock which seldom contains fossils and has a compact, generally fine-grained texture. Foliation is expressed by differential weathering as a lineated, often contorted or swirly pattern whose strike commonly differs from that of the beds. Some outcrops show a flaggy or platy jointing that is partly curved or warped, and is thought to be mainly controlled by the foliation. The fabric of the limestones is frequently complicated by structures which combine flowage of limestone with brecciation and disintegration of the enclosed thin beds. These structures are described below. Fragments derived from the brecciated beds are dispersed in the limestone, which therefore assumes a very heterogeneous appearance. Some of the foliated limestones are pebbly or gritty, and contain crowded, subangular, or rounded pebbles and smaller fragments of volcanic rocks or occasionally limestone. This sedimentary detritus is oriented more with the foliation than with the bedding and may therefore be hard to tell, in some outcrops, from dispersed tectonic fragments. The foliated limestones and rocks adjacent to them are sparingly traversed by calcite veins. Under the microscope the limestones are seen to be marbles consisting of foliated even-grained aggregates of inequidimensional calcite crystals in 30 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 common alignment. Exceptionally, the rocks have an average grain size as great as 3 millimetres. The black foliated limestones differ from the others only in containing carbonaceous streaks and wisps. Other limy rocks closely resemble their non-limy counterparts amongst the undifferentiated rocks. For example, a tuffaceous limy greywacke may differ from an undifferentiated rock only in the lime content of its fine-grained matrix. This rock would typically consist mainly of lithic or glassy volcanic detritus, quartz, and feldspar grains, together with a plentiful fine-grained matrix. A typical limy vitric tuff is quartz free, and consists largely of closely spaced fragments of volcanic glass set in a limy aphanitic matrix. Such tuffs occur as beds ranging from a few inches to as much as 80 feet thick, and are mainly coloured light to dark brown or green. Although poorly sorted, they frequently possess a granular foliation which may be primary if parallel to bedding but which may, alternatively, lie across the bedding and therefore be secondary. Limy argillite occurs as beds not more than a few feet in thickness, in association with beds of limestone. It is a soft, fissile, rather fossiliferous, fine-grained rock which is black, brown, or grey in colour and may be banded. Under the microscope it appears foliated and semi-opaque, and contains much finely divided calcite together with scattered angular fragments of quartz and feldspar. Undifferentiated, Non-limy Rocks.—The undifferentiated, non-limy rocks show a considerable range of fabric and composition. They include lithic, vitric, and quartz tuffs, tuffaceous greywacke, and argillite, all of which are widely distributed. The tuffs and argillite occur either as massive beds as much as 100 feet thick or in thin- to medium-bedded sequences with a variety of other rocks, some of which may be limy. Tuffaceous greywacke is generally restricted to these varied sequences, which are best seen to the north of the main feldspathic belt. The lithic tuffs are hard, compact rocks coloured variously green, grey, dark red, or black. They are mostly of fine- to medium-grained appearance and are characterized by abundant volcanic rock fragments set in a dense matrix which comprises from one-quarter to more than one-half of the rock. They differ from the feldspathic rocks principally in their wider colour range and lack of conspicuous feldspars. The rocks are mostly poorly sorted. The rock fragments, although generally similar to those in the feldspathic rocks, seldom exceed one-quarter inch in size and include pale glassy fragments not seen in the latter rocks. Most are angular or irregularly globular in shape, but in some beds they are lenticular and confer a foliation on the rock. Crystal detritus is subordinate in the lithic tuffs and consists of partly broken plagioclase feldspars up to 1 millimetre in size together with, in some rocks, rounded or broken quartz crystals which are both small and scarce. The aphanitic matrix is coloured either light or dark green, grey, or red and occurs in sufficient quantity to prevent almost all contact between the rock or crystal fragments. Under the microscope it shows the same ultrafine appearance as the matrix of the feldspathic rocks, which it closely resembles. It includes slender microlites of feldspar together with finely granular areas, which may have formed by partial devitrification of the otherwise glassy material. In places the matrix shows a banding. Some of the rocks contain well-disseminated magnetite and possess a pronounced magnetic susceptibility. The vitric tuffs are distinctive, greyish-green or buff-coloured rocks which are tough and well foliated, and characterized by a lenticular granular texture. They occur in alternating beds of differing grain size, ranging from fine to medium grained. In hand specimens they exhibit rather closely packed, lenticular or rudely ovoid fragments of assorted murky-white, grey, or greenish volcanic glass, each with a somewhat fretted outline emphasized by a narrow white border. The fragments are 1 LODE METALS 31 oriented in a wispily foliated, glassy matrix of pale-greenish, grey, or buff colour, and are seldom accompanied by more than a few small crystal grains of feldspar and occasionally of quartz. Under the microscope a typical specimen of vitric tuff consists predominantly of flow-textured, glassy and microcrystalline fragments, many of which are scarcely distinguishable from the quartzofeldspathic matrix. The latter encloses a few poorly shaped feldspars, either as single or aggregated crystals or, in another specimen, as partly broken grains accompanied by others of quartz. The vitric fragments are mostly between one-half millimetre and 2 millimetres long, and the length is generally about twice, and rarely as much as eight times, the width of the fragment. The shape and common orientation of the fragments, together with the variable, foliated crystallinity and flow-oriented texture of both fragments and matrix, is responsible for the excellent foliation possessed by these rocks. The quartz tuffs are characterized chiefly by conspicuous quartz grains and a porphyritic aspect. They form massive beds which weather white, buff, or dark brown, and are tough grey rocks containing crystals of quartz and white feldspar set in a copious matrix of light- or dark-grey colour. Some of dacitic composition resemble quartz porphyry, and their clastic, bedded nature is obvious only on weathered surfaces or under the microscope. Aphanitic fragments comprise about one-quarter of the dacitic quartz tuffs and blend almost invisibly with the matrix, which differs from the fragments only in a more chloritic and unevenly granular appearance, as seen microscopically. Whole crystals and jagged fragments of plagioclase feldspar as much as 3 millimetres in size are accompanied in the matrix by others of quartz, which also forms rare single crystals within aphanitic fragments. Whether in the fragments or in the matrix, the unbroken quartz crystals possess shapes indicative of magmatic resorption. The crystals include and are veined, embayed, and mantled, partly or completely, by a fine-grained quartzofeldspathic material, which is identical to the aphanitic fragments and is of igneous origin. Another quartz tuff, darker and more foliated than the dacitic quartz tuffs, shows fewer pyroclastic features and a diversity of lithic fragments, of which some are of rather basic, fine-grained rocks. It has an appreciable magnetic susceptibility, which is explained by its relatively high content of disseminated magnetite. The tuffaceous greywackes are thin- to medium-bedded rocks ranging in grain size from siltstones to grits, and occurring as sequences as much as 100 feet thick. They are comparatively well sorted and foliated, and appear to have formed by the rapid deposition of predominantly volcanic detritus, largely of dacitic composition. Stratigraphic tops seem to be indicated in places by scoured or graded beds, but the latter may show a reversed gradation and must therefore be used with caution. Wavy and truncated bedding suggest some pre-consolidational movement or slumping, but effects of this sort are hard to tell from those due to later deformation. The greywackes are grey rocks that commonly weather buff and consist of lithic and crystal fragments set in an aphanitic matrix. A typical rock is estimated to consist of: Quartz, 45 per cent; feldspar, 15 per cent; lithic fragments, 15 per cent; matrix, 25 per cent. The lithic fragments are partly identical with those in the dacitic quartz tuffs and partly microvesicular, flow-textured glassy volcanic rocks. They are mostly subangular to irregular in shape. The crystal grains and fragments vary in both size and roundness; the smaller are mostly freshly broken chips and the larger are about 2 millimetres in size and of varied shape. Some of the quartz is similar to that in the quartz tuffs, and is therefore volcanic in origin. The matrix of the greywacke is a somewhat chloritic quartzofeldspathic aggregate of fine but variable grain size. Some of the greywackes are cherty, partly banded rocks, in which the matrix is excessive and encloses a few lithic fragments as well as numerous small feldspar fragments and quartz granules. 32 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 Argillite is a soft, grey, dark-brown, or black partly banded rock which frequently contains pyrite and so weathers rust coloured. It forms lenses and beds which range in width from a fraction of an inch rarely to as much as 100 feet, and which persist in some cases for several hundreds of feet along the strike. The rock is unfossiliferous and uniformly fine grained, and breaks either subconchoidally or with a poor fissility, but where it is locally strongly deformed a perfect cleavage develops. Under the microscope the rock is seen to consist largely of unresolvable dark material containing stray fragments of quartz and feldspar. Spences Bridge Group Rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Spences Bridge group occupy the western boundary of the mapped area and include flows, tuffs, agglomerate, and dykes of a general basic composition. They have not been examined in detail and their structure is poorly known. No contacts with adjacent rock units were observed, but the group presumably overlies both the Nicola rocks and the Guichon batholith. The rocks are brown, grey, or green, and weather with a prevalent brown colouration. Porphyritic basalt or andesite is widely distributed and is a massive rock consisting predominantly of a dark, microcrystalline or glassy groundmass in which occur scattered, partly saussuritized laths of plagioclase feldspar together with small crystals of pyroxene and magnetite. A rude flow orientation afforded by the feldspars varies greatly in direction. Lithic tuff is widespread. It is a medium-grained rock somewhat resembling but less indurated than the feldspathic rocks of the Nicola group; in places it contains carbonaceous impressions of plant stems. The tuff consists chiefly of partly rounded black or red fragments of glassy volcanic rocks, some of which are vesicular and others porphyritic, together with varying quantities of whole or broken feldspar laths in a fine-grained matrix. Agglomerate in the northern part of the outcrop area consists of a tuffaceous matrix enclosing somewhat rounded fragments and blocks of porphyritic volcanic rocks at much as 2 feet across. Northerly trending dykes of basalt or andesite cut the Spences Bridge rocks and, in diminishing numbers, also cut the Nicola rocks farther to the east. Kingsvale Group Unmineralized andesites and volcanic breccias which occupy a large eastern part of the area are assigned to the Kingsvale group of upper Lower Cretaceous age. The rocks are generally poorly stratified and their structure is obscure. At Craigmont, they overlie part of the orebody and rest on an unevenly eroded surface of weathered Nicola rocks, but to the east in the mine the contact is steep and faulted. A steep contact may also exist along part of the western margin of the Kingsvale rocks, adjacent to and parallel with the Winney Creek lineament. Although the andesites show few of the features which normally serve to identify extrusive rocks, most if not all are considered to be flows. They are poorly to moderately vesicular, massive rocks, many of which possess a more or less well- developed trachytoid texture due to the linear or planar orientation of phenocrysts. This texture varies widely in attitude and may be steep. At Craigmont the rocks overlie local basal accumulations of tuff and are seen to be stratified. Volcanic breccia is widespread throughout the area and consists of rounded to angular fragments or blocks of andesite which are embedded in a matrix of argillized andesite tuff. The fragments are as much as 2 feet in size and are unsorted and unoriented. Some of the outcrops form cliffs which are eroded to produce hoodoos, such as the rock pinnacles that are seen near the highway. No true sediments have been observed in outcrop, but a coal-ball is reported to have been found in argillic mate- — LODE METALS 33 rial associated with Kingsvale volcanic rocks in the 3000 level at the Craigmont mine. The Kingsvale rocks mostly weather grey or brown, but some layers show a pervasive reddish alteration, which appears chiefly to involve oxidation of magnetite and kaolinization of feldspar. Other layers are altered to a white colour, and these rocks are argillic and possess swelling properties due to a content of bentonite. At Craigmont, a bentonitic flow some 30 feet thick rests partly on Nicola rocks and is irregularly overlain by fresh andesite in a manner suggesting that the white alteration took place before the succeeding, unaltered rock was deposited. Throughout the Kingsvale rocks, veinlets containing either epidote, quartz, chalcedony, calcite, or a zeolite are sparingly present, and are very rarely accompanied by trace amounts of malachite. The fresh andesites are light or dark grey, aphanitic rocks containing as much as 30 per cent by volume of phenocrysts. These invariably include prismatic crystals of brown or black hornblende and laths of clear plagioclase feldspar, together with smaller crystals of one or more of the following minerals: green clinopyroxene, brown orthopyroxene, and biotite. Vesicles are rare, small, and irregularly shaped, and may be lined or partly filled by zeolites or other white minerals. Under the microscope the feldspar in some rocks is labradorite, and the aphanitic groundmass of the rocks is seen to contain a little disseminated magnetite and very small crystals of the phenocryst minerals. In hand specimens, fresh andesite shows an appreciable magnetic susceptibility. Intrusive Rocks These include rocks of the Guichon batholith and the Coyle stock, and small intrusive bodies which chiefly occur in the Nicola rocks and the Coyle stock. The Guichon batholith extends for some 40 miles to the north of the mapped area and is known to be of early Mesozoic age. Its eastern contact coincides approximately with Guichon Creek and probably joins the southern contact not far east of the present mapping. The southern contact, as represented in the area, is poorly exposed and has little or no topographic expression. With some irregularities, it strikes westward from the Eric showing for a distance of about 3 miles and then west-southwestward for about the same distance before apparently being covered by rocks of the Spences Bridge group. This western part of the mapped contact probably follows a southwesterly prong of the batholith, which apparently separates Nicola rocks in the present area from others that occur more than 1 mile farther northwest. Where exposed, the batholithic margin is relatively sharp. The marginal batholithic rocks contain dark, fine-grained inclusions and are perceptibly foliated in planes which generally dip steeply and mostly strike parallel to the mapped trend of the contact. The adjacent Nicola rocks are also foliated, and are principally either hornfels or schistose and gneissic rocks which are veined in network fashion by inhomogeneous dioritic material. The batholithic rocks of the area are principally rather uniform quartz diorites or, at marginal localities such as at Craigmont, diorites. Granite or quartz mon- zonite was seen in small amounts at the Eric showing, in association with diorite or quartz diorite. A prevalent rock at places more or less removed from the contact is a medium-grained, poorly foliated quartz diorite whose estimated modal composition is typically as follows: Quartz, 15 per cent; orthoclase, 5 per cent; plagioclase, 45 per cent; biotite, 3 per cent; hornblende, 30 per cent; accessory minerals, 2 per cent. A more porphyritic quartz diorite occurs near the contact of the Spences Bridge group, and is a medium-grained rock containing hornblendes as much as 1 centimetre in size. 34 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 At Craigmont, two principal varieties of diorite were emplaced prior to mineralization. A finer grained variety enclosing the east end of the orebody is a somewhat foliated mesocratic rock containing small amounts of disseminated quartz and biotite. The other variety is more porphyritic and occurs apparently as tongue-like, partly flat-lying masses in the north wallrocks. It contains subhedral to anhedral hornblendes some of which are as much as one-half centimetre in size. The Coyle stock intrudes Nicola rocks in the south-central part of the area and is of irregular shape. It apparently consists of several roughly concordant bodies, mainly of quartz diorite, and discordant bodies of granite or quartz monzonite. Its northwestern margin is gently convex and partly coincides with a pronounced topographic lineament that is devoid of exposures. In other directions the margins of the stock are obscured by Kingsvale rocks or by superficial deposits in the Nicola Valley. In the dioritic bodies the prevalent rock is a fine- or medium-grained, mesocratic quartz diorite which consists chiefly of plagioclase, hornblende, and quartz, and may also contain orthoclase or biotite. This rock is somewhat foliated and encloses dark, fine-grained xenoliths of varied size and shape. The more elongate ones tend to lie in the plane of foliation, which generally strikes northeastward and dips in either direction. The granitic bodies consist principally of medium- or coarse-grained pink rocks which are chiefly composed of quartz and microperthitic orthoclase in approximately equal proportions, together with plagioclase that may be sufficiently plentiful to justify naming the rock quartz monzonite. Dark minerals are generally less than 10 per cent of the rock, and are either partly chloritized hornblende or biotite, together with a small amount of disseminated magnetite. The rock is mostly massive and free of inclusions, but in places it is both foliated and xenolithic. The inclusions are small, have well-defined outlines, and are of fine-grained granitic composition. The granitic bodies are in contact with both dioritic and Nicola rocks, which are locally strongly chloritized. Where observed the major contacts are steep, irregular, and unchilled, and for considerable distances the country rocks are penetrated by veins of unchilled granite as much as 60 feet thick. Other veins are of aplite, and cut the granite as well as the country rocks. Most of the Nicola rocks adjoining the stock are contact-metamorphosed equivalents of the undifferentiated strata, which have been partly converted to quartzofeldspathic hornfels, gneisses, and chlorite or sericite schists. Limestone or granular marble, noted in two places, showed no obvious effects of its closeness to the plu- tonic masses. Dykes of andesite and basalt occur in all the mapped units except the Kingsvale group. They are, however, rarely seen in the mapped portion of the batholith and are most numerous in the Nicola group near its contact with the Spences Bridge group. Most of the dykes strike between north-northwest and northeast, but others are roughly concordant with easterly trending structural grains in Nicola and dioritic rocks. The dykes range from a few feet rarely to as much as 200 feet wide, and may be several thousands of feet long. They consist of dark compact rocks which weather variously grey, green, brown, or reddish-brown, and which possess an appreciable magnetic susceptibility. A diabase texture is developed in the centre of the thicker sheets, but elsewhere the rocks are aphanitic and contain phenocrysts rarely as much as one-half centimetre in size. The phenocrysts are principally of white plagioclase feldspar, as well as of hornblende or, less commonly, pyroxene. Although most dykes are poorly vesicular, some have small empty vesicles that occur partly oriented with the phenocrysts. LODE METALS 35 In the Nicola group these basic dykes are cut by less abundant ones of quartz porphyry and light-coloured andesite. Quartz porphyry dykes were also seen in dioritic and granitic rocks of the Coyle stock. Light-coloured andesite forms thick and rather scarce dykes which strike between north-northeast and north-northwest. It contains abundant small phenocrysts of plagioclase feldspar, prismatic black hornblende, and biotite, which are oriented in a pale-grey aphanitic matrix. The rock resembles others assigned to the Kingsvale group and is identical with andesite of post-mineralization age at Highland Valley. Quartz porphyry is a tough greenish or grey rock of dacitic composition that weathers brown or buff. It consists of a plentiful aphanitic matrix with phenocrysts of quartz and plagioclase and less abundant hornblende and biotite. It forms dykes and sills as much as 60 feet wide and of diverse attitudes. Southwest of Lookout Point multiple emplacement of these dykes, mainly on north-northeasterly lines, has resulted in explosion breccia within an elongate zone which is as much as 4,000 feet long and 2,500 feet wide. The north end of this zone, which is the part best known, contains screens of massive porphyry which separate the breccia bodies and grade into them. The breccia consists of aphanitic porphyry fragments, crystal debris, and cherty matrix, and has the colour and toughness of massive porphyry. The fragments are angular or irregular in shape and seldom exceed 2 inches, being mostly between one-tenth and 1 inch in size. They are cream or pale buff coloured and contain rare euhedral crystals of quartz which are similar to others which occur partly broken in the breccia matrix. The matrix is a very fine-grained, partly cryptocrystalline, quartzofeldspathic material differing only slightly from the groundmass of the porphyry fragments. Both in outcrop and microscopically, the breccia exhibits a directional fabric which in some outcrops strikes north-northeastward and is parallel to the adjacent porphyry screens. Veins and replacement patches of quartz or epidote are abundant, and films of specular hematite occur rarely on joint surfaces. Pyrite is present in small amounts in porphyry just north of the breccia zone. Rock Alteration and Mineralization In the mapped area, the rocks of the Spences Bridge and Kingsvale groups contain no primary mineralization and exhibit, respectively, moderate and weak degrees of propylitic alteration. The Nicola and plutonic rocks show a widespread alteration of several kinds, in places accompanied by copper or iron mineralization. The Craigmont orebody contains specular hematite, magnetite, and chalcopyrite with minor amounts of bornite, and the adjacent wallrocks are altered to epidote, actinolite, and garnet skarns, and are veined and replaced by orthoclase, quartz, calcite, chlorite, and tourmaline. Pyrite and pyrrhotite also occur near the orebody. Most of the above-mentioned minerals occur widely in the area, though they have not been found in such a comprehensive assemblage as at Craigmont. Skarn minerals are scarcely recorded elsewhere, the sole outcrop being immediately north of the quartz porphyry breccia zone, where a greenish discoloured marble contains a brownish-red mineral assumed to be garnet. Orthoclase metasomatism seems to have occurred only within or close to the margins of the plutonic rocks, and orthoclase is a feature of some of the mineralized prospects mentioned below. The most widespread alteration is one involving epidote, chlorite, and quartz, together with calcite or ankeritic carbonate, and generally accompanied by small amounts of pyrite or specular hematite. Epidote is most abundant, and occurs as veinlets, alone or with other minerals, and as disseminations which may locally form as much as 20 per cent of some impure limy rocks, feldspathic tuffs, or flow rocks. Undifferentiated rocks which are affected by this type 36 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 of alteration generally contain less epidote, are a greenish- or bluish-grey in colour, and are traversed by seams and veinlets of quartz, carbonate, epidote, and chlorite. Large expanses of these altered rocks occur on either side of the road to Lookout Point, north of the main belt of feldspathic rocks and continuing through the limy belt at Lookout Point. In the feldspathic belt, epidote alteration and weak hematite mineralization are widespread. To the southeast of Lookout Point, bedding joints in feldspathic rocks are commonly veneered by specular hematite, with the result that breakage to the joints forms southerly facing cliffs. Specular hematite occurs in several other units, generally together with epidote and chlorite. Pyrrhotite was noted only in bedded strata on Lookout Point, where it occurs weakly disseminated with pyrite and occasional chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite is fairly common in the altered rocks of the mapped area, and more often than not is associated with hematite or pyrite in equally small amounts. The principal copper showings have all recently been trenched or diamond drilled and their positions are shown on Figure 3. The Titan Queen (Paystin) and Eric showings are about 5,000 feet northwest and 8,000 feet east of the Craigmont orebody, respectively, and are located respectively within and at the margin of the Guichon batholith. They are generally similar to other showings elsewhere in the batholith, and involve a locally intense replacement by chlorite, quartz, and tourmaline, accompanied by chalcopyrite or bornite, at faults or shear zones in orthoclase-enriched batholithic rock. Magnetite is reported at both showings, and the adjacent outcrops contain weak disseminations of chalcopyrite. About 6,500 feet south-southwest of Lookout Point, on the Hank No. 30 mineral claim, diamond drilling intersected weak iron and copper mineralization in steeply dipping basalt flows and tuffs in the feldspathic belt. Adjacent outcrops are strongly epidotized and contain a little specular hematite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. Parts of the core contain these metallic minerals and slender veinlets and minor disseminations of magnetite, together with garnet, albite, quartz, calcite, chlorite, and epidote. Rare sections of limy strata are partly converted to skarny rock. The drilled area coincides with a strong but narrow positive magnetic anomaly which is reported to trend north-northeastward, parallel to the strike of the layered rocks. An oriented 1-inch cube of flow rock cut from a piece of core from a vertical drillhole showed magnetic polarization in a vertical direction when tested with a suspended hand-magnet. Observation of the cube showed that numerous magnetite veinlets, partly with chalcopyrite, tended to share a common strike and to dip at all angles. Flow orientation of feldspar phenocrysts in the cube of rock was variable but tended to be steep and to strike approximately parallel to the veinlets. About 3,000 feet south-southeast of this anomalous area, in the vicinity of Hank No. 4 claim, trenches expose limy and non-limy strata and quartz porphyry, together with a weak mineralization which differs from the foregoing principally in the absence of magnetite. Immediately east of the road to Lookout Point, hornfels is exposed together with marble in trenches adjacent to the northern margin of the Coyle stock, and is partly replaced and veined by orthoclase feldspar. Where brecciated and chloritized, the hornfels contains small amounts of specular hematite and chalcopyrite. Structure The present mapping affords only limited evidence of the structure of the Promontory Hills area, largely because it does not establish the stratigraphy of the Nicola rocks, which are those of greatest interest in the area. The following discussion of structure is based on the evidence available, which is by no means conclusive. LODE METALS 37 Part of the major structure of the Nicola group appears to be a steeply dipping homocline adjacent to the margin of the Guichon batholith. To the south, the strata are mainly north dipping and their structural relationship to the rocks close to the batholith is conjectural. The strike of the Nicola rocks varies with that of the batholithic margin. In general, the strata strike northeastward in the central part of the area and eastward in the southwestern and northeastern parts. From the batholithic margin southward to, and inclusive of, limy belt No. 3, they mainly dip steeply or are vertical, but to the south of this belt they either are steep or dip northward at moderate angles. Stratigraphic tops can be verified at only a few places. In limy belt No. 1 at Lookout Point, graded bedding in two adjacent beds is in opposed directions, but scoured bedding in a third outcrop and graded bedding 1,500 feet to the southwest both suggest that the strata face south. This is confirmed by a flow top, already described, in the northern part of the main feldspathic belt to the southeast of Lookout Point. It is therefore tentatively concluded that the exposed sequence, at least as far southward as belt No. 3, is homoclinal and faces south. No important faults are recognized in the area. Small faults and breccia zones are numerous in the older rock units and have also been seen in the Kingsvale rocks. In the Nicola rocks these small faults and breccia zones commonly dip steeply and strike parallel to the bedding. Strike faults of large displacement have not been recognized but might not have been found in the present mapping. Many topographic lineaments occur in the area, and are both concordant and discordant to the trend of the Nicola rocks. Lineaments on Winney and Birkett Creeks, respectively, coincide with the margin of the Kingsvale rocks. At Craigmont, these rocks are known to be partly faulted against the Nicola rocks, and similar relationships may be expected elsewhere. Other lineaments are not known to contain faults, although several are coincident with zones of rock alteration. One such lineament, about 2,000 feet long and of northerly trend, passes between the two described showings on the Hank group, in the west-central part of the area. At Craigmont, numerous small faults of pre-mineral age occur, in addition to others whose relative age is not known. All the folds identified in the area are small and are closely associated with limestone. Folding on a somewhat larger scale may exist in certain places where limy rocks possess variable strikes and dips, for example, at the bulge in belt No. 1 and at the western limit of belt No. 5. Small steeply plunging dragfolds of Z-shape are numerous throughout all but the western parts of limy belts Nos. 1,2, and 3, and also occur at Craigmont. Dragfolds of diverse shape and attitude and with amplitudes as great as 30 feet were noted during preliminary mapping to the south of belt No. 6 in the extreme southwestern part of the area, and occur locally elsewhere. The diverse plunge of dragfolds in the area cannot be explained by major folding into simple anticlines and synclines. At present no complete explanation of the dragfolding can be given, but it appears likely that the steeply plunging drag- folds have resulted from strike-slip movement in upturned beds. The direction of this apparent relative movement was right handed, or north side moving east, and its cause is so far unknown. The complex structures prevalent in the northernmost limy belts were partly investigated by mapping on a scale of 50 feet to the inch at Lookout Point. This flat and relatively well-exposed area, which measures about 1,500 feet northeasterly and as much as 600 feet across, covers the full width of limy belt No. 1 at this point, and is about one-third underlain by outcrops. The strata in general strike eastward and are either vertical or dip steeply in one or other direction. Their lithological character has already been described. They comprise a variegated sequence of 38 MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 massive to thin-bedded rocks which include foliated limestones, thin beds of limy argillite and argillite, and granular to coarsely fragmental limy and non-limy rocks. Single beds could not in general be traced between outcrops, and the mapping consisted principally of recording the distribution, nature, and attitude of the secondary structures present in the rocks. The non-limy beds of thickness exceeding a few feet are massive, but the remaining beds show a variety of secondary structures which include foliation, cleavage, dragfolds, and less easily defined structures which have apparently resulted from the modification of the other structures. Cleavage forms one or occasionally two sets of steeply dipping fractures striking between northeast and northwest in rocks other than limestone. The fractures are spaced at irregular intervals, ranging from one-quarter inch to several inches, and are discordant to other structures. They locally offset the bedding planes by successively repeated displacements, each not exceeding a fraction of an inch. Foliation, in the restricted sense used in this discussion, is a secondarily imposed granular orientation which generally lies at variance with, and frequently obscures, the bedding. At Lookout Point, almost all the foliation strikes in various northeasterly directions and possesses steep dips, which are generally either vertical or toward the northwest but may occasionally be toward the southeast. In rocks other than limestone it strikes between north 35 degrees east and north 55 degrees east. In the limestones, it strikes in various directions, mostly ranging from north 35 degrees east to almost parallel with the bedding, and is locally dragfolded and interrupted, deflected, or convoluted adjacent to brecciated rock fragments contained in the limestone. The gritty and pebbly limestones, which are full of detrital rock fragments, are commonly foliated in a northeasterly direction subparallel to the bedding and the fragments are oriented in the foliation. Fine-grained, banded, non- limy beds, generally of siltstone or argillite, show plications or wrinkles of very small amplitude whose axial planes correspond in direction with the foliation of adjacent beds. Dragfolds are small and confined within limestone beds, whose interfaces with adjacent, more competent beds are occasionally warped, buckled, or wrinkled, but are not dragfolded. The limestone beds include layers, 1 foot or less thick, of banded argillite, vitric tuff, or other compact rocks, which are separated by limestone layers ranging from an inch or two in thickness to several feet. The limestone beds may be as much as 40 feet thick,
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Lode Metals British Columbia. Legislative Assembly [1962]
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Title | Lode Metals |
Alternate Title | MINES AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES REPORT, 1960 |
Creator |
British Columbia. Legislative Assembly |
Publisher | Victoria, BC : Government Printer |
Date Issued | [1962] |
Extent | Foldout Map: Figure 3 GEOLOGY OF PROMONTORY HILLS AREA MERRITT; Foldout Map: Figure 5 LOWER LAWLESS CREEK AREA TULAMEEN; Foldout Map: Figure 7 HORN SILVER MINE; Foldout Map: GOLCONDA WORKINGS KEREMEOSMINES LTD. Figure 8; Foldout Map: BRITISH COLUMBIA ASBESTOS OCCURENCES Figure 14; Foldout Chart: Table 10. - Monthly Natural-gas Disposition, 1959 and 1960 -- p. 191 |
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Legislative proceedings |
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Text |
FileFormat | application/pdf |
Language | English |
Identifier | J110.L5 S7 1962_V01_03_001_267 |
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Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia |
Source | Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia |
Date Available | 2018-01-12 |
Provider | Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library |
Rights | Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia |
CatalogueRecord | http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1198198 |
DOI | 10.14288/1.0363082 |
AggregatedSourceRepository | CONTENTdm |
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