PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. A. W. GRAY, Minister. H. Cathcaet, Deputy Minister. E. C. Manning, Chief Forester. REPORT OF THE FOEEST BEANCH FOR THE YEAE ENDED DECEMBER 31 ST 1939 PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. VICTORIA, B.C. : Printed by Chaei.es P. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1940. Victoria, B.C., February 29th, 1940. To His Honour E. W. Hamber, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia. May it please Your Honour : Herewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Report of the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands for the year 1939. A. W. GRAY, Minister of Lands. The Hon. A. W. Gray, Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—There is submitted herewith the Annual Report on activities of the Branch during the calendar year 1939. E. C. MANNING, Chief Forester. " A great problem is wide and skilful cutting. Cutting there must be on a large scale, for we are entitled to reap the fruits of our forest wealth, provided we do not impoverish our successors. " Cutting must always have behind it a purpose of conservation, and we must always be mindful of those who come after us and realize that Canada is a concern which is not going to be wound up in a few years, but will, by God's grace, endure for many centuries." —Lord Tweedsmuir. REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH. Unprecedented floods; a fire season which, in its very failure to develop more than a modest risk, threatened serious consequences to the log market; important trade agreements; mills with more business than they could handle; the biggest raft that ever entered the Fraser River; a mill and logging camp celebrating its sixtieth anniversary of continuous operation; fluctuating exchange; plentiful cargo space at normal rates; no cargo space at any price; quotas and regulation; war scares and full-dress war. These are some of the features, large and small, for which the year 1939 will doubtless be remembered in the logging and milling world in days to come. Certain periods of the year promised so much and others again, so little, that there was no sustained atmosphere characterizing the twelve months as a whole. Looking back on an accomplished fact, however, 1939 appears to have ranked high amongst the good years of the industry's history. A record log scale was recorded, a record export trade, and the year closed with production in all lines at a record level. During the winter months of the early part of the year most logging camps were closed and truck-logging was at a complete standstill, due to the state of the roads. Market conditions and bad weather combined to prolong the more or less general closure into March. Production throughout the early summer was heavy, influenced to some extent, no doubt, by the possibility of a prolonged fire closure—which failed to materialize. The fire risk was comparatively moderate and the bush was closed as a protection measure for only one week. By July, accumulating cedar stocks had become a serious problem and input had been reduced 40 to 50 per cent. By the end of August input had practically ceased, log sales were improving and stocks were considerably reduced. For the remainder of the year camps were embarrassed and production affected to some extent at the north end of Vancouver Island by rather disastrous floods; but, on the whole, operation was steady until the seasonal close-down late in December. One thousand eight hundred and eighty-three operations were reported active in the Vancouver Forest District, the principal log-producing region of the Province. The total scale of sawlogs for the Province was an all-time record of 3,155,371,995 feet board-measure. In only one other year—1937—has the log scale exceeded 3 billion feet. This, incidentally, brings the total of logs produced since the inception of Forest Branch records in 1912 to more than 55,410 million F.B.M., representing approximately 197,000 full-time man-years of employment. In the lumber field prices remained firm throughout a difficult winter, with an upward trend from March. Business offered throughout the year in record volume. The industry exists largely on export, and thriving or depressing conditions here are the result of world conditions as they affect our principal markets. World market conditions are almost entirely outside the field of local control. The United Kingdom continues to be British Columbia's best lumber customer and most of the factors affecting the year's business focused there. Amongst the influences tending to improve business were an early failure of other sources of supply; the British Government's policy to compensate private owners for loss through air raids in case of war, which strongly encouraged building; large Government housing schemes; defence works, which involved the use of large quantities of lumber in hutments and evacuation camps; and, finally, emergency war business. Any one of these in other years would have been counted of major importance. In the matter of housing, for example, it is stated that England and Wales at the end of the last war had about 8,000,000 houses. The four- millionth new house since that time was completed in 1939 and a fair start made on the fifth million. "Building in these proportions assumes the status of a major business influence. The outbreak of war in September put an immediate stop to competitive trade with England, but existing orders were confirmed and the Government placed additional orders for more than 190 million feet during the last three months of the year. Unfortunately, shipping could not be supplied to move that quantity and only about 60 million had been shipped by late December. Storage facilities for the remainder had developed into a major issue, and mills were facing the imminent possibility of having to close down with order files full but with no place to pile their product until such time as it could be shipped. Ocean freight rates were fairly steady throughout the year. In April there was a sharp rise in rates for a short period and some concern over a possible shortage, but in May the E 6 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. situation had eased and from June space remained plentiful until ships were taken over by the British Government at the outbreak of the war. Water-borne shipments reached a total of 1,409,052,000 feet, setting a new record. The United Kingdom retains first place in our overseas markets, having taken about 965 million feet, or more than 68 per cent, of the total. Sales to the United Kingdom represent an increase of 223 million feet over 1938, against a total increase of 217 million feet over shipments that year. Our heaviest losses were sustained in China and on our own Atlantic seaboard, where we sold about 40 million feet less than in 1938. The pulp and paper mills experienced an indifferent year until business began to pick up in September. The year ended with all mills operating on full time. In shingles, the most important of our minor products assuming the status of an important industry in themselves, the Province made and sold more than 3,400,000 squares in 1939 against a ten-year average of about 2,385,000 squares. Of this product, roughly 6 per cent, is sold in the Province, illustrating the dependence of the timber industry as a whole on export markets. More than 80 per cent, goes to our best customer, the United States, while the use of cedar shingles in England is showing promising gains in recent years. The new trade agreement with the United States, allotting to Canada (which, so far as shingles are concerned, means British Columbia) a duty-free quota each year of 30 per cent, of the domestic consumption during the preceding three years, dates from January 1st, 1939, and became operative June 17th, following assent of His Majesty the King to the " Trade Agreement Act" at Ottawa on May 19th. For twenty-one years—from 1913 to 1934—Canadian shingles entered the United States duty free. From 1935 to 1938, inclusive, imports from Canada were restricted to 25 per cent, of consumption during the previous year. Poles, hewn ties, posts, and similar minor products were in moderate demand only. Hewn ties especially, once the principal " grub-stake " of the pioneer settler, appear to be passing out of the picture. Preservative treatments, which more than double the life of the tie in place in the line, and lack of new construction account for the falling off. Production, which has run close to 4 million in years past, dropped to 719,803 in 1939, while lower prices and revised contract conditions relative to percentage of grades reduced the average price per tie to about 35 cents each. At this price only the most expert tie-hack can net " minimum wages." A comparatively new arrival in the family of minor products is the Christmas-tree trade, which has been fast developing into an important seasonal business during the past few years. Canada produces approximately 6,000,000 trees a year for export, practically all of which go to the United States, and an estimated 1,000,000 additional for the home market. It is said that the United States requires some 20,000,000 trees each season. Eastern fir and spruce and western Douglas fir are the favourites. British Columbia shipped 1,763,000 trees, worth more than $140,000, in 1939 and the business is capable of being greatly expanded. It provides labour and a cash income during a slack season of the year, and there is no physical bar to making it a substantial side-line to ranching throughout the greater part of the Province. Superficially, it has everything to commend it and nothing to condemn it; but in actual practice, in this Province, to date it has been of doubtful value. Young stands of natural reproduction ordinarily are too thick and require thinning. This is the argument commonly used to justify the trade. But thinning is a nice surgical operation on the forest requiring the judgment of experienced men. It seeks to remove the poorest and preserve the best to grow into a more valuable crop; the Christmas-tree cutter is not experienced in thinning and the trade demands the best rather than the poorest. The business to date has meant the destruction of fine stands of young growth from which the best has been culled and from which thrifty 20- to 30-foot trees have been felled to secure a 5-foot tree from the top. Cutting has been permitted on Crown lands on certain dry sites in the Interior incapable of producing valuable saw-timber and on two small experimental areas. Apart from these, permits on Crown lands have been refused. Practically all cutting to date has been on privately-owned lands. As stated above, there is no reason why Christmas trees should not be made a permanent source of income for most ranchers if they will give the matter the little study and attention ^SMs__i^^sS_!_liw**' ' * .,«_•—• 4 riVJK''">':"*"'' ''■'•'-'''• ••' -5--. ■ ';..;■ ft - . *^"^IS_^^';^™C "_ >_ 1_? * ;** iv-: __S__Ks¥S?. _v v_ 1&.9* * tS_Sr^ *»*' '* -k >■•'^^.^x"7^ * ' v4_ 7.;:: .» -, ',»o*%t^ S-^pH56*,^8t\ * - , V ' Wasteful cutting is shown in the accompanying illustrations from photographs taken on Christmas-tree operations on privately-owned lands. These show three trees, tops of which were taken for Christmas trees. There was left on the ground as waste a 12-foot pole, butt diameter 3M. inches inside bark; a 24-foot pole, butt diameter 6V2 inches inside bark; and a 20-foot pole, butt diameter 7V4 inches inside bark. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 7 it deserves. A natural stand of young growth may be managed to produce an annual crop, or the trees may be grown in plantations from which the first crop can be cut in five to ten years. It is felt that it is from such managed properties that the supply must come in future. It is not likely that we will be able to provide the detailed supervision required for safe cutting on Crown lands, and such indiscriminate destructive cutting as has been practised to date is not in the public interest. It is on these young stands that we must depend for our next timber- crop and their sacrifice as Christmas trees would be short-sighted policy. A recent Dominion Government bulletin on the subject of Christmas trees,* designed to give encouragement to the orderly growing and cutting of trees, has been given widespread and misleading publicity in recent months in abstracts and reviews which purport to show that Christmas-tree cutting under any circumstances is an unmixed blessing. Total scale for the Province (sawlogs plus minor products converted to log-scale) reached the all-time record total of 3,354,895,566 feet board-measure. The advance over previous high years was modest, however, as on four other occasions total scale has exceeded 3 billion feet. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. The history of personnel and organization since the low of depression years in 1931-32 has been a record of rapidly increasing responsibilities and volume of work, coupled with a lagging recovery in personnel. The disparity between volume of work and available staff has been in part the result of recovery in business transacted and in part an altering character in that business, factors which have been discussed at some length in reports of recent years. An increase of ten in the permanent staff during 1939—from 233 the previous year to 243—and an increase of three in the permanently employed " temporary " category has done something to relieve the overload. The added staff consists of three Assistant Foresters, one Radio Engineer, one Field Supervisor, one Draughtsman, five Clerks, and two Rangers. As forecast a year ago, the Surveys and Research Divisions were combined during the year into a single Division of Forest Economics. The consolidation is proving a satisfactory solution of a number of problems in organization which were beginning to make themselves felt as the two Divisions developed. A small new Division of Parks was established to administer Provincial parks newly placed under the direction of the Forest Branch in legislation enacted in the fall of the year. The next important development in the line of organization, it is felt, will have to be a definite raising of the standard of qualifications for the Ranger grade, toward which tentative steps have already been taken. The Ranger staff constitutes the backbone of the Service. On them devolves all the routine field-work of general administration. The Service depends on the Ranger for timber estimates and appraisals, contract conditions and upset prices for timber-sales, checking of cut, and insuring compliance with regulations and contract conditions on all cutting; prevention and checking of trespass; grazing administration; organization and supervision of protection organization and direction of active fire-fighting; together with a host of minor duties and direct contact with the public. The success with which they have discharged these varied and responsible duties over a long period of years is worthy of the highest commendation. We have no record of how these men were selected in the early days of the Service, but in 1919 a system of selection by competitive examination was instituted. Early examination records, too, are somewhat sketchy, but tracing back through the sixteen years 1924-39 we find an unbroken record of strict adherence to the principle of appointments on the results of these competitive examinations. During this period twenty-five open Ranger examinations have been held at which 287 contestants were examined. One hundred and forty-six men qualified, fifty-one of whom received appointments in order of merit. The result has been an exceptionally well qualified staff. The Ranger job, however, has developed into something quite different from what it was twenty years ago. Management concepts and forest-protection methods have made great strides. Technical factors unthought of in past years assume first importance and the so-called practical man in the future will be unable to cope satisfactorily with the problems he * " The Christmas-tree Industry in Canada," Forestry Topic No. 6, 1939 edition. E 8 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. will be called upon to deal with. Existing Ranger staff will, for the most part, be able to carry on by virtue of long experience and field training. For new recruits we will find it necessary to turn more and more to men with a background of technical education. Developing along these lines five technical foresters have been drafted into the Ranger staff during the past three years. This year ten forestry students were employed in temporary capacities in the part-time forest-protection staff, with a view to training for the Ranger grade at some later date, and it is proposed to continue this system of employing student assistants. The probabilities are that in the near future it will be necessary to demand a forestry degree as a primary qualification for the Ranger grade appointment, or to introduce technical papers in the Ranger examination, or both. Since the outbreak of war on September 3rd the five men listed below have left for Active Service. Their duties are being temporarily taken over by the remaining staff and their positions held open in anticipation of their return to civil life. Enlistments, 1939. L. F. Swannell, Assistant District Forester, Prince George. W. Hall, Assistant Forester, Victoria. H. Casilio, Draughtsman, Victoria. N. H. Wharf, Clerk, Victoria. C. V. Smith, Clerk, Prince Rupert. Distribution of Force, 1939. Permanent. Temporary. *,1 CQ g OJ to cn u CQ D_ 01 'ti tn *_ & a, a j- Bl o 1) A a -p M * !» Forest D is trie t. £& __ +.fa *- .■a! C V ft <H .fa +» +J [fi 4-> Cfi <L> r- <D *" r. U og o fa.enfa O M CJ m H H fa pins 0 D3 0) ft 0 fa +a B ci to 3 x _H C_*3 .« H . 0,_ QJ.« aa "H 8 o fi _ a |m II fi-O - a a' 9 & ea 4J J3 tt 3 rt °3 ■ g_ ag MS ■§•§ o a a o QJ a Tj _ JjQ a S H OJ 52 5) a rt H PI 3 D_ o rt o fi o d % QJ u O _ a a d H P a S o rt OP* ™ a oj rt _ . n a tn 1 1 o rt O a S _ H —" OJ rt - rt o Eh B 0< ti P tiQ ._§ to < ax J-l _ s a M P s o o <! CM S B S 9 Hfe a 2 i 26 3 1 5 IR 2 25 3 86 29 27 10' 17 83 169 Vancouver J 3* — 1* 4* 4 Prince Rupert 2 1 1 8 1 6 —. 19 11 10 3 1 25 44 2 1 7 5 IB 12 12 1 25 Kamloops 2 i 3 1 14 1 8 .— 30 28 28 4 60 90 Nelson. „ 2 i 1 3 9 1 9 26 28 36 1 65 91 5 — 21 4 6 5* 31 3* 11* 67 19* .... 31 10 41 108 19 Totals .J 5 10 3 27 28 5 11 66 11 84 3 243 108 113 13 31 34 299 565 1 .... — 3* 6* a* 1_* 23* * Permanently employed but not Civil Service appointments ; paid from funds other than Salary Vote. Personnel and Enrolment. Forest Development Projects, October, 1938, to October, 1939, and National Forestry Programme and Youth Forestry Training Plan, June to September, 1939. u bi. CD U -p nj w___ fa.5 03 U o CO > u 0) a 3 ■ 73 ■fi 5 _s QJ i -O 3 Phc. 1 o • os "9S a s «B co c_ o. O rt 13 a rt . m 2 J- 3 QJ o p,Qj . a 0> rt *1 B.S to QJ ^QJ 'o a H 'rt o E-i Forest Development Projects, October, 1938, to October, 1939 - - 2 4 23 71 119 74 4,441 4,734 National Forestry Programme and Youth Forestry Training Plan, June to September, 1939 2 6 11 52 70 9 860 1,010 2 7 25 115 180' 75 5,301 5,705 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 9 FOREST DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, 1938-39. Another year of constructive work has been completed by the Forest Development Projects, inaugurated in the fall of 1936 under the supervision of the Forest Service. Designed as a relief measure to alleviate unemployment, the plan has returned excellent dividends in the work accomplished and in building up the morale of the men in camp. This improved morale is due principally to their realization of the constructive value of their own efforts, to considerate treatment, and to the attitude of the public, who regard them as labourers in a forestry camp completing worth-while work. Credit for the progress of work can be given to the foremen and sub-foremen who were, for the greater part, Assistant Rangers with years of Forest Service experience. As in previous years, the primary cost of the programme was borne equally by the Labour Departments of the Dominion and Provincial Governments, with certain administration costs borne entirely by the Provincial Government. Selection and enrolment of men was taken care of by the Provincial Labour Department. Regularly enrolled men were paid at the rate of 30 cents per hour, with an additional 5 cents per hour being paid to straw-bosses appointed from the enrollees. Board, lodging, and transportation were charged for at the rate of 75 cents per day in camp. Flunkies and bulleooks were paid at the rate of $30 per month and board. A portion of each enrollee's pay was deferred until completion of period of employment and then made payable in $4 vouchers which could only be cashed at the rate of one voucher per week. A maximum of 1,313 enrollees was employed at one time, this being during the winter when nineteen projects were in operation. With the inauguration of a summer programme of five Rehabilitation Projects for unemployed returned soldiers and the establishment of thirteen other projects, four of which were in the Nelson Forest District, a total of 4,441 regularly enrolled men passed through the various camps. These men accomplished 221,104 man-days of work, the main classifications of which were as follows:— (1.) Park Development, 52.2 per cent, of total man-days. (2.) Forest-protection, 31.8 per cent, of total man-days. (3.) Forest Experiment Stations and planting, 16 per cent, of total man-days. Park areas on which improvement and protection work was undertaken included John Dean Park, Thetis Lake Park, Glintz Lake, Englishman River Falls, Little Qualicum Falls, Stamp Falls, Medicine Bowls, Elk Falls, Mount Seymour, Cultus Lake, Capilano Canyon, Kokanee, and King George VI. Parks. Particular attention was given to reduction of fire- hazards in the vicinity, and to the rendering of these areas more accessible for the general public by improvements and construction of highways. Development of a new Forest Nursery at Campbell River was started, in addition to the continuation of improvement-work at the Green Timbers Forest Experiment Station and the University of British Columbia Demonstration Forest. An extensive planting programme was carried out in the vicinity of Campbell River. The most important phase of forest-protection work undertaken was the opening-up of abandoned railroad grades into particularly hazardous areas, making them accessible for forest-protection mobile equipment. Snag-falling was undertaken from nearly all camps, and the success of this work indicates that even greater attention can be paid to this important phase of fire prevention and suppression. Number of projects 26 Enrolled at one time (maximum) 1,313 Total men enrolled 4,441 Man-days worked (supervisory included) 232,405 NATIONAL FORESTRY PROGRAMME AND YOUTH FORESTRY TRAINING PLAN, 1939. A forestry programme designed for youth training is not a new undertaking for British Columbia. The idea germinated in 1935 when this Province stimulated public interest in forest activities by opening its Forest Experiment Stations, its forest parks, and its forest reserves to nearly 500 young men who were enrolled in furtherance of protection and conservation policies in the first Province-wide Young Men's Forestry Training Plan conducted in the Dominion. E 10 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. During the past five years 3,100 young men have received the advantages of the practical training provided. In 1939 a total of 860 young men were enrolled, of whom 555 were part of the Dominion-wide National Forestry Programme, the remainder a partial continuation of British Columbia's Youth Forestry Training Plan. The National Forestry Programme, so ably sponsored by the Dominion Government, culminated British Columbia's four previous seasons' efforts in this " public relations " programme and provided many more young Canadians with an opportunity to learn the " why " and the " how " of our forest resources. Enrollees were selected by a Board which consisted of a representative of the Dominion Government, a representative of the Provincial Labour Department, and a representative of the Provincial Forest Service. Enrollees were from 18 to 25 years of age, generally with some high-school education and five years' continuous residence in British Columbia. Preference was given to applicants whose families were in necessitous circumstances. Enrollees were paid at the rate of $1.75 per day worked, with a deduction of 75 cents per day for board, lodging, and transportation. Payment of 50 cents per day was deferred until the end of the programme, the remainder paid monthly. Ranger Assistants resident at home were paid $45 per month, with expenses when away from headquarters. Uniforms were issued to all enrollees except Ranger Assistants, half of the cost being borne by the programme, the other half by the enrollee. The issuing of uniforms with suitable badges was an entirely new departure and was more than favourably received by all enrollees. During the training period 42 enrollees secured other employment, 52 enlisted for Active Service, 25 left for advanced education, 19 left through injury or sickness, 33 quit for no specific reason, 20 were discharged, and 669 were laid off on the termination of the project. For the two-thirds of the project enrollees enlisted from the Lower Coast area of the Province three clearing centres were established, one at the University of British Columbia Demonstration Forest, one at the Cowichan Lake Forest Experiment Station, and one at the new Campbell River Forest Nursery. At these clearing stations all enrollees were required to pass a probationary work period of two weeks before being sent out as improvement crews throughout the Province. The Aleza Lake Forest Experiment Station near Prince George served as a clearing centre for the Northern Interior of British Columbia. During the probationary period at the Forest Experiment Stations, and at the other projects later in the season, special instructors carried out a series of lectures on elementary forestry and citizenship, in many cases augmented by moving pictures. Eighty-four enrollees were regularly employed at the four Forest Experiment Stations. At the University of British Columbia Demonstration Forest, road maintenance and forest- stand improvement were undertaken and improvements were completed at the fish-hatchery in Stanley Park. At the Cowichan Lake Forest Experiment Station, trail maintenance, renewal of a boat-house float, and miscellaneous station maintenance and research assistance was the main work. At the Campbell River Forest Nursery the enrollees were preparing the new nursery-site by clearing and cultivating the soil, building a water reservoir, and laying pipe for a sprinkler system. At the Aleza Lake Forest Experiment Station, road maintenance and miscellaneous improvement work were carried on. Forty-seven forest development and protection projects, each with a personnel of from ten to twenty-five enrollees, were assigned to the five Forest Districts of the Province. These field crews constructed 13% miles of new truck-trail and repaired 28 miles; constructed 92 miles of new pack-horse trail and repaired 71 miles; constructed 38 new foot-bridges and repaired 17; strung 4 miles of telephone-line; and felled 2,092 snags over an area of 65 acres. Seven cabins, one lookout tower and other structures were erected or repaired. Park improvement and development work was undertaken in Garibaldi, Tweedsmuir, and Mount Seymour Parks, and also on the Forbidden Plateau, Grouse Mountain, and in the vicinity of Alouette Lake. Here in the parks, where the public will be seeking its favourite recreation—hiking, ski-ing, fishing, camping, swimming, or boating—the enrollee has received instruction in the construction of signs, fireplaces, picnic-tables, trails, and ski-runs. Work was continued at the Dominion Forest Entomological Station at Lumby. A new departure was the construction of cattle runways through beetle-killed timber in the vicinity of Savona and Quilchena. In the allocation of projects throughout the Province the Forest Service did not overlook the opportunity of assisting important work being undertaken by the Game Department. NATIONAL FORESTRY PROGRAMME AND YOUTH FORESTRY TRAINING PLAN. Complete uniform issue inaugurated 1939. ( K WMHUBUtiK&UBBM \7 ^"•§5! ■r S •'•■ '■ , V % "^_4 ..-...,■ £M Building water reservoir on Campbell River Forest Nursery. forest development projects. Bridge across Campbell River at Elk Falls Park, for access to Sayward Forest for protection and planting purposes. '-', ! ill im planting crew, vicinity Elk Falls Park. PARKS. rnr mam..: % - Improvements, John Dean Park. - *"-. jfe. ■ ** '4f llfl"**#i'. ",:'J; J '•-•.-!. * i^HEaBnifl .. : .., " , , ' ■iaciifl?_^__i'* ■■, - f '^ "'"''"IP?;;,;; : - ~l'k ^■■Blp^f'WWiP •> *-' •j*! j*y? *-•' _--. - .,». E _'- _ ^ } ._ .. V \ Entrance, John Dean Park. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 11 Although separate, these two departments have many common interests. Under the direction of the Game Commissioners, crews opened up trails into game country, cleared streams to allow through passage of fish, improved spawning-grounds, and did valuable work at several fish-hatcheries throughout the Province. One hundred and thirty-one enrollees were attached as Assistants to Forest Rangers and twenty-one to Game Wardens throughout the Province, in addition to five specially selected and trained enrollees who acted as Park Attendants in the more frequented and developed Forest Service parks. These Assistants again proved of inestimable value to the Forest Service and in their diversified work received a valuable training. PARKS. For many generations the people of North America " couldn't see the forest for trees." Trees mean logs and logs mean lumber; and both mean employment, trade, and wealth. The forest, on the other hand, means not only logs but climate, moisture, soil conservation, water- control, fur, game, fishing, aesthetic values, recreation, and health. These supplementary values are imponderables, but quite possibly of an aggregate social value in excess of pure commercial values. Any forest administration, therefore, that fails to give them a place in management plans is only half aware of its responsibilities. Amongst these values recreation bulks large and, with an ever-increasing tendency for people to congregate in cities, it is likely to assume even greater importance from a national health standpoint. Parks, especially forest parks, are something more than mere beauty-spots or picnic-grounds. British Columbia has not been unmindful of these things and by last year had already reserved some forty-one park areas scattered throughout the Province and aggregating more than 6,370,000 acres. At the 1939 session of the Legislature these and any parks created hereafter were placed under the administration of the Forest Service. The legislation takes the form of an amendment to the " Forest Act." It is not intended to undertake any expensive programme of park improvements at the present time, but the present move will enable a long-term development plan aimed at definite objectives, and the planned reservation of most desirable park areas while they are still in public ownership and most readily available. It will also ensure the closest possible correlation between park administration and the more extensive forest recreation uses which are bound to develop side by side. E 12 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. FOREST ECONOMICS DIVISION. As mentioned in an earlier section of this report dealing with " Organization and Personnel," the former Research and Surveys Divisions have been amalgamated to form the Forest Economics Division. This consolidation is working out satisfactorily and an improved integration of effort is being attained. During the past year the personnel has been strengthened by the addition of a qualified plant physiologist and a soils specialist. On the other hand we have to report the loss of two experienced technical officers, one to the Army and the other to the Industry. One officer was also transferred to the administrative field staff. Forest Surveys and Working-plans. Forest Surveys.—Forest surveys were completed on 2,705,000 acres as follows:— Acres. Douglas Forest and Harrison drainage 685,000 Quatsino Inlet region 1,271,000 Okanagan drainage 749,000 Total . 2,705,000 Final maps, estimates, and working plans are now being compiled for each of the above areas. It is significant to note that for all current projects the forest-cover and other essential data were plotted from vertical air photographs prior to commencing field-work, thus providing the field parties with detailed maps of the territory to be surveyed. Consistent with this improved procedure it is anticipated that forest survey technique will undergo basic modifications in the near future. A further development involved providing the personnel of the Quatsino survey with a Research Forester to conduct special silvicultural studies which normally constitute part of the duties of the regular field party. In addition to the forest surveys enumerated, an exploratory reconnaissance was made of the proposed Dome Forest in the Fort George Forest District. The primary object of this project was to obtain forest-cover and ground-control data essential to the execution of an air survey over this and adjoining territories. The preliminary report was completed for an area involving 256,000 acres. Mapping technique has been improved by the introduction of a standard base grid and, as a result, forest survey maps in future will be prepared on a quad basis of 20 minutes in longitude and 15 minutes in latitude. A new development concerned the application of the silk screen process to the colouring of small-scale forest survey maps (2 miles to 1 inch). This has proved very satisfactory, even when an unusual amount of detailed forest types were encountered. The increasing demand for resources data and forest survey maps, particularly from logging operators, private forest agencies, and other Government departments, is becoming significant. Concurrent with the increased use of vertical air photographs in forest survey procedure, it is anticipated that the demand for this service will continue to expand. Provincial Forests.—No new Provincial Forests were created during the year. The following table shows briefly the summary of Forests, exclusive of scenic forests and experimental stations:— Region. Number of Forests. Total Area. Productive Area. Sustained Annual Yield Capacity. Accessible. Total. 17 26 Acres. 5,703,360 12,322,980 Acres. 2,0.4,100 7,805,100 M.B.M. 436,300 242,100 M.B.M. 483,300 377,400 Totals 43 18,026,340 9,889,200 678,400 860,700 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 13 Graham Island.—The estimates, forest and topographic maps, and preliminary management recommendations were completed for Graham Island, the north island of the Queen Charlotte Islands group, in the Prince Rupert Forest District. The major productive forest regions, exclusive of lands suitable for agricultural development, have been recommended as a Provincial Forest, and particular attention is drawn to the favourable position of this island, together with Moresby Island, for future sustained yield management. The proposed Forest contains a total volume of 5,295,500 M.B.M., 95 per cent, of which is accessible, and 8,400 acres of immature timber. The sustained annual yield capacity from accessible stocked areas is estimated at 86,900 M.B.M., which could be increased slightly to 91,200 M.B.M. by including the inaccessible forests. Utilization at the present time is almost entirely confined to supplying local demands and a limited cedar-pole market, the current annual output being only 150 M.B.M. However, prior to 1928 logging and lumbering were active, a considerable volume of high-grade spruce for aeroplane stock, as well as pulp-wood and other lumber products, having been produced. The area is regarded as a desirable potential pulp-wood and saw-timber unit. A notable feature of the proposed Forest is the absence of a serious forest fire problem. The proposed Graham Forest was found to contain the following:— Productive Forest Land— Mature timber— Acres. Acres. Accessible 211,340 Inaccessible 13,510 Immature timber— 1-10 years old. 11-20 years old.. 950 4,210 224,850 21-40 years old 1,520 41-60 years old. 61 + years old .. Not satisfactorily stocked— Logged Burned Deciduous forest Non-commercial conifers 1,450 270 1,660 630 580 40 8,400 2,910 Total sites of productive quality 236,160 Non-productive Forest Land— Scrub Barren Swamp Water Grassland Total non-productive sites.. 496,710 62,170 11,430 14,590 280 585,180 Total area of Forest 821,340 Timber values are estimated as follows (over 11 inches D.B.H.) :— Species. Accessible. Total. M.B.M. 940,320 2,307,540 1,682,060 105,190 M.B.M. 966,000 2,446,280 1,766,920 116,260 5,035,110 5,295,460 E 14 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Crown timber represents 57 and 59 per cent, of the accessible and total volumes respectively, and practically all of the remaining timber is held in licences and leases. " Coast Islands" Working Circle.—-Four small Provincial Forests in the Vancouver Forest District—namely, Hardwieke, Sonora, and East and West Thurlow Forests—were reported on and revised forest data provided in order to investigate the practicability of introducing a demonstration working circle in this valuable coastal region. The completion of this project marks a progressive step in the field of working-plans. The unit comprises 21,640 acres of mature timber with a total volume of 460,960 M.B.M. There are, in addition, 30,320 acres of satisfactorily stocked immature forests and 12,610 acres of unsatisfactorily stocked productive sites, the majority of which will remain in this idle condition unless artificial reforestation is undertaken. The average annual depletion through logging is 15,700 M.B.M., 48 per cent, of which is from Crown-timber sales, as compared with an allowable sustained annual yield capacity of 11,000 M.B.M. One outstanding feature of the area is the high percentage of Crown-owned timber resources. The four Provincial Forests are proposed as a preliminary working circle for the purpose of conducting a demonstration project in sustained yield management. It is proposed to regulate the output from Crown-timber sales in order to maintain a sustained yield balance and, further, to conduct logging operations in Crown timber in a manner that will best provide for a future crop. The detailed summary of the " Coast Islands " Working Circle is as follows:—■ Productive Forest Land— Acres. Acres. Mature timber 21,640 Immature timber— 1-10 years old 1,290 11-20 years old 16,010 21-40 years old . 12,43Q 41-60 years old . 590 Unsatisfactorily stocked— Logged 2,740 Logged and burned 4,020 Burned 2,810 Deciduous growth 1,280 Non-commercial conifers 1,760 30,320 12,610 Total productive sites (all accessible) 64,570 Non-productive Forest Land— Barren 1 210 Alpine and scrub 35,030 Swamp 200 Water ; 3,060 Total non-productive sites 38,500 Total area 103,070 The timber values, 70 per cent, of which are Crown owned, are estimated as follows (over 11 inches D.B.H.) :— Species. Total (all Accessible). M.B.M. 112,280 208,430 89,040 38,710 8,070 4,430 Totals .... 460,960 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 15 Air Survey Operations.—Air survey photographic operations were characterized by several features contributing to improved results and, although the total area photographed was slightly less than that done the previous year, it was accomplished in the face of decidedly less favourable weather conditions. The charter of a more powerful and adaptable aircraft permitted operations from higher altitudes, effecting economies in flying-time and number of photographs per square mile. The quality and accuracy of flying were enhanced by all members of the crew having had at least one season's previous experience; by the aircraft having better characteristics for smooth and steady flight and, being a high-wing monoplane, affording better visibility. The efficiency of the crew was further improved by the use of oxygen at higher altitudes. The use of radio communication with Forestry Lookouts, survey parties, and other strategic agencies permitted more effective co-ordination between aerial manoeuvres and weather opportunities throughout the areas under examination. Photographic results were improved by the use of new and faster films with " safety " acetate base, denser filters for haze-penetration, and by making larger prints on special, distortion-free paper. Consistent with previous seasons, costs were kept to a low figure per square mile, probably unique in Canada, and comparing favourably with the lowest figures in the U.S.A., where all material and service items are much lower in price. Areas photographed by this Section during 1939 are listed below, and include two items done by special request for other branches of the Department of Lands :■— Project. Altitude flown. Area covered, " Verticals." No. of Photographs. Vertical. Oblique. Total. Cowichan Lake (experimental) _ North Shore, Vancouver, Victoria Sims Creek* Douglas Forest (in part) Okanagan (supplemental) _ Slocan Prince George-Finlay Forks Rocky Mountain Trench (Finlay Forks North) f Miscellaneous..- Totals _ ~ Feet. 2,000-16,000 15,500 15,500 15,000 13,000 16,800 8,000 16,800 Sq. Miles. 10 280 30 500 3,300 2,480 6,600 123 226 45 270 38 3,875 21 25 1,539 42 31 30 387 144 251 45 270 38 3,906 30 1,926 42 6,158 6,652 * For Water Rights Branch, Department of Lands, t For Surveys Branch, Department of Lands. The season's flying-time is summarized as follows:— Project. Transit Flying-time in Hours and Minutes. 24.41 Photographic flights- Verticals Obliques Reconnaissance Total 99.00 8.39 2.16 134.36 In the office of the Air Survey Section, compilation of forest type-maps from the Okanagan, Quatsino, and Douglas Forest photography was completed. Preparation of maps from air photographs of the area west of the Douglas Forest and of the Slocan region is in progress. During the year nine more Forest Service stereoscopes were built and supplied at special request to Government and public organizations in the Province. Four other units with special base were made for the Surveys Branch, Department of Lands. To meet Government and private demand for copies from Forest Service air-photo negatives, a total of 452 prints was supplied at cost, representing twenty-five individual orders during the year. Several special items were supplied upon request, including an air photograph mosaic, and several E 16 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. special prints enlarged to a scale of 7 chains per inch from original negatives, scale of 30 chains per inch. The amount and quality of detail exhibited by these large prints is surprisingly good, confirming the excellence of the lens in our air-survey camera. Forest Resources Inventory.—Field-work and assistance to Forest Rangers was confined to the Vancouver Forest District. Twenty-three visits were made to Supervisor and Ranger headquarters and plans made to provide office facilities necessary for the proper care and maintenance of forest-cover maps. Cover-mapping technique was thoroughly reviewed and standardized in the Vancouver District and each Ranger has now been supplied with revised maps of his district. In addition, the Vancouver District headquarters was supplied with new forest atlas maps for areas not covered by forest-survey maps, the latter having been currently revised for fires and logging by the District office. The maps in the Victoria office were also brought up to date, thus completing the project of providing all administrative interests with basic cover-map data. The office assistance required in Victoria for this work was provided by six Ranger Assistants through the co-operation of the National Forestry Programme. It is planned to maintain a current revision of the maps for fires, logging, new information, and errors in order to ultimately provide accurate forest-cover data for the future, which it is anticipated will be required as the practice of forestry advances in British Columbia. The Prince Rupert headquarters is almost completely equipped with forest atlas and forest-survey maps, all of which are being brought up to date by a member of the District staff. It is anticipated that the mapping project for this District will be concluded during the coming year. The recompilation of the forest resources of the Vancouver District for machine tabulation was continued and will be gradually completed as time permits. Records for 262 watersheds have now been placed on punch-cards. The introduction of an " ownership atlas " has greatly facilitated the work and represents an improvement in compiling forest resources. RESEARCH. Mensuration. A three-man field crew carried out the periodic remeasurement of twenty permanent yield study-plots located on the adjacent shores and small islands of Johnstone Strait. Further compilations were made of the data collected in the course of the 1938 alder study and the stand and site index tables are available on request. SlLVICULTURAL STUDIES. Douglas Fir.—At the present stage of development of forest practice in British Columbia one of the important problems is how to obtain natural regeneration following logging in the Douglas fir region. Douglas fir is a relatively intolerant species and therefore the new crop cannot be expected to begin growing until the old has been partially or completely removed. Should it so happen that at the time of cutting, or immediately preceding it, the mature trees had borne little or no seed, the regeneration of the area must arise from seed produced by marginal trees, or from individual or small clumps of trees scattered throughout. It is therefore highly desirable that there be available information concerning the periodicity, size, and quality of seed production to be expected. Cone-crops may fail over large areas through:— (1.) Physiological disturbances in the trees caused by the effects of:— (a.) Rainy weather at the time of pollination: (6.) Large crops in preceding years depleting the amount of energy materials stored for fruiting; and (c.) Seasonal weather on the differentiation of buds into leaves or flowers. (2.) Biological losses, particularly when crops are subnormal, as:— (a.) The destruction of the seed by insects in the cone; and (b.) The destruction of seed on the ground by mice and other rodents. On one area, where observations have been continuous since 1929, there have been two very poor, five poor, one fair, one good, and two excellent crops. In other words, there have been only three effective crops over a period of eleven seasons. This factor of periodicity assumes importance in the laying-out of logging operations, and it is anticipated that current FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 17 studies will assist in the prediction of crops so that plans may be made to leave a given source of seed-supply sufficiently long to serve its function. The 1938 cone-crop of Douglas fir, hemlock, and cedar being better than average, an opportunity was afforded to study the rate of regeneration when scattered seed-trees are left after logging. Observations were made on three tracts on which an average of 1.3 to 3.5 Douglas fir seed-trees per acre were left standing after logging and slash-burning last year. These trees produced from 800 to 7,000 cones which, upon maturing, disseminated from about 11,000 to about 130,000 viable seeds. From 86 to 98 per cent, of this seed was destroyed through the feeding activities of mice, birds, and various other causes, but in spite of these depredations a sufficient number escaped to provide for the restocking of the area. At the end of the 1939 growing season between 1,075 and 2,100 Douglas fir seedlings per acre had survived. In addition, the reproduction of at least three other coniferous species originated and varying numbers of hemlock, cedar, and grand fir seedlings, up to 1,410, 15,900, and 200 per acre respectively, had survived at the end of the summer. Judged by present standards these areas may be regarded as satisfactorily stocked. Further mortality may be expected, especially during the succeeding two or three years, but it is altogether probable that these losses will be replaced by seedlings which will germinate in 1940 from the seed produced by the fair crop of 1939. A new study was initiated this .year when controlled experiments were started in an attempt to determine, more precisely, the factors affecting the germination of Douglas fir seed. To date, results indicate that soil temperature is important, whereas light, as such, is relatively unimportant. On the basis of this experience, experiments which will determine the favourable range of germination temperatures are now in progress. Observations of the effect of germinating media are also being carried out; thus far any variation appears to be closely related to the ability of the media to hold moisture during the critical periods of germination. Re-examinations were continued on the plots established to study seedling survival, seasonal height-growth of young stands, seed-spotting, and the rate of natural regeneration on cut-over land. At the present time there is being prepared a detailed report on the factors influencing natural regeneration on logged and burned cut-over land of the Coast forest types. It is expected that this manuscript will be ready for publication during the coming year. Hemlock.—In conjunction with the forest survey made this year in the area tributary to Quatsino Sound, Vancouver Island, an opportunity was taken to make a preliminary study of the reproduction of western hemlock and its associates, western red cedar, Sitka spruce, and amabilis fir (balsam). The future importance of hemlock, especially as a potential and continuing source of pulp-wood, warranted an investigation of the condition of the areas already logged and of the factors controlling the establishment of reproduction, in order that proper silvicultural measures may be maintained as the need arises, to ensure the productive state of cut-over land. Exclusive of cuttings to satisfy the requirements of local residents, pulp-wood logging has been in progress each year from 1917. Upon examination it was found that approximately 90 per cent, of the cut-over areas were satisfactorily stocked under present management standards. The general condition of the reproduction is good by comparison with other forest regions. Hemlock is the chief component of the reproduction, as it was in the original forest. The strong inherent reproductive capacity of this species, together with the favourable climatic conditions in the Quatsino area, are probably responsible for the satisfactory state of regeneration. Moderate temperatures and a fairly abundant rainfall, which is not broken by a critical summer drought period, tend to minimize initial seedling losses. Mortality rates are ordinarily highest in the early years of life. Hemlock, being a tolerant species with respect to light requirements, is capable of reproducing under its own shade and actually many seedlings become established under the old growth forests. Their number is reduced during the course of logging and some die afterwards as a result of exposure. It was found that the proportion of reproduction established after logging to advanced regeneration increased with the number of years following logging, and after ten years might amount to 75 per cent, of the total. 2 E 18 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. From the standpoint of securing the regeneration of a second crop in this area the old forest may be removed either by clear-cutting, as under present logging practice, or by some form of selection cutting, whereby the old forest is removed in successive stages. If the clear-cutting system is continued, the individual areas opened up at any particular period must not be too large, else there may be a partial failure in securing an adequate stocking due to the marginal seed-supply being too far removed. One important advantage of the clear-cutting system as against some form of selection system, is that it produces less limby and better formed trees, owing to the even-aged condition of the stand. A forest of many ages is produced by selection cuttings. High quality timber is, of course, desirable, whether it is to be used for pulping purposes or for the production of lumber. Owing to the low fire-hazard in the Quatsino territory, slash-disposal by burning has not been practised, but several logged areas have been accidentally burned. Reproduction was observed to be mostly satisfactory, but its establishment is delayed by several years. Repeated fires may lead to very unsatisfactory conditions as expressed by low stocking of reproduction and by deterioration of the site. Although logging debris may cover at least 50 per cent, of the areas immediately after logging, it does not appear to be a serious impediment to regeneration, except in areas with very heavy accumulations, especially at cold-deck sites and at home-tree landings. At these points burning might be advantageous. Through decay, however, logging-slash is gradually reduced and after ten years seldom covers more than 20 per cent, of the area. Shrubs, especially where densely concentrated, tend to reduce the number or even eliminate seedlings over small areas just as logging-slash does. The density of underbrush increases with the years following logging. Although preventing the development of a uniformly closed stand of trees, it does not prohibit, except in small local areas, the development of forests sufficiently stocked for our present stage in forest culture. In 1907 large tracts of forests were wind-thrown and some of these areas were burned over in the following year. More than 90 per cent, of the first condition is satisfactorily stocked and an even higher percentage of the latter. It is apparent, owing to the ease of securing reproduction and the prevailing high growth rate, that the region is ideal for continuous forest production, comparing favourably with the best areas elsewhere throughout the world. For the immediate future, silvicultural studies are not dictated by any pressing problem, particularly by comparison with the urgent need for research-work in other regions. Soil-studies.—As reported last year, a detailed classification was made of the soils of part of the Cowichan Lake Experiment Station. During the year the remainder of the area was classified and further data gathered which point to site class being closely related to the soil-moisture available during critical periods. Attention was also directed to the development of a suitable method for obtaining continuous moisture measurements. In co-operation with the Department of Agriculture, a soil-survey was made of 21,000 acres in the vicinity of Campbell River. Subsequently the latter Department classified the area and designated 14,000 acres as absolute forest land and 7,000 acres as potentially arable. The policy of making a soil-survey prior to planting has been adopted in connection with all reforestation projects. Sixteen hundred acres north of the Campbell River and west of Elk Falls were examined and about 95 per cent, of its area classed as forest land. A second block of 3,100 acres, lying on the opposite bank of the river, was also recommended for reforestation. Cutting Plans.—During the past year, work of a co-operative nature has been carried out with certain of the logging concerns on Vancouver Island, the aim being to institute logging practice conducive to the greatest degree of natural regeneration possible under the economic limitations involved. This represents a new type of project and lack of experience or precedent has made it necessary to proceed slowly. No report is possible at this time, since the activities to date have been merely preliminary to the main study. Pathology.—Two members of the forest pathology staff, Dominion Department of Agriculture, were transferred from Ottawa to British Columbia for several months last summer. Their work, for the most part, was of an exploratory nature in preparation for a programme of research in the event that the Federal department establishes a permanent forest pathology service in this Province. Close co-operation existed between these officers and FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 19 the members of our research staff and some interesting data were gathered on a new root- rot which causes rather serious damage in some of the immature Douglas fir stands on Vancouver Island. Further study of this disease alone is urgent, since the pathologists did not find it in similar stands on the Mainland, and it may very well be that a greater mixture of coniferous tree species in those forests prevents the pathogene from spreading over an appreciable area. -,--,-_ ^^-_m „- FIRE-CONTROL. Fire Weather Studies.—This project was initiated several years ago, but an organized system of observations was not feasible until 1938, when, with the co-operation of the field staff and the assistance of the Y.F.T.P., consistent records were started at strategic points throughout the Province. Revision of technique and the location of recording stations is still necessary in order that truly comparable records may be obtained. In the meantime the Douglas fir belt of the Coast has proved an ideal experimental area, being compact and offering better opportunities for keeping records than any other section of the Province. The data from this region will prove invaluable in supplying the fundamental information basic to studies of fire-control. The origin of fires and their subsequent behaviour is influenced by numerous factors, some of which cannot be measured directly. In this regard the experience of research organizations in the United States was of assistance in directing our attention to those factors for which reliable and consistent measures could be obtained. Daily records have been kept for the minimum relative humidity, minimum fuel-moisture content (as registered by the %-inch Douglas fir sticks), average afternoon wind movement, and condition of the herbaceous vegetation. Of these factors, fuel-moisture proved to have the closest relationship to inflammability, as measured by fire origin. With a decrease in fuel-moisture, a remarkably consistent increase in fire occurrence is evident throughout all Ranger Districts. While relative humidity is admitted to have an effect upon fuel conditions, it has been found that the occurrence of low humidity is in itself not necessarily an index of inflammability. In addition, the serious fires that occurred while humidity was considered safe indicated that this factor considered singly was inadequate as a measure of fire danger. Having demonstrated an ability to measure dangerous conditions, the present problem is to devise some means of predicting when such conditions will occur, and information is now being gathered that will assist in the solution. It appears possible that a relative index of the severity of a fire season may be obtained by a summary of fuel-moisture content throughout the summer. For example, the 1938 season on the Coast and the 1939 season in Kamloops were both recognized as severe from the standpoint of fire-suppression activity. Records show the mean minimum fuel-moisture content throughout the summer to be 9.2 and 9.3 per cent, for the 1938 Coast and 1939 Kamloops seasons respectively. By comparison, the 1939 figure for the Coast is approximately 13 per cent., and this was reflected in a much more favourable fire season. Detection Planning.—A two-year study of conditions in the Vancouver Forest District culminated in a revised network of primary lookouts designed to directly control the high- risk areas along the Coast. Changing conditions rendered it necessary to abandon four established lookouts and to recommend nine new points, of which six are already in use and buildings erected. It is anticipated that, under normal visibility conditions, the system will give early reports on at least 85 per cent, of the fires originating in this area. The remainder generally occur in such a scattered fashion that the additional expense of adding further lookouts for their detection could not be justified at present. Reduced visibility due to the smoke haze created by large fires is of extreme importance, and the problem is now being studied with the object of projecting a network of strategically placed secondary lookouts to supplement the primary system during such periods. A similar study was started in the Nelson District and two fieldmen mapped the areas directly visible to all existing lookout stations as well as potential sites. From these maps a final network will be chosen which will control the greatest possible area, with particular attention being given to centres of high risk. An analysis of past fires is being made, during the course of which the point 'of origin of each fire is plotted on a map and the approximate time of detection recorded. From these data it will be possible to determine in which areas the detection system has been unsatisfactory, and reference to the visible area maps will indicate the points which would best be able to correct the deficiency. E 20 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. The combination of severe lightning and man-caused risks in the Nelson District renders the problem rather more difficult than elsewhere in the Province. A more flexible type of system is necessary and, in addition to a network of primary stations to control the human agency risk, provision must be made, at the approach of lightning activity, to expand the system rapidly by means of numerous secondary points in order that the earliest possible information on fire origin may be obtained. Lookout Photography.—One of the more recent developments in forest-protection technique has been the use of controlled photographs for lookout points. A modern survey camera with a few special adaptations is used for this work. Eight views are taken, each including a horizontal angle of 50 degrees, so that the full panorama is completed with an overlap of 5 degrees per photograph. These views are enlarged and an angular grid is photographically superimposed. Thus, when the lookout-man reports a fire by azimuth and vertical angle, the forest officer can pick up the photograph and see at a glance the location of the fire and the adjacent forest conditions. One man was assigned to this work during the summer of 1939 and eighteen stations were completed, bringing the total number of lookouts so equipped throughout the Province to forty-four. The lookouts photographed to date in the various Forest Districts are as follows:— Vancouver: *Alberni, Bainbridge, Bruce, Benson, *Courtenay, Cowichan Lake, Langford, Little Mountain, Matheson, Pocahontas, Rosewall, Sonora, South Texada, and Upper Campbell. Kamloops: *Baldie, B.X., *Fadear, *Granite, *Lolo, *Mara, and Sugar. Nelson: Beaver, Casey, Caven, Goat, Glory, Lavina, Lindsay, MM No. 20, Moyie, Saddle, Swansea, and Thompson. Prince George: *Churchill, *Dome, *Fraser, *Longworth, *McBride, *Mouse, *Pilot, *Pope, and *Sinkut. Prince Rupert: *Boer and *Black. * Indicates 1939 photography. REFORESTATION. Nurseries.—The Green Timbers nursery attained its full capacity this year, when 650 seed-beds were sown and 6,000,000 trees brought through their first growing season. The cold, backward weather during the latter part of May and the month of June retarded growth to such an extent that germination did not get fully under way until early in July. Thereafter growing conditions were most favourable and, by the end of the season, the seedlings had reached normal size. In addition, approximately 1,200,000 trees were weeded and cultivated during their second season, ready for planting in the spring of 1940. At Campbell River the development of the new nursery went forward rapidly. The land was ditched, levelled, and cultivated preparatory to the sowing of seed-beds in the spring of 1940. Improvements consisted of the construction of a 20,000-gallon reservoir and the installation of pipe for the sprinkling system. Planting.—The planting programme was the largest ever conducted, and 1,014,300 trees were planted on 1,118 acres at various points on Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland. This brings the total to date, for the number of trees and acres planted, to 1,923,200 and 2,309 respectively. The ownership status of t he reforests ition proje _ts to date is as folio ws:— Status. Previously planted. 1939 Projects. Totals to Date. Trees (in Thousands). Acres. Trees (in Thousands). Acres. Trees (in Thousands). Acres. Crown lands— 528.6 287.5 55.8 37.0 Nil 473.1 605.0 76.3 37.0 NU 72.6 816.6 99.4 5.0 20.7 28.6 948.0 116.0 5.0 20.0 601.2 1,104.1 155.2 42.0 20.7 501.7 1,553.0 Private companies . Community forests Private planting (including farm 192.3 42.0 20.0 908.9 1,191.4 1,014.3 1,117.6 1,923.2 2,309.0 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 21 Seed Collections.—The current cone-crop of Douglas fir, western hemlock, western red cedar, and lowland fir on the south-eastern portion of Vancouver Island and the Lower Fraser Valley was better than average, but probably not quite as good as in 1938. On the Queen Charlotte Islands the crop of Sitka spruce was above average. Current collections were about half as large as a year ago and, due to a delay in completing the process of seed extraction, it is possible to report only the quantities of cones collected. The details are as follows:— Species. Douglas fir Hemlock .. Red cedar Number of Bushels of Cones. 2,163 38 10 Lowland fir Total. 52 2,263 PUBLICATIONS. During the past year, articles have been prepared for publication as follows:— (1.) Plotting Vertical Air Photographs by Radial Intersection, by W. Hall. Spruce Regeneration in British Columbia, by F. S. McKinnon. Mechanical Tabulation of Forest Data, by H. J. Hodgins. Nursery Practice at the Green Timbers Nursery, by T. Wells. FOREST BRANCH LIBRARY. (2.) (3.) (4.) Up to 1937. 1938. 1939. Totals. 168 2,004 501 118 405 87 28 218 83 314 2,627 Pamphlets, etc.. 671 Totals 2,673 610 329 3,612 54 12,000 54 3,277 56 3,343 18,620 E 22 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. ^.tDrtOlOOOOlGW^OCOroiMMHM (OM"Oa«)MHiSNCBtO-!-.N-3Mt- ONWONi-IOOCOJCOtDO-NcDeO CO (O ^* «* N H ft •* H H O* 16 N M CO ^NOWtSMO-JMNMC.'.OOlDONOaiC.-JMN co-^totr-i-iOiMcaeotoiMwiMwc-T-io-OiCiO LiHIOt-rilCHNt-MOOlOOXftCJlOOOt- Tit"uS-OTftOTfOt-"cO N iH <N tH iH 95 H Tf CO tO CO <M r-t r-t mmtotr-^r-i^f^ooo-^ioi-fiooo (DO-*lOftC.Ht-«00C0Tft-HtD ^COft^HBtCrIOC- IO C- (M CO M< fl C- ft CO OS" tH H H ^ rl CO IO N IO M5 CO CO N CO H IO X CO C- Tf tO CO CO OlON-.t-TflOHCOCOt'iL.IXIfflODftlOICrocOCO OT-ICOCOt-COi—ICOCOT. COOxHf-t-IMt-CO<DNH T.ii(CI(DtOMOI>0.>>T»0)t-OJ_! CO % (O O H 00 IO o t- ffi N CO CO if CONCCCOcaNCOt-'li'BCOCj.HOH Tft-OaTfOJt-COCSOCOCaeaClTtift ■* O M t* H N rICOCSi-HOOi-ICOOtO cT © cvf oo* _o S is H 05 _H 05 H 03 IS & H 05 o « i 05 P H t IN ft tP eo ft O IM CO CXI o CO o to CO o to CO us CO o : co GO US c: t- 00 CO CM IO N IO CO O to ca ■* t- <M tf CO 00 09 to _c 09 ca eo -* ft CO >6 CO eo to ! t" -r Tf t* to iH H i-l_-OCOCiU.tD.HLO •■flONNt-Olt-MCO HfttOHNlONtft- t- lo o cc t- xa co tD t— I-H T}» Ci Tf Tf Tj< Tf CO CS co* Tf* oa t£ ca COON!Ot-MCOt-QO _OOTfftU.tr- H H N C-WtBlOlOONffilO CO H 00 O* o" i-l" CO* Ci" IM CO O t~ t-H IM rH i-i <M O t- ft co tr- to 00 Tf" to HOlHNNlOIO'tfCO -OC-TflTfCO'-ltOT.OO USftrHCOOCOtDLOtO co ft Tf Tf ca to O fc- IO IO LO LO co xa co co oo co tOtDLOTfOOOtOT-HTfCOrHi-IO t-iHt-CvJC-COOOTfCJCaCOCOLO OTft-CMCOOtOIMOiHt-C-lLO co" CC H io" o' CC t-* Ci" CJ CO* CO US IO ft rH LO i-H r-l ca g< &1 " c tft J? rt .J § .8 M a ■§ t> &< S"§ 58 8 « S S « .S -3 - § ft £ « o » ".«.s ■S&mO... ^ « . 3 .2 1 ~ § ■_ 5? to ;_ m - 3 .« _ 5 (_ ^ g *_ -2 1 S n fi « « > S»«Oh 0 13 S B s £ _ o 8 W 3 H FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 23 THE FOREST INDUSTRIES. Estimated Value of Production, including Loading and Freight within the Province. Product. 1933. 1934. 1938. Ten-year Average, 1930-39. Lumber. Pulp and paper.. Shingles Boxes Doors $15,457,000 10,852,000 4,500,000 1,313,000 Piles, poles, and mine- props Cordwood, fence-posts, and lagging — Ties, railway Additional value contributed by the wood-using industry.— Laths and other miscellaneous products Logs exported Pulp-wood exported Christmas trees 1,850,000 250,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 2,228,000 55,000 $20,377,000 12,373,000 4,375,000 1,632,000 487,000 1,335,000 485,000 1,320,000 1,100,000 1,931,000 46,000 $24,094,000 12,414,000 8,750,000 1,720,000 1,693,000 810,000 1,453,000 764,000 1,300,000 1,100,000 2,820,000 23,000 $36,160,000 14,950,000 7,800,000 1,629,000 2,718,000 1,434,000 1,489,000 623,000 1,350,000 1,200,000 2,646,000 11,000 $40,638,000 17,214,000 6,875,000 2,122,000 2,971,000 2,346,000 1,459,000 560,000 $36,296,000 11,066,000 6,875,000 1,964,000 1,353,000 1,615,000 1,455,000 560,000 1,500,000| 1,400,000 I 1,400,000| 1,300,000 3,782,000| 3,238,000 5,0001 I $50,379,000 16,191,000 8,560,000 2,039,000j 737,000! $28,626,000 13,625,000 5,742,000 1,712,000 947,000 1,556,000] 1,665,000 1,495,0001 1,511,000 360,000] 640,000 1,500,000 1,400,000 3,852,000 11,000 141,000 Totals . $39,155,000 $45,461,000 $56,941,000 $72,010,000[$80,872,000[$67,122,000 $88,221,000 1,432,000 1,263,000 2,709,000 26,000 14,000 $59,912,000 Paper (in Tons). Product. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939. Ten-year Average, 1930-39. 237,107 23,492 267,406 26,777 262,123 33,287 276,710 41,443 264,136 53,026 179,639 39,348 216,542 50,870 236,120 33,045 In addition to 249,000 tons of pulp manufactured into paper in the Province, 82,500 tons were shipped out of the Province during the year. Total Amount of Timber scaled in British Columbia during the Years 1938-39 (in F.B.M.). Forest District. 1938. 1939. Gain. Loss. Net Gain. 2,304,440,326 112,341,760 2,922,200,904 119,445,737 2,416,782,086 3,041,646,641 624,864,555 18,603,310 64,608,831 137,319,569 141,720,202 15,347,454 65,837,166 128,974,499 103,089,806 Totals, Interior 362,251,912 313,248,925 49,002,987 2,779,033,998 3,354,895,566 575,861,568 E 24 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. 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Forest District. Timber- sales. Hand- loggers' Licences. Leases, Licences, Crown Grants, and Pre-emptions. Totals. No. of Inspections. 844 312 388 765 461 1 9 1,038 87 189 469 285 1,883 408 577 1,234 746 4,359 1,390 835 Kamloops 2,692 2,019 Totals, 1939 2,770 10 2,068 4,848 11,295 Totals, 1938 ,„■.„. 2,674 23 1,804 4,501 10,828 Totals, 1937 2,404 46 1,932 4,382 11,507 Totals, 1936... 2,354 35 1,883 4,272 11,138 Totals, 1935 2,074 59 1,660 3,793 10,081 Totals, 1934 1,603 87 1,546 3,236 9,486 Totals, 1933 _... ', 1,237 67 1,425 2,729 8,121 Totals, 1932 • 1,124 37 1,316 2,477 7,273 Totals, 1931- 1,562 92 1,675 3,329 8,969 Totals, 1930 1,932 100 1,862 3,894 8,859 Ten-year average, 1930-39 1,973 55 1,717 3,746 9,755 Trespasses. 0J a o O 6 u > o HJ . 3 A\ » tn to V ti M tu a Quantity cut. B 3 QJ . '-' QJ <H J* 0 3 . N || Forest District. S M +J> QJ OJ fc OJ OJ fc « OJ _ 13 to •a u o O _ 3 E "K rjj ,£ OJ H QJ •Bf OH i _ o s < 76 10 34 35 54 220 33 98 124 96 4,774,926 845,280 178,442 559,512 547,108 21,070 23,958 18,990 27,965 2,835 2,004 149 451 392 151 829 108 2,402 1,767 100 7,073 7 1 18 $10,297.16 1,191.43 70 1,050 38,536 714.75 1,646.26 3,875.40 Totals, 1939 - 209* 571 6,905,268 94,818 3,147 5,206 46,729 26 $17,725.00 Totals, 1938 149 816 4,309,030 203,195 3,014 1,185 7,530 10 $9,653.86 Totals, 1937 156 1,147 8,239,813 143,860 1,607 2,132 35,017 7 $17,439.52 Totals, 1936..- 153 501 2,067,130 75,272 1,632 2,452 13 $5,243.00 Totals, 1935 121 555 3,043,486 50,965 1,283 14,078 3 $6,077.58 Totals, 1934 - — 101 720 3,270,608 30,555 1,385 4,825 6 $5,401.05 Totals, 1933 70 155 1,578,108 41,689 1,413 3,807 2 $2,727.81 Totals, 1932- 95 368 767,896 35,484 2,140 9,265 14 $3,490.84 Totals, 1931 84 397 1,579,465 118,704 1,048 12,425 2 $5,633.68 Totals, 1930 ,, 96 1,000 969,351 165,729 1,457 9,612 4 $7,534.01 Ten-year average, 1930-39 123 623 3,273,015 96,027 1,812 6,498 9 $8,092.63 * Christmas-tree cutting largely responsible for increase. E 28 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Pre-emption Inspection. Pre-emption records examined by districts are :■— Vancouver Prince Rupert 153 Fort George Kamloops Nelson , Totals 1939. Average, Ten Yrs 1930-39. 316 335 153 213 520 659 667 711 154 171 1,810 2,089 Areas examined for Miscellaneous Purposes of the " Land Act," 1939. Forest District. Applications for Hay and Grazing Leases. Applications for Pre-emption Records. Application to Purchase. Miscellaneous. Vancouver— - No. 2 5 9 39 3 Acres. 106.0 760.0 1,200.0 6,394.6 920.0 No. 8 5 13 38 2 Acres. 498.2 676.0 1,828.0 5,016.6 241.0 No. 38 15 6 31 10 Acres. 2,616.20 2,012.96 808.00 3,080.50 1,247.50 No. 46 9 20 39 15 Acres. 1,716.78 563 80 1,690.10 4,597.30 Totals 58 9,380.6 66 8,259.8 100 9,765.16 139 I 10 480 RR Classification of Areas examined, 1939. Forest District. Total Area. Agricultural Land. Non-agricultural Land. Merchantable Timber Land. Estimated Timber on Merchantable Timber Land. Acres. 4,937.00 4,012.76 5,526.10 19,089.00 4,321.40 Acres. 1,748.45 1,504.40 3,153.10 6,226.30 770.90 Acres. 3,188.55 2,508.36 2,373.00 12,862.70 3,550.50 Acres. 181 222 148 M.B.M. 1 790 0 2,844.4 Totals 37,886.26 13,403.15 24,483.11 551 5,460.4 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 29 Areas cruised for Timber-sales. Forest District. Number cruised. Acreage. Saw- Poles and timber Piles (M.B.M.). (Lineal Ft.). Shingle-bolts and Cordwood (Cords). Railway-ties (No.). Car Stakes and Posts (No.). 400 211 173 372 168 55,131 34,492 22,052 65,862 35,057 214,011 99,520 30,708 65,015 61,406 388,330 1,060,950 262,420 2,739,335 565,910 23,676 3,982 10,671 16,753 12,996 9,730 65,660 84,323 147,054 33,099 Prince Rupert 18,000 28,800 Nelson. 214,300 Totals, 1939 1,324 212,594 470,660 5,016,945 68,078 339,866 261,100 Totals, 1938 1,486 325,403 482,680 5,747,765 126,329 804,240 169,900 Totals, 1937 1,471 278,386 633,216 9,658,000 140,820 753,408 160,450 Totals, 1936 1,415 252,035 464,402 8,535,045 148,606 1,083,746 63,200 Totals, 1935 1,319 238,952 398,884 5,674,908 114,753 1,164,454 74,700 Totals, 1934 1,331 223,391 356,264 2,856,619 80,101 1,235,766 73,766 Totals, 1933 942 169,831 186,418 1,620,112 95,233 549,976 174,861 Totals, 1932 875 144,769 202,421 1,759,905 68,414 488,655 69,900 Totals, 1931 818 145,214 297,825 2,629,054 62,680 664,413 142,400 Totals, 1930. 943 197,065 526,261 10,345,822 26,431 731,640 620,100 Ten-year average, 1930-39 1,192 218,764 401,903 5,384,417 93,144 781,616 181,037 E 30 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. tH ft Tf ft LO CO ^ tr © fc- Tf< ft © © 'O . ft CO LO tr- CJ CO tr- ee 0J CO O ft rH rH OJ _ CJ LO © A 00 © lO LO LO CO t> CO ft OJ* "S 3 ce oj oj eo lo to CO tr- ft CJ ce IO o 5 e eg co eo io eo tp CJ_ 90. o Tf jj ¥ IO ft OJ Tf OJ ft 05 ce A cj" eg" LO o tr^ o io ce t- xa CO © 00 © o IO Tj © r-l r-l r-l r-l OJ CJ CJ © tr- 00 69- A A A A «_■ «■ M- 6* 6-3- •ft a/s a& •h _> • °-SJ2 ! : ; o o , o 1 o : o" lO © o © iO M O d, _ M DJ © © # o © © CM © © I-H tO tr-" ° B, _ Oi O © © IO l°- co" 4- o a » ° _ 41 o Sg 1?M. : io LO lO © to © ft 1 tr- tH OJ ft t-* CJ ©_ fc- Ci © O OJ OJ ft ce H ee tH OJ ce t- *H O O © ft tr- ft OJ 00 CO t- ia 0 OJ ft LO OJ © CO CO CO OJ rH LO ft LO t- . 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O tn C- CO ft Tf r-i © © ft CO ^ Tf 00 QJ i-H ft 00 LO Tf OJ CJ © Tf LO OJ o'rt' Tf ,H rH Tf OI LO LO Tf Tf CO ee ft 0j £« rH H ** H 1-1 1-1 ^ Ci n E ce 1 rt 0) o CO >> Ci o rH f a tr Ei fi M tu ft co tr- © io Tf co > a co ce co ce co co co fi ft ft ft ft ft ft Oi HJ rH tH rH rH rH rH rH rt u 0) -P OT 03 OT OT t/3 OT tO cu ti OJ o ti ti ti ti ti ti ti Ex, y oj H-> +J +_■ -P -P H-> -U a ti w bu OOOOOOO a 0J 3 H OT £ W S a OT a H E-t H EH H H h EH OT u a v o o oj o o § s • s u ° r_l r_i o * S..S6 § 4 W ^ o rt rt v 1 > Ph ft W W Jh FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 31 Average Sale Price foe Species. Sawn Timber. Figures fok 1939. Figures for 1938. Ten-year Average, 1930-39. Board-feet. Price per M. Board-feet. Price per M. Board-feet. Price per M. 122,764,000 81,732,000 105,016,000 57,765,000 26,427,000 8,203,000 18,644,000 19,851,000 2,375,000 $1.49 1.46 1.19 .76 .75 2.09 1.51 .86 .97 154,698,000 58,274,000 57,770,000 69,193,000 19,988,000 6,608,000 20,709,000 22,041,000 6,466,000 $1.46 1.17 1.32 .72 .70 2.05 1.48 .86 .82 994,893,000 388,845,000 492,517,000 500,475,000 164,115,000 64,440,000 158,136,000 81,346,000 67,536,000 $1.29 1.20 1.29 .75 .76 1.85 1.43 .90 .84 Totals 442,777,000 $1.25 415,747,000 $1.21 2,912,303,000 $1.15 Timber cut from Timber-sales during 1939. Forest District. Feet B.M. Lineal Feet. Cords. Ties. Posts. Xmas Trees. Hop- poles. Car- stakes. 238,725,715 26,566,706 46,273,937 36,589,140 38,841,790 570,653 1,552,785 552,273 3,852,774 1,141,080 39,107.62 1,123.50 3,984.03 10,373.57 7,917.40 9,106 91,439 94,395 158,952 81,720 1,050 17,337 6,312 45,167 145,591 585 131 203 9,187 30,272 550 Totals, 1939 ,. 386,997,288 7,639,565 62,506.12 435,611 215,457 39,662 585 681 Totals, 1938 334,981,454 8,223,100 57,340.70 648,646 175,306 58,354 -— Totals, 1937 384,628,267 8,603,582 49,980.91 724,483 197,859 Totals, 1936 286,001,433 5,241,658 62,762.82 813,764 154,630 Totals, 1935 193,788,636 3,540,576 38,438.36 851,342 149,959 Totals, 1934 199,895,549 1,694,470 36,209.24 503,266 84,312 Totals, 1933 122,275,912 1,337,497 35,840.62 212,824 164,586 Ten-year average, 1930-39 252,842,785 5,552,161 40,640.08 645,177 181,629 E 32 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Saw and Shingle Mills of the Province. Operating. Shut Down. Forest District. Sawmills. Shingle-mills. Sawmills. Shingle-mills. No. Estimated Daily Capacity, M.B.M. No. Estimated Daily Capacity, Shingles, M. No. Estimated Daily Capacity, M.B.M. No. Estimated Daily Capacity, Shingles, M. Vancouver 180 44 43 104 90 8,539 569 611 959 1,020 69 3 5 7 7,720 40 41 125 34 17 26 47 23 778 102 215 265 547 17 1 3 3 400 15 Kamloops Nelson 77 45 Totals, 1939 461 11,698 84 7,926 147 1,907 24 537 Totals, 1938 481 12,159 88 8,184 126 1,406 19 315 Totals, 1937 434 11,042 80 9,124 131 1,685 16 402 Totals, 1936 410 11,401 86 8,859 122 1,699 10 315 Totals, 1935 384 9,822 93 8,492 96 1,962 16 1,231 Totals, 1934 349 9,152 82 7,311 129 2,999 13 1,228 Totals, 1933 296 8,715 78 7,325 134 3,632 22 1,652 Totals, 1932 293 7,641 45 6,813 139 4,621 13 1,470 Totals, 1931 334 10,167 46 7,470 158 4,109 19 1,871 Totals, 1930 301 11,020 43' 7,164 141 3,204 i 17 1,695 Ten-year average, 1930-39 374 10,282 73 7,867 132 '[ 2,722 j 17 1 1,072 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 33 Export of Logs (in F.B.M.). Species. Grade No. 1. Grade No. 2. Grade No. 3. Ungraded. Totals. Fir 4,079,524 2,124,471 179,403 73,906,874 25,917,327 11,214,201 117,397 31,063,580 21,743,805 13,660,598 402,899 109,049,978 49,785,603 25,054,202 116,687,953 9,521,796 1,831,132 46,000 236,502 520,296 116,687,953 9,521,796 1,831,132 Lodgepole pine 46,000 236,502 Totals, 1939 6,383,398 111,155,799 66,870,882 128,323,383 312,733,462* Totals, 1938 -- 4,386,370 98,637,490 74,650,653 81,998,569 259,673,082 Totals, 1937 4,924,298 114,991,217 66,611,218 83,947,361 270,474,094 Totals, 1936 - - 4,028,567 107,007,342 49,061,362 58,731,564 218,828,835 Totals, 1935 8,766,098 129,029,692 56,979,194 40,516,782 235,291,766 Totals, 1934 10,489,155 89,831,736 43,416,151 28,998,709 172,735,751 Totals, 1933 16,941,207 119,089,573 59,215,094 13,694,960 208,940,834 Totals, 1932 18,572,020 87,223,114 44,380,166 15,589,383 165,764,683 Totals, 1931 12,886,187 106,331,594 51,909,961 49,048,420 220,176,162 Totals, 1930 11,571,481 86,502,990 40,147,841 34,696,715 172,919,027 Ten-year average, 1930-39 9,894,878 104,980,055 55,324,252 53,554,584 223,753,769 * Of this total, 284,556,885 F.B.M. were exported from Crown grants carrying the export privilege; 28,176,577 F.B.M. were exported under permit from other areas. E 34 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Shipments of Poles, Piling, Mine-props, Fence-posts, Railway-ties, etc. Forest District. Quantity exported. Approximate Value, F.O.B. Where marketed. United States. Vancouver- Piles No. No. Prince Rupert— Hewn railway-ties , _ No. ..No. Fort George—■ Poles _ _ Hewn railway-ties _ No. No. Kamloops— No. No. No. Nelson— _.._ No. _ No. No. Total value for 1939 Total value for 1938 . 2,936,940 460 1,589 6 850 190,062 1,735,189 23,979 22,104 369,855 149 75,353 33,312 84 18 8,032 6,817,000 274,000 98,700 6,671 500,000 1,802,509 65,634 3,058 5,946 45 79 109,255 1,064,921 $293,700 55 11,123 54 43 15,205 158,815 11,409 5,526 29,588 894 32,452 2,665 672 108 642 816,000 123,300 7,900 350 40,000 180,250 3,937 24,464 47,568 202 355 54,630 85,193 $1,947,100 2,936,940 460 1,589 6 850 190,062 1,025,979 256,180 6,910 18 1,032 5,882,000 500,000 1,755,694 18,473 696 1,015,290 709,210 23,979 22,104 113,675 149 75,353 26,402 84 935,000 274,000 98,700 6,671 46,815 47,161 3,058 5,250 45 79 109,255 49,631 $1,698,798 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 35 TIMBER-MARKING. Timber-marks issued. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939. 267 85 102 285 73 5 17 13 1,443 11 5 2 2 298 86 129 282 69 3 9 18 1,451 4 1 1 1 258 103 124 272 59 9 6 1,501 3 6 1 198 Crown grants, 1887-1906 91 Crown grants, 1906-1914 103 259 61 3 16 6 1,479 1 2 2 Totals 2,310 264 2,352 339 2,342 321 2,221 316 Draughting Office, Forest Branch, 1939. Number of Tracings made. Blue-prints Month. Timber- sales. Timber- ! Examination marks. i Sketches. Miscellaneous. Totals. from Reference Maps. January - February March April 29 20 24 14 11 19 17 25 8 24 17 23 103 105 118 73 67 88 95 55 56 55 53 75 31 29 32 13 30 28 39 23 13 73 63 34 15 24 21 27 9 25 31 26 10 10 49 22 178 178 195 127 117 160 182 129 87 162 182 154 10 11 9 1 7 July 9 4 September - - 3 1 5 4 Totals 231 943 1 408 269 1,851 E 36 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Crown-granted Timber Lands. Area of Private Timber Lands Year. (Acres). 1921 845,111 1922 887,980 1923 883,344 1924 654,668 1925 654,016 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 688,372 690,438 671,131 644,011 629,156 602,086 552,007 567,731 1934 557,481 1935 535,918 1936 515,924 1937 743,109 1938 754,348 1939 719,112 Average Assessed Value per Acre. $10.33 11.99 11.62 15.22 40.61 39.77 39.01 38.62 38.41 44.74 43.77 43.73 41.18 37.25 37.13 36.61 23.32 23.05 22.73 The extent and value of timber land in the various assessment districts are shown by the following table:— Assessment District. Acreage, 1939. Increase or Decrease in Acreage over 1938. Average Value per Acre. Change in Value per Acre since 1938. 70,534 107,879 90,748 26,942 328 9,024 2,595 97,363 3,277 629 12,083 22,468 37,345 199,212 1,074 37,611 — 7,254 — 21,738 — 2,550 — 12,799 * — 464 * + 7,340 — 53 * — 314 — 110 * * — 400 + 3,106 $45.37 30.59 36.69 5.52 14.99 4.48 7.91 33.31 6.05 5.03 18.32 17.24 13.91 2.16 33.63 38.43 — $0.02 + 1.95 — 1.34 Fort Steele + 0.47 1 23 Kettle Eiver * Nanaimo ... — 3.26 Omineca * * * Victoria.— - - — 1.04 Totals 719,112 —35,236 $22.73 — $0.32 * No change. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 37 FINANCE. An awakening interest in forest conservation and administrative problems throughout Canada during the past few years has brought a number of inquiries to the Service regarding revenue and expenditures on forest account. The accounting systems of the Service have developed over a period of some twenty-eight years and have, to some extent at least, been dictated by circumstances. In spite of the fact that all the necessary details are published in this report each year, it is difficult for interested parties to compile a complete statement of income and expenditure without some guidance from the Forest Service itself. To remove this disability the following explanations are made for guidance in this respect hereafter. The Forest Branch reports its revenue and expenditure in six different sets of accounts, which will be found in tables or statements immediately following this section, under the undernoted headings: — (1.) Forest Revenue. (2.) Forest Expenditure. (3.) Scaling Fund. (4.) Forest Reserve Account. (5.) Grazing Range Improvement Fund. (6.) Forest Protection Fund. Forest Revenue. See tables, " Forest Revenue." In these four tables are shown in detail by fiscal and calendar years what the Service considers to be all direct forest income. These sums are turned in to the Consolidated Fund and their total constitutes the figure used by the Service in all reports and publications as " Total Forest Revenue." Timber-land Tax is collected by the Finance Department. It is shown as a separate item in this report but is not considered to be direct forest revenue. In addition, there accrues to the Government sums derived from the Forest Protection Tax and from Scaling fees payable to the Scaling Fund, and to these special funds may accrue small sums from such sources as the sale of outworn equipment. Scaling fees and Forest Protection Tax are dealt with below. Forest Expenditure. See table, "Forest Expenditure, Fiscal Year " This table shows:— (a.) The amounts actually spent by the Service from sums voted by the Legislature for administrative purposes under the headings Salaries, Temporary Assistance, Expenses, Reconnaissance, Forest Research, Reforestation: (6.) Sum total of grant in aid of the Canadian Forestry Association: (c.) Sum total of statutory contribution to the Grazing Range Improvement Fund, the Forest Protection Fund, and to the Forest Reserve Account. The total of this tabulation is the figure used by the Service for total expenditure in all reports. It does not include scaling costs or certain protection costs, and does not show actual expenditures from the Forest Protection Fund, Grazing Range Improvement Fund, or the Forest Reserve Account, all of which are explained below. Scaling Fund. See statement, " Scaling Fund," starting annual report, 1938. The Scaling Fund is used to defray the cost of " official scaling " on the Coast. It is derived from a fee per thousand feet of logs scaled and the fee is adjusted from time to time to make income balance with expenditure. It is collected to carry on a specific service and is not considered to be either income or expenditure and does not appear either in statements of Forest Revenue or Expenditure. Forest Reserve Account. See statement, " Forest Reserve Account." The Forest Reserve Account consists of an annual contribution from Consolidated Revenue of the Province in an amount equal to 3 per cent, of the gross receipts for the year from timber royalty or tax and stumpage. It is used for certain specific purposes as provided by statute. The total annual contribution is shown in the statement of Forest Expenditure. A small credit balance is always maintained E 38 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. in the Forest Reserve Account and actual expenditures for the year will never exactly equal this sum accruing. For exact expenditures see statement of account. So far as the Public Accounts of the Province are concerned, the total contribution is the sum spent. For Forest Service purposes it would be somewhat more correct to use the sum actually spent from the Reserve Account. „ _. __ Grazing Range Improvement Fund. See statement, " Grazing Range Improvement Fund." This fund is set up by statute. It consists of a sum equal to one-third of the Grazing fees collected each year, plus some minor sums from such sources as the sale of wild horses. Explanations with regard to the Forest Reserve Account apply equally to the Grazing Range Improvement Fund. Forest Protection Fund. jS-_ statement, " Standing of Forest Protection Fund, December 31st, ," and table, " Expenditure for Twelve Months ended March 31st, " The Forest Protection Fund is made up of a statutory contribution from Consolidated Revenue, the receipts from the Forest Protection Tax, and a few minor sums from such sources as rentals and sale of outworn equipment. The Government contribution is shown as an expenditure, in the table of expenditures. The Forest Protection Tax receipts are not shown in the table of revenue, and protection expenditures over and above the Government contributions (which presumably must be paid from tax receipts) are not shown in the table of expenses which purports to be total Forest Branch expenditures. These details can be secured from the Forest Protection Fund accounting. The following example is given of a statement of all Forest Service collections and expenditures as explained above:—■ Collections, Fiscal Year 1938-39. " Forest Revenue " $2,982,702.42 Scaling Fund 140,967.08 Range Improvement Fund 212.00 Forest Protection Tax 178,235.52 Forest Protection Miscellaneous 9,763.41 $3,311,880.33 Expenditures, Fiscal Year 1938-39. Expenses (table, " Forest Expenditure," less sums paid to Trust Accounts) $413,142.05 Scaling Fund . 147,991.85 Forest Reserve Account 61,769.19 Range Improvement Fund 6,483.04 Forest Protection 1,019,023.88 $1,648,410.01 " Total " Forest Revenue for the fiscal year 1938-39, as detailed in the accompanying tabulation, is $274,823 (8.4 per cent.) less than the previous year, all of which could be accounted for in the single item of Royalty. Gain. Loss. Leases $4,356 Licences 55,955 Royalty .. .. $302,587 Tax 2,070 Trespass 8,929 Dominion berths 2,969 ■ Timber-sales 22,745 Grazing 7,168 Miscellaneous J 1,256 $66,606 $341,429 Balance 274,823 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 39 Loss in Royalty, in turn, is accounted for in a falling-off of more than 226 million feet in the log-scale during the fiscal year 1938-39. Total log-scale— Feet. Fiscal year 1937-38 3,027,460,045 Fiscal year 1938-39 2,801,163,720 226,296,325 The loss in log-scale was due largely to an extremely severe fire season in 1938 and to unfavourable logging conditions during the first three months of 1939 (the last three months of the fiscal year) and is of little significance. The scale for the calendar year 1939 shows a healthy increase of 575,861,568 feet over 1938. Sums received from the various principal sources of revenue show little change. Royalty maintains its place of first importance. Timber licences continue to wane and timber-sales to slowly increase. Collections continue satisfactory at a little better than 99 per cent, of the sums charged. E 40 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. 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CM Tf LO ft CO © ee io oo co cj t- © ee © 00 CO C-. l-H CJ tO 00 i-H ft t- © Tf t- ft to CO © io © lo i-h tr ft 00 Tf LO ft CO o © 'rt 0 rH ee i-h to tr- t- LO Tf t— Tf LO LO cc CJ LO eo oo © i—i Tf oo © CJ* to CJ © eo ft to tr- t- ee to ft © Tf tr- IO ft CO LO oc ft Tf A trt ws- A eo- 69 &0- 60- o& tt 09 69 i i ft ! CO i © CO A ft CJ rH fc CO (U* rt P fc QJ HJ 0. CJ ft oc t- cc ir Tt cr ev] > -*j ee ei- CO Ci- Cf c er cc ti ft O ft a o cr O cr fc D_ 0 oj oj tH r- r-l r-l rH r- r- r- &H U CL 5 _, s fc cr do co" to </_ cn co t. 4 z _« 8 § ti ti & ti ti ti & HJ HJ HJ +> -W -U H- s _ cooooooc oEhEhHHEhEhE- O V §111 % 4 > £ & t- % E 42 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. FOREST REVENUE. Fiscal Year 1938-39. Ten-year Average. Timber-licence rentals $594,907.74 $605,806.00 Timber-licence transfer fees 1,245.00 1,427.00 Timber-licence penalty fees 40,023.24 31,655.00 Hand-loggers' licence fees 650.00 1,242.00 Timber-lease rentals 65,329.73 66,973.00 Timber-lease penalty fees and interest 1,747.87 924.00 Timber-sale rentals '. .... 26,213.45 20,800.00 Timber-sale stumpage ,. 537,965.25 418,428.00 Timber-sale cruising 8,949.11 6,775.00 Timber-sale advertising 1,451.25 1,050.00 Timber royalty 1,578,005.28 1,376,571.00 Timber tax 66,315.99 78,230.00 Scaling fees (not Scaling Fund) 531.68 566.00 Scaling expenses (not Scaling Fund) 250.43 111.00 Trespass penalties 10,333.43 7,145.00 Scalers' examination fees 425.00 206.00 Exchange 185.09 251.00 Seizure expenses 513.26 969.00 General miscellaneous 3,336.30 3,110.00 Timber-berth rentals, bonus, and fees 26,804.91 24,365.00 Interest on timber-berth rentals 563.41 258.00 Transfer fees on timber berths 39.03 71.00 Grazing fees and interest , 16,915.97 14,825.00 $2,982,702.42 $2,661,758.00 Taxation, Crown-grant timber lands 241,109.96 313,922.00 Total revenue from forest sources $3,223,812.38 $2,975,680.00 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 43 rH ft Tf CO LO cj rH CO Tf © ft © t- LO rH CO ft 00 H-> Tf © LO ft © © t- t- ft OJ 00 LO o Tf CJ OJ 00 CO OJ H t- 00 © CJ © © rH rH CJ rH 69- LO CO OJ* 69- . fc fan QJ - _; _?**-< oi M.H co rH ft LO CO IO CO Tf LO LO Tf CJ oj rg fi to fi „J ■S'B'hj S r Tf CJ* O © t- rH ft to t- © 00 OJ go Strife t> rH LO_ ft_ Tf °i CO* ft Co" t> Tf" CO* «0^'0 rH 69- CO 69- LO l-H LO © © . be rrt C- tH ft © t> rH Tf CO 00 A CO CJ 4,90 9,26 9,19 7,12 2,89 ft CO CO 3 LO LO Tf © © 00 +J CJ rH LO CH 69- 69- ft * : LO 9 N to CJ 0J © t- Tf © rH CJ © t- Q © © t-^ z Ofin C-T -ef p M ft fe ee- 69- CT> 00 tO ! | Tf CO 1 3 fl m CO CO ft ft 00 00 CO tn © rH 00 OJ 00 ©B CTS r-l o fi t-* CO* 03 X CJ CJ W tt 69 rt < H rJ u t- 0J I ft H .S " rH LO © S* o 03 *3« ofe CO ft Tf tO Tf LO EH CO tt- ' ' 69- hJ fc H <! . co o -_ cd U a; CO C? © © LO CO •a c Tf LO © LO C— ft © Tf to LO to > gft CO CO CO LO © o 69- OJ 69 ,, EO a __ © © © to © © 3 «j rH O LO © © N _ © LO ft CO © CJ eo w "3 ft 00 rH rH CJ LO CJ rH ft Tf 5 69 69 w o LO ft IO Tf Tf OO t^ ft ft CO ft CO LO HJ © rH 00 ft © © __ 03 CJ ft 00 LO t- H S5 fi © CJ to © © t-* OJ" rH to Ph 69- tt 13 O 00 LO © CO rH OJ a rH CJ © LO LO CO CO t- LO rH <! r\ LO CO to CO © ft n © Tf © CO © H rH i-H ft rH OJ rH CJ CO Tf to tt LO © ft t- © __, © CJ Tf Tf TJH © ,j © Tf CJ IO © CO JJ t— 00 © IO Tf to A rH xa tr- t- © OJ o 03 CJ LO CO OJ Tf CO Tf ft Tf 00 ft © CJ LO 69 69 Hi 0 fc s •p CO JJ H- & fc fc ti O 3 ai ft bo H-> fa ft O 0) P fc CO Eh > Q_ O fi a rr. ¥ p _ ■ o fi U o g £ o , *s o 1 .5 t S _2 -3 t, o cij Oi - > PjH fe W Z E 44 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. FOREST EXPENDITURE, FISCAL YEAR 1938-39. Forest District. Salaries. Temporary Assistance. Expenses. Total. $60,625.89 22,901.65 17,711.63 40,384.62 32,602.15 77,448.05 $48,988.34 19,756.01 6,109.35 16,714.42 12,344.88 14,581.25 $109,614.23 42,657.66 23,820.98 57,099.04 44,947.0'3 $966.97 92,996.27 Totals $251,673.99 $966.97 $118,494.25 $371,135.21 4,000.00 9,077.62 13,999.57 14,929.65 7,308.07 440,000.00 61,769.19 $922,219.31 * Contributions to special funds detailed elsewhere. SCALING FUND. Balance, April 1st, 1938 Collections, fiscal year 1938-39 Expenditures, fiscal year 1938-39... Balance, March 31st, 1939 (debit). Balance, April 1st, 1939 (debit) Collections, 9 months, April-December, 1939. Expenditures, 9 months to December 31st, 1939 Balance, December 31st, 1939 (credit) $5,577.59 140,967.08 $146,544.67 147,991.85 $1,447.18 $1,447.18 129,771.24 $128,324.06 112,042.28 $16,281.78 FOREST RESERVE ACCOUNT. Balance brought forward, April 1st, 1938 Amount received from Treasury, April 1st, 1938 Expenditures, fiscal year 1938-39. Balance, March 31st, 1939 (credit) Amount received from Treasury, April 1st, 1939 (under subsection (2), section 32), " Forest Act " Moneys received under subsection (4), section 32 Expenditures, 9 months to December 31st, 1939 ._ $30,196.36 74,907.62 $105,103.98 61,769.19 $43,334.79 65,388.29 $108,723.08 51,844.11 Balance, December 31st, 1939 (credit) $56,878.97 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 45 GRAZING RANGE IMPROVEMENT FUND. $10,332.79 Balance, April 1st, 1938 (credit) Government contribution Other receipts $7,308.07 212.00 Expenditures, April 1st, 1938, to March 31st, 1939.. Balance, March 31st, 1939 (credit) Collections, April 1st to December 31st, 1939. Expenditures, April 1st to December 31st, 1939. Balance, December 31st, 1939 (credit) 7,520.07 $17,852.86 6,483.04 $11,369.82 5,654.31 $17,024.13 7,783.81 $9,240.32 STANDING OF FOREST PROTECTION FUND, DECEMBER 31st, 1939. Balance (deficit), April 1st, 1938 Expenditure, April 1st, 1938, to March 31st, 1939. $62,592.78 . 1,019,023.88 $1,081,616.66 Collections, tax $178,235.42 Collections, miscellaneous 9,763.41 Government contribution 440,000.00 627,998.83 Balance (deficit), March 31st, 1939. Balance (deficit), April 1st, 1939 $453,617.83 . $453,617.83 Expenditure, 9 months, April-December, 1939 394,573.69 Refundable to votes, 9 months, April-December, 1939 (approximately) 126,000.00 Collections, tax Collections, miscellaneous Government contributions Balance (deficit), December 31st, 1939.. $189,175.99 44,283.53 375,000.00 $974,191.52 608,459.52 $365,732.00 Estimated and Known Costs of Forest Protection to other Agencies, 1939. est District. Expenditures. For Tools and Equipment. Improvements. Patrol. Fire- fighting. Total. $46,623.00 159.00 $1,350.00 $53,424.00 $22,276.00 27.00 381.00 2,436.00 8,541.00 $123,673.00 186.00 381.00 2,436.00 11,500.00 3,240.00 23,281.00 Totals $58,282.00 $1,350.00 $56,664.00 $33,661.00 $149,957.00 1938 Totals, $75,189.00 $600.00 $65,677.00 $401,422.00 $542,888.00 E 46 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Expenditure for Twelve Months ended March 31st, 1939. Districts. Patrols and Fire Prevention. Tools and Equipment. Fires. Improvements. Total. $124,583.19 26,153.88 31,363.20 75,663.62 78,886.11 65,724.67* $47,804.20 5,137.91 7,738.51 13,519.56 19,539.99 10,063.20 $292,629.51 17,182.14 17,913.73 82,034.41 84,662.89 $4,876.71 3,648.40 3,082.75 2,920.27 3,895.03 $469,893.61 52,122.33 60,098.19 174,137.86 186,984.02 75,787.87 Totals — S402.374.fi7 1 15103.803.37 $494,422.68 $18,423.16 $1,019,023.88 * This included purchase and maintenance of trucks, tractors, etc., for use by Forest Development Projects for which rental was charged. FOREST PROTECTION. After the previous abnormal year, 1939 was close to average from a fire-occurrence standpoint. Total fires were about equal to the ten-year average prior to 1939, but slightly higher if averaged to include 1939. Fire-fighting costs were more than the ten-year average, while total damage was well below. A brief review of the weather conditions shows, as usual, the reason for the kind of fire season experienced. Opening with a long, dry spring in most districts, with some high hazard in places, the fire occurrence in April and May was well over average. This dry spell was broken by plenteous and continued rain from early June until the middle of July, after which the hazard increased steadily through August. As usual the fire-hazard was mostly over after the first week in September. The above history is illustrated in the table of fire occurrence by months shown hereafter. It will be noticed that during the months of April, May, and August the fire occurrence was greater than normal and in June, July, and September -was less. Lightning has been consistently the most prolific single cause of forest fires over the past ten years and 1939 was no exception. Similarly the Nelson Forest District is regularly hit hardest by lightning, and this year an increase from that cause in that district- accounted for most of the increase in number of fires over the ten-year average. The importance of lightning as a cause of forest fires comes from the facts that it is usually unexpected and it strikes more often than otherwise in places difficult of access and usually in many places in the one day, witness August 25th, with ninety-seven lightning fires reported in the Nelson District. Of the other causes of forest fires as listed for 1939, only smokers and miscellaneous (known) showed an increase over the ten-year average. Approximately 70 per cent, of the 1939 fires were human-caused and therefore preventable, whether from legitimate industrial use or carelessness on the public's part. During the year the usual public relations activities were carried out with a view to teaching the need of care with fire. Realizing that careful habits can most easily be made permanent in the young, emphasis has been placed on contact with the school children and youth groups through distribution of material, lectures, motion pictures, and help to teachers and leaders. An innovation was a series of cartoon animal stories carried in two of the larger daily papers. Designed for children they have been received enthusiastically. The adult group has not been neglected and has been reached through advertising in newspapers and periodicals, lectures, and moving pictures. The co-operation of commercial companies was again generous in carrying forest-protection propaganda on merchandise labels, letter and bill heads. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and many local stations co-operated generously with timely announcements. Prevention of accidental fires arising from legitimate industrial use of forest areas requires both educational and regulative activity. The former is kept up continuously by the personnel of the Forest Service through personal contact with those using the forest areas, with gratifying results. At the same time, it is necessary to see that all regulations with regard to safety devices and precautions are obeyed. During 1939 the efficiency of inspection was improved but, because of failure by some few individuals to comply with FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 47 safety rules, it was necessary to conduct several prosecutions. However, the total number of cases was considerably less than in 1938, though still almost double the ten-year average. Closely allied to preventive measures are those designed to deter the spread of fire or make it simpler to control. These come mainly under the heading of slash and snag disposal and are applicable largely to the lower Coast section. Recent amendments to the " Forest Act " requiring slash-disposal and snag-felling were followed up, with two special expert officers and the whole field staff co-operating with the operators. As a result practically all the slash and snags which should have been disposed of were so treated. Total area of slash burned was 51,603 acres, while snags were felled on approximately the same acreage. It was found that some few operators, while carrying out slash-disposal by burning as required by law, refused or neglected to do so in such a manner as to protect adjoining areas of mature timber and reproduction. As a result, section 113a of the " Forest Act " was so amended as to enable the forest officers to require the use of proper methods and to require and enforce reasonable precautions. The clearing of agricultural land and other areas for human use is another legitimate use of fire in forested sections that requires great care and control to prevent escape. The Forest Service maintains control through permits to burn which are issued only after inspection of the area and limit burning to periods of safe weather and under conditions listed in the permit. That this is no inconsiderable part of the duties of the field officers is shown by the table of permits issued which shows a grand total of 8,672 for the Province. In spite of all the care taken by operators, the public, and forest officers, fires occur in particularly hazardous weather. There are areas of especially high hazard where fires are more easily set or where, if set, they are either most difficult to control or threaten greater values in human life, forest areas, or personal property. Sometimes restricted areas and frequently whole districts are involved. At such times it is imperative that all unessential activity and travel in the woods be forbidden, which was done in several instances in 1939 as follows:— Nelson Forest District— Dates closed. Sheep Creek Valley July 20-Sept. 16. North Fork Salmon River Aug. 11-Sept. 16. Kamloops Forest District— Similkameen River July 28-Sept. 6. Watershed District, Summerland Aug. 1-Sept. 6. Penticton Creek Watershed Aug. 1-Sept. 6. Larch Hills Forest Aug. 12-Sept. 6. Vancouver Forest District— Timber Berth " W " . July 26-Sept. 2. Vancouver Forest District Aug. 19-Aug. 28. (Excepting West Coast of Vancouver Island from Toquart Harbour North; East Coast of Vancouver Island from Squamish North; Mainland and Islands from Wells Passage and Kingcome Inlet North.) The operators and general public have accepted the closures as necessary and co-operate in their enforcement. They are only used where hazard is extraordinarily high and for the shortest period necessary. The early detection of fires that start is the second step in effective fire-control. During 1939 the study of detection facilities was continued as detailed under " Research " elsewhere in this report. The complete mapping of areas visible from existing and proposed lookouts is the objective. Using these in conjunction with maps showing fire occurrence, hazards, and values involved will enable the administrative staff to organize the detection facilities to best advantage. Further experience with radio equipment, both portable and stationary, has been satisfactory. The light sets introduced in 1937 have made possible more economical establishment of lookouts than by using expensive wire lines with little sacrifice of reliability, while their use for communication on the fire-line has been exceedingly valuable. In 1939 there were purchased and installed thirty portable and twenty-two stationary and launch radio sets. E 48 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. To carry out the intricate and arduous duties of forest fire prevention, detection, and suppression requires an experienced, energetic, and highly trained personnel. The first two attributes are met in the Forest Service personnel through careful selection, largely by competitive examination, but much essential training is neglected through lack of time and personnel, both to conduct it and to carry on the work while training is being taken. The high degree of' efficiency of the field staff is attained through individual effort rather than the more economical method of planned instruction and practice. Notable efforts are made by senior fieldmen to train auxiliary forces; e.g., practical instruction courses for pump operators, lookout-men, and timekeepers, but more intensive specialized training and chance for technical study are needed by the entire field staff. This must be provided if the great forest wealth of the Province is to be properly protected. An innovation in 1939 was the use of undergraduates in forestry as student assistants to the Forest Rangers. This worked out satisfactorily to the Service and to the young men concerned, the former having well-educated men to assist them who will be of much greater use in future, while the students secured experience that will be most valuable to them in their profession. The same scheme will be continued in 1940. The continuance of the Youth's Forestry Training Plan and the institution of the National Forestry Plan provided the working parties with a very satisfactory improvement programme more fully reported upon elsewhere. From the same source were chosen a number of Rangers' Assistants. These young men, chosen particularly for the work, have been a source of considerable help to the Rangers and, where employed succeeding years, have developed into highly useful forest officers. A number have qualified themselves for higher positions and have been successful in the Assistant Ranger examinations. A continuance of a youths' forestry training organization in some form will be highly valuable in the protection of the forests and in building up a robust, keen, and expert body of young men. Because of the long periods of time involved in growing a forest we must look far ahead. The history of the Province to date is encompassed within a century—about the period needed to grow a merchantable forest—and already many of our more accessible timber districts are logged out. Within comparatively few years some of the forest areas now considered inaccessible will be required for industry and development. It is not too soon to make provision for protecting them from fire, and.it should be done at once. To finance any increase in forest protection organization means an increase in the Forest Protection Fund. This fund has been operating with a deficit since 1925. Some years of low hazard have reduced the deficit; e.g., 1937, when it was brought down to $62,592.78, only to be raised again to $453,617.83 the following year. These recurring deficits are due entirely to the exigencies of fire-fighting, even though fires in unorganized territory frequently go unfought. Undoubtedly many fires reaching large proportions, doing enormous damage, and costing great sums to fight could be suppressed when small if sufficient organized personnel with adequate equipment and improvements were available. Until funds sufficient for this are provided we shall continue to suffer unnecessary loss in resources and fire-fighting costs. The following tables give the essential information about the 1939 fire season:— Fire Occurrences by Months, 1939. Fo est Dist ict. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Total. 1 40 6 50 49 48 12 12 71 82 29 5 12 20 19 41 3 14 131 156 147 5 70 223 302 51 7 3 44 43 2 6 359 32 117 Kamloops Nelson 545 651 Totals 1 145 225 85 345 747 148 8 1,704 Ten-year average, 1930-39 80 216 227 438 521 182 10 1,669 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 49 Number and Causes of Fires in Province, 1939. Forest District. ti .5 __ ti co C [..a w to i c >> g| ■ Si? ■sj.1 si § u ti OJ to m 3 | So C _ rt g to - to fi rt O fi fi O co . ® . -JJ1 _ QJ -JJ ft s s - OJ ■8 g J.M.S CO -p u 3 O rt rt QJ o rt ^3 _ Is £o •3 c o J_» o _ fi o c fi <3 0'3"P J--J o tl O MO m m—■_ M H = B™ 0 Eh MHCJ. 12 94 14 105 40 22 31 38 3 359 Prince Rupert ,. 1 9 2 10 4 2 2 2 32 1.87 37 40 2 15 14 3 1 5 117 6 87 Kamloops 159 110 13 98 27 5 5 19 103 6 545 31.99 306 52 46 146 26 3 4 31 32 5 651 38 20 Totals. ... 515 305 77 374 111 11 32 88 175 16 1,704 100 00 30.22 17.90 4.52 21.95 6.52 0.64 1.88 5.16 10.27 0.94 100.00 Ten-year average, 1930-39 . 448 307 114 328 131 15 42 124 129 25 1,669 Damage to Property other than Forests, 1939. Fo" est District. Forest Products in Process of Manufacture. Buildings. Railway and Logging Equipment. Miscellaneous. Total. Per Cent, of Total. $41,892.00 240.00 388.00 1,021.00 $400.00 100.00 800.00 18,150.00 $7,150.00 $175.00 $49,617.00 27.92 Prince Rupert 20.00 1,744.00 1,626.00 360.00 2,932.00 124,797.00 .21 1.65 104,000.00 70.22 Totals — $43,541.00 | $19,450.00 $111,150.00 $3,565.00 $177,706.00 100.00 Ten-year average, 1930-39 $_.« 390.nn I sr)9 n90.no $73,143.00 $12,624.00 $223,246.00 E 50 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. H g o H W O u Q S3 ■. HH O M fa O H O T Ph rH ca n m S_.g <1 a. a. o 0 © Tj © © tc c c O" c c- _r t; Tf © CO t- co t~ Tf © OI rH o © © o c g d K3 __ gq 'OOUIAO-Cj; Ul S3-IIj[ Supu3u ui q.u3ds vno X J° '^0 ■»<! Tfl LO © © © OJ tJ" <M © O © CO © © i-H LO CO to 3 o Q rH © t- © © CO Oi Oi Oi rH ai A © t-^ cj' © io Tt) a. lo 00 © CC 00 l-H CO i-H LO OJ O OJ C. t- * © CO Tji CO CO OI * o 00 o to CO © rH W 03 P o K H H H o H z o s H W o O '000'0I$ J3AO q-SOQ CJ OJ •^ ea (M © CJ 'OOO'OI* °1 000'2$ lsoO rH ! rH LO t- o Tf '"OOO'Sj. o* 000'lS ^soo © 1 rH Oi © OJ © CO © OJ OJ OJ eo '000'!$ °+" 001$ lsoO © i-H © © OO CO Tf 00 t- © CO © © © '001$ WBX# SS3[ ^SOQ OJ © © LO CO t- rH tj. © © i-H rH CO T* CO fc- co © CO Tf © © •aouiAOJ^ ui sajijj t~ Tf © © eo Oi © Tt< LO OO oi '«■*■* rH rH OJ © Tf CC LO *^oijq.sirj ui ss-itji I^o'x jo -^uao aaa © CO CO OJ 00 LO CO Tf CO © A A © LO TJH © CO LO Tf © ■jaquin^i rH rH © l_- CO CJ rH LQ Tf (M OJ OJ Tf* CO © © Tf to xa t- 00 EH J* . S ° Wo l§ -H •aDuiAO-tj ui sa-ii^ Ib;ox jo -luaa aaj © CO © © CO rH CJ Tfl Tfl CO oo rn eo t- eo ©■ © CQ •^.oi_tq.sirj ui saji^j Tf oj tr- co oj Tf © LO © © CO LO Oi Tfi LO co <-_> Tf lo eo •jaquini^ CO rH 00 00 CO CO OJ LO © CJ rH CJ CM CO Tf t- co © to © C_- eo Tf © CO IC CO OJ LO OO •XT3X uoi^oe^ojj -jsa-io^ Sui-fed ^ou spu^ uo pa^BUiSi-to t— LO © CJ © 00 OJ CO © LO OJ OJ © © -xi_x uoi^oa^ojj ^SBJO^ Suited spuBT pue puj.^ umojo q.UBDBA uo pa;BuiSiJO OJ t- t- CO OJ t- 00 Tf © CO LO O © Tf CO o © © o CO © © •S9JI^ IB^OX © OJ t— LO rH LO CO rH Tf LO CO r-i LO © Tfl © © © © 4 •j 5 o_ a o U CU > P O t P a > P ti ai t .5 E B c ? O 43 c SQ P c c 1 B c 0 -■ r5 DO £ 0 4i n u a CO 1 o CO r- a fc cj 41 > fi U r. <v > a HJ _: © m 5 © Jh p H « +» « Tj T3 3 to o o *" U -Tj HJ +J rS o -^ rt r-i m hj » O Q FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 51 Number and Causes of Forest Fires for the Last Ten Years. Causes. 1939. 1938. 1937. 1936. 1935. 1934. 1933. 1932. 1931. 1930. Total. 515 305 77 374 111 11 32 88 175 16 703 442 72 524 180 4 77 121 238 51 263 269 74 242 107 14 55 20 124 25 524 256 81 321 78 6 29 74 152 26 173 217 65 289 127 11 45 72 97 15 320 312 103 415 117 10 41 65 188 19 285 234 77 197 77 7 32 65 90 18 336 230 156 197 108 18 17 127 64 13 475 470 295 435 243 44 57 355 96 48 892 344 149 294 171 29 39 262 68 23 4,486* 3,079 1,149 3,288 1,319 154 Campers. Road and power- and telephone-line con- 424 1,249 1,292 254 Totals .. 1,704 2,412 1,193 1,547 1,111 1,590 1,082 1,266 2,518 2,271 16,694 Fires classified by Size and Damage, 1939. Total Fires. Under Vi Acre. Vi to 10 Acres. 10 to 500 Acres. Over 500 Acres. Damage. ti 0) rt , ^ . rt . H-p HX HO H-a HO H-_ HO H-S HO o o a t, o.S o;a -p-^ o.S2 °2 4*0 °A 4J> "^ o.fi o o cs. © © A s 3 c c QJ xi s fi fi fi B C QJ XI S 3 fi c c a QJ £ <* C fi QJ S c c c e* A O CO OJ O to . OJ O to . QJ _ .- O co O to . QJ Xi S O to j- ^ O CO . QJ XI a O CO J- ^ O to . Q> ^ j. QJ .fi QJ -_ fi QJ O u > A fcfa r5 fcfa fcfa fc BhS P fa A fcfa P*fa fc fafa fafa rJ P3&9- O 359 21.07 163 45.40 19.15 138 38.44 24.25 50 13.90 22/40 8 2.20 13.10 330 25 4 32 1.87 21 65.62 2.47 9 28.12 1.58 2 6.26 0.90 32 Fort George 117 6.87 63 53.85 7.41 38 32.47 6.68 15 12.80 6.80 1 0.85 1.60 112 3 2 Kamloops — _ 545 31.99 221 40.55 25.97 177 32.48 31.10 112 20.50 50.20 35 6.40 57.40 487 42 16 Nelson. 651 38.20 383 58.83 45.00 207 31.79 36.39 44 6.80 19.70 17 2.60 27.90 611 24 16 Totals -_ _. 1,704 100.00 851 100.00 5691 100.00 223 100.00 61 |100.00 1,572 94 38 100.00 49.94 33.39 13.1 | 3.6 92.25 5.52 2.23 Ten-year average, 1930-39 1,669 728 570 371 1,502 111 56 Causes, Cost, and Damage, 1939. Causes. No. Per Cent. Cost. Per Cent. Damage. Per Cent. Lightning 515 305 77 374 111 11 32 88 175 16 30.22 17.90 4.52 $57,053.99 23,755.01 425.13 24.45 10.19 0.18 27.21 1.22 $43,077.82 177,386.68 1,841.73 11.56 47.58 0.50 Smokers 21.95 6.52 0.64 1.88 5.16 10.27 0.94 63,483.18 2,853.41 71,417.25 4,258.15 2,048.98 6,605.62 47,819.32 17,851.35 417.10 19.17 1.14 Road and power- and telephone-line con- 0.54 13,086.67 57,006.43 13,222.77 2,437.71 5.61 24.43 5.67 1.04 1.77 12.83 4.79 Unknown causes- 0.12 Totals -— 1,704 100.00 $233,324.30 100.0* $372,724.00' 100.00 . E 52 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. w < GG « Eh w 03 PS o fa fc o H D o H m O OS ta3_> p ca CO! 5*2 TJ fci o£ p, to T3 _ _s <N 1 | | ! <N 3*1 TJ 1 © 1 <U W-T3 C u fr" 5 c S ft Ul ScQ JJ ft * 0) . na 3«s 5 d __ > S rt 1 IH I 1 rH &H30 Ci c CQ B ft __•- c o <=> <=> © o © o o ir_ xa o o ©' N N cd SI gj s CO CM CO CO b- te CO co <j tt- W- tt £ d CM ! INN CO eo 2 IN ! ! (N rt bfl-p .* c s.-tt fig ££ >H IO 1 U3 ! rH H ntra- ntion of c. 386 of mina ode. ! ! : eg ! (M o OJ . CQ o t. m 5 So ^ QJ: CO I | 1 j CO B fi ° a ° r° _ o _ _ fa< o > to s |.§ | |s. t- ! ! 1 1 t- S C ° ci'°,0. o _ _ fa<j u > «_ : HI v=. 1-1 n_i ^ jj O | I J I © N C ° _3 °r° ° o| | fr<< O > cc : I __ * hj 3.1 5 js, ■Pu1" «M H +J o S3 $ £_<<£ O > W ; *j+S'a <h h A rH ! ! ! 1 a a o ^ o o o os £ fr<«! o > CQ s j ft 1^ o . 0-«TJ OS ! US W N CO t- •M"_f*a CO ! (N C ti ti £E- a eo o CO 4-5 os u b H-> OJ 0_ BI 5 ti U H-> > w rt O Jh rt 0) __ 0) ^ u ft bi •^ 0) P Xh rr e > tf O fi 3 , OJ C H H 5 S O c G o « rz O 5 -S t i ti t, O cc IS > P. fr fr rH FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 53 Damage caused by Forest Fires, 1939, Part I. Accessible Merchantable Timber. Inaccessible Merchantable Timber. Immature Timber. Forest District. ti fcS QJ frl>M Salvable Volume of Timber killed. _ m ti p, *> I _ »£ o fctOi-1 rt QJ C QJS fcS QJ fi . ■2~ is E-i>.-] QJ CJ) rt s rt a 03 QJ <■_ 4_, CU fcS +j, c • _ QJ CO 2 u ti Vancouver __ Acres. 261 M.B.M. 1,679 M.B.M. 1,327 $ 1,086 Acres. 75 2,585 2,761 M.B.M. 550' $ 40 2,369 1,515 Acres- 1,866 5 493 21,567 10,004 $ 9,849 11 72 2,687 3,769 253 7,606 22,591 353 5,447 20,548 2,044 66,587 17,963 2,384 2,443 2,963 13,113 Nelson .,' Totals 6,789 32,129 6,154 27,434 5,421 16,626 3,924 33,935 96,454 3.51 65.90 12.62 14.07 2.80 34.10 2.02 17.54 49 46 69,868 391,189 74,395 374,426 88,978 308,352 Damage caused by Forest Fires, 1939, Part II. Forest District. Not satisfactorily restocked. Non- . commercial Cover. Grazing or Pasture Land. Nonproductive Sites. Grand Totals. -_ QJ V, P QJ U 60 ^ Sj_ ° c J s -a hi QJ QJ 60 fi 60T3 J- fi C 3 J rt.fi *_ QJ H3 £ 60 fi-g 60 B C.2 QJ rt 1 a -6 _ _ rt fi _ B _3 s QJ 60 ti s ti a TJ _ * rt c 3.S QJ 60 rt S ti a c_ _ ^ rt fi _ § n cts QJ 60 ti i ti a ct! CJ H < fi rt 3 a QJ 60 rt s ti Q Vancouver- - Acres. 1,930 40 827 2,768 748 Acres. 2,694 2 408 3,596 1,905 Acres. 233 75 47 23,236 2,933 $ 2,448 58 1,655 14,182 2,728 Acres. 1,959 6 138 48,921 42,684 $ 979 3 69 20,122 21,003 Acres. 42 17 83 2,977 130 $ 6 1 4 149 9 Acres. 3,506 $ 1,381 1 1,579 829 Acres. 12,566 145 2,130 111,497 67,130 M.B.M. 2,229 $ 15,789 73 62 3,160 2,196 253 10,569 35,704 4,126 Kamloops Nelson- — - 110,435 64,595 Totals 6,313 8,605 26,524 21,071 93,708 42,176 3,249 169 8,924 3,790 193,468 48,755 195,018 3.26 4.44 13.71 10.80 48.45 21.62 1.68 0.09 4.61 1.94 100.00 100.00 100.00 Ten-year average, 1930-39 21,954 1,144 440,427 391,189 756,267 E 54 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. % w fc H H e ■J a 3 Eh co H « O M Q W CO & <l o fa o «! s «3 P fa o fc o CO 3 < fa s o o t* CO tJ CN <c fr- -se rH © t- CM CS ■«* 00 fr- Cs" *"* tt- tt CO OT CM 00 ©i OS CD CO Tf CO t- rH ea tt rn LO to rH fr- fr- © CO © LO Oi rH 00 CO cn CM TH © rH fr- CD CO fr- CM OS CM tt ee- tD CO OT CM CM CM CO © CO © OS rH Tf t- A CM CO rH rH xa t- Tf CM xa tt CM CD IO CO Tf 00 CM CO CO rH CM CD LO eo O ^ CC ffl CS t- 00 CD IO © CM CM © ^* LO Tt" tt tt © © IO CO fr- fr- t# © c- IO CO rH CO CO 00 CO OT tt- tt rH rH CO OS CS Tf CO IO rH 00 rH CO CO rH OS CO* rH CS CO CM CO tt CM t- cm oo Tf CO OT fr- CO LO OT CO CO ■** r-i C$ rH CO CM CO OT CO LO os CO CO CM © CO "tf OT rH tt ee- Tjf © 00 00 rH 00 CM LO CO CO fr- 00 a. LO tt- rH CO CM 00 rH fr- CS CO LO rl H -* N Tf «o T. CO LO IO © CO CM rH fr- © LO LO rH fr- © tJ €G- ee- "# 00 IO ^ 00 CD ■^ © tO LO LO CO CO rH CM OT ># OT fr- tt tt A S PQ a ■8 bO tH a Jh F5 fi o pq ® 4J 0 a a tr o H ___ ■s a ft bj S 2 cc 9 qj *«- a tH fi r, tj hj mbe ned tim salv to f to 0 Tot | 3 ^HJ QJ ft, ft rQ .5 ft ta bi rH _, 13 3 a rf ri rt ci 0 c c HJ 0) £ fl fi ft o u J__ fi ti ti t- < OJ < P n Ci CO 0. rS m o HH fc « P M w J H O Eh Q Z < O •^luu.aj ^no cr 6 fc e^ i_ Tt c: C C ea c^ padBosa sajj^ 00 "# © CO © • i-f CM CO O fc 10 O 0 O 0 CM •aaAO paiunq Baay oi 00 OS CO 00 rH qj CM t— Tf 00 LO U © O CM CO © 9 H TjT ^" CO" rH <3 CO rH CM OS fr- eo to 0 0 fr-" CO CM Tf fr- © CO ■ CM 00 LO 00 CM ■panssi s^iui-iaj o os _o^ c- ot ■* ! J5 ©J r-T rH rH fr- CD 00 0 0 c. 0 CO 00 CO Oi 05 q o Ph p oa 13 Ph o g < w a O •^ituaaj ^no d © •[oj^uoo paduosa saa;^ 6 CO rH Tj< CO LO 00 •J9AO pauanq ua-ty •pansst s^tiu-iad ffl W fr- TJH © O Qj t- rH rH OT CO h -rlf rH rH O 0 CO fr- 00 CO 10 00 00 CO CM O CO fr- • O t- LO CM rH fc~ LO CO CM CO © CO LO © CM >- «; . ■ ^ si Is BPh o 'liuuaj ;no -q^iAi ^as saax^j 6 fc 1-1 ■[oaiuoo padBosa saji^j 6 fc CM CM •^< 00 t- <o d CM •jaAO paujnq Bajy m © t- © O LO qj rH CM CM © fa T. rH CJ < CO CM CO T-C CO LO cm" •panssi s^iuiaaj fr- eD © rH LO • W H N Tf fc OS 0 IO CM -5. OS in ■4 j 0_ ci Z g C3 5 A o g < J u •^iLuaatj ^no d -HljAV. ^as saat j[ ^ •IOj;uo3 padBOsa sa.11^ d fc CM fr- CO CM CM •aaAo pauinq -eajy m* OT CO CO CO qj LO CM OT tO u CO © _2 °°* _Q O cr' CM Cs © ■rfl LO fc- LO 0> © -panssi sjiuuaj CO OT fr- rH • CS CM CO CO O CM rH O Tj- 00 0 T. CO CO J 3 ta § P o . E P g tt Ed o CO CO LO CM rH •^iiu.iaj; jno : d -q^t/A ^as saii^ 1 £ "* 0 0 © 0 CM •[OJ^UOQ padBDsa saaij 00 N <* H CO 6 rt rt *- fc © CM CO CO t- T}1 uaAO paujnq Bajy 0? rH OS "«# © CD qj CO CM rH rH © t- CM CD OS LO CS Jjj CM CO* CO* CM* © O T. CM CO CM CS1 CO ■J* 0 CM fr- CM •panssi siiui-Otj CS t- © rH rH ■ OT © © CO © O ^ •# © ft CO (2. CM" rH rH* r-T CO CO to 0 OS T* LO CM OT* HJ ti tH ■H 0_ S HJ OT QJ fa O HH (- a > c t e a > fa a _ c t p. QJ 60 t. tr 0 C QJ C O c t 1 O B! j "a fc 0 a c E- + C a ej fa OJ Ph bo CS fa V > < ° fa CO ti 1 CJ © >> CO ft s qj " H FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 55 GRAZING. The mild winter of 1938-39 was followed by an early spring, but the weather remained dry through May. This resulted in a retarding of spring forage growth and poor range conditions. However, the balance of the grazing season was one of the best on record, with ample rains and warm weather promoting excellent growth well into fall. The result was a good beef-crop to the ranchers. Coupled with beef in good condition went prices that were a little better, on the average, than they have been for some years. Starting with good returns for stock at the Annual Bull and Fat Stock Sale in March, the prices remained steady with a rise towards the end of the season. This rise was attributed to the opening of the war and has been fairly well maintained. Another factor bettering conditions was the American market, which took considerable quantities from the Prairie Provinces, thus relieving the local market. Prices generally for steers ran from 5 to 6 cents per pound; heifers from 4 to 5% cents; and cows, 3 to 4% cents. The market for lambs and wool was also better, with the former bringing around 8 cents per pound and wool about 17 cents. This is a very material betterment over conditions prevailing for some years. It is attributed in some degree to better co-operative marketing and to the war demands for wool. Although range forage growth was better than in 1938, the trouble with beetle-killed pine continued over extensive areas. As mentioned in previous reports, many of the summer ranges are on the high plateaus where the forage grows under extensive areas of lodgepole pine. In the past twenty years a large proportion of the pine has been killed by insects and is now falling down. This deadfall is blocking trails and covering up considerable areas of formerly usable range. Many fires have occurred in these areas, which are attributed to some irresponsible parties trying to get rid of the deadfall. In 1939 there were eighty-seven fires thought to have so originated, some of which burned over wide areas. Some remedy for the situation has been sought and in 1939 two parties of young men, hired under the Youth Training Plan, cut trails through deadfall areas to open up the range. The stockmen concerned expressed themselves as well satisfied with the work done. However, these trails only touched a fringe of the problem which requires that something be done over large areas. Further experimental work will be carried out in future in co-operation with the stockmen to try to find a solution. Encouragement was given to the stockmen through co-operation with their live-stock associations. Altogether, forest officers met with twenty- one associations and six Farmers' Institutes, some more than once, to discuss their problems, settle cases, and decide jointly upon future management of the range. Range management can only be based on full knowledge of the location, quality, and quantity of forage, together with the location and needs of the ranches using it. To develop this knowledge our grazing officers continued the excellent reconnaissance-work carried out in past years to the extent of 411,000 acres, as follows:— Acres. Princeton Range 67,000 Griffin Mountain and Hunter's Range 38,000 Criss Creek-Red Lake Range 113,000 Forest Grove Range 155,000 Pinantan Range 38,000 Total 411,000 The completion of each reconnaissance job enables the administrative officers to deal effectively with a greater number of individual cases of conflict and difficulty on the range. The extent of these problems may be judged by the accompanying table, showing the total permits issued. Each of these permits represents an individual -or company dealing in live animals needing constant attention and care, and ever moving from place to place. E 56 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Live Stock on Crown Ranges. During 1939 there were 790 grazing permits issued. A comparison with the number of live stock permitted on Crown ranges during the past six years follows:— Year. Cattle and Horses. 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 69,960 60,864 77,137 77,451 75,022 1939 72,205 Sheep. 36,569 36,902 46,084 42,185 37,060 38,357 An analysis of the 1939 figures above show the following distribution of stock: 1 Location. No.of Permits. No. of Stock under Permit. Cattle. Horses. Sheep. 36 113 641 2,053 2,676 64,719 117 175 2,466 26 1,780 36,551 Totals 790 69,447 2,758 38,357 Range Improvements. Under the Range Improvement Fund the usual programme of stock trails, drift and mud-hole fences, wild-horse disposal, and miscellaneous range improvements were carried out, including: 23 miles of stock trails; 31 miles of drift-fence; 8 mud-holes; and the disposal of 109 wild horses. The statement of the Range Improvement Fund is shown elsewhere in this report. It is made up of one-third of the grazing fees collected each year and constitutes a general fund to be used where most needed on the Crown ranges. Because of its small size the policy has been followed of reserving it for the construction of primary improvements only, that is, improvements for the maintenance or increase of the forage in quantity or quality. It is not used for the handling or holding of stock where the above results are not effected, nor is it used for maintenance of improvements. It is felt that until such time as the demand for primary improvements decreases the stockmen who benefit from improvements already built should maintain them. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. E 57 PERSONNEL DIRECTORY, 1940. Victoria Office. E. C. Manning.. Chief Forester. C. D. Orchard Assistant Chief Forester. G. P. Melrose . . Forester—Protection—Grazing. E. E. Gregg Assistant Forester. R. G. McKee .. . Assistant Forester. J. H. Blake Mechanical Inspector. W. C. Spouse Assistant Mechanical Inspector. G. A. Playfair Radio Engineer. E. B. Prowd Forester—Management. S. E. Marling Assistant Forester. F. S. McKinnon Forester—Economics. H. J. Hodgins Assistant Forester. K. C. McCannel Assistant Forester—Parks and Recreation. S. W. Barclay Royalty Inspector. H. H. Smith Chief Accountant. W. L. Thomas Chief Draughtsman. Districts. Vancouver. C. J. Haddon District Forester. C. C. Ternan Assistant District Forester. W. Byers Supervisor of Scalers. M. W. Gormely Assistant Forester. W. S. Hepher Assistant Forester. D. B. Taylor Assistant Forester. J. G. MacDonald Fire Inspector. A. H. Waddington Fire Inspector. Prince Rupert. R. C. St. Clair District Forester. L. S. Hope Assistant District Forester. J. E. Mathieson Fire Inspector. Prince George. R. D. Greggor District Forester. L. F. Swannell (on Active Service)... Assistant District Forester. H. B. Forse Assistant Forester. Kamloops. A. E. Parlow District Forester. T. A. Clarke Assistant District Forester. R. R. Douglas Assistant Forester. C. L. Armstrong Assistant Forester. F. J. Wood Acting Fire Inspector. E. A. Charlesworth Supervisor of Scalers. Nelson. R. E. Allen District Forester. E. W. Bassett Assistant District Forester. W. C. Phillips Assistant Forester. W. Holmgren Fire Inspector. VICTORIA, B.C. : Printed by Charles F. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1040. 1,325-440-5111
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PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. A. W. GRAY, Minister. H. CATHCART, Deputy Minister.… British Columbia. Legislative Assembly [1940]
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Title | PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. A. W. GRAY, Minister. H. CATHCART, Deputy Minister. E. C. MANNING, Chief Forester. REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31ST 1939 |
Alternate Title | FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1939. |
Creator |
British Columbia. Legislative Assembly |
Publisher | Victoria, BC : Government Printer |
Date Issued | [1940] |
Genre |
Legislative proceedings |
Type |
Text |
FileFormat | application/pdf |
Language | English |
Identifier | J110.L5 S7 1940_V01_06_E1_E57 |
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Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia |
Source | Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia |
Date Available | 2016 |
Provider | Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library |
Rights | Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia |
CatalogueRecord | http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1198198 |
DOI | 10.14288/1.0314066 |
AggregatedSourceRepository | CONTENTdm |
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