PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA EEPOET THE EOBEST BRANCH OF DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. N. S. LOUGHEED, Minister H. Cathcart, Deputy Minister - P. Z. Caverhill, Chief Forester FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31ST 1930 PRINTED BT AUTHORITY OP THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. VICTORIA, B.C. : Printed by Chaeles F. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1931. A'ictoria, B.C., February 25th, 1931. To His Honour Robert Randolph Bruce, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia. May it please Your Honour: Herewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Report of the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands for the year 1930. N. S. LOUGHEED, Minister of Lands. The Hon. N. S. Lougheed, Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—There is submitted herewith the Annual Report on activities of the Branch during the calendar year 1930. P. Z. CAVERHILL, Chief Forester. EH w. •4 o o Q !Z <t) M rt HH HH o 02 H o Ph & O H « EH OQ H rt o rM 0 10 0) ^ N to in to 10 10 X"fM jf'ti 0 0) M K "DIHDV LU o o o 00 £ oo £ ro" o — o o I I" < < <2 J Oo I- Ll o O « u z m CD I- < CJ Lj_ CD cn < _i o VVC*5'<;'-' '*\-~ lJ^^SSI ?Y5«S~cfKl-: '< z si ■*OCSiii3ajtEi' cn LU CC o o o CJ CD ri > 10 u XI < z o o o o o* cn o UJ ro to cn l_» cn B!" o Ll - LU „ u D O CE CL Ll O Z o Sc o Lien cn < _j u REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. The taking-over of the Dominion lands within the Railway Belt and the Peace River Block, and the assuming of the responsibility for their administration and protection, have required several changes and additions to the staff in Kamloops and Pouce Coupe. The curtailment in logging, on the other hand, allowed the closing-up of some offices, such as those of the Supervisor at Thurston Bay and the Ranger at AValdo. The death of G. H. Smith, Supervisor, deprived the Service of a valued employee; also, the resignations of several technical men and one Ranger were recorded during the year. The loss is regrettable, especially of the technical men, who, after a period of training, become more valuable to the Department, and much of the advantage of experience is lost through their resignations. The backbone of the Forest organization at the present time and for many years to come is the Forest Ranger. He must be a many-sided person. On him we rely for fire-control, cruising and evaluating timber for sale, reporting outbreaks of forest insects and such-like enemies of the forest, and many other jobs incidental to management. To carry on this work satisfactorily he must have a working knowledge of cruising, surveying, and logging. He is required to organize, feed, and manage large crews of fire-fighters, and to use judgment as to when a fire should be attacked energetically and when the expenditure of money is useless. He must be observant of conditions in and about the forest, with some knowledge of botany, entomology, and pathology. He must be able to keep accurate accounts, to explain the forest regulations to our numerous clientele, to write intelligent reports on the work done by him, and, above all, be a diplomat. Distribution of Force, 1930. Permanent. Temporary. <V .,_. <» •« 0 C -_ 1 T3 a S .gji 5 p -a 5 o a •a 5 (_, 1- cs CO a £ £ 00 O B O -C P« H OJ Forest District. <3 o oj'C *= s u ta a. tjj B 1 2 OS .9 o . O^ X 3- ■i5"S £■*. CU OJ o a CO *3 q a lo E| 1 < a ■a Oi «S fe ^1 O et * OB *3 of k" 8 = a." bo B ^ a. *o o ll "E c V bo C c £ be -a p. ffl be o £& rt So a « o .M O O J . •££ - ct 1 £ c O a, c 8 3 S* a 0, S o O $ rt *s yfc, a< _J<! a da < a_ < oi — CJ tfi Eb tf ft ^s 1* -3 Jj- -:_: OS, H i i 1 i 4 3 2 8 7 8 6 19 21 Kamloops 35 i 1 1 V 4 9 18 41 i 3 2 1 8 7 6 11 5 44 i 1 3 4 18 1 13 26 74 141 i 3 SO 8 12 2 4 18 1 8 26 34 i 23 40 16 '-.' 165 4 4 l l 2 2 120 2 Totals 6 5 33 23 3 0 58 10 88 i 79 168 20 59 569 The examination system of selection of the Ranger staff has done much to better the type of Ranger entering the Service, but some method of further training is needed to build up the field force to meet the standard required of them. Four correspondence courses were prepared during the summer of 1930. These courses cover simple surveying, forest protection, forest management, and mensuration, and about 90 per cent, of the Ranger staff and a few members of the office staffs have taken advantage of them. The courses were prepared and given by AA 6 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. senior officers of the Service. In Europe, Quebec, and many other countries the Ranger School has fulfilled this service. Such a school would be welcomed by members of the Forest Service of British Columbia. PROVINCIAL FORESTS. No new forests were reserved during the year. The transfer to the Province of Dominion lands in the Railway Belt included fourteen National Forests reserved for the perpetual production of timber, and one, the Fraser Canyon Forest, for the protection of scenic values along the Fraser Canyon Highway through the area. The Fraser Canyon Forest covers approximately 1,427,000 acres. The others are as follows:— Name of Forest. f™*' Yoho 81,500 Glacier 67,900 Larch Hills , 27,600 Mount Ida 27,800 Fly Hill 140,400 Martin Mountain 21,600 Monte Hills 116,600 Niskonlith 199,500 Tranquille 177,800 Long Lake 167,900 Nicola 321,300 Arrowstone 161,100 Hat Creek 216,000 Shuswap 208,600 Total 1,935,600 The policy of making forest surveys and stock-taking on areas under reserve or suitable for reserve as Provincial Forests was continued. Because, in British Columbia, for many years title to forest lands has been maintained in the Crown for the public benefit, there is a direct responsibility upon the Forest Service to keep informed as to the forest resources of the Province and the productive capacity of those lands which will be required to provide timber for forest industries in the future. To date, the total area dedicated as Provincial Forests is only about 9 per cent, of the area capable of commercial forest growth and unsuitable for tillage. Forest Surveys. In the Interior.—Compilation of estimates and mapping of the Okanagan Forest, on the west side of Okanagan Lake, were completed. The Forest was found to contain the following:—■ Area capable of producing Commercial Timber— Mature timber— Acres. Acres. Alienated 11,100 On vacant Crown land 209,100 220,200 Immature timber— 1-20 years old 48,400 21-40 years old - 41,700 41-60 years old 149,100 61-80 years old 22,100 Part-logged uneven-aged timber 26,300 287,600 Burns not yet reforested 10,900 Bush or non-commercial cover 13,000 23,900 Total sites of productive quality 531,700 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 7 Incapable of producing Commercial Timber— \cres Rough and poor-quality soils producing scrub-growth only 67,500 Alpine and barrens 31,200 Grazing range 9,500 Swamp and water 2,700 Total non-productive sites 110,900 The standing mature timber was estimated as follows, in 1,000 board-feet, with a minimum breast-high diameter for yellow pine of 17 inches; fir, cedar, and larch, 11 inches; lodgepole pine, 9 inches; spruce and silver fir, 7 inches:— Species. Crown. Alienated. Total. M.B.M. 410,000 358,700 204,000 117,000 81,900 8,800 100 M.B.M. 700 21,300 200 200 20,700 M.B.M. 410,700 380,000 204,200 117,200 Yellow pine _ 102,600 8,800 100 1,180,500 43,100 1,223,600 Of this total it is estimated that 394,700,000 F.B.M. are readily accessible and have a present market value as saw-timber. There is also accessible tie-timber from which 354,000 fir ties could be hewn. An additional volume of 133,000,000 F.B.M., though less accessible, is expected to find a market as saw-timber or hewn ties with normally increasing future demand. The remainder of the mature timber is inaccessible under present conditions. It is suitable for pulp but no market for it exists. Among this there is timber suitable for an estimated total of 17,400,000 hewn ties, 90 per cent, lodgepole pine. The future value of much of this upland timber is doubtful owing to the general infestation of lodgepole pine by bark-beetles in this Forest. The Forest supplies timber to six small portable mills, cutting intermittently for resaw in local mills at Kelowna and Summerland, and also a small quantity direct to these mills. Most of the wood goes into fruit-boxes and low-grade lumber. Small quantities of railway-ties, cedar poles, and fuel are taken out. The total cut is approximately 2,400,000 F.B.M. per annum, which is less than the annual growth increment. From accessible areas the Forest could support a sustained annual yield of 4,800,000 F.B.M. sawlogs, in addition to 13,000 hewn fir ties. Ultimately, when a market is created for all classes of material produced and regulation of the cut has become effective, the Forest is [capable of providing a sustained annual yield of 6.100,000 F.B.M. of sawlogs, 15,000 hewn fir ties, and 54,000 cords of pulp-wood. These estimates are based on rates of growth and production under existing conditions in the forest; if all productive areas were fully stocked, the yield would be correspondingly greater. The survey of the Elk Forest, commenced last year, was completed. A total area of 1,550,000 acres was mapped in this vicinity, the large area being made possible by the adoption, with field checks in some cases, of previous topographic surveys by the Dominion Government. The survey itself did not extend above the timber-line. As the Elk River watershed includes some of the western slopes and spurs of the Rocky Mountains, a large proportion is not productive of commercial timber, but is magnificent park land. It includes the Elk River Game Reserve. The boundaries of productive forest land in such a territory are very irregular and administrative boundaries must of necessity follow heights of land or other natural features, since the cost of extensive land surveys would not be justified. The area was found to include:— Capable of producing Commercial Timber— Mature timber— Acres. Acres. Alienated 57,600 On vacant Crown land 102,100 159,700 AA 8 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Capable of producing Commercial Timber—Continued. Immature timber— Acres. Acres. 1-20 years old 116,200 21^0 years old 92,000 41-60 years old 50,200 61-80 years old 8,000 81-100 years old 4,700 271,100 Burns and logging, not yet reforested 180,400 Bush or non-commercial cover 6,400 Total sites of productive quality 617,600 Incapable of producing Commercial Timber— Alpine and rough scrub-covered land 923,700 Swamp and water 7,200 Grazing and highland meadow 4,300 Total non-productive sites 935,200 The mature saw-timber, irrespective of accessibility, with a minimum breast-high diameter of 11 inches is estimated to be, in 1,000 board-feet:— Species. Crown. Alienated. Total. Engelmann spruce Lodgepole pine Douglas fir Silver fir (balsam) Western larch Cedar Yellow pine White pine Hemlock Totals .... M.B.M. 550,100 151,000 148,200 65,600 43,100 32,300 13,000 600 3,400 M.B.M. 395,500 73,800 61,200 32,400 36,100 46,100 11,600 3,400 400 1,016,300 660,500 M.B.M. 954,600 224,800 209,400 98,000 79.200 78,400 24,600 4,000 3.800 1,676,800 At present this timber supplies the local coal-mines and one small mill. A 35,000 F.B.M. sawmill at Dorr was destroyed by fire during the year. Logging from the Forest produces 7,000,000 F.B.M. saw-timber, 13,000 cords of mine-timbers, and 106,000 lineal feet of cedar poles per annum. In addition, 100,000 cedar fence-posts and a small quantity of hewn ties are taken out. Ninety per cent, of the timber is accessible, and the high percentage of spruce should make it attractive to the pulp industry in the future. The area within the boundaries recommended for forest reserve includes the Bull River, on which the Canadian Pacific Railway Company recently completed its logging operations. This valley is quite unsuitable for agriculture, and natural reproduction is restocking the logged areas, except where subsequent fires have destroyed it. The whole Forest could support a sustained annual yield of 16,000,000 board-feet of saw-timber, logging to 11 inches minimum diameter, or, if a market for pulp-wood should develop, it could supply 40,000 cords annually from areas now satisfactorily stocked, in addition to 1,000,000 F.B.M. of saw-timber from stands of yellow pine, fir, and larch not suitable for pulp. Ultimately, when the cut is fully regulated, this Forest will yield annually 53,000 cords of pulp and mine-timber and 3,200,000 F.B.M. for the sawmill, from natural increment in stands now existing, if logged in accordance with a proper forest plan and protected from fire. The survey commenced last year of the proposed Momich Forest, in the Adams Lake and Seymour River watersheds, was completed. There was found to be:— Area capable of producing Commercial Timber— Mature timber— Acres. Acres. Alienated 23,800 On vacant Crown land 212,100 235,900 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 9 Area capable of producing Commercial Timber—Continued. Immature timber-— Acres. Acres. 1-20 years old 82,900 21-10 years old 31,300 41-60 years old 52,900 61-80 years old 15,800 81-100 years old 900 183,800 Burned or logged, not yet restocking 104,200 Bush or non-commercial cover 3,900 108,100 Total sites of productive quality 527,800 Incapable of producing Commercial Timber— Alpine, barren, and scrub sites 456,400 Grass and meadow 1,100 Swamp and water 11,700 Total non-productive sites 469.200 The mature timber was estimated to be :—• Species. Seymour Watershed. Adams T t , Watershed. J-Otai. Including Alienated. M.B.M. 159.000 270,000 311,000 103,000 77.000 42,000 M.B.M. [ M.B.M. 591.000 [ 750.000 M.B.M. 99,000 Cedar Hemlock Silver fir (balsam) Douglas fir White pine 212,000 167,000 191,000 126,000 42,000 482,000 478,000 294,000 203,000 84,000 147,000 124,000 9,000 35,000 15,000 Totals 962,000 1,329,000 2,291,000 359,000 Cedar poles (lin. ft.) 11,900,000 16,200,000 590,000 28,100,000 590,000 4,500,000 38,000 The more accessible timber, amounting to 16 per cent, of the total, including 4,500,000 lineal feet of pole-timber, is alienated. Of the total timber, 1,498,000,000 F.B.M. lies on the lower levels of the Seymour River and Upper Adams River Valleys. It is an overmature cedar-hemlock type and should be logged as soon as possible. Unfortunately, the cost of logging would be high because of the low quality of the decadent cedar and the large proportion of less desirable species. The stand averages only about 12,000 F.B.M. per acre of merchantable quality, although, before decadence commenced, there were probably 25,000 F.B.M. per acre. If not logged, the cull will increase gradually, until the entire stand becomes valueless. The rest of the timber lies on the tipper slopes and is a pulp type, which is inaccessible until there is considerable advance in pulp prices or improvement in logging methods. The Lower Adams Valley has been logged and is now practically all reproducing satisfactorily. Most of the 104,000 acres in this Forest which are not restocking are in the Seymour watershed, where there have been comparatively recent large burns. A sustained yield plan would not be applicable to this Forest for the present. The mature saw-timber should be cut as soon as possible. In forty years' time the young growth, if protected, will be in condition for the Forest to support a sustained annual yield of 23,000,000 F.B.M. saw-timber on a rotation of 110 years. At this age it is estimated, from similar types of the same age in the Shuswap Forest, that 12,000 F.B.M. per acre will be produced. In addition, the pulp types, when regulated, could support a sustained annual yield of 15,000 cords on a rotation of 130 years. These areas are at present all mature with an estimated volume of 2,000,000 cords. 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A. —. B i=> C Cs id e i© e T«Tt<'^ioio©did©'drH^io©od©'©THcoco-rcH©rHio©c;'C © r-l CO c Cl tO t- r- i— t- i- j- OJ Ci Oi OJ OJ CJ « CT cr « Ci- Tt Tf * -* Tf it; if iC IT id tz - tc t- Cl o CD O'a ~ Oi s £ 9 CQ C C QJ 3 «a rrt'n at at tug a 23 «rt 50 i.sp oo c SS FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 11 Since the completion of logging operations in the Lower Adams Valley six years ago, the chief utilization of this Forest has been cedar-pole cutting, of which recently about 600,000 lineal feet have been taken out per annum. The table on page 10 shows the distribution and condition of established young growth in this Forest. The enormous potential volume of timber (estimated at 2,007,000,000 F.B.M.) existing in these immature stands justifies the setting apart of the area for forestry. A forest survey was made of the Flathead River watershed, in the extreme south-east of the Province. This is a forested valley with little agricultural value owing to its proximity to the summits of the Rocky Mountains; the valley-floor is from 4,000 to 6,500 feet in elevation. A total area of 391,000 acres is being mapped and estimates of standing timber and yield are being computed. A forest survey was made of the Barriere River and adjacent watersheds. This is one of the larger tributaries of the North Thompson River, which it joins 40 miles north of Kamloops. Logging has been carried on for many years and large quantities of cedar poles and fir ties produced. It is a rough country, with little agricultural possibilities, except in the narrow river-valley, but with a large proportion of productive forest land. Maps are being made and estimates of standing timber and capacity for sustained yield computed. On the Coast.—The examination of forest lands in the Powell River vicinity, commenced last year, was completed. The area has been classified as follows:—■ Capable of producing Commercial Timber— Mature timber— Acres. Acres. Alienated 40,400 On vacant Crown land 42,600 83,000 Immature timber— 1-20 years old 26,300 21-40 years old 22,100 41-60 years old 8,100 61-80 years old 200 56,700 Logged or burned, not yet restocking 49,900 Bush or non-commercial cover 3,400 53,300 Total sites of productive quality 193,000 Incapable Of producing Commercial Timber— Alpine, barren, and scrub sites 205,700 Swamp and water 44,900 Total non-productive sites 250,600 The mature timber is estimated, in 1,000 board-feet, to be:— Species. Crown. Alienated. Total. Red cedar Douglas fir Western hemlock Silver fir (balsam) Yellow cedar Sitka spruce White pine Totals Additional: Cedar shingle-bolts (cords) M.B.M. 322,000 256,000 363,000 135,000 53,000 15,000 6,000 1,150,000 143,000 M.B.M. 598,000 475,000 312,000 152,000 26.000 8,000 3,000 1.574,000 22,000 M.B.M. 920,000 731,000 675,000 287,000 79,000 23,000 9,000 2,724,000 165,000 AA 12 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. AU this timber is considered to be accessible for utilization within a reasonable period. There is, in addition, 152,000 M.B.M. which is inaccessible. As usual in our Coast forests, there is a shortage of middle age-classes, 85 per cent, of the young growth being under forty years old. The Forest could provide a sustained annual yield of 42,600,000 board-feet from accessible areas, based on a 100-year rotation, at which age if is estimated that this type can produce 27,000 F.B.M. per acre on an average site. After regulation of the cut has been effected and all productive areas on which natural reproduction has failed have been restocked by planting, an ultimate yield of 52,250,000 F.B.M. per annum will be obtained. An examination was made of Quadra Island in order to ascertain its forest value. The total area, exclusive of 9,700 acres in surveyed lots under cultivation or with agricultural possibilities, is 56,600 acres, classed as follows:— Capable of producing Commercial Timber— Mature timber— . Acres. Acres. Alienated 4,100 On vacant Crown land 4,300 8,400 Immature timber— 1-20 years old 9,500 21-40 years old 700 10,200 Burned or logged, not yet restocking 16,000 Bush or non-commercial cover 600 Total sites of productive quality 35,200 Incapable of producing Commercial Timber—■ Alpine, barren, and scrub sites 18,000 Swamp, meadow, and water 3,400 Total non-productive sites 21,400 A map is being made and estimates of standing timber and yield are being computed. An extensive forest reconnaissance was made of the watersheds of the lower Lillooet River, Harrison Lake, Upper Stave and Pitt Rivers. This area was found to contain the following:— Capable of producing Commercial Timber— Acres. Acres. Mature timber 151,800 Immature timber— Under 25 feet high, fully stocked 300 Over 25 feet high, fully stocked 1,900 Over 25 feet high, sparse 7,800 10,000 Logged, not restocking 11,200 Logged and burned, not restocking 1,400 Burned, not restocking 23,200 35,800 Total sites of productive capacity 197,600 Incapable of producing Commercial Timbei— Alpine and barrens 759,500 Rough sites producing scrub only 334,200 Swamp and water 75,500 Total non-productive sites 1,139,200 This is a mountainous region with heavy stands of timber in the valleys. There is little land suitable for agricultural development, some 6,400 acres only, of which about 500 are now FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 13 under cultivation. The uplands are of considerable scenic value and adjoin Garibaldi Park on the west. The standing timber is estimated to be, in 1,000 feet, board measure:— M.B.M. Douglas fir 1,746,600 Cedar 1,305.400 Hemlock - 507,900 Silver fir (balsam) 339,900 Yellow cedar 40,300 White pine 46,300 Spruce , 39;600 Other species 3,800 Total 4,029,800 PROVINCIAL FOREST INVENTORY. The forest atlas and estimates of the Southern Mainland Coast region were completed. The tables on pages 14-16 give the classification of land area and timber estimates. This region covers the Coast from the International Boundary to Cape Caution. With Vancouver Island, the estimated forest resources of which were published recently, it forms the Vancouver Forest District. For inventory purposes the Southern Mainland Coast has been divided into fifteen drainage-basins, subdivided into 107 watersheds. A forest atlas has been made on a scale of 1 inch to the mile and coloured in accordance with a standard legend so as to distinguish the fifteen types of cover given in the table. This classification is shown diagramatically on the frontispiece. The inventory is based on carefully checked figures taken from timber-cruisers' reports, Government forest surveys and reconnaissance, and maps and estimates made over a period of three years by the Forest Rangers of the Vancouver Forest District. Acknowledgement is made of the great assistance given by the owners of timber in this region, their agents, and forest engineers in private practice. Many hundreds of cruise reports and estimates have been given freely for this inventory, which, largely on this account, is believed to be as comprehensive and accurate as any published for a territory of this kind. With regard to the area of logged or burned land without adequate natural reproduction, it should be stated that the estimates of the success or failure of natural reproduction after logging and fires are based on examination strips run by forest engineers over 261,000 acres, 21 per cent., of the logged and burned areas in this region; for the remaining 959,000 acres estimates have been based on observation and reconnaissance by Forest Rangers during the course of their duties and mapped by them during the last three years. The proportion of satisfactorily restocked areas computed from their maps, however, is very similar to that found on the surveys, and it is believed that the total figures given are reasonably accurate. In noting that 52 per cent, of these areas have not restocked, it should be remembered that all recent burns are included among these, and it would be incorrect to assume that none of them will again produce timber without being replanted, though undoubtedly many of these areas are in that condition. The merchantable timber estimates have been divided into three classes of ownership—on Crown-granted lands, on timber licences and leases, and on vacant Crown land. They have also been divided -into two classes of accessibility, those stands of which the quality and logging facilities are considered to be sufficiently good to be of interest to loggers within the next decade or so without any great increase in values, and the remaining stands which are of inferior quality or of which the logging would be too expensive for such utilization. This distinction has been based on examination and reports of forest engineers and Government forest officers. It may be observed that the total estimate of saw-timber in this region, 35,700,000,000 F.B.M., is a decrease of 39 per cent, from the estimate of 59,700,000,000 F.B.M., published by the Dominion Commission of Conservation in 1917. an average reduction of 3 per cent, per annum. The decrease is especially noticeable in Douglas fir, from 18,596,000,000 F.B.M. to 8,720,000,000 F.B.M., a 53-per-cent. reduction in thirteen years. AA 14 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. rt o H H D ■/, W fei rt c H HH Ch g J 1 OU HH Q fei 'A rr > K c rt (J Ph <l ■3 o ■vdiy oaHmnosHWHt-iDOn'l'o -HO^H^HCOOr^^lMO^Ht-tOOO » H CO ffl IO IO Cl Cl ffl H H « CO W O IO O IQ CO O -H ff W* Cl* M O* CC N O* H* MClfflHHOHHOHHnciHm MCCfflMClClo^OCl^ClccOt- M H H* tH tH rH uoao 'POJTJA ; © © © : co cn oi_ i of co" 00" © © co 10 co to © © 10 © c © © © Cl r- b- IC CO CO cc OS CO to to -+ © rH Cl c oc 0 - b" r- ; c : © ; ci C © © © CO IO ■tf ■eAijonpojd © IO 00 IO CD © © IO Cft © © IC IO Cl rfi C0-tfrHrHClCl©©C0 1Ob-CD©ClrH Cl©C0C0*tf©IC©C0"tf©©lOCOC0 C0-tf©C0C0-tf-tfb--tfb-a0rH©IO© t- IO rH CO Cl IC IO © Ol CD "tf © © 00 rH rH b- © IO CS 00 CD Cl b- rH Cl rH b- IO 'J9JUAV dim* ay g •qiuog :©©©©©co©iO©©©io©© ■OlC0C0rHrHh--tflC©©©©t--e0 © IC rH "^ IO © Ol IO © b- © © Ol CO CO ©~ OO of ©" CO CD CD CO" ■tf" CO © b-" b-" CO-tfCOrHrHCO r-i r-i © © CO © © © Cl ic to © © IC © Cl "tf rHlO©rH©cn©b-COC0©© ©COC1 rH fc~ CD CO Cl IC *tf Ci CO Cl_ "tf^ © CO Ci -tf ■tf" ri CD CO" b^ -H CO t^ ©" IC*" b- CO CO tH* IC rHIOIO©CS©0DrH©OlCClOC0rHC0 HNCIrtHiflNHrlH Ol rH Ol ^ :^t i © •uajjug; eAiionpo-Jd ©ic©ic©©©©t-©©©©©© Cl b- © Cl rH Cl Ol IO © CO © rH IC Cl © rH CO © 00 CO IO rH CO *fl rH © © "tf © IO Ci CO tO CD CO Ci t"-" Cl" CO CO" ©" rH Ol" ©" t-" IC © Cl CO -tf b- -tf -tf © CO IC 00 CD 10 -tf CO CO CO IO CO rH © © rH 00 © 6l •pouang PITS paSSoi •patutig •po3Soi •jequiix 0.1114 -13UUUI Tb;ox •asjuclg *p93f0O?g" AM 'esaudg ■pespojg 'jaqunx siqis -^nnqDJJK ©■tf©Crj-ri©rH00COb-lCICb-OllC b- IO © © Ol © © fc- tO r-i rfi Cl Cl IO -tf © rH Cl ic Cl CO © CO CO CO i_C b- IC CO © ■tf" ©" CD -tf H -r^ Cl" rH CO © rH IC CD 05 ©" IO © © IC 00 CO Cft b- CO © © b- © IC CI Ol Cl Cl CO CO rH Ol r-i r-i rH Cl Cl Cl ©©©©)C©IO ©©©©©© IO Ol -rri © CO co Cl -tf to -tf iO 10 ic ■tfcDt-oot-cooi©ibco©-tf© ©" CD rt tJ? Ci cq" ©" rH b-" rH io" rH •tf © rH rH CO rH rH 0000©OOOOOCOI-0 00 IO CO Cl CO © IC CO Cl Ol © ci -tf IO CO N M b q IO CO CO W H COH ©_ 61 CO eo" co" 10" 00" fc-^" t-X -tf" CO t-^ cf b^ ©" ri rH Cl rJH ri r-i rH rH : © 10 © © 10 © © 10 © © ic ic © Ib-COcO-tfCOCl-tfCOCCO-tf©-^ I -fl "tf © © IO CO "tf r-i Cft fc- IC Cl IC ; cf co" cd -tf fc^ 00" cft to ci -tf" -tf" "tf" r-^ '■tf-tfrHClCl rH rHrHrH ©©©o©o©©cs©o©©©© ©©COCO fc-cjOOClCOOHHt-h- HWCOb-IOcjiOOOOMOOiC-lOfc* CO rH cf CD tO -rtT Cft -T t-X ©" ©" cc" Ol" CO io" CT3rH©ClrHl_ofc-TjH-*ClCO©ClCO ■^ i^ ;©©©©©©©©©©©©© :©ci©t©coccco©cocoiccoio :cco^-hhhhhhcowciciioco ©ClClTH©©C0ls-C0b-ClQ0rH rHrH cirHrHrHrHrHrHrH :©©©©©© Cl©©©©rH© :co©©ic©coco©i— ©*ft-oi :coeoio^aob-ic©cooo©-tfcs : rn © cf ci cf CO ©" CD ©" ic" of co" ' rH Cl IO rH 61 rH IO Cl © IO © © Cl „Tt* 01"© ! © © : 00 © : -tf co ©©©©©©©© t- ©©©©LO©C0©CO *"! * '"^ ^ ^1lo °?. pt °9, CO" r-i y-i IO CO co" to" ©" b- b- CO © ■tf" Cl" ©-tf©00CO©rHC0©Olfc-©„"COIC © CC Cl CO CO .© © -tf -tf Cl CD IO rj CO CO rH©CO©01-tll^©-HHt-©rH'fc-CO fc-©rfH©©GCCl00-tlrH'*-CO-©lO rH'CO©©©ci-tff-CD©rHb-"T©© H rH ci Ol rH " -H g Cl Cl ^ 3 •- td Is*?s3 coil 3d? > rr \SfS, rtt it O M A* ■Sfll O M ' „ l. rr i O m a . rti u u rf± ti » s 1 » c CB 03 t» I O -r ca 3 ti £ ~- H K£feS3«St!fHBi5ffMMfl rt H H ^ ** ,0 O >3 ¥c30)tfi'gCBtflt- FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. o©©©©©©©©©©©©© © © c © ©©©©©©©©©©©©©c c © ■c © f-j as vi^X a cd oj+j ■So a aj t- © © CO Cl © © © © fc- CO © IO l- 6 rH I— tf IC "tf" t-" Cf rH CD rH ©" CD CC CD CO" CD © ©" c- cc ■tf-HOl©-tfb-©C0©Q0C0lOCC© © rH o H O^ j£^R CI Cl © rH CC IC Cl "tf Cl Cl Cl rH X' IC r- CO b- ri ri ri H H C rH Cl 6 04 ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© £ © c © © c © •-j © rH © fc- tf © IO CO CO -tf © l- © 'tf b- K0 t- © -2 IO © CO Cl b- IO © CO b- © to CO Cl CO ■:.- ir C o C0©Q0rHC0©C0C0tf©CDlO©C: 00 rH e ' COb-10t-COCO©rHCOCCCD©tfQC ■tf © oc © rt Ol rH 61 rH rHOlrH CJ © a :©©©©©© : © © © © c to © S?f :©©©©©© : © © © © - © © : ci oo -tf ci ci co : rH rH © Ol © tH QrtS ; © © © w io x ; 01 00 rH Cl CO © © ■ ' CO "tf © ' ■ rH r-l © b- ^ H rt p © © © o o © c O Z © © © O o © z* © ■j o © b- CO <o ■tf -tf © © 9 u t~" © itf" oo" © cj CQ rH II H 1 g § o fc H i> © :©©©©©© © © © © © C © c © © :©©©©©© © © © © © © © - © r-i S >» CO ! © © to © CO L- ■tf to Cft fc- cr Cl C 6 <H 5 u -tf I © rH 00 -tf IO Cl ■tf © © © "tf ■tf c *- *-i 1j 1 Ol CO CO CO Cl ' COlOr t- CO ° o CO •tf ^6 © © © o ~ © c © fl © © © o c © c © U o ■H IC © o rH C US 3 M fe rt" -tf" o c IO ,_ © CQ U ' ■ ' ■ ' CO ' ' ' ' Ol ot O •1 3 S © © © © c c © © c c c c 5^ M PQ to io CD c- to er r- £ fe ■- 1 fc fc ft > _, O H o w ©©©©©©© © © © © c © c © rt -h K O s rt ©©©©©©© © © © © © © c C Tt 1! 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O Ol ci >o Ol t- IO ■-tf b- Ol" rH CN io" co" c-tococcfflHcocr oi r— © ci co in IC b- to b- ©CC6lC0CCCSOH*H; Ol © "O r— CO C? cr 00 IO L- rH©"j0©Ol-tft-©-t b- © rH tH r- a er rH © ■t-i Nto-tfocnmciccH- ■r-i -^ CO -fi Ci iC r- to CO © H M CD O a Cl H" L- C O H t- IO o c ~ cc a o ' H rl Cl M r- rH r-. Ol O t- ©_ © rH H ■a a to m p o a QJ a "irt ri « M 0) C Cj 0 •4- P c r* c -'* FH C i « 02 is o M 1. fet c c '1 4- a - c — F 1 - .c 5 0 C3 GG a> C et) o (-< 2 ca a irt ■- * I fl = 3 C- gj o ■> hh Tl Ui a O50 | Jj ,3,3 7 - D to to 1 O ^ •> > c i - s " CJ P fcfi c *S CJ 60 *S tfi CJD ■- c: hO o c SSSSs^o'i fl 5 Svfl.9 F £ 5c fc f= a r- £ &■ pc _ c J -i '• ~ > H c K "2 es 33 j| « 0 III S 2 CJ >H « II E» m a p o s 0 |j II ^ — Ph FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 17 The total amount of standing timber in the whole Vancouver Forest District, including Vancouver Island, is estimated to be 130,816,000,000 F.B.M. The volume of each species is shown in the accompanying diagram. Lower sections represent timber on Vancouver Island. Upper sections represent timber on other islands and mainland. o (!) UJ o UJ 0. in cc UJ i b o 31.3% 27.1% 26.6% 10.4% 2.2 % 1.7% 0.6% 0.1% FOREST RESOURCES of VANCOUVER FOREST DISTRICT 130,816,000,000 f. b.m. The average annual cut of the Vancouver Forest District during the last five years has been 2,359,000,000 F.B.M. The average annual loss by fire during the same period has been 14,506,000 F.B.M. Therefore the total depreciation of the stands by logging and Are has averaged 2,373,506,000 F.B.M. Assuming that the whole of the standing timber will become accessible as need arises, there is evident a supply sufficient for fifty-five years at the present rate of cutting. The most important species is Douglas fir, of which the average cut during the last five years has been 1,383,000,000 F.B.M. per annum. At this rate of cutting, therefore, the old- growth fir will last for thirty years only, and a further increase in the annual cut is not unlikely. The present cut is two and one-half times what it was ten years ago, the 1920 cut being 553,400,000 F.B.M. fir in a total cut of 1,119,800,000 F.B.M. of all species in the Vancouver Forest District. AA 18 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. From yield studies made in British Columbia fir stands, checked by comparison with the results of extended research by the United States Forest Service in "Washington and Oregon, it has been found that on a site of medium quality fully stocked fir stands will produce 35,000 F.B.M. per acre of timber 12 inches diameter and over in 100 years. For large acreages considerable reduction in this estimate must be allowed on account of irregular stocking and gaps in the forest-cover. It is estimated that a net 28,000 F.B.M. per acre will be produced. From less intensive examination in the fir-cedar-hemlock type of the Southern Coast, it is estimated that a very similar volume is produced in these mixed stands. On this basis the Vancouver District could support a sustained annual yield of 1,524,000,000 F.B.M. from existing mature and immature stands. It may be assumed, therefore, that the Vancouver forest industries will gradually become dependent upon sources of supply outside the district, if the volume utilized does not diminish. Meanwhile, the importance of reducing to a minimum the amount of waste in woods and mill is obvious. So also is the ultimate advantage that will be gained by bringing into production the 737,000 acres of logged and burned lands which are not restocking. These would add upwards of 200,000,000 F.B.M. to the annual cut, and the fact that they were selected by the industry for logging first proves that they are among the more accessible areas in the district. LAND CLASSIFICATION. Lands within and adjacent to Provincial Forests were examined for the purpose of defining permanent boundaries for the Forests so as to exclude areas suitable for agricultural development. For the Elk Forest 58,300 acres were examined this year. Of this area, 20,350 acres, adjacent to the proposed Forest boundaries in the Elk Valley above Elko, were found to be suitable for farming, 7,900 acres of which are Crown lands. The first-class tillable soil on these Crown lands averages 58 per cent., a total of 4,570 acres, the remainder being rough bench-land suitable for pasture, some of which might be cultivated with success except in dry seasons, irrigation-water not being available. Clearing costs would not be excessive as most of the tillable land has been burned over in the past and is now covered with young trees, chiefly deciduous. There are also 12,450 acres, in addition to the 4,000 acres below Elko reported last year, of undeveloped privately held lands which are suitable for agricultural development. In connection with the forest survey conducted in the Powell Lake district, land classification for definition of forest boundaries covered 11,900 acres. There is reported to be a total of 6,700 acres suitable for agricultural development, including the areas examined last year; 2,100 acres of this are privately held and 4,600 acres are Crown lands. It was found that other logged- offc lands totalling 34,200 acres, which appeared to have agricultural possibilities, could not be recommended for that purpose after examination; included in these areas were 5,300 acres of soils, previously of agricultural value, of which the physical .characteristics have been changed by repeated forest fires. These lands require to be considerably built up in humus before farm crops could succeed. Areas examined for Miscellaneous Purposes of " Land Act," 1930. Forest District. Cariboo Fort George Kamloops Prince Rupert... Southern Interior Vancouver Totals... Applications for Crown Grants. 26 Applications for Grazing and Hay Leases. No. 68 2 1 3 2 Acres. 13,206 320 1,760 277 920 16,483 Applications for Pre-emption Records. 45 50 34 21 15 18 Acres. 6,367 7,540 4,240 3,086 1,756 1,094 24,083 Applications to Purchase. 30 57 14 39 65 81 Acres. 2,716 8,438 2,064 6,816 12,590 9,588 42,212 Miscellaneous. No. 17 34 11 70 17 217 Acres. 2,321 5,919 1,042 3,309 2,188 11,709 26,488 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 19 Classification of Areas examined in 1930. Forest District. Total Area. Agricultural Land. Non-agricultural Land. Merchantable. Timber Land. Estimate of Timber on Merchantable Timber Land. Acres. 24,610 22,217 9,106 13,514 17,454 22,471 Acres. 2.291 9,933 1,592 3,468 3,547 3,036 Acres. 22,319 12,234 7,514 10,046 13,907 19,435 85,455 Acres. 1,775 15 302 399 2,491 M.B.M. 36.311 448 2,630 4.817 109,372 23,917 44,206 FOREST RESEARCH. More satisfactory progress has been made in research and reforestation during 1930 than in any previous year. Difficulties and delays encountered in the selection and training of research officers have been largely overcome, and the Forest Service now has a well-organized research staff which is devoting attention to the problems underlying the application of scientific forestry to the timber lands of the Province. Mr. C. G. Riley, Superintendent of the Cowichan Lake Experiment Station, resigned during the year to accept a position in Eastern Canada, and the loss of this able technical officer is to be regretted. A feature of the work during 1930 was the co-operation of the Dominion Forest Service in our rate-of-growth studies. Two Dominion parties were placed in the field in British Columbia as part of the National Forest Inventory which is being conducted in Canada through the joint efforts of Provincial and Federal authorities. One of these parties operated in the mixed forests of fir, cedar, and hemlock in the Johnstone Strait region, and the second in the cedar-hemlock type south-east of Ocean Falls. Two experiment stations of the Service are now permanently established and in future no major expenditures will be required for their, development. Satisfactory progress also has been made in the preparation of the new Green Timbers Forestry Station on the Pacific Highway near New Westminster; and preliminary field surveys have been made to locate an area suitable for reforestation experiments among the extensive tracts of logged-off lands in the district between Comox and the Salmon River. Cowichan Lake Forest Experiment Station. This Station, established in 1929, is proving to be a most satisfactory field centre for research-work in the Douglas fir region and for demonstrations of intensive forestry practice on a small scale. During 1930 a second building was constructed as quarters for the field staff and necessary improvement-work was carried out to complete the experimental fire-line and to extend the trails required within the Station forest. The thinning experiment, undertaken last year, was continued during 1930, three additional plots being established. The initial field-work on this project has now been completed and a detailed report is in course of publication. An experiment was conducted in pruning a 20-year- old stand of Douglas fir to remove the dead branches which frequently exist in large numbers on the lower parts of the trunks of young trees of this species. Such branches produce the knots which lower the quality of lumber cut from second-growth timber. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the cost of pruning to various heights, and the effect of such an operation on tree-growth and the quality of lumber produced. Three plots were established, for. trials of light, medium, and heavy pruning, in addition to a check-plot. Minor activities at the Station included re-examinations of plots established in previous years for studies of seedling survival and reforestation by seeding. Herbarium specimens were collected for local purposes, and additional work was done on the use of chemicals for destroying weeds on fire-lines and thus reducing the fire-hazard from inflammable dead vegetation. Sets of little-used native woods were prepared, both for our own collections and in response to various requests. AA 20 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Visitors to the Cowichan Lake Station during 1930 included Mr. A. D. Hopkinson, of the British Forestry Commission; Mr. E. H. Finlayson, Director of the Dominion Forest Service; Dr. K. M. Miiller, Bavarian State Forest Research Institute; and a party of twenty-six forestry students from the University of Washington, under the guidance of Professor J. L. Alexander. Aleza Lake Forest Experiment Station. Routine measurements were continued on the main series of plots established in 1926 for the purpose of determining the conditions necessary for regeneration of spruce in the Central Interior. These plots now have been under observation for five seasons and a report on the results obtained up to date is in course of publication. One new plot was established to test the rate of regeneration on the land cut over in 1929. On a second new plot the mineral soil was exposed under a typical stand of spruce and balsam, in order to test the effect of this treatment in securing satisfactory new growth, on a larger scale than the small sample plots employed up to the present for the same purpose. A bulletin was issued, in co-operation with Yale University, describing in detail the results of certain phases of our investigations at Aleza Lake, together with more intensive studies conducted in the Yale laboratories. The principal improvement-work at Aleza Lake in 1930 consisted of the final grading and gravelling of the Station road. The trail system was extended and miscellaneous finishing and painting work was done on the headquarters buildings. The depressed condition of the local lumber industry unfortunately made it necessary to postpone our plans for the annual logging required under the management plan of the Station forest. The desired annual cut is approximately 1,000,000 board-feet. However, a small sale was made of 100,000 feet and the necessary cutting was completed. Reproduction Studies. History Maps.—This study of natural reforestation in the South Coast types is being developed gradually, and during the past season work was done on five of the representative logging operations which are under observation. Five hundred and fifty new plots were staked and tallied in an extension of the study-areas at Campbell River, and 300 plots were established on four other operations as part of the work necessary to balance the previous data and to replace plots burned during the past year. The office-work on this project is well advanced and an article on the subject has been published. Permanent Experimental Plots.—The object of permanent plots in our reproduction studies is to provide data on the fundamental principles of forest regeneration and to check the information obtained in general surveys. During 1930 twenty-seven plots were re-examined and four new plots were located. Three of these are for the purpose of making a trial of seeding with Douglas fir on slash burns at Cowichan Lake; the fourth has been established near Union Bay to find what happens to seed of native conifers after it leaves the trees and is disseminated by the wind. Engelmann Spruce Reproduction, Survey.—The results of a study of natural reforestation following fires in the spruce region of the Upper Fraser River were published in the Forestry Chronicle in 1929, but this project has not been referred to in previous reports. The field-studies were made on seventeen plots and thirty-nine transects, located on thirty- one areas which had been burned from four to seventy-five years previously. Aspen and birch were found to be always associated with the coniferous species in the second growth, these broad-leaf trees apparently preparing the seed-bed for the coniferous seedlings, later providing necessary shade for the young trees, and finally succumbing when overtopped by the spruce and balsam when the latter are about eighty years old. Seventy-five per cent, of the burns are considerably understocked, the cause apparently being lack of germination on the poor seed-beds which result from hot fires. Spruce averaged less than 800 per acre on all burns. Forest Mensuration. Practically all our research-work in mensuration during the past year has been confined to the forests of the Central Coast. In this region the main species is hemlock, with Douglas fir as the usual associate towards the south and Sitka spruce towards the north. Western red cedar occurs throughout the type. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 21 Two areas in the Johnstone Strait region were examined in 1930 and, being found suitable for growth studies, were set aside for permanent experimental purposes. Good stands of second growth are well established on both of these properties. One is on East Thurlow Island, containing approximately 2,000 acres, and the other, of some 300 acres, is situated on Discovery Passage, near Elk Bay, in the Sayward Provincial Forest. By making stock-taking surveys of these young forests at regular intervals, and comparing the results with our yield tables, it will be possible to check the accuracy of these tables and to improve our methods of predicting growth for large areas of forest. Fourteen permanent plots and ninety-nine temporary plots have been established on the two new research forests. In addition, thirty temporary sample plots were measured in second- growth stands nearing merchantable size; the material from these plots will assist in checking our yield tables in the meantime. A large amount of information has now been assembled on second-growth stands of Douglas fir. Yield tables for this species were published in the Annual Report for 1928, and stand tables were completed in 1930 and are presented herewith. These tables show the percentage of the total number of trees of a stand occurring within each diameter class for stands of a given mean diameter. (The mean diameter is the simple arithmetical mean of all the diameter classes, and is distinguished from the average diameter, which is the diameter of the tree of average basal area.) To facilitate the use of the tables two curves are given, one showing the trend of the mean stand diameter with age, the other indicating the total number of trees in a normal stand of any given mean diameter. 4000 5000 2000 4> O aooo 0> S 700 CD -p u o fr £) 500 400 200 a 200 ■p o H 100 70 50 6Q ^3 27 V2? zo >Ot«> ■033 \^ZS IIT» Sq'3 SoL i^f3 O "» o 2 a_ ! > t I { » i 3 ] L0 li 1! It I 1( > 1 3 2( ) 2 2 2< I 2 » 2 3 30 Mean diameter of stand in inches, AA 22 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Mean Diameter of Stand in Inches H H ro Vji o vn © ro VJ1 ro o ojy w\ N ^ o o»\ > *^s\. 0N 1-3 O sj£ O cr S» H vV"0 oo o o H> co ct- ™\ \ E *'\ \ p< r-> \?\ O O *° S^" H ro o /n H *» O y J3 H FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 23 Stand Tables for Douglas Fir. (Based on the mean stand diameter and expressed by diameter classes in per cent, of the total number of trees.) Mean DiAjMeter of the Stand under Consideration. Actual Diameters found in 6". 8". 10". 12". 14". 16". 18". 20". 22". 24". 20". 28". 30". 35". the Stand. Proportion of Trees found in each Actual Diameter C Stand, in Per Cent. ass in the (Inches.) 1 2 1.2 3.8 9.0 15.0 18.0 18.0 12.0 7.5 5.0 3.7 2.5 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.2 2.8 5.5 0.5 13.5 15.0 14.0 11.0 8.0 5.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.2 5.3 14.5 22.0 21.0 16.5 9.5 5.5 2.7 1.3 0.5 0.0 2.9 7.5 14.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 10.5 5.5 3.3 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.4 1.4 4.2 8.5 13.0 16.5 16.5 14.5 10.5 7.0 4.0 2.1 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.7 2.1 5.5 9.5 12.0 14.0 15.0 13.0 11.0 7.5 4.7 2.8 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.2 3.2 6.0 9.0 11.5 13.5 13.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 5.5 3.5 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 1.2 4.3 9.7 14.5 18.0 18.0 15.0 10.0 5.5 2.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 2.8 6.7 11.0 15.0 16.5 16.0 13.5 9.5 5.0 2.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.9 4.3 8.5 12.0 14.5 16.0 14.8 11.5 8.2 4.5 2.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.3 3.1 6.3 9.5 12.2 14.0 15.0 13.5 10.8 7.2 4.0 1.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.0 2.5 4.5 7.0 10.0 12.5 13.5 14.0 12.5 9.5 6.5 3.5 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.8 3.2 5.5 8.3 11.0 12.5 13.0 12.5 11.0 8.5 5.7 3.5 1.6 0.5 0.2 3 4... 6 0.2 8 9 0.4 10 11 : 12 1.0 13 14 15 1.9 16 17 .. 18 3.0 19 20 21 4.5 99 24 : 6.5 26 27 28 8.5 30 32 33 34 10.0 11.0 36 11.0 39 11.0 42 45 48 51 54 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 57 0.8 60 0.2 Totals 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Compiled by Charlier's Type A equation. Thus, if it should be desired to determine the composition of a stand of a given mean diameter at some time in the future, the mean diameter at that time may be estimated by reference to the diameter-age curve. The mean diameter at the present age will not necessarily agree with the diameter given by the curve owing to differences in site. In such a case the future diameter is estimated by determining the percentage relationship between the stand diameter and the curved diameter at present, and assuming that the same relationship will exist at any time in the future. After having determined the mean diameter at the desired age-limit, the number of trees per acre in a normal stand may then be determined from the second curve, which shows the number of trees in a stand of a given diameter, and these trees then can be segregated into their respective diameter classes by means of the stand tables. In cases of AA 24 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. abnormal stands—that is, when the number of trees per acre are greater or less than the number given by the curve for the same mean diameter—a good deal of personal judgment is required in estimating the future number of trees. In overstocked stands a conservative estimate may be obtained by treating the stand as though it were normal, disregarding the degree of overstocking. Understocked stands tend to approach the normal condition as time goes on, and if there is a greater number of trees at present (than normally called for when the stand shall have reached a diameter corresponding to the age for which a prediction is being made), then it is reasonable to presume that the stand will have become normal at this time, and the number of trees as given by the curve could be used. Having determined the future composition of the stand in this way, the expected yield may then be quite easily worked up in any desired form. Attention has been given to the results of the 1929 study of growth in the Yahk Provincial Forest. The data from this work have been compiled and a paper is in course of publication. Reforestation. Seed Collections.—Reports received from the Rangers on seed conditions throughout the Province indicate that the 1930 crop has been below medium expectation. Douglas fir, though below the general average, was good in the Lower Fraser Valley and above the average in the Southern Interior. Cedar was poor on the Coast, fair in the Southern Interior, and good in the Upper Fraser country. The latter district also had a good crop of hemlock-seed. Production of Sitka spruce was poor on the Queen Charlotte Islands, which for some years have been the main source of export shipments of this species. Spruce-seed was more plentiful on the South Coast. Yellow pine was abundant in the Cariboo, fairly plentiful in the Southern Interior, but poor in the Kamloops country. There was a moderate production of balsam (Abies grandis) on the Coast, the first crop of any consequence in years. For all species, the yield of seed per bushel of cones was poor and many of the cones were damaged by insects. Seed collections were made for export, to the Imperial Forestry Commission, in co-operation with the Dominion Forest Service, and for the requirements of our own nurseries. Some 730 bushels of cones were collected, principally Douglas fir and balsam, with small quantities of other species. Forest Nurseries.—At the Shelbourne experimental nursery near Victoria 205 seed-beds were sown, mainly with Douglas fir and Sitka spruce. Experiments with sand cover, as compared with ordinary nursery soil, indicated that the latter is better for soils similar to that in our nursery. Chemical sterilization of the seed-bed surface, on the beds using a cover of ordinary nursery soil, reduced damping-off to a minimum. The present stock in the nursery comprises some 800,000 healthy trees, about half of which are Douglas fir. These will be transplanted to the Green Timbers nursery in the spring of 1931. Green Timbers Forestry Station.—The clearing for the nursery at this station has been extended, and over 6 acres are now ready for seed-beds and the reception of stock from! the Victoria nursery. In 1930, 80,000 seedlings were set out in transplant beds and a few trial seed-beds'were sown. Permanent improvements included fencing, land-drainage, road-construction, and miscellaneous development-work. A site has been prepared for the buildings proposed for 1931. Forest plantings during the spring of 1930 covered 65 acres on the Green Timbers area adjacent to the nursery; two-year-old stock from the Victoria nursery was used and set out at the rate of 1,000 per acre. Some losses have been suffered, apparently due to drying-out of the seedlings during the severe weather conditions of last winter, and some of the new plantations have been injured by rabbits. Growth of the young trees on the Green Timbers area during the 1930 season shows the site to be well suited to reforestation by Douglas fir and Sitka spruce. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. It was found necessary to again undertake control measures in the yellow- and lodgepole- pine bark-beetle infested areas south of Merritt. A small crew treated 3,161 trees in April and May at a cost of $4,878. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 25 Previous Annual Reports describe the progress of this work in past years and the epidemic seemed to have been permanently checked. Both species of Dendroctonus beetles involved attack the yellow pine, but only one (monticolm) attacks the lodgepole pine. Control-work in the past was concentrated on the yellow pine, being the more valuable tree, and also because most entomologists claimed that beetles emerging from lodgepole pine did not attack the yellow pine. Recent experiments conducted by Mr. Hopping and his assistants now prove Dendroctonus monticolm will, on emerging from one species of pine, enter either of them. Unfortunately, a fresh epidemic is now under way, the extent of which, combined with the knowledge that the Dendroctonus monticolm accepts an interchange of host-tree species, indicates the impracticability of further control-work, especially as infestations in the lodgepole pine are widespread. In fact, bark-beetles of the genus Dendroctonus are doing widespread damage to the three species of pine and to Douglas fir throughout the Southern Interior of the Province. The tussock-moth has also appeared, confining itself as yet to two or three localities, and chiefiy affecting the Douglas fir. The extent of the damage inflicted every year in the Interior by forest insects is viewed with considerable apprehension. Representatives of the Dominion Entomological Branch are watching the situation, studying the life-habits of the various insects and giving valuable advice to the Department wherever control measures appear practicable. LUMBER TRADE EXTENSION. Trade-extension work in the Eastern Canadian market was continued, the Lumber Commissioner working with architects, engineers, and builders, placing the merits of British Columbia woods before them. An exhibit was again prepared for the Canadian National Exhibition at Toronto, which received very favourable comments. It is encouraging to note that the results of this work are becoming more noticeable each year. British Columbia products are gradually being recognized at their true value, and are entering into many phases of building and manufacturing where previously foreign woods were used. Co-operation between the Government and the lumber industries made possible the send'ng of a Lumber Commissioner to Australia. The depressed financial condition and the increase in Australian tariffs militated against immediate results, but this work is largely educational, such as the breaking-down of trade prejudices and the building-up of a sentiment for trading within the Empire. Such work, to be lasting, must be carried on over a term of years and can be done under present conditions as effectively as in prosperous times. Four bulletins, on Douglas Fir, Western Red Cedar, Western Hemlock, and Spruce, were published to set out in concise form the merits of these woods and where they should be used. The Department is indebted to the British Columbia Lumber and Shingle Manufacturers, Limited, to the Forest Products Laboratory, and to Major L. R. Andrews for assistance in preparing the text of these bulletins. THE FOREST INDUSTRIES. The general depressed conditions throughout the world were reflected in the timber industries, and the production in all lines except pulp shows a decline. The value of products constantly receded during the year and in the last six months was below the cost of production. Drastic curtailment during the latter part of the year, however, has helped to meet the situation. Stocks have decreased and prices become firmer. With any revival in building trade, advances should be recorded. These slump conditions are reflected in the industrial tables given herewith. The decline has been more marked than during any period in the history of the Branch, except 1915 and the post-war slump of 1921-22. The value of the industry reflects both a curtailment of 27 per cent, in cut of sawn lumber and a decline of $2.50 per thousand in the value of the product. A similar decline and lower prices prevail in the shingle business. Pulp and paper, on the other hand, show an increase, accruing through the expansion of the Powell River Company's plant. Newsprint production was up 24,000 tons, or 12 per cent. AVater-borne shipments held up well, considering prevailing conditions, and amounted to 712,299 M.B.M., a reduction of 11.1 per cent, against a reduction of 20.7 per cent, in the shipments from the Pacific Coast. AA 26 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Estimated Value of Production, including Loading and Freight within the Province. Product. Lumber .... Pulp and paper Shingles Boxes Piles, poles, and mine-props Cordwood, fence-posts, and mine-ties. Ties, railway Additional value contributed by the wood-using: industry Laths and other miscellaneous products Logs exported Pulp-wood exported Totals . 841,800,000 13,938,000 10,000,000 2,272,000 2,100,000 1,400,000 2,242,000 2,100,000 550,000 4,300,000 1925. 841,850,000 14,466,000 10,000,000 2,200,000 2,400,000 1,800,000 1,990,000 2,100,000 1,617,000 3,870,000 148,000 $81,941,000 842,516,000 16,315,000 10,500,000 3,000,000 2,792,000 1,414,000 1,420,000 2,100,000 1,500,000 3,170,000 75,000 1927. $40,487,000 18,505,000 6,800,000 1,707,000 4,030,000 1,405,000 1,440,000 2,100,000 2,000,000 4,661,000 52,000 $83,087,000 $48,346,000 16,765,000 10,000,000 2,501,000 4,684,000 1,633,000 1,873,000 2,200,000 2,100,000 3,680,000 115,000 1929. 1930. $50,140,000 $32,773,000 14,400,000 16,520,000 8,300,000 4,161,000 2,437,000 2,287,000 5,500,000 4,726,000 1,734,000 1,596,000 2,116,000 1,253,000 2,100,000 2,387,000 2,400,000 1,500,000 4,124,000 2,462,000 50,000 42,000 $93,301,000 $69,737,000 Pulp (in Tons). Pulp. 1920. 1921. ! 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 92,514 16,856 121,363 1926. 108,381 15,000 136,123 1927. 119,005 13.700 163,548 1928. 120,413 15,050 170,005 1929. 112,925 16,647 151,066 * 1930. Ground wood .... 92,299 16,380 108,665 68,602 6,519 89,725 86,894 9,674 100,759 96,878 9,932 107,266 89,839 14,403 112,001 130,462 13,055 172,539 Paper (in Tons). Product. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 142,928 7,709 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 201,009 19,492 1930. Newsprint Other papers .... 136,832 9,792 110,176 6,934 124,639 7,945 136,281 9,653 148,201 9,261 176,924 10.389 214,010 13,745 225,477 15,960 224,92S 20,446 Water-borne Lumber Trade (in F.B.M.). Destination. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 34,848,783 12,169,230 752,906 25,595,993 79,107,984 41,527,008 10,681,208 2,228,150 313,104,821 134,690 544,601 3,454,183 6,883,150 229,608 40,228,8S7 12,619.730 2,168,921 10,783,086 67,671,449 53,845,679 8,876,544 3,359,869 361,016,940 56,863 667,012 2,610,143 12,820,848 835,317 36,809,373 16,201,328 1,160,947 4,615,921 177,193,659 41,575,593 17,651,788 1,653,675 400,347,692 221,378 8,792,765 3,791,670 2,573,529 154,038 53,502,046 10,847,645 2,168,973 9,178.973 191,597,552 36,427,449 18,562,680 3,566,713 392,074,528 1,734,314 16.023,319 1,884,632 29,843,132 8,531,322 10,304,032 16,902,137 219,361,557 67,075,872 13,625,781 411,577 384,107,908 56,681 8,356,571 5,496,319 333,660 1,149,573 41,493,476 8.559,208 2,449,494 43,323,398 192,411,505 69,903,655 15,889,002 243,807 351,526,590 14,347,317 6,508,978 623,766 4,744,180 60,494,040 83,076,587 6,416,105 South America 1,774,697 55,224,104 India and Straits Settlements United States and Atlantic Coast 150,869,880 98,037,621 17,685,896 241,129 269,093,670 122,744 12,781,209 3,230,759 550,018 2,649,559 12,047 73,195,238 531,262,818 577,560,288 712,743,256 740,230,330 765,556,122 801,518,422 712,299,557 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. 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'-£*/_ Q-> FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. 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U) . 0.5 ^ -^ |*J11i H , M rj eJ O rt HHHH c r° i3 r 2 -c fat^i.co!> AA 30 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Logging Inspection. Operations. Forest District. Timber-sales. Hand-loggers' Licences. Leases, Licences, Crown Grants, and Pre-emptions. Totals. No. of Inspections. 106 246 98 661 432 389 '97 "3 30 163 108 372 580 609 136 409 206 1,130 1,012 •l,0ul 366 1,013 519 2,085 2,302 2,574 Totals, 1930 1,932 100 1,862 3,894 8,859 Totals, 1929 1,907 99 2,002 4,008 9,512 Totals, 1928 1,623 50 2,023 3,696 9,596 Totals, 1927 1,584 133 1,873 3,590 8,661 Totals, 1926 1,476 S4 1,921 3,453 7,921 Totals, 1925 1,282 1,245 54 89 166 1,730 3,046 7,321 Totals, 1924 1,863 3,167 7,406 Totals, 1923 1,010 2,140 3,316 6,892 Totals, 1922 914 691 159 1,579 2,652 4,654 Totals, 1921 186 1,331 2,208 2,796 4,053 Totals, 1920 606 220 1,981 2,703 Trespasses. Forest District. No. of Cases. Areas cut over (Acres). Quantity CUT. 1 » «J 0 to 5*5.5 Amount. Feet B.M. Lineal Feet. Cords. Ties. 4 9 11 10 50 12 8 190 50 109 609 34 S.302 292,795 7,067 521,442 139,745 18,260 45,664 68,207 33,898 100 3 20 292 1,042 1,457 592 2,629 305 4,454 1,632 1 '3 $ 96 05 1,324 19 1,184 95 495 51 3,699 02 734 29 Totals, 1930 96 99 105 1,000 969,351 165,729 9,612 4 8 7,534 01 Totals, 1929 370 984,309 88,997 569 5,906 9 12 8 5,431 07 Totals, 1928 878 6,867,052 2,200,926 1,972,843 98,279 4,713 16,599 817,787 10 Totals, 1927 83 84 399 47,871 2,862 9,660 9 6 $ 9,097 63 Totals, 1926 541 144,357 433 10,233 8 9,457 64 Totals, 1925 87 646 3,486,609 98,456 1,563 16,820 4 $14,534 94 Totals, 1924 68 570 2,182,808 54,068 767 7,646 20,082 2 8 8 8,539 86 Totals, 1923 105 1,015 6,712,868 3,002,881 121,202 98,903 1,598 2,591 1,639 $27,860 08 Totals, 1922 98 1,069 27,022 16 SI 6,406 30 Totals, 1921 98 1,938 3,222,673 209,395 21,605 10 815,924 22 Totals, 1920 73 1,788 4,904,079 104,048 1,882 6,716 10 817,119 85 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 31 Areas cruised for Timber-sales. Forest District. Number cruised. 44 141 67 236 265 190 Totals, 1930 943 Totals, 1928 1,061 Totals, 1927 Totals, 1926 Totals, 1925 819 Totals, 1924 942 Acreage. 4,743 34,472 10,734 89,965 69,889 37,262 197,085 214,874 233,889 142,515 119,436 179,609 Saw-timber (M.B.M.), 3,749 41,010 9,202 86,954 185,421 199,925 526,261 754,095 9 74,626 369,717 353,225 Poles and Piles (Lineal Feet). 43,750 685,110 1,407,630 1,136,532 6,089,620 984,180 10,345,822 13,043,603 9,623,599 7,092,844 4,238,881 9,113.052 1,465,924 Shingle-bolts and Cordwood (Cords). 2,873 455 4,190 2,335 9,813 6,765 17,629 43,266 21,027 15,248 57,441 41,554 Railway- ties (No.). 75,862 176,688 91,586 252,666 113,439 21,500 731,640 1,305,110 2,056,604 1,747,441 1,299,826 1,389,604 1,873,954 Car Stakes & Posts (No.). 9,300 24,100 586,700 620,100 185,740 447,630 35,600 20,200 14,477 Pre-emption Inspection Records, 1930. Pre-emption records examined by districts are:— Cariboo 349 Fort George 424 Kamloops 102 Prince Rupert 213 Southern Interior 355 Vancouver 236 Total 1,679 Timber Sales awarded by Districts, 1930. District. No. of Sales. Acreage. Saw-timber (Ft. B.M.). Poles and Piling (Lineal Feet). No. of Posts. No. of Cords. No. of Ties. Estimated Revenue. 47 66 99 248 216 190 866 974 9,332 12,119 •21,956 45,508 34,542 38,591 1,812,000 1,541,000 7,121.000 51,648,000 62,111,000 75,252,000 71,186 2,216,433 794,881 2,709,514 3,070,680 1,100,465 9,963,164 380,160 18,000 398,150 374,065 880,000 1,304 480 1,239 8,057 1,870 7,047 84,383 54,740 110,636 60,891 180,552 3,000 8 12,425 98 55,075 74 43,645 64 199,278 95 1.8,355 02 250,099 96 Kamloops Southern Interior .... Prince Rupert Totals, 1930... 162,043 199,485,000 691,973,000 19,997 494,202 8689,481 29 Totals, 1929... 216,222.28 194,929.37 258,097.26 118,816.28 94,015.25 146,652 163,464 9,356,837 23,197 1,505,951 81,908,100 70 Totals, 1928... 1,033 525,250,760 6,537,002 7,332,939 5,497,707 6,629,449 48,728 22,057 1,996,457 1,380,553 81,344,273 93 Totals, 1927... 821 687 1,611,612,079 736,100 82,666,678 32 Totals, 1926... 295,486,743 207,190 13,455 40,334 47,640 1,044,999 566.142 81,038.536 69 Totals, 1925... 613 769 189,022,314 302.813,267 12,877 8 795,802 20 Totals, 1924... 6,336,071 6,234,342 2,418,633 81,226,460 87 Totals, 1923... 852 516,397,438 23,150 2.304,161 81,513,970 84 Totals, 1922... 671 108,501 249,572,808 3,304,254 149,300 41,580 830,307 $ 862,888 49 Totals, 1921... 531 91,614 188,971,774 2,479,095 34,291 993,417 S 646,487 65 Totals, 1920... 594 121,690 440,649,765 245,209,300 2,811,095 2,899,000 86,726 6,415,349 81,799,039 03 Totals, 1919... 356 227 255 133 61,809 5,000 20,000 52,557 957,804 8 654,372 09 Totals, 1918. .. 34,257 159,659,000 378,080 1,517,450 18,478 701,654 381,200 * 380,408 33 Totals, 1917... 44,914 23,318 240,307,057 136,315,000 40,000 43,756 26,666 8 483,281 50 Totals, 1916.. 435,810 92,000 8 259,765 12 AA 32 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Average Sale Price by Species. Saw-timber. Douglas fir Cedar Spruce Hemlock Balsam White pine Western soft pine Tamarack Other species Totals .. Figures for 1930. Board-feet. 55,490,000 21,558,000 35,082,000 37,972,000 17,973,000 4,709,000 7,132.000 5,501,000 5,075,000 190,492,000 Price Per M. 81 52 1 46 1 48 91 89 2 39 1 74 1 05 68 81 32 Figures for 1929. Board-feet. 100,886,000 59,142,000 306,370,000 70,737,000 26.622.000 8,229,000 8,949,000 5,547,000 7,277,000 1593,759,000 Price Per M. 81 65 1 62 1 25 82 80 2 44 1 47 1.01 .97 1.29 Figures for 1928. Board-feet. Price 55,958,000 81 61 48,565,266 1 61 110,797,641 1 85 49,423,655 85 26,034,838 83 4,553,000 2 98 9,316,780 1 77 6,448,800 1 23 9,917,880 1 09 $1 40 321,015,760 Figures for 1927. Price 57,144,445 81 63 30,839,900 1 68 146,694,173 1 71 26,344,700 96 31,931,100 66 4,992,940 3 15 12,354,500 1 73 5,617,505 1 07 2,175,116 1 12 1318,091,079 81 53 * Note.—8,993,000 board-feet pulp saw-timber not included in 1930 totals. t Note.—98,214,000 board-feet pulp saw-timber not included in 1929 totals. J Note.—204,335,000 board-feet pulp saw-timber not included in 1928 totals. § Notk.—1,293,518,000 board-feet pulp saw-timber not included in 1927 totals. Timber cut from Timber-sales during 1930. Forest District. Feet B.M. Lineal Feet. Cords. Ties. Posts. 2,233,191 1,095,928 21,462,678 24,503,629 75,354,313 102,369,878 88,476 1,694,498 561,526 5,169,626 3,809,843 636,086 772.00 30.00 527.50 8,644.09 1,204.76 6,997.82 17,176.17 24,663.46 24,389.36 27,508.54 50,893 82,497 289,938 209,967 683,444 24,687 1,341,426 8,204 19,200 342,529 17,781 1,035 Totals, 1930 227,019,617 11,960,055 388,749 Totals, 1929 266,016,942 7,966,223 7,672,294 1,554,870 332,038 203,208,331 1,714,709 376,253 Totals, 1927 214,209,921 6,368,269 1,359,902 86,109 Totals, 1926 242,973,624 251,141,398 230,148,575 207,473,848 187,217,151 4,974,620 16,676.45 20,808.14 1,198,922 83,763 Totals, 1925 4,885,352 4,641,371 1,077,414 Totals, 1924 17,294.00 17,666.56 ' 1,543,915 856,628 Totals, 1923 2,763,532 Totals, 1922 1,523,744 37,345.91 495,672 Totals, 1921 179,780,056 168,783,812 107,701,950 2,169,550 10,483.00 17,703.00 831,423 654,829 1,638,649 Totals, 1919 672,699 12,208.00 573,286 Totals, 1918 113,927,610 99,078,832 63,055,102 499,589 15,539.00 14,862.00 8,425.00 146,807 Totals, 1917 545,429 34,937 Totals, 1916 225,799 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 33 Saw and Shingle Mills of the Peovince. Operating. Shut Down. Sawmills. Shingle-mills. Sawmills. Shingle-mills. Forest District. d r% 21 31 7 19 69 164 V, & "So. £ >>s. 93 754 72 430 1,311 8,360 11,020 d tr >c -la oi O £ S (■>■* "28 7,136 7,161 7,881 8,280 12,042 15,614 d >, '3 ^* P. if. •Jf5 71 65 237 772 950 1,109 3,204 2,200 2,459 2,549 1,875 d Estimated Daily Capacity, Shingles, M. i 42 17 2 6 24 50 42 1 3 13 17 200 bOO 1,195 301 43 53 141 1,695 Totals, 1929 354 314 11,896 95 15 1,726 Totals, 1928 11,919 12,176 12,962 11,475 11,986 11,273 9,683 8,912 56 65 120 15 2,710 Totals, 1927 375 110 102 22 6 2,740 Totals, 1926 391 87 460 363 82 15,322 15,636 16,144 15,544 109 2,121 9 625 Totals, 1924 359 352 78 103 2,618 . 20 16 1,780 107 72 1,493 2,054 2,029 909 745 Totals, 1922 292 289 108 90 8 680 Totals, 1921 79 10,885 13,420 78 6 2 788 Totals, 1920 " 341 10,729 109 37 30 Export of Logs. (In F.B.M.) Species. Grade No. 1. Grade No. 2. Grade No. 3. Ungraded. Totals. Fir 5,786,196 5,762,876 22,409 66,141,643 19,891,198 346,891 25,102,497 14,570,942 432,162 97,030,336 40,225,016 801,462 23,330,916 8,899,954 1,951,532 514,319 23,330,910 8,899,954 1,951,532 White pine 514,319 11,571,481 13,015,146 123,258 42,250 165,508 Totals, 1930 86,502,990 138,997,695 40,147,841 60,002,711 47,994,423 31,696,715 29,978,125 37,305,398 172,919,027 Totals, 1929 236,993,577 Totals, 1928 20,563,249 36,545,972 32,195,991 34,501,748 23,416,816 ■406,084,161 144,942,558 105,322,879 211,947,231 Totals, 1927 51,584,928 53,113,521 48,510,833 281,584,291 Totals, 1926 33,845,324 224,477,715 96,701,737 40,312,806 38,901,670 210,417,961 Totals, 1924 111,801,016 49,649,135 65,763,860 240,530,827 AA 34 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Shipments of Poles, Piling, Mine-peops, Fence-posts, Railway-ties, etc. Forest District. Quantity exported. Approximate Value, F.O.B. Where .marketed. United States. Canada. Japan. Kamloops— 1,678,783 18,870 30 54,950 880,740 628 354,602 3,762,762 30,430 702,603 10,061,317 957 5,241 10,809,075 9,800 11,514 346,333 $201,869 2,453 347 33,108 114,496 3,768 219,027 525,386 5,172 438,375 1,307,971 3,830 41,932 1,667,746 93,284 97,889 188,812 1,351,305 325,290 3,537,297 9,613,226 957 5,241 9,137,941 2,448 327,478 18,870 30 54,950 555,450 628 354,602 215,465 30,430 702,603 1,671,134 9,800 9,066 f 346,333 Fort George- Poles and piling lineal ft. Prince Rupert— Vancouver— 448,092 Southern Interior- Total value, 1930 $4,945,445 $5,333,303 TIMBER-MARKING. TlMBEE-MAEKS ISSUED FOE THE YEARS 1928, 1929, AND 1930. 1928. Old Grown grants 108 Crown grants, 1887-1906 118 Crown grants, 1906-1914 177 Section 53a, " Forest Act " 302 Stumpage reservations 34 Pre-emptions under sections 28 and 29, " Land Act " 21 Dominion lands (general) 40 Dominion lands (timber berths) 22 Dominion lands (Indian reserves) 13 Timber-sales 1,033 Hand-loggers 5 Special marks Rights-of-way 3 Pulp licences 5 * ■ Totals 1,881 Transfers and changes of marks 276 1929. 1930 10S 90 120 84 121 97 290 212 35 90 13 10 30 26 9 13 7 8 974 866 9 11 4 1 9 1 1,729 1,515 238 242 HAND-LOGGERS' LICENCES. Number issued 1928. 53 1929. 51 1930. 64 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 35 ANALYSIS OF ROUTINE WORK. Draughting Office, Forest Branch. January February. ... March April May Jane July August September. . .. October .. November .... December . .. Totals Timber- sales. 44 34 38 33 25 31 13 26 24 29 12 25 Number of Tracings madk. Timber- marks. 83 102 89 66 83 50 64 37 65 54 62 48 783 Examination Sketches. 51 39 56 45 42 31 36 31 42 51 61 Hand-logger Licences. 3 12 20 5 3 Miscellaneous. 8 12 39 25 9 10 II 6 Totals 1S'7 186 207 193 180 124 125 107 129 146 160 169 1,913 Blue-prints from Reference Maps. 5 14 4 6 18 14 28 52 13 12 170 CROWN-GRANT TIMBER LANDS. ■ Area-of-Private Average Timber Lands Value (Acres). per Acre. 1919 883,491' $9.48 1920 867,921 11.62 1921 845,111 10.33 1922 887,980 11.99 1923 883,344 11.62 1924 654,668 15.22 1925 654,016 40.01 1926 : 088,372 39.77 1927 690,438 39.01 1928 „ 671,131 38.62 1929 644,011 38.41 1930 629,156 44.74 The extent and value of timber land in the various assessment districts are shown by the following table:— Alberni.. Comox Cowichan Fort Steele. .. Galiano Island. Golden Kettle River... Nanaimo Nelson Fort George... Prince Rupert. Revelstoke ... Slocan Vancouver ... Victoria Assessment District. Totals. Acreage, 1930. 92. 130, 72, 37. 13, 21, 37, 60, 2 28 104 ,500 693 167 268 4'8 673 549 390 096 140 201 685 508 274 629,156 Increase or Decrease in Acreage over 1929. - 4,856 - 7,759 - 5,539 - 2,479 60 176 + 2,664 + 796 - 3,679 + 6,475 + 4,579 + ' 129 - 1.728 - 3,222 Average Value per Acre. $67 63 54 44 79 61 10 02 18 34 9 55 7 46 57 25 9 68 19 72 21 77 15 23 10 77 118 72 44 97 944 74 Change in Value per Acre since 1929. +$11 54 + 7 72 + 14 23 + 0 17 + 3 36 + 0 04 - 3 30 + 13 17 + 1 25 + 1 70 - 0 60 + 6'30 + 18 34 + 9 37 +$ 6 33 AA 36 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. FOREST REVENUE. Timber-licence rentals Timber-licence transfer fees Timber-licence penalty fees Hand-loggers'licence fees Timber-lease rentals Penalty fees and interest Timber-sale rentals Timber-sale stumpage Timher-sale cruising Timber-sale advertising Timber royalty and tax Scaling fees (not Scaling Fund) .... Scaling expenses (nut Scaling Fund)., Trespass penalties Scalers' examination fees. Exchange Seizure expenses General miscellaneous Grazing fees Taxation, Crown-grant timber lands.. Total revenue from forest sources 12 Months to Dec. 31st, 1930. $854,660 87 2,180 00 27.861 53 1,575 00 72,117 52 807 44 35,035 94 518,309 48 7,505 12 1,256 69 1,456,330 42 1,204 07 150 01 5,825 68 105 00 591 70 1,406 64 4,137 56 $2,990,820 67 12,251 88 422,274 04 $3,425,346 69 12 Months to 12 Months to Dec. 31st, 1929. iDec. 31st,1928. $931,545 72 1,775 00 23,245 73 1,300 00 79,873 89 901 43 30,102 64 634,048 95 12,844 92 1,951 28 1,688.803 67 1,407 92 191 74 9,161 16 320 00 1,711 29 3,152 88 2,754 36 $3,425,152 68 10,918 49 375,923 32 $3,811,994 39 12 Months to Dec. 31st, 1927. $1,015,705 19 4,285 00 33,036 56 1,400 00 79,396 72 520 70 40,649 01 551,102 88 10,943 97 1,616 65 1,774,417 41 1,147 84 103 74 12,058 89 275 00 271 09 589 71 4,444 25 S3.531,993 61 12,541 98 388,860 46 $892,914 98 2,000 00 27,639 13 1,275 00 95,236 93 88 93 32,494 67 608,765 11 10,936 58 1,681 85 1,825,909 80 1,778 02 156 75 6,481 S3 235 00 345 16 703 90 3,767 83 !,602,411 40 16,529 20 424,023 04 $4,042,963 64 12 Months to Dec. 31st, 1926. $1,063,812 90 2,400 00 32,549 14 2,250 00 90,010 89 254 91 20,537 75 572,324 74 7,173 84 1,498 82 9,553 60 1,344 75 98 17 11,677 12 350 00 693 04 300 50 3,651 95 $3,590,482 12 12,328 54 410,684 46 1,' $4,013,495 12 12 Months to Dec. 31st, 1925. $1,130,556 52 3,465 00 28,017 75 2,775 00 92,485 38 283 33 17,045 45 512,399 28 6,296 67 1,403 43 1,658,043 07 1,044 26 253 24 17,841 58 160 00 520 12 1,097 95 4,699 60 $3,478,387 68 14,114 89 398,393 85 $3,890,896 42 Revenue from Logging Operations, 1930. (Amounts charged.) Royalty and * Ta'x. Trespass Penalties. Seizure Expenses. Government Scale. Scaling Fund. Stumpage. Forest District. Scaling Expenses. Scaling Fees. Scaling Expenses. Scaling Fees. Total. Vancouver Cariboo . Prince Rupert. Southern Int'r. Fort George ... Kamloops , $ 993,057 94 3,977 81 159,084 78 201,105 85 67,218 66 35,922 13 $ 897 42 126 17 3,785 44 932 73 889 61 $ 6,799 66 $ 4,191 84 $20,867 17 $ 7,343 44 $ 1,589 83 $59,804 57 $10,860 22 $ 616 60 162 96 98 77 723 43 $ 66 57 14 75 69 25 $ 140 57 $ 175 83 $ 156 68' $ 163 57 $ 98 34 $1,049 66 i3o'87 84 80 $1,265 33 $1,215 22 $1,194 89 $2,032 43 $20,233 93 1,410 53 $21,644 46 $22,127 43 $20,277 64 $17,169 14 $17,279 88 $18,794 39 $14,760 12 $ 96,814 21 9,739 13 $106,553 34 $118,481 18 $123,169 81 $175,173 69 6,203 96 180,705 77 157,8.19 74 74,670 93 43,349 80 $1,287,909 92 10,322 69 351,541 58 362,849 80 143,630 54 80,141 54 Totals $1,460,367 16 $1,601 76 $1,655 56 $2,103 57 $ 789 47 $1,142 38 $ 913 29 $638,023 79 $711,213 82 $635,292 44 $2,236,396 07 Totals, 1929 Totals, 1928 $1,851,535 62 $1,794,819 93 $2,710,496 50 $2,597,882 03 Totals, 1927 $1,767,710 60 $1,774,494 75 $1,754,605 06 $1,542,070 96 $114,979 79 $631,948 72 $2,542,137 16 Totals, 1926 $1,147 41 $1,254 80 $2,179 42 $119,704 75 $613,365 09 $2,528,822 43 Totals, 1926 $ 197 08 $ 548 37 $116,682 68 $651,486 17 $2,603,738 04 Totals, 1924 $ 708 24 $103,691 71 $597,071 65 $2,271,890 69 FOREST EXPENDITURES, FISCAL YEAR 1929-30. Headquarters .... Cariboo . ........ Kamloops Fort George Prince Itupert.... Southern Interior. Vancouver Forest District. Totals. Salaries. $ 99,019 71 9,013 09 6,759 58 17,091 22 23,551 20 43,955 34 54,261 52 $253,651 66 Temporary Assistance. $ 475 58 190 00 110 00 974 39 2,011 93 492 26 $1,254 16 Expenses. 1 23,929 28 3,570 43 3,081 30 5,988 69 21,408 46 23,316 66 45,948 86 $127,243 ' $123,424 57 12,773 52 9,950 88 24,054 30 44.959 66 69,283 93 100,702 64 S3S5,149 50 Lumber-trade extension (including $2,500 from Vote 127—General Investigation). Reconnaissance, etc Insect-control Grazing : range improvement Grazing : stick account 20,988 68 32,968 34 157 41 6,687 18 1,231 19 Grand total $447,182 30 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 37 SCALING FUND. Balance brought down, April 1st, 1929 $21,584.03 Expenditure, fiscal year 1929-30 142,359.06 Charges, fiscal year 1929-30 $138,332.05 Balance, March 31st, 1930 25,611.04 $163,943.09 $163,943.09 Balance brought down, April 1st, 1930 $25,611.04 Expenditure, 9 months, April-December, 1930 97,636.98 Charges, 9 months, April-December, 1930 $101,399.31 Balance 21,848.71 $123,248 02 $123,248.02 FOREST RESERVE ACCOUNT. Balance brought forward, April 1st, 1929 $27,313.65 Amount received from Treasury, April 1st, 1929 71,828.64 Moneys received under subsection (4), section 30 (a) 369.99 Expenditure, fiscal year 1929-30 $62,569.84 Balance 36,942.44 $99,512.28 $99,512.28 Balance brought forward, April 1st, 1930 $36,942.44 Amount received from Treasury, April 1st, 1930 68,030.43 Moneys received under subsection (4), section 30 (a) 694.90 Expenditure, 9 months to December 31st, 1930 $65,627.27 Balance, December 31st, 1930 40,040.50 $105,667.77 $105,667.77 FOREST PROTECTION FUND. The following statement shows the standing of the Forest Protection Fund as of December 31st, 1930:— Balance (deficit), April 1st, 1929 $102,584.79 Expenditure, fiscal year 1929-30 918,286.82 $1,020,871.61 Collections, fiscal year 1929-30 : $151,631.79 Collections under special levy 23,194.47 Government contribution 300,000.00 ■ 474,826.26 Balance (deficit) $546,045.35 Balance (deficit), April 1st, 1930 $546,045.35 Expenditure, 9 months (April-December, 1930) 710,947.50 $1,256,992.85 Collections, April-December, 1930 $176,473.30 Collections, special levy, April-December, 1930 143,865.39 Government contribution 360,000.00 ■ 680,338.69 $576,654.16 AA 38 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. A further sum of $360,000 is payable by the Government, being its proportion of special levy. There is an amount of approximately $62,000 repayable by Forest Protection Fund to Vote 112 to cover expenses of permanent employees, maintenance of motor-cars and launches, etc.; also $82,000 to cover proportion of salaries of Rangers, etc., payable by the fund. Forest Protection Fund Expenditure. FlSCAI Years. 1922-23. 1923-24. 1924-25. 1925-26. 1926-27. 1927-28. 1928-29. 1929-30. Patrols and fire pre- $202,994 91,812 508,992 37,609 $841,407 $254,792 81,408 75,503 21,667 $433,370 $334,532 25,418 268.034 5,690 $633,674 $377,427 33,976 650,138 11,890 $1,073,431 $356,462 30,063 514,845 14,172 $358,835 30,409 84,600 22,482 $407,790 94 31,258 82 75,221 43 33,428 67 $373,416 71 Tools and equipment. Impro vein en ts and maintenance 45,401 56 494,645 42 22,670 79 Totals $916,142 $196,326 $547,699 86 $936,034 48 Expenditure by Districts for Twelve Months ended March 31st, 1930. Cariboo Kamloops Fort George Prince Rupert ... Southern Interior Vancouver Victoria Totals Patrols and Fire- prevention U 20,032 04 25,444 90 28.247 93 26,303 74 115,729 22 119.964 12 37,689 76 $373,416 71 Tools and Equipment. $ 2,196 62 2,384 64 3,266 56 3.034 43 22,988 70 9,919 72 1,610 89 $15,401 56 457. 16 781 54 768 28 536 92 959 74 556 79 ,042 15 $194,645 42 Improvements and Maintenance. $ 672 92 5,433 S8 4,128 46 1,(111 69 7,729 44 2,994 40 $ 25,683 12 38,031 70 40,179 87 39,914 60 604,001 15 148,920 39 39.300 65 $936,034 48 FOREST PROTECTION. The 1930 forest-fire season, if not severe, was one of extreme hazard. Unlike 1929, where the centre of hazard was over the Central Interior, Eastern Washington, and Idaho, this year the centre of extreme conditions swung farther north, and abnormal weather prevailed throughout the Province. Rainfall records show that for 42 days at Prince George, 78 at Vanderhoof, and 97 at Telkwa no single rain reached 0.2 inch, and the total rainfall for these periods was 0.25 at Prince George, 0.83 at Vanderhoof, and 1.04 at Telkwa. There is no doubt that in this northern region the fire-hazard was more severe than for any year since 1922. Moreover, a scattered population and lack of communication made difficult the organization, transporting, and maintaining of fire crews adequate to control the situation. It was in this region that our most extensive fires occurred and the greatest damage was sustained. Fifty-one per cent, of the area burned over, 77 per cent, of the timber destroyed, and 76 per cent, of the damage were reported from the eastern section of the Prince Rupert District. Another feature of the season was the abnormal number of lightning-fires, a total of 892 or 39 per cent, be'ng recorded. This is the greatest number ever experienced in the history of the Forest Branch, comparing with 632 or 25 per cent, in 1925 and 246 or 10 per cent, in 1922, years of comparable hazard. The large number of fires occurring each year, the continuing fire losses, and the drain for control expeiuVtures, naturally raise the question of the efficiency of fire-control. Are the results obtained compatible with the moneys expended? The question is difficult for direct reply with stated facts. We know the losses in spite of our best efforts for control; what they would have been without that effort is only conjecture. Fire-hazard increases with industrial activities, the greater use of the forest for recreational purposes, and the greater proportion of cut-over lands and young stands. These factors have been, in many countries, definitely estimated through the rates on forest insurance. Thus, the completion of an automobile-road through forest property increases the base rate from 13 to 40 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 39 per cent. If the property is situated near a large centre of population, the rate is increased 13 to 66 per cent.; if a fishing-stream runs through the property, 13 to 26 per cent. The rate also increases as the stand recedes from maturity and, during the first fifteen years, is as much as four times that for mature timber. In spite of the greater industrial activity and the much heavier tourist travel in British Columbia, man-caused fires show a decided decrease. Comparing years of severe hazard, we find that in 1922 we had 1,709 fires definitely assigned to human causes ; in 1924, 1,630; in 1925, 1,655 ; in 1926, 1,434 ; in 1929, 1,514 ; and in 1930, 1,354. The decline in industrial fires is more definitely marked. In 1922 there were 203; in 1923, 170; in 1924, 134; in 1925, 137; in 1926, 104; in 1927, 50 ; in 1928, 80; in 1929, 65; and in 1930, 39. It is a fact recognized by meteorologists that weather moves in cycles of relatively wet and dry periods. These cycles have been traced backward through weather records, through fire- scars and the date of establishment of young stands following fire, and through a study of rates of growth of trees for several hundred years. The cycles vary from ten to forty years in duration, and from records made at Spokane it would seem that on the Pacific Coast we are now passing through the driest period of the most severe cycle that has occurred in the past 250 years. Further proof of this fact is indicated by the drying-up of lake areas and the. scarcity of water on our interior plateaus, and by the increasing severity of lightning-fires as shown by the following figures : In 1922 there were 246 lightning-fires ; in 1923, 274; in 1925, 632; in 1926, 577; in 1928, 322; in 1929, 638 ; and in 1930, 892. This increasing hazard makes comparison with past years doubtful, if not unreliable. The League of Industrial Democracy of New York has recently published a bulletin on " The Social Management of American Forests." In this bulletin they give the results of forest protection on the Federal reserves vs. private holdings, where protection is only partially organized or no protection is undertaken. In the United States reserves, where the expenditure has been 3 to 4 cents per acre of gross area, they point out; that the average area burned annually has been reduced to 0.28 per cent, of the acreage patrolled, while in the areas without protection it has averaged 8 per cent, of the area, or thirty times as great. In British Columbia we have spent over the past five years about I cent per gross acre patrolled, and have been able to keep the losses down to 0.38 per cent, of the gross area, or 0.5 per cent, of the productive timber area. During the decade 1913-22, 35.9 per cent, of the fires occurring reached major proportions, i.e., fires over 10 acres. With the increased expenditure and in spite of a greatly increased number of fires, we have been able to reduce this percentage of major fires to 24 per cent, in 1929 and 25 per cent, in 1930. Had we only maintained the same efficiency as prior to 1922, some 250 additional fires would have reached major proportions, and, on the basis of the average acreage burned per major fire, an additional 350,000 acres would have been destroyed per year. No one can review these statistics without coming to the conclusion that the annual loss, without forest protection, in British Columbia would increase to several million dollars per year, and that the increased appropriations made available from time to time have been responsible for saving many times that amount in property. The season as compared with others may be indicated by a series of index numbers. The average of the past nine years is used as the index 100. Major factors in the fire season are shown in relation to this 100, and each year's statistics are then represented as percentages. Any year may be compared with any other year, the small numbers being readily comprehended. The first column gives the basis for the subsequent calculations for number of fires, cost of fire-fighting, gross area burned over, and gross damage done. From this it will readily be seen ' that 1930 was a year of rather high fire-occurrence, high cost, moderate acreage, but considerable damage. Altogether, it would appear that the season was one verging on the extreme in hazard, closely resembling 1926. Base, 100 ; 9-year Average. 192.2. 1923,' 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. Number of fires, 2,038 127 147 255 168 75 22 25 52 107 74 65 91 124 187 166 208 107 148 107 127 63 24 17 16 80 22 17 15 107 142 148 88 Ill Cost of control, $347,380 134 Area burned over, 614,700 acres... Damage done, $1,319,740 98 132 AA 40 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Fire Detection. A new steel lookout tower 80 feet high, with enclosed observation tower, was erected near Courtenay, on Vancouver Island. Two temporary lookout points were established in the neai vicinity, one at Bainbridge Mountain near Alberni and the other at Rosewall Mountain near Deep Bay. These three points co-ordinate well with each other and with other points previously established. Standard lookout buildings were built on Pocohontas Mountain and Upper Campbell Lake sites in Vancouver District; at McBride Mountain and Tsinkut Mountain in the Prince George District; and on Mount Glory in the Southern Interior District. Temporary lookouts were partially developed at Thompson Mountain near Creston in the Southern Interior; Tumtum Mountain, Hellroar Peak, Mount McLennan, and Raft River Peak in the Kamloops District; and at Deadman's Peak in the Cariboo District. Further experiments were made with wireless communication from Campbell River Lookout, but we are not yet satisfied that an entire success has been achieved. Aeroplane patrol was again carried out in the Kootenay, Trout and Arrow Lakes section during the hazardous season from June 15th to September 15th.. Hazard Reduction. The fall of 1930 was not so favourable for slash-burning as some previous seasons, but nevertheless intentional slash fires to reduce the hazard were set and a total of 8,159 acres was satisfactorily burned over. Permits issued during the close season covered a further acreage of 4,084 and accidental fires accounted for 15,904 acres. The grand total acreage upon which slash was destroyed thus amounted to 28,147 acres. Comment must again be made upon the satisfactory co-operation of the Public Works Department in disposing of slash along highways. Railway right-of-way burning was extensively carried out in all parts of the Province. Fire occurrences by Months, 1930. District. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. Total. "i 6 1 10 18 30 4 42 5 47 75 33 60 7 17 15 16 60 32 147 6.47 63 84 99 46 304 172 51 20 101 38 386 152 748 32.94 15 13 20 17 87 120 .... 2 1 184 Southern Interior 293 210 903 541 Total 1 0.4 69 3.04 262 11.54 768 33.82 272 11.98 4 0.17 2,271 100.00 Per cent 3 0.68 27 6.08 17 3.83 177 39.86 172 38.74 46 10.36 2 0.45 444 100.00 Number and Causes of Fires in Province, 1930. Forest District. ti be rt at P. O at P. o £ . rrt c c3 O MS u at *S a So cc CJ >. rt *""! a rt O ISC A tt £t o s rn hit o , || &ZO be ill E o J a co 12 5 38 49 29 38 c o o TJ at O c d o OS !P o ■5 u. p. O at . p.2 o c at '■ "o P s §! at S p g rS w oi il p at O P 5 o p ^t P & 7 2 10 2 2 23 1.01 O H rt. c °'*cc 5 o . 1*1 8 t. ^ o tt O rt Srfrc- 50 107 55 30 529 121 39 7 66 58 88 107 2 6 112 29 17 20 26 114 110 4 3 3 4 12 29 1.27 5 3 31 54 3 92 35 28 50 o 3 4 2 16 41 68 2.99 184 140 293 210 903 541 8.10 6.17 12.90 9.25 39.76 23.82 Totals 892 39.28 344 15.16 149 6.56 294 12.95 171 7.53 39 1.72 262 11.54 2,271 100.00 100.00 132 29.73 32 7.21 81 18.25 59 13.29 20 4.50 1 0.22 10 2.25 90 20.27 6 1.35 13 2.93 444 100.00 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 41 o fe H w o H (a 1 o aa got gca •sau[[oa 00 1 r-t ■ ITj | •aouiAOjfi u; saai..i /luiaqCSg ui luads ye]o£ jo -%uaQ Jaj IS 8 •sji![[oa '000'OIS aa.vo qsoQ '000'OlsJ oi 000'9* asoo 'OOO'SS oi OOO'I* ?s°0 CO M CO CO CO CO 'OOOU 0% 001* ?soq '001$ UBl|l SS9[ '4SOQ p CO CO t^ co CO •aOUIAOJd UT S8.II.tf reaox' jo -iaar, di co co co -* r- ■* •(piuasiQ Ul S9JI.J Fiox jo'-ana'o -taj Xffi^-CCOJO l-OOOOCTCJ rt r- CO CO B | '80UIAOJJ UI S3JlirJ I-B^OX' JO '1U9Q J9J T* CO Tj. -* f>i cj •qou^siQ in S3*ij{ I^ox jo'-^ua'o aaa H r- Ol- T)l IT) co r» co irt co jo NONOOOO irt o co ■<* co th CHO)(NHJH O *-- O O r- (N rH rH r-i CM CM -}ou spmri uo pa^imiSuQ 'X"BX "J VI Sui^-ed spuvj puis puuq hmojq 1UU0T3A uo patjimpuo O0rJ)T)l^tO3 t* O co Ci C^ >ra rH rH rH i^ rM •891l£ I^tOX HiOMOCOH i-h r-l CM <N (J; m rHO ex O CM O 00 © Tf" © <N J ■"Id ".d NO CM c — © 1-1 1-1 6*3513 8 rf j P r o » AA 42 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Fires, 1930, classified by Size and Damage. Total Fires. Under \ Acre. \ Acre to 10 Acres. Over 10 Acres in Extent. Damage Forest District. d fe Is h| o £ S.5 o •> Ojfc, 6 fe If § c o'« at rrt 27.17 59.29 33.11 30.48 42.64 64.34 "Cj3 "* M HO °l c p at — O « t. ° Crt'rt, d fe 36 36 110 68 324 150 P c O CO - £ o.p 6.S Is HO °'l 1.S i_ o o *" OjicC 4.97 4.97 15.19 9.40 44.75 20.72 d fe It o-g H'E -~. -rt O.co g O o » . at at — "Cs *^ HO °J c.c O «j o.p a. En d o *o c D •e c at O O rJt- C o . OJ o i§ at rt P5t» d 8 tfy V O 184 140 293 210 903 541 8.10 6.17 12.90 9.25 39.76 23.82 100.0 50 83 97 64 385 294 5.13 8.53 9.97 6.58 39.57 30.22 19.57 25.71 37.54 32.38 35.88 27.73 98 21 86 78 194 97 53.26 15.00 29.35 37.14 21.48 17.93 17.07 S.66 14.98 13.59 33.80 16.90 160 127 249 161 808 509 20 9 33 32 70 22 4 4 11 17 25 10 2,271 100.0 973 42.86 908 41.50 808 49.20 100.0 100.0 724 31.88 100.0 574 25.27 100.0 2,014 88.68 186 8.19 71 3.13 Totals, 1929 2,188 100.0 100.0 753 34.41 100.0 527 24.09 100.0 1,918 87.67 144 6.58 126 5.75 Totals, 1928 1,642 100.0 100.0 37.39 100.0 564 34.35 100.0 270 16.45 22.07 100.0 1,508 91.84 102 6.21 32 1.95 444 166 180 40.54 98 349 73 22 Damage to Property other than Forests, 1930. Forest District. P'orest Products in Process of Manufacture. Buildings. Railway and Logging Equipment. Miscellaneous. Total. Per Cent. of Total. * 180 6,010 17 6,318 3,088 129,034 $ 725 1,256 1,506 10,610 17,592 75,015 * 25 4,600 26,626 49,025 $1,695 20 1,549 1,732 1,286 $ 2,625 7,286 1,523 23,077 49,03S 254,360 0.78 2.15 0.46 6.83 14.51 75.27. Totals $144,647 8106,704 $80,276 $6,282 $337,909 100.00 $105,130 Causes, Cost, and Damage, 1930. No. Cost. Damage. Lightning Campers Railways operating Smokers Brush-burning, not railway-clearing Road, power, telephone, and telegraph Industrial operations, logging, etc Incendiary Miscellaneous known causes Unknown causes Totals 892 $294,173 $1,058,893 344 26,783 161,853 149 5,673 256,738 294 44,09'5 55,557 171 10,818 30,609 29 1,410 693 39 1,061 11,328 262 71,611 160,873 68 3,154 6,777 23 5,678 2,771 2,271 $464,456 $1,746,092 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 43 o M a a o rM it 0 all 5*° S <$ at 8 2.81 1.66 3.96 76.56 11.02 3.99 o ■ o ■ o • d ■ o ■ o ■ o ■ o • cft co'in'oTic :d j coOi co Ol iO t- LO io o OH U o o co'S O Jl O W '-5 N M UJ 00 M O '43 tH o ■ o : o • tJI Tfi ,-H r~ CO irt o ■ o ■ I-t ■ o • © • o • o • ,, iQNi-o w© i coo i tpo i os o -£ acoiociw N ■ OJ -CD ■ 0J« ttvHliOOl CO OO ° O il* CD cX irt'co'sT-h" o"2 I fN~2 1 t*"2 -rt rid O Ol Ol OS t- CM" oj a a. <d CC*".' x --■ OS ■" CM I m O >rt Tr o od co -*• I l- • r- t(. co -*i- Os_ toe co US irt -h co* r^" i of 2 Tf rH Tf t—1 irt Ol ! O CO rH CD f- O i 5 =c*2 H 1 'psiunq ■b3.iV ONOffltDO NH'QO-wIt t— UJ 00 CO O co'co'co 13J8biU'BQ sa- ONWhMOI rH CO Irt "rt I-H tH i-h OJ rH Ol CO r-o 05 o 00 00 00 -H H-o irt 00 C TJI Tji ■ O : "B3JV < 8,585 1,149 2,767 21,876 2,745 593 irt CO i> ■ c. CD I— co m ^*-co CO TJI CO 00 CO CS - OS*01 g OS oo' e a tf o fc 3 to w w a q © ■aSmu-Bfl pa^-eiui-isg; a© 17,584 6,622 8,178 49,600 45,275 10,134 CC "rt os r- eo - co -rt CO tji CO ■ Hf"5 CD O CO t- 30 Ol CUT-OVE Unmerch Timber, 0 NOT REST "Baay cu o 36,200 7,663 25,641 107,002 97,324 15,270 o *r> O OS OS -J Od co irt CD ■ .-00 Irt os r>- co o £3 O*. Tf irt •aS'BiU'Bfl m os i-h oi irt os ■*..* O • CO ■ CD CD H 2 C(iias9J([ €© gio S10 ^2 paqisuii^sa CD 1~- D ft „ o ^ H "B8JV t. Ol irt irt — O CM r-*S irt <: Ol " CS t-h -^ CO OS CD Tji aSediun^g 4C= 00 CS tji (-, 1^. o sg co oo S 00^ fl ?9N: •* irt « CO a rn co oj r- CD -aiq-BAi^s £2 on ■ !>. g < i^i'iu'enf) a« CS irt tJI CO Ol !S» OS M CO h3 ■p»npi 16,4 18,7 5,1 )3,2 26,0 21,2 38 rf ° Tr"0 CM M © CO . ... rl 3 CO irt O CS — OS O Tf! O) H •■eajv" •JS Oj cs-*11 rt < - CO &&5.* O O V r-. I-1 _ O OO a> 2 g il«'|IS ci 8 O B o ri AA 44 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. © CO 05 B PS rt o u h 0) o u o< CO cb Ifl CJ on: t ON! * ■>? w f- cK 01 m o\ o\ 10 OJ CO 0 CO OJ OJ CO w 0s* FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 45 COMPARISON OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY FOREST FlEES IN THE LAST TEN YEARS. 1930. 1929. 1928. 1927. 1926. 1925. 1924. 1923. 1922. 1921. Total number of fires ....... Standing-timber destroyed or damaged (M. ft. B.M.) Amount sal vable(M. ft.B. M.). 2,271 602,676 390,978 25,216 $1,408,183 $ 337,909 2,188 909,620 272,024 107,049 $ 941,738 * 226,919 1,642 106,977 24,069 9,060 $103,001 $ 95,534 1,284 101,944 86,176 44,834 $141,102 $ 74,606 2,147 659,871 398,694 109,385 $ 930,373 S 749,891 2,521 1,023,789 1,024,508 350,770 $2,121,672 $ 625,518 $2,747,190 2,174 402,214 207,651 102,832 $ 665,078 $ 540,291 1,530 157,601 87,371 37,891 $ 74,238 $617,649 2,591 1,568,585 729,941 117,006 $1,631,300 $ 693,016 1,330 145,838 68,476 39,553 $ 97,332 Damage to other forms of property $195,221 Total damage $1,746,092 $1,168,857 $198,535 $215,708 $1,680,264 $1,205,369 $691,887 $2,224,316 $292,653 Number and Causes of Forest Fires for Last Ten Years. Lightning Campers Railway operation Railways under construction Smokers Brush-burning (not railway-clearing). Public road-construction Industrial operations Incendiary Miscellaneous known Unknown causes Totals.. 1930. 1929. 1928. 1927. 1926. 1925. 1924. 1923. 1922. 892 638 322 512 567 632 307 274 246 344 368 274 182 351 426 3*2 262 626 149 267 9 387 282 186 376 337 328 199 332 294 294 163 238 286 302 180 171 167 149 78 157 202 243 164 365 29 22 13 7 14 14 19 12 22 39 65 80 50 104 137 184 170 203 262 139 103 36 68 103 116 35 69 68 100 84 52 1-26 160 107 71 202 23 36 41 19 156 2,147 234 237 173 636 2,271 2,188 1,842 1,284 2,621 2,174 1,530 2,591 164 308 283 2 136 20 119 40 64 204 1,330 PROSECUTIONS FOR FlEE TRESPASS, 1930. Forest District. Cariboo Kamloops Fort George Prince Rupert Southern Interior. Vancouver Totals Totals, 1929. <3 s £~H HH 7>H fl D J2 ft tt" bO CC p. £ p r-l +~ so . ce P S a O . cu O BOO Jjj',3 8 i i 4 i 3 1 1 15 ~ o i 1 1 8 l 10 1 21 17 Amount. $100 00 275 00 50 (HI 75 00 100 00 $600 00 $460 00 O o o 0J c 0) Cft ■ C CO bo a ru -a i H ■3 tu CO CO o O 1 1 i 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 ~ 5 2 2 2 AA 46 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. =#= =#= Q Ul _1 UJ d d o rr S uj <* CD E h O Lu H Q O U u cr *: u CC CO u. o u cc Q UJ UJ rr < ui cr o u w u cr < I- > O cr u D Z < h co Ul Q I < cr Q h o z Z uj z CJ Jr < o 9= o _l Q Ul >- o cr a ui UJ Q FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 47 cn \ (Jj 3} \ y \ CO \ \ £ \ j N 1 2 / 7 / ■s cu / / / / / £ / / 10 / 2? ■? \ CO \ \ \ a \ \ CJ / SI / OJ \ ' CJ ■ \ 2 1 o / 2 \ 19 3.000 0 o o ex o 0 o o 8 ID o o o 8 g a o 01 o o o o § o' 0 0 6 0 o 0 in o o o 0 o OJ 0 o 0 o 0 =»= < u < cr UJ (/) CD u W Z o cr (5 z Ktf) S cn i*- o < F a) ™ ° rr cr § ui a _J u , CO -J °?£ < z ui < cc D u. z iu ° cr u cr £ u UJ ± AA 48 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. * ► " ^ B" i. Ss o sS CO Ci o o fc H M Ci pq S o Sa; 2 a 8 Q o E -J ■.juiiaa^ ^noq^iA-* ^as saai^ d fc K5 • d OO -* ID IN O o CO O 5 'loj^uoo padisasa saa^ -t OO Ol H N 51 W Ol rt rt JM CS O oo o •J8AO pauanq -eaay 0> o 6,316 796 4,915 1,977 8,320 10,004 CO o coo • o Ol —( CO iO rH CO •panssi sqiuiaa<i d fc 738 418 1,739 930 1,979 2,857 is COrH Ol rH •^inuaj ^noqiiM %as saaijj 6 fc ■ . -T rr IN • ■W Cl 5 -[OjquOQ padeosa saaijj d fc OO -* ph (jq ©l <N -* CO CM ■J8A0 pauanq .Ba.iv c <1 3,312 66 234 104 1,009 108 CO IO CO Ol CO - ift 00 CO r-l -* ■ rH~^ ■panssi s^maa-j d fc « Ol tr. c-l O 1> cm m 00 (M CM - CO O; CM CM . CO ■^luuaj ^noqitiW ^as saai^ o fc ■ • ■ i-h O I> •[oa^uoo pod-sosa saai^ o fc : rt ■** OS 00 o o o •J3A0 pauanq usay Acres. 77 ■ CO rH CD C-l CC 00 OI ■ o rH CO C CM O ■panssi s^iraj9(j d £ fc os co m oo co IQ rH -O IM O <M r- oo d ■qnuaaj ^not^iM* ^as saai^ d : : : :M : !^ : • : : : C- •[oaquorQ pad-eosa saai^i » : ; : : Tf* OS -*• r-l CM CM ■aa.\o psuanti -eaay Acres. 274 13 51 49 126 3,571 4,084 12.63 11,225 32.06 ■panssi s^iiujaj ^ N CO © ffl -* H fc 3 ^"~"'- 00 1^- irs Cl CM Oi . CM ■qutuaj qnoqqiM *}as saaij c fc IO ■ CO f- Ol cc Tj- lO CO CO rH c; rH CO 00 ■JOJ5UOC3 padeosa saa;^ d fc (OOiO'CON Ir- OS CO CN lO I- CO O TT lO U8A0 pauanq tjaay co 2,653 717 4,598 1,712 7,185 6,-280 -# CO Mr- CM KS CO CM CO CM ■panssi sqiuiaaj d fc 1~- rH r-. IN Cl O ■f O0 -f CO :-. CM IO CO CO 30 00 l^ rH rH CM COCO rl lO °.oi CO Cl ^ © ^ co 00 Cl :S>&i d& O O il o oi HSh ^U 1- O 0J HPh a1 O O O l. o .1 OCiCJH-HOlf^ FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 49 EQUIPMENT, IMPROVEMENTS, AND MAINTENANCE. Equipment- Cariboo. One canoe $194.00 One 20-foot boat 363.00 Two outboard motors 472.00 Four 10-men cooking outfits 131.00 Four hand-tank pumps 53.00 Three Ford cars 2,280.00 One Chevrolet car 842.00 Fire-fighting hose, etc 406.00 Tools and equipment, etc 270.00 $5,011.00 Improvements— Strathnaver Trail $361.00 Alexis Creek Ranger Station House 3,670.00 $4,031.00 Maintenance Quesnel Lake Boat-house $124.00 Lac la Hache Campsite 30.00 Miscellaneous 109.00 $263.00 Equipment- Kamloops. Two Ford cars $1,515.00 One power-speeder 327.00 Three canoes 385.00 One outboard motor 282.00 One 20-foot boat 268.00 One " Flato " boat 72.00 Two fire-fighting pumps 620.00 Twelve hand-tank pumps 222.00 Ten 6-men cooking outfits 243.00 Fire-fighting hose : 308.00 Tools and equipment, etc. 599.00 $4,841.00 Improvements— Grizzly Mountain-Grizzly Lake Trail $2,005.00 Grizzly Lake-Moira Lake Trail 40.00 Sock Lake-Grizzly Lake Trail 311.00 Coldscaur Lake-Moira Lake Trail 1,049.00 Tumtum Mountain Lookout Phone-line 489.00 Tumtum Creek-Adams River Trail 1,183.00 Mount McLennan Lookout 1,251.00 Centre Ridge Trail 112.00 Hell Roar Peak Lookout 173.00 Cedar Creek Boat-house 77.00 Blue River Speeder-house and Tool-cache 238.00 Canoe River Boat-house 63.00 Raft River Peak Trail 76.00 Little Clearwater-Centre Ridge Phone-line 835.00 Swift Creek Lookout 14.00 Centre Ridge Lookout 96.00 $8,012.00 4 AA 50 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Kamloops—Continued. Maintenance— Seymour River Bridge Fishtrap Creek Trail Poison Hill-McLure Trail Parky Lake-Hoover Lake Trail Powder Creek Trail Peterson Creek Trail North Barriere Lake-Adams Lake Trail Hurtle River Trail Clearwater Lake-Hobson Lake Trail Blue River-Murtle Lake Trail Adams River-Tumtum Lake Trail Canoe River Trail Clearwater Lake-Mahood Lake Trail North Thompson-Columbia River Trail North Barriere Lake-Adams Lake Trail Barton Creek Trail Seymour River East Trail Adams River Wagon-road Garnet Mountain Lookout Trail Big Bend Phone-line Miscellaneous $74.00 91.00 105.00 110.00 152.00 153.00 72.00 487.00 56.00 30.00 76.00 100.00 325.00 93.00 511.00 24.00 108.00 456.00 36.00 40.00 108.00 $3,207.00 > Foht George. Equipment—■ One Chevrolet car $841.00 Two outboard motors 447.00 One fire-fighting pump 368.00 One boat 50.00 Fire-fighting hose 632.00 Twenty 6-10-25-men cooking outfits 675.00 Tools and equipment, etc 1,719.00 $4,732.00 Improvements—■ 27"/2 miles of trail $4,035.00 Fort St. James Boat-house and Ways 698.00 Fort Fraser Lookout Cabin 105.00 Longworth Lookout Cabin 57.00 McBride Lookout Cabin 1,462.00 Pilot Mountain Lookout Cabin 108.00 Tsinkut Mountain Lookout Cabin 1,295.00 Fort Fraser Lookout Phone-line 219.00 Longworth Lookout Phone-line 172.00 McBride Lookout Phone-line 293.00 Tsinkut Mountain Lookout Phone-line 500.00 Longworth Tool-cache 64.00 Pilot Mountain Tool-cache 66.00 Stuart Lake Breakwater 1,364.00 Miscellaneous 40.00 $10,478.00 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 51 Fort George—Continued. Maintenance— 190% miles of trail $2,093.00 Fort St. James Boat-house 73.00 Fort Fraser Garage and Tool-house 123.00 Fort Fraser Ranger House 391.00 Fort Fraser Ranger Office 29.00 Red Mountain Ranger Station House 93.00 Giscome Speeder-house and Tool-cache 34.00 Goat River Speeder-house and Tool-cache 30.00 Moxley Creek Speeder-house and Tool-cache 24.00 Red Mountain Speeder-house and Tool-cache 51.00 Pilot Mountain Lookout Phone-line 287.00 Miscellaneous 86.00 $3,314.00 Prince Rupert. Equipment— Four Ford cars $2,961.00 One 20-foot boat 268.00 One outboard motor 287.00 Fire-fighting hose 174.00 Fire-fighting tools and equipment 767.00 $4,457.00 Improvements— Fire-line construction $827.00 Babine Phone-line 2,222.00 Hose-drying mast 42.00 Francois Lake Ranger Station House 1,500.00 $4,591.00 Maintenance— Ootsa Lake Boat-house $161.00 Thornhill Mountain Lookout 132.00 Skin Lake Lookout 42.00 Miscellaneous 237.00 $572.00 Southern Interior. Equipment— Eleven Ford cars $7,554.00 One Chevrolet car 835.00 Five fire-fighting pumps 1,731.00 One outboard motor 197.00 Forty hand-tank pumps 530.00 Seventy-one 6-10-25-men cooking outfits 2,344.00 Fire-fighting hose 2,311.00 Four horses 135.00 Fire-fighting tools and equipment, etc 9.596.00 $25,233.00 AA 52 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Southern Interior—Continued. Improvements— 6iy2 miles of trail $5,822.00 Duncan River Phone-line 1,457.00 Little Slocan Phone-line 365.00 Mount Glory Lookout 1,736.00 Saddle Mountain Phone-line 673.00 Livingstone Mountain Phone-line 801.00 Flathead Phone-line 1,911.00 Thompson Mountain Lookout 91.00 Gold Creek Phone-line 1,292.00 Gold Creek Ranger Station Cabin 17.00 Bridge Creek Cabin 382.00 Ward Creek Cabin 82.00 Caven Creek Lookout Phone-line 469.00 $15,098.00 Maintenance— 837 miles of trail $5,739.00 Elk Valley Phone-line 309.00 Reno Lookout and Phone-line 83.00 Wigwam Phone-line 366.00 Moyie Mountain Phone-line 594.00 Summit Creek Phone-line 32.00 Duncan River Phone-line 32.00 Johnson's Landing-Lardeau Phone-line 35.00 Beaver Mountain Lookout and Phone-line 155.00 Siwash Mountain Lookout and Phone-line 135.00 Elise Mountain Lookout and Phone-line 146.00 Erie Camp-site 20.00 South Fork Camp-site 57.00 Mount Glory Phone-line 111.00 AVilson Creek Phone-line 79.00 Kettle Valley Phone-line 52.00 Phoenix Phone-line 342.00 Baldy Mountain Lookout and Phone-line 123.00 Goat Mountain Lookout and Phone-line 96.00 White Rocks Lookout Phone-line 61.00 B.X. Lookout Phone-line 32.00 Sugar Mountain Phone-line 99.00 Little White Mountain Phone-line 25.00 Snow Mountain Phone-line 20.00 B.X. Mountain Lookout 25.00 Miscellaneous 184.00 $8,953.00 Vancouver. Equipment— Five Ford cars $3,565.00 Three fire-fighting pumps 1,106.00 Twelve hand-tank pumps 268.00 One Gypsy cruiser and outboard motor 500.00 Fire-fighting tools and equipment 1,129.00 $6,568.00 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 53 Vancouver—Continued. Improvements— Campbell River Bungalow $4,569.00 Rosewall Lookout 214.00 Pocohontas Lookout 1,267.00 Campbell Lake Lookout 1,225.00 Bainbridge Lookout 737.00 Comox Lookout 664.00 Harrison-Stave Trail 436.00 Pitt River Phone-line 17.00 Forest Reserve Trails 1,478.00 $10,607.00 Maintenance— Nitinat-Cowichan Trail $161.00 Cowichan Lake Look-out 153.00 Cowichan Lake Boat-house 22.00 Miscellaneous 109.00 $445.00 GRAZING. In co-operation with the British Columbia Beef Cattle Growers' Association and the British Columbia Sheep-breeders' Association, the Chief Forester conducted, during the summer, a series of open meetings throughout the grazing sections of the Province in order to get a better understanding of the problems facing the stockmen. The minutes of the meetings were reviewed and a special report prepared, with recommendations. These will, we feel, materially assist in the development of the stock business and remove the causes of friction which have existed heretofore. AVe appreciate the co-operation and assistance given by the Beef Cattle Growers' Association and the Sheep-breeders' Association in this matter. General Range Conditions. In general, the grazing ranges of the Interior of the Province were in a little better condition during 1930 than during the previous year. Late spring rains assisted the growth on the low range. The absence of early and midsummer rains resulted in the early maturing of the grasses and forced the cattle on to the higher ranges. The latter are usually in better condition for grazing when dry summer conditions prevail. All live stock, consequently, came off the ranges in the fall in good wintering condition. As usual, the live-stock interests pay little attention to the protection of the Government ranges, and it will be necessary, in order that the overgrazed condition be remedied, for the Government to require that better management be practised. Market Conditions. Market conditions in the live-stock industry of British Columbia were, during 1930, classed generally as " bad." A rather sudden drop took place in prices in the late spring a-nd those who were not fortunate enough to prepare for and take advantage of the early good prices had to sell on a dropping market. Prices now are a little higher than those prevailing prior to the higher prices of the last few years. Choice cattle selling at $9.50 per 100 lb. a year ago are now going at $6.50 per 100 lb. Choice lambs brought $11.50 per 100 lb. a year ago. They are now selling at $7.25 per 100 lb. Authorization . The numbers of live stock authorized to graze within the various grazing districts during 1930 are as follows: 70,000 cattle and horses and 37,500 sheep. This number will be considerably increased for the 1931 season because of a heavy increase in sheep-grazing on the higher ranges and the return of the Railway Belt to the Province. It is anticipated that around 80,000 cattle and horses and 50,000 sheep will use the Provincial ranges under permit in 1931. AA 54 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Co-operation. Live Stock Associations gave better co-operation during the past year. Competition between cattle and sheep interests in the use of the range influenced this to a certain extent. Range- division problems were all satisfactorily adjusted. Range Improvements. The range-improvement programme for 1930 has been practically completed. The few remaining projects will be completed before the close of the fiscal year. The following list of range-improvement projects was undertaken during the 1930-31 fiscal year:— Mud-holes '. 14 Drift-fences 11 Stock-trails 11 Breeding-pastures 4 Holding-grounds 2 Corrals 2 AVater developments 5 Experimental plots 1 Bridges 3 Total 53 The total amount allotted for this work was $5,552.90. Predatory Animals. Considerable damage was done by bears, both grizzly and black, to the sheep flocks using the high ranges. They were also responsible for losses among young calves. Sheep and Cattle Associations placed the matter before the Game Commissioner, who arranged for hunters to destroy these animals where deemed necessary. AA7ild Horses. The elimination of wild horses from the Provincial ranges is being continued. Throughout the Southern Interior and the Cariboo Districts work resulted in the destruction of 721 stallions, cripples, and otherwise defective wild horses on the ranges. Buyers were interested in purchasing the better horses belonging to whites and Indians and over 2,000 head were shipped out of the country south of the Railway Belt. Sales are still becng made. Arrangements have been made to get rid of a large number of horses from the Cariboo District this winter. Grasshoppers. The passing of the " Grasshopper-control Act " of 1930 enabled the ranchers to co-operate to advantage in poisoning operations where the grasshopper was menacing crops and forage on private and Government range. Effective work was done on the ranges in the Nicola District by the stockmen, and applications have been filed with the Department of Agriculture for the creation in 1931 of four new grasshopper-control districts, in the Cariboo Grazing District, embracing large areas of the Provincial grazing lands. General. The heavy demand for high range for sheep called for the expenditure of much time in the opening-up of trails or driveways to reach it. This demand will probably grow with the years until all of the high ranges suited to both sheep and cattle will be in use. Cattle, in some instances, are be'ng grazed at elevations of 6,500 feet and up to 8,000 feet. With a little herding and the proper use of artificial salt they can be broken to use these high ranges. They thrive excellently and beef comes off these ranges in the best grass condition. This use is being encouraged by the Department as it relieves the low, overgrazed areas. While the depression period lasts it is not likely there will be any increase in the present prices of live stock. On th'e whole, where good lamb and calf crops are obtained and overhead is not excessive, good profits are being made at present prices. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. AA 55 There is room for an enormous development in the range live-stock business in British Columbia. Climatic and early forage-growth advantages will always keep British Columbia live-stock interests in an enviable position, and high-quality live stock will therefore be produced on British Columbia ranches and ranges in steadily increasing numbers as the grain- and hay- producing lands are developed. VICTORIA', B.C. : Printed Oy Charles P. Banfield. Printer to the Kind's Most Excellent Majesty. 1931. 2,325-231-3755
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PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH OF DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. N. S. LOUGHEED,… British Columbia. Legislative Assembly [1931]
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Title | PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH OF DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. N. S. LOUGHEED, Minister H. CATHCART, Deputy Minister - P. Z. CAVERHILL, Chief Forester FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31ST 1930 |
Alternate Title | FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1930. |
Creator |
British Columbia. Legislative Assembly |
Publisher | Victoria, BC : Government Printer |
Date Issued | [1931] |
Genre |
Legislative proceedings |
Type |
Text |
FileFormat | application/pdf |
Language | English |
Identifier | J110.L5 S7 1931_V02_16_AA1_AA55 |
Collection |
Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia |
Source | Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia |
Date Available | 2016-04-18 |
Provider | Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library |
Rights | Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia |
CatalogueRecord | http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1198198 |
DOI | 10.14288/1.0300521 |
AggregatedSourceRepository | CONTENTdm |
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