Array INDUSTRIAL UNITY: STRENGTH OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE FEDERATED LABOR PARTY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PUBLISHED Uf INTERESTS OF ALL WORKERS .4 POLITICAL UNITY: VICTORY SIXTEENTH YEAR. No. 29 FOUR PAGES VANCOUVER, B. C, FRIDAY MORNING, JULY 18,1924 6c A COPY SUMMERLAND, B.C. Summer School of Social Science Under Auspices Federated Labor Party AUGUST 24th TO Slat, .1924 Mm. Bon Henderson, Montreal, Director—Programme and Accommodation fHE "Summer School ot Social Science," under the auspices of Summerland local, 8. C. Federated Labor party, will hold daily sessions, commencing August 24, and ending August 81. The place of meeting is at the "Log Cabin," on the Okanagan lake, at Summerland, B.C. The object la to bring together, students ot all shades of progressive thought for mutual Instruction, and to train speakers and teachers for the "New Era." Programme: Mrs. Rose Henderson, of Montreal, will be director, and experts will be In charge of every department. Mrs. Henderson has just returned from campaigning in England, and has spent three months Jn Russia, so accurate information will be available as to the European situation, both political and economic. Katherlne and Carroll Aikins will outline the latest tendencies in Canadian drama; George W. "Weaver will speak on music"; George, F. Stirling is expected to deal with the economic problems of the farmer, and there will be speakers from different parts of Canada. Full particulars of the curriculum 1 will be announced later, but the sub- ! jeets dealt with will be (1) Industrial history, (2) Marxian and Fabian socialism, (3) communism, (4) social reform, (5) social welfare, <6) arts and crafts, (7) drama and literature, etc., etc. Accomodation: Tents will be provided for sleeping purposes; guests bringing their own blankets, nnd ' meals will be served In a common dining room—expenses being shared on a communal basis. For those who prefer, rooms may be secured at tho Summerland hotel, or Premier hotel, West Summerland, Attractions: Boating, bathing, dominion experimental farm, a real holiday among beautiful and congenial surroundings. Write for reservations at once, so that amplo time will be given the management to make full preparations, Address all communications tot—The Manager, Jack Logic, West Summerland, B.C. THAT SOWE©OCV ELSE >& HOLDING DONON VOUR. Semi-annual Election of Offlcen —H. Neelands, M.L.A., Re- Elected President BOTS WOBK TEN-HOUR DAT GREETINGS TO LABOR- WHEAT AS SOCIAL PRODUCT [By a Prairie Chicken] * rVO WRITE anything of interest to industrialists from tho farming community, is rather a difficult task, yet, interest between the two must be established and maintained. Although widely separated at the present time, It- is imperative that we bridge the space, as we cannot possibly do without each other. We farmers are often prone to forget, that wheat is a social product and would bo useless to us, If the means of transport, a nd many other necessary stages wero not applied to It by labor so called (as if we were not just a fraction of that unit). We find difficulty even amongst ourselves to develop class-consciousness, and this does not often widen out to a working class consciousness. The idea of Building Permits Building permits issued in Vancouver for the first half of July for new construction work amounts to $168,266. Civic Employoes* Outing To-Day The Civic Employees' union of South Vancouver are holding their annual picnic to-day at Bowen 2s- ; land. Leaving Vancouver at 9 , o'clock, the municipal employees and • their friends will on this favorite '-picnic ground hold their annual sports. A big crowd of employees F and their friends is expected at the [ outing. Shoot Metal Workers Sheet Metal WorkerB union, No. 80, of Vancouver, will be represented ' by A. J. Crawford at the annual con- ■ vention of the Sheet Metal WorkerB (International Alliance, which convenes 'at Montreal, commencing Monday, July 21. This Is tho flrst time for this body to assemble in Canada. A t record attendance Is anticipated. Mr. ..Crawford on his way eastward will visit Edmonton and Winnipeg in the Interests of his organization. Tailors Elect Ollicers The Vancouver Journeymen Tailors ,union, No. 178, recently elocted officers for ensuing term as follows: President, A. R. Gatonbyj vice-president, [A, Stringer; recording secrotary, C. ,McDonald; financial secretary, H, Nordlund; Inside guard, B. Brand; ., sergeant-at-arms, F. Franco; executive committee—Mrs, Dolk, Mrs. Franco, T. Templeton, A. Beamish; delegates to Trades and Labor council—C. McDonald, A, R. Gatenby, R. A. Lawson, Mrs. Polk,. A. Stringer; ! delegates to Canadian Labor party— j Mrs. Dolk, A. R. Gatenby, C. Mc- \ Donald. Delegute to British Congrtws .John McClelland, of Montreal, [will be tho fraternal delegate from [-Canada to represent Canadian labor at the British Trades Union congress to be held at Hull in September. He will also attend the International Federation of Trade unions, which Is to be held at Ruskin college, London, on August 174 Acting President J. T. Foster, of Montreal, vice- president of the Trades and Labor 'congress of Canada, is acting president of the organization during the absence of President Tom Moore, who Is attending the convention of the International Federation of Trades unions In Vienna, with which body the Canadian Trades congress is afflliated. WORLD'S GREATEST NEED Birth Control—What It Will Do for the Down-Trodden Human Race It will give every mother the right to have children only when she feels that her health and strength will allow her. to give them the care and attention they need. It will give her the possibility of recovering her Btrength in case she Is worn out physically or nervously, or has any disease aggravated by pregnancy, It will enable her to gain strength if she has worked hard and long hours before her marriage. No woman should 'become pregnant until she ls well rested from fatiguing labor, It will give her time to know her children, and to devote herself to bringing them up. It Will give her a chance to develop mother-love, instead of becoming a slave, a worn-out, broken, spiritless drudge. v It will keep her husband's love and cournge. Fathers will no longer be Intolerably harrassed and driven to desperation by the claims of a family too large for their wages or salary to support. It will prevent tho practice of taking drugs and poisonous nostrums to avoid Undesired pregnancy. It will prevent abortion. Mothers will not resort to lhe murder of unborn children, when they can control conception. It will prevent tbe death of mothers whoso physical, strength cannot stand tho strain of pregnancy, It will prevent thc death of thou- 'sands of babies whoso* passing out is caused by poverty, ignorance, neglect and Insufficient vitality Inherited from exhausted mothers. It will provent child labor. Child laborers come from over-crowded homes with moro children than tbe parents can afford to feed and clothe. It will prevent prostitution:—because (a) young people will be able to marry early and wait until their incomes aro sufficient before having children, (b) Wives will be freed from the haunting fear of pregnancy which hovers over a woman from month to month, and frequently drives husbands to prostitutes. It will prevent the birth of diseased children, especially such as Inherit weakness or actual disease from unhealthy parents. It will set the woman freo to show her affection and express her love /or her husband, an expression which will hold husband and wife together. It will make of the home a placo of peace, harmony and love. The man will want to come to it; 'the woman will find In It her happiness and developmeat; the children, well nutured and carefully educated, will grow up in it to be the greatest assets of the nation. private ownership is strong, many thinking the land is theirs after tho pioneering they have dono, although few indeed held their patents or title to land many days, before turning it over to a mortgage company, so probably, with the .big increase of tenant farmers and the amount- of land held under mortgage, our problem In the near future will be trustification or nationalinat."r However, dealing with the present, considering our population is scattered over a vast area, comprising peoplo from every part of Europe, etc., speaking many languages, yet, we havo succeeded in the short space of one and a half years, in inducing half of these people to enter into a five year contract to deliver all thoir wheat to be pooled; this to be sold and all receiving the same price per grade, this is a great achievement. It is the first timo we bave really discovered, where our economic strength lay and endeavored to apply it. The great thing Is not thc pool (beneficial as we expect It to be) but the working together of practically half of our farmers. It ls, we are aware, directed at only one of the many enemy forts, but if we can prove to ourselves by organized effort that we can silence one, we will take each in turn, and even if as a last resort we have to use labor's most powerful weapon and strike on the job, inflicting, as it would, hardships, along with tho rest on many branches of labor. Could we depend on their staunch support? On the other hand If our mutual relationship were strengthened could we flnd a common basis and supply through the unions, giving the necessary food supplies in your struggles? Ab a Winnipeg friend would say, lt depends on the kind of union. We have now two farmer organ! zatlonB—the Saskatchewan Gmln Growers' association allied with the United Farmers of Alberta and Man itoba established many years, taking part in many activities, social and political, and the more recently launched Farmers Union of Canada, out of politics (if this ls possible). Whother both organizations will continue, amalgamate, or with the progress of the wheat pool, be superseded, the future will decide; most probably we will have to go through the samo tedious, time wasting, heartbreaking processes as labor organizations, until .wo see clearly nothing but socialism has anything permanent, to offer, this apparently having been recognized by a small group of progressives who havo broken away and working with tho small labor group at Ottawa. These few lines are written With no othor object than to try and develop a better feeling betwoen farmer and labor and In reply to a kind message from the writer of your labor and poet's column, whom, it Is our privilege to know. Of the many cases of hardship and distress on the prairie, it is no use to enter into now, these being the common lot of the people through the ages, .lust try to understand the reason why, then kick and organize Ib all we ask; then our day will como. I would like to olose with a good story told by a harvester down from the coast last year, only, don't apply it to all farmers please. This one, howover, having brought homo n man ono night to help to stack up some oats, went to call him about four a.m., swinging the lantern before his oyes. The man rubbing his eyes and yawning asked the farmer a question thus; "Say, old timer, what kind of oats have ye to stack, wild or tame ones?" "Oh, just oats,1 replied the farmer. "Oh, all right," says the man, settling down on the hay. "I never yet seed the tame oats I couldn't sneak up ta In day-light, ■so buz* off." Delegates to Attend Meeting to Start Organisation for Next Civic Election AT the regular twlce-a-month meeting of the Vancouver Trades and Labor council held on Tuesday night, the semi-annual elections took place. There was a good attendance of delegates. Following officers were re-elected: President, Harry Neelands, M.L.A.; vice-president, J. Dunn; secretary, P, Bengough; treasurer, F. E. Griffin; sergeant-at-arms, Mrs. F. A. Dolk. C. McDonald, of the Tailors' union, was elected statistician, and F. A. Hoover, E. A. Jamieson, W. H. Cottrell; J. R. Flynn elected trustees.* Six delegates were appointed to the general meeting of the Canadian Labor party on August 1 to start organization for the forthcoming civic elections; they wero Harry Neelands, Percy Bengough, Birt Showier, W. H, Cottrell, E. A. Jamieson and J. R. Flynn. Notice of motion was given looking to a reduction of the per capita tax for the Trades and Labor coun cil from 5 cents to 2 Ms cents por month. Complaint from a delegate that boys of fourteen were being employed In a box factory on Cambie street, that they were worked ten hours a I day, that one boy had lost a hand1 in the factory and; another lost a finger, both without any chance of compensation, was referred to the executive for Investigation and nelion. Reports from unions consisted mostly of notices of picnics to be held within the next two or three weeks. rr HAVE ONI*: IN TM6 ATTIC Slie| Af-lo AND THC PRICE IS*fco. §J»T I DONT . *2*kb Kiosi/y Sunn r 7 O % That thei*k ai<e apartments and housb- WMSPlNe ROOMS -EVEN IF What Is the Na tare of the Human Soul?—Ii It Separate from the Body? INCEPTION OF BMJOIOH ORIENTAL QUESTION FROM WOMAN'S POINT OF VIEW Many Oldest Pbilotophiei Held Han's Conscious Edite&oe Ended wtth Death tBy Frances Wills) 'pHB average person who has grown up with certain fixed beliefs and who has been taught and trained to accept many things on faith will Immediately answer that the human soul is part' of some mysterious externa! force, or, In fact, part of Qod; that tt 1b an entity entirely seperate from the body and whieh may or may not have existed previous to Birth, but which certainly goes on living after the death of the body. The flippant or the unthinking sceptical will reply that there is no such thing as the human soul. But the broad-minded .person who ls used to consider all sides of a question and who has learned to think for himself and apply his reason to what moat people take for granted, will regard the question aa very debateable, and will not dismiss It without due consideration. To many people who have made up their minds on the subject, or who huve accepted the, workings of other people's minds, and to those who never consider such problems, the question [By Mrs. C. Lorrimer] ■ Wi Factory Inspector for B. 0. Wage Board and Well-Known Laborite Mrs. Winnifrcd Mahon, factory inspector lor the Minimum Wage Board passed away at tho St. Paul's hospital at 7.30 a.m., Wednesday, following a brief illness. Mrs. Mahon was appointed to this position in February, 1923, and her duties consisted of the inspection of factories where women are employed and examination of the payrolls of all establishments covered by the Minimum Wage act, Sho had been t resident of Vancouver fpr over fifteen years. Mra. Mahon had for three years been president of the Garment Workers' union, and was also delegate from the union to the Trades and Labor council. During the sixteen months that she was inspector, she made many friends among those under her supervision, and the women garment workers in tho city especially spoke very highly of her and the interest she took ln their welfare. She was a very active worker, and performed her duties in a capable manner. Mrs. Mahon is survived by her husband in Van couver, hor parents, threo sisters and two brothers in England. Tho funeral will take place on Fri day afternoon to tho family plot ii Ocean Viow Burial Park, after a service at 3.30 In the Nunn & Thomson chapel. Tailors' I'iriiii' The Journeymen Tailor's union of Vancouver and district, will hold its annual picnic Wednesday, July They, will leave by hoat from Gore avonuo wharf for Wigwam- Inn at 0 a.m. Bports will bo held for both adults and childron und valuable prizes given the winners, Tho com mittee In chargo promise plenty of fun and ico cream and give you t hearty Invitation to join them, Ro turning boat will leave Wigwam Inn at S p.m. ATTENTION 1 rrUK FEDERATIONIST is attain forced to hold over several good articles owing to luck of space However, iu tlm next Issuo wo hope to bo able to include them In these columns, An article H|H*clnlly written for the Foderntionist by Tom Richardson, ex- M.P,, nnd who Is m well-known In this province, on "The Position of the Emigrant In Canada," will wc know bo received with lntereat. Angus MiiclnnlN also writes an article on the lnbor question, "As Wo Bee It." These aud other articles by writers well-known to thc renders of this paper will make next week's Issue well worth reading. Mention this to your friends and boost thc circulation. * Tlie resume of tho ooal situation In District IH which we expected to havo In this week's Issue is also held back. TOURING the recent election some excitement was caused by the passing uf a resolution by the Canadian Labor party to the effect that Orientals ought to havo the franchise. Great indignation was shown In Some circles and it was tho opinion of many that tho resolution was detrimental to the labor vote. The first expression of- feeling was out of place and the second went to prove that some workers do not as yet know how to use their vote. The objection to the franchise for Orientals is, no doubt, owing to their supposed inferiority. Now let us examine ourselves. Quoting Lewis H. Morgan, L.L.D,, from his book, "Ancient Society:" "Mankind lived first In savagery, then barbarism, then civilisation. The history of thc human raco Is ono in sourco, one in experience, and one In progress. Since mankind is one In origin, they are essentially one, running in different but uniform channels upon all continents. The whole experience of mankind from savagery to civilisation was worked out upon tho Asiatic continent. There the period of human occupation has been the longest." In fact over 500 years ago, China had a) land policy which has not" been reached elsewhere. Each family owned some land, and there was common land as well, on which all worked and the proceeds of which went to the payment of some of the community expenses. A. rather good policy, one might say, for British Columbia to adopt, and which would go a long way to eliminate our bread-tine! Morgan further tells ub of the rise of property. It Is impossible, he says, to overestimate the Influence of property In the civilisation of mankind.' The growth of the idea of property In the human mind com menced in feebleness and ended by becoming Its master passion. It Introduced human slavery as an instrument in Its production. The cruelty inherent In the heart of man which civilisation and religion have softened without eradicating, still betrays the savage origin of mankind and in no way moro markedly than through the centuries of recorded history. Now, the point I wish to make clear is that all races have the same origin, and that all workers, irrespective of color, are living under n system of human slavory, I.e., wage- slavery. Tho fact of thc workers «f B C. gotting excited about tho Orientals franchise does not settle tho question. They should make an effort to understand the systom under which they live and try to discover why the Oriental Is here. Tn tho first place the Oriental comes lo Canada hoping to escape tho awful condition's of hin own eountry, and if we will have the courage to admit It, thnt is what brought all of us here, (oo. The employing class brought Orientals here to ubtain cheap labor. Thoy are bringing Europeans hero for tho same purpose, because in some of the older capitalist countries, the workers have a lower standard of living. Cheap lahor means big profits, and that is the religion and patriotism of the employing class. If the workers wish to exclude the Orientals from British Columbia they will havo to take rather more Interest in their own affairs. It is time that thoy' wore doing a Uttle thinking for themselves Instead of* being spoon-fed. A short time ago, ten million dollars were sent from Ottawa to China for Investment In Industry; the Chinamen In China Is being paid 20 cents "por day. A roport given for tho International La'bor Review hy acting-president J. B. Taylor, of Pekin university says: "Cotton spinning has assumed tho load tn the Industrial development of China. It has grown from ono million spindles In 1916 to two fniillii.il in 1922 and since then another two million havo been added." Taylor says that children from the age of eight work twelve and moro hourB per day in factories for 50 cents, per month and board. Some plants keep their workors seventeen hours per day, every day, without holidays. The maximum wages In twenty-nine of the chief industries in China range from 20 to 53 conts per day. There are 221,000 women in the same industries whoso wages average 4 cents per day. The present writer has worked at tho rate of 4 cents per day in Britain and she does not feel at all superior to her colored Bisters. To talk about this country being a great investing nation means pimply that capitalists are building factories (Continued on page 4) FICTITIOUS REPORTS Old Country Family of Four Enticed to Vancouver Under False Rumors Following is a copy of an article which appeared In a local paper nt Rawtenstall, England, us a result of which a family came to Vancouver with a letter of Introduction to "Schofield" who Is unknown at the city hall, and Is apparently fictitious. The family of four arrived at Vancouver wilh only $23.00 between them and starvation. The article reads: "Mr. Robert Schofleld, a Rawten- stalllan, who went out to Vancouver, British Columbia, some ten years ago has forwarded a letter of appreciation to Mrs. Fairbourne, shipping agent of Rawtenstall. Writing from the City Hall, Mr Schofield recalls the fact of booking his passage with Mrs. Falrbourn and expresses thankfulness that he did so. He hns, he says, done exceeding well, He owns his own*$M00,0ti house, and a $4,000,Off automobile. Tbere are a lot of Rawtenstall people in Vancouver, and they have a Lancashire society with 1,500 members. Ho says there fs plenty of work for both men and women in Vancouvor, nnd if he "could Induce a few hundred more from Rawst enst all lo go out there they would never regret ii." Tbr eity, he concludes, is shunless and prosperous. Coloni7lug Canada at $6;tl4 a Settler III answer lo a question Mr. J. A. Robb stitted that' the government had paid the Canadian Colonization Association — a private company— $100,000 dining the year, lhat the transcontinental railways had Jointly paid another $100,000, and that the Association had brought into Canada during tho period 1323-24, exactly thtrty-flve settlers. Ho could not b«.v how many families these thirty-five settlers Included. The cost per settler was thus $5,714.29, • Militarism breaks tip tho homo, destroys the family, mocks at morality, violates conscience, breeds hate, disunites mankind, stifles the spirit of youth, and exposes the whole world to lhe lusts of reaction,—Common Cause, Sydney. India Is the happy hunting-ground of foreign exploiters, and everything Is done to maintain this stato of affairs. Newspapers are prohibited If they becomee tainted with radicalism, and deportation without any trial Is a favorite wetipon. The powers who shouted about Belgium, Hecrotly cut up Albania for Serbia, Greece and Italy In the secret treaty of London, 1915. Tho wago rale of $1.12j£ an hour la paid to Hamilton, Ont., bricklayers. will no doubt; appear an idle one an» not worth- the time spent on It. But, in reality, it is one bf a aeries pf such questions which have an enormously Important bearing on life, both the Ufa of thc individual and tho lifo of society as a whole, as will be shown later- Those-who claim that man has a soul, distinct from his'body, also claim -that man alone'of all animal life, la thus privileged, but" a'study of the mind proceBBes of man and the lower animals shows thnt there Is no sharp. dividing line. . Moreover, It has been proved that the laws which control the body also control tho soul or mind, und psychic organ in animal life, from the, lowest fishes to man,, makes its appearance ^during formation before birth, as a simple cylindrical tubo which Is later known as the spinal cord and a club shaped organ whtch ts Inter the brain. Thus the soul or mind of man starts' Its existence at precisely tho snmo time as the one celled creature starts Its pre-natal growth. A further proof that body nJid soul are one is shown by the fact that when certain parts of the brain aro destroyed, a part of the soul Is destroyed, Also in tracing the development of a child, we notice the growth of consciousness, Intelligence In proportion as the brain matures. Thus, to quote Huekel, the soul,is not a Bpecial Immaterial entity but the sum-total of a number of connected functions of the brain. In contradiction of these facts, many people will assert that brain and mind and soul are distinct. But a careful Introspection of one's own personality and the study of that of another person will reveal a combination of faults, virtues, Impulses, in- instincts and peeularltios. All these are the result of heredity and the Influence of circumstanced and the quality of brain and nervous matter; there Is nothing supernatural about the personality, there Is nothing lhat cannot be attributed to the result of heredity, environment and brain- type. Tbe question of the Immortality of the soul or personality in bound Up with our Ideas about the soul. The belief in immortality is comparatively a recent one, for as has been shewn before, mnny of the oldest religions and philosophies had no doubt that man's entire conscious existence ended with death. Ami there is no question of this fact If the brain (which is part of the mortal body) and the soul are really interdependent. When the brain dies the soul also dies. The question now naturally arises, "What effoct will such beliefs havo on the Individual and un society, and why should they Interest people who are ostensibly seeking the betterment of the conditions of humanity?" There aro those who say that the belief in a conscious existence hereafter serves as nn inducement to good and as a deterrent of evil; tho old idea of reward and punishment still play a Ifygo part in the lives of thousands. Anyone who believes that tho soul of man perishes when the body, of which it is merely part, dies, cannot help but deplore the results of belief In man's immortality. There Is no defubt that, tol an Individual who regards this earthly life as a mero fragment of eternity, or as a necessary evil to be endured beforo participating In another and better life, social problems and Indeed all questions bearing ou. life, will assume pitifully small proportions. Thus since the Inception of idcaS of immortality, man has been more or Jess content to endure the Ills nnd miseries of NO believing that he will be compensated In a heaven above. Millions of souls have cherished this belief and in consequence have cared very little about Improving the earth- life. Once let people realize that our few yearB of existence on earth Is (Continued on page 3) PAGE TWO SIXTEENTH YEAR. No. 29 BRITISH COLUMBIA FEDERATIONIST VANOOUYBR,B.C. FRIDAY July 18, 192 Published every Friday by The BrltlBh Columbia Federatlonist Business snd Editorial Office, 1129 Howe St. The policy of Tho B. 0. Federationist is controlled by the editorial hoard of tho Federated Labor Party of British Columbia. Subscription Rate: United States and Foreign, $8.00 per year; Canada, $2.50 per year, $1.50 for six months; to Unions subscribing in a body, 16c per member per month. FRIDAY July 18, 1924 LABOR AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS WHATEVER Individual opinion may be about the labor government In Britain, thero Is no doubt that the premier's policy in regard to Fiance Ib reciving approval. He evidently believes that overy move iu tho game of foreign politics should be open and above board. Ho Is desirous of viewing the question from all aides beforo arriving at any decision. He is certainly not putting British interests first; rather he Is making equal allowance for French fooling and intorest; in a word, he is giving the international conscience a chanco. And he Is being frank about his actions and ideas. In giving his views lo tho newspapers, he Is enlightening the masses to same extent; perhaps as far as Ib possible in dealing with such complex problems and technical points, and he is thus allowing them to form their own opinions rather than accept readymade ideas. All this is in contrast to the stand hitherto taken by statesmen in regard to foreign policy. The people have been kept in the dark as to motives and events, while the politicians and big-business cliques pursued their policy of double-dealing, secret agreements and wholesale robbery. For Instance, many treaties have come to light about the laat war. Peace negotiations were deferred until the enemy was no longer in a position to argue when the secret agreements respec- ing the disposal of various exploitable parts of the world could be put into operation, when the smaller and.der fenceless nations could be divided up among the "great powers," It is doubtful if the masses of the people, educated in foreign and domestic affairs, and whose social conscience is not altogether ruined by the greed of gold and the thirst for power, would have tolerated the treatment of subject peoples whose state of slavery Is worse than our own. Possibly then there would have been no "crime of the Congo," no Amrltsar massacre, and none of the terrible happenings in Egypt and the Sudan when the people became class- conscious. And with greater frankness on the part of those In power, lt Is possiblo that the so-called superior white race would have recognized the claims to national privileges and self-determination, of other races. Instead of this, however, the flame of I race-hatred and prejudice has been fanned In the interest of capitalism. Macdonald's call for candor and his own attitude towards other countries are really only the iprelude to what we might expect under a socialist regime. When we realize that the prosperity of one country means the prosperity of the rest; when we are ready to acknowledge the rights of other nations; when we become broadly international in our views, then the world can hope for better times and tho abolition of wholesale murder. THE PROBLEMS OF OUR HONEST BUSINESS MEN. A SHORT TIME ago one or our local business men was discussing with a group, the problems that he was having to face in the particular line of business In which he was engaged. Up until a few years ago the wage worker was the only one who was having roal problems to face In this countrly; hut now, It would seem that the wheols of fortune have moved on a pace. The average small business man today Is struggling for his very exfsteneo—and incidentally for the existence of his wife and kiddles. Tho larger departmental stores are daily commanding more and mare of the trado which has previously been going to the smaller concerns. Being able to buy ln larger (]iiantlties and In job lots, and at tho same Mme pay cash for wh:;.t thoy purchase, they aro able to purchaso thoir goods at rock bottom .prices. On top of all this they have the advantage of a definite reduction in their overhead costs, which the smaller business man can never hope to eradicate. So, with a smaller cost, a greater turnover and at the same time a lessenod overhead cost, it would appear that thc small buslneas man is doomed to face a businoss condition, in the not distant futuro, thnt will givo him real cause for worry. Aside from lhe above, another factor comes into play In our modern business world, that of the honesty of competitors. Wo are prone to think only of the public, when discussing such matters, but here too, our small business man Ib facing what appears to us to bo an almost Insurmountable difficulty, so long as our present economic system romains. So long as our system makes It more or less profitable for a man to be dishonest, there aro going to bo ever in our midst, men and women who will succumb to the lure that monetary gain seems to have for so many of us In spite of our religious training and upbringing. One business man may try, and we believe that many do try, to give to the buying public tho best value for their money that they can give under existing conditions. On the other hand another business man;'following In tho same line, advertises and rep- j resents to his own and prospective customers, goods which he claims are of equal value, tf not superior, for a considerable less amount of money. The unsuspecting public, slow to leani its lesson, and ever on tho lookout for something for nothing, but usually succeeds in getting nothing for something, Is, in the language of the street, "stune again." Not only ls the public affected in such a deal, but tho honest businesB man is placed in a most unfortunate and unenviable position, He Is deprived of a legitimate profit on an honest deal, whilo at tho same time he Is represented as being an extortionist. One might say, "let us prevont ' dishonest advertising." That sounds woll but, like many other features at present existing in our oconomic order, It Is found lo be profitable for some few, and so long as It Is so found, it will bo ever ln our midst. Sooner or later we wilt come to realize that this world has nothing belter to offer any of us than a decent, honest livelihood, and that when we have gotten that, we will realize that theroin lies the road to happiness and contentment on this terrestial sphere. True happiness surely cannot bo found by any of us, if in our endeavor to get it we have to do so at the expense and comfort of our fellowmen, JThe right to live—and to live decently— providing we are willing to do our duty to societyr is a fundamental that can never be Ignored by any social order If it would hope to survive for long. We all must come to realize sooner or later—we hope sooner—that we can never hope to be truly happy while others about us are struggling against tremendous odds, odds that should never be and, what Is more, need.not be . duty to society, there it lies, while many starve. * In other words, if we cannot obtain the-right to do something that is going to be profitable to some one else, we are, under tho present system of society, deprived of our right to live. The needs of our "human nature" mean nothing. Not until we have ■production for use in this world rather than production for proflt, will "human nature" ever be seen in its true light, something to be proud of rather than something to scorn and deride. Labor and the Poets WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE ffi FTS HUMAN NATURE OW OSTTEN we have heard those words! If a considerable num- ber of us have chosen to do something that we know that we ought not to have done, we immediately endeavor to find some siltable excuse, and one, that we feel will enable us to retain our self-respect aa well as the respect of our fellows, who by the way, are *, as guilty as ourselves. A father, the other day, was giving his views regarding the rising generation and, after pointing out their many faults and shortcomings, he said, "Well, after all, it's only human nature.'" Perhaps he was altogether wrong. It may have been only a father's nature, who knows? Nevertheless, frailties which human nature may be subject to, have been blamed for many, many sins, most of which, we fear, are not due to human nature per se, but rather to the unfortunate system under which we. find ourselves forced to live and have our being. The average man and woman today the world over, could they but gain their livelihood in an honest legitimate manner would nover raise their little finger to harm even the most helpless among us, provided of course, thoy were not of unsound mind. We might state here, by the way, that in our judgment many of the conditions of unsound mind that we seo from day to day are due, In many Instances, to the offectB of this system of competition under which wo are endeavoring to gain our means of life. So strenuous Is the struggle becoming to many of us that it is little to be wondered at lhat some break down under the strain. As time goes on, and as the struggle becomes still harder, many will fall by the wayside, human OUR POLICE COMMISSION IT IS littlo wonder that the old political machines are slowly, but surely, losing what little respect the general public may have had for thom. Their absolute indifference to public opinion ln so many cases—especially is this so immediately after the elections—has beon Buch as to turn against them the more thoughtful minds among us. Tho activities of the liberal machine of late, in connection with the appointment of a police commissioner to take the place of Mr. Harnett, has beon such as to arouse thc suspicions of even tho most innocent and unsuspecting in our midst. It would appear Mr. Woodward has chosen one, who in the eyes of the machine, might be little too exacting, and who might bo rather too conscientious in the carrying out of his duties. He might, for Instance, want to learn something more about the Veterans Weekly scandal, and who the "higher ups* are. He might be inclined to investigate the past as well as endeavor to keep the future records clean from graft. We have no personal knowledge of Mr. Woodward's choice, we admit, but when we see such delay and sidestepping of the main Issue, we are In clined, judging from our many experiences in the past, to think that the choice, who ever he may be, is a good one. If the liberals would Ingratiate themselves into the goodwill of the public, then the sooner they "cut out" their' (political nonsense and settle down to business the better. Politics has been a game long enough now. It is getting beyond a joke. What we want today is a good honest administration by earnest, thoughtful and intelligent men and women. As a matter of fact, Labor has little faith in the ability of any of them to govern our city, province or dominion under the present system. In fact, we are certain that lt cannot be done satisfactorily. A system whereby we produce only for proflt and disregard human needs ls such as to contaminate the very elect, It haa done so, it would appear, in the past, and we fear that it will continue to do so in the future.. Be that as lt may, however, we feel that we would like to see the best and most capable men and women that we have, take in hand all matters of government, not that we want to see them besmirched with the political corruption that we see everywhere about us, but rather to have demonstrated the absolute futility of the competitive system under which we are living today, regardless of who may have it in control. more wrecks. .^ Tho great question that should confront our minds, therefore, Is: How is all this great Injustice to the great mass of mankind going to be remedied? This has bcen a quostion that has heen occupying the minds of tho moro thoughtful among us for some years past, but now, even the most thoughtless among us are beginning to soe that somothing will soon havo to be done. We hope that the masses have become too enlightened to Ho down and die without a strugglo aB they havo boon known to do In the past, believing It to be, perhaps, God's Will. No, we cannot blame human nature any longer. All that nature asks for, whether lt be human nature, or any other nature, is sufficient to gratify its natural desires. Anything that tends,* in any way, to prevent the fulfilment of those natural desires should be the factor towardB which we should direct our attention lf we would alleviate the Ills to which we are subjected so needlessly today. The sun shines as brightly as It has ever done before the rainfall, lt will be agreed, is on the whole quite sufflclent to provide our soil with the necessary moisture, and the soil, thore It lies bidding us come and partake of all the good thingB that It has to offer, But no, Mr. Smith, or Brown, or Jones or the C. P.rT., or some other source of power and authority owns and controla the means whereby wo live, and unless it Is profitable for thorn to allow us to perform, what should be tho absolute right of every ono of ub, our normal GUARANTEES TO IMMIGRANTS rWAS reported recently that a large number of young, people from Great Britain were likely to come to British Columbia, provided our government, or groups of our people, would exercise more responsibility for those who come and give them an assurance that they would be received and given a chance. The Y, M.C.A, it would appear, Is more or less behind the scheme. This sounds interesting. We would surely like to see our government attempt to take on such a responsibility for aome one. It shows., no inclination to do anything like that for the young folk here in Canada or British Columbia, who are directly under Us jurisdiction, but it might be enticed to do something for some peoples, other than their own. So far as any group of our people assuming any responsibility for immigrants, that Is quite out of tho question unless that group bo the C.P.R, or some other profit-making institution undertakes lt. But of that we have had all the experience we cure for. To make a proflt is such an incentive to the average individual, or group of Individuals, that no Intelligent person would think of allowing them tosupervlse the welfare of their fellowmen at the same time. Some day our government must become sufficiently advanced, enlightened and humane to warrant their undertaking such a task. It Is the obvious responsibility of all governments today the world over. But lt must be remembered, however, that the duty of each and every government is to discharge that responsibility towards those at home flrat before assuming such a responsibility for others. The house was onragjed because dumb animals had suffered in tho Rodeo. I agree with that attitude, but It Is a strange thing that men can be easily roused when they see animals Jlltreated, while they remain quiet when human life Is suffering. —Rhys Davles, M. P. [By Frances Wills! lyro study of popular poets would be complete without some mention of Shakespeare who was one of the world's greatest writers. The poet was born In the "heart of England," and his environment must have played a great part in shaping hla genius. His home was surrounded by field and forest and river In which he delighted, and h,ls imagination was fed by the history and legend with which Warwickshire Is associated, And history and legend were living to him. There was the castle of Warwick the kingmaker, there was Kenilworth where Leicester entertained tho queen with magnificent pageants, and there was tho scene of Mary Stuart's imprisonment all near by. Much more interesting to the impressionable boy were these haunts and more educative, too, than the tedious work of the grammar school which he attended and where he learnt little save arithmetic and Latin. At fourteen, he left school and followed various occupations; accord Ing to some traditions he was i country school-teacher and then was employed in a law-office. After his marriage, he went to London to seek his fortune, possibly because he had some ambition and probably to escape the wrath of a certain magistrate on whose preserves he had been poaching. To solve the bread and butter question Shakespeare commenced as a horse-boy outside the theatres; later he had some experience on the stago, but he was more successful In retouching old plays, incidentally, he was, as it were, serving his apprenticeship, gaining wide experience and mastering tenchnique. Many events conspired to make the Ellzabethlan age a period of great dramatic genius. The Renaissance, or revival of learning, was only just being felt in England; and its Influence was mingling with that of the German reformation. And Shakespeare's age saw the coming of the Armada and much daring exploration and exploitation beyond the seas. So it was natural that his mind moved Jn a large, free, genial world, and that nothing human therein was alien to him. He possessed a remark able knowledge of human nature, and his works include studies of almost every Imaginable type. If for other reason, therefore, Shakespeare is worth studying. Through his plays and poems our ideas grow broader and more tolerant, and we turn away frbm each finished picture of a hu man being either with an Indulgent smile at the weakness of our natures, or with the pity that can imagine and understand the lowest depths, or with the delighted admiration and something of pride for the noble strains that are in our kind. And, perhaps, unconsciously, our Judgment changes—for judgment is after all only a question of outlook. Shakespeare not only portrayeoTthe the Individual truly; but he gave ub living pictures of the Ufe and times of men as backgrounds; indeed he has done more to diffuse the know ledge of history than many historians. Of all the historical plays, perhaps "Julius Caesar" fs the most interesting, and certainly it makes a strong appeal to those just commencing study of Shakespeare, The plot ls laid during one of those periods in the world's history when the. "science of thwarting the common man" was at Its highest; when Rome was flonirlshing ln all her worldwide power; when the Roman empire with its veneer of barbaric splendor and rough justice, preyed on the then known world. It was an age of political corruption, self-seeking, and Jerrymandering It was an age when there existed a deep gulf betwoen patrician and pleblan; in other words, between the leisured class and the slaves, between the parasites and the producers. But lt was also an age of dawning consciousness on the part of the massess who were learning to question their masters' actions and express, although in a crude way, their, discontent. Long ago, they had overthrown a king and set up a republic, and since then there had been frequent revolts against the bitter injustice,' harsh tyranny and Insatiable greed of the governing group. Not entirely free from the people were these efforts, but with the aid and guidance of men with ideals for the common good. The story of Julius Caesar Is the histoid of another such effort, but in this case the popular cry for liberty drowned the ugly voices of the self-seekers; popular •freedom was made the excuse to vent private envy. Julius Caesar is not the hero, nor yet the central figure of the play. But he Is the embodiment of a great power, nevertheless, and his Influence lives on and, as it were, moulds circumstances after his death, Shakespeare must have thought well of Caesar; he Is "the noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times," yet In the play we are presented with a man who is both weak and vain. Ojie is fofl'ced to conclude, therofore, that the poet sought to contrast him with Brutus, or to show him as the conspirators thought thev saw him; and to do this, he shows us the fast-ageing, declining dictator suffering from "the last infirmity of noble minds," as Milton has it. Thoro are various opinions about tho character of Julius Caesar, but the prevailing one seems to be that he was a man of exceptional genius, one of the most magnanimous and large-hearted of men; one who loved Rome wisely and well, and who, single-handed, grappled with the proudest and most powerful oligarchy that the world has ever been afflcted wtth. Such apparantly was the Julius Caesar of Shakespeare. But Caesar had one fault; he was ambitious, and his enemies feared ambition In Caesar. Hitherto he had been an uncrowned king; now they fear lest he accept the crown. There fore, they plot to murder him; and Brutus, his personal friend, heads the conspiracy, not because he hates Caesar but because he hates Caesar- Ism; because by a strange feat of reasoning he thinks the dastardly crime justifiable on the grounds that Caesar might be transformed by the crown. "Think of him as tho serpent's egg and kill him in the shell.' >Brutus Is a bookish Idealist as far as politics are concerned, but in every other respect his character is admirable—Just enough mixed with fault to make It human, for Shakespeare never paints the perfect man. Brutus Is above "graft," for he quarrels with his best friend months after the death of Caesar on the score of corruption. He is kind and considerate to those under him; he is noble and philosophical. And altogether he is quite above the mean motives of his fellow-conspirators whose actions are dictated by* "personal envy of great Caesar." • The meeting of the senate is fixed for the ides of March; the conspirators are all armed, their plans are faithfully followed and the great leader Is murdered. Mark Anthony, who ls also a close friend of Caesar, Is an Interesting flgure in the Shakespearian plays. In Julius Caesar we see him at his best —or, in spite of his frivolous superficial nature, he Is sincerely shocked and grieved at Caesar's death. He could hardly believe that the "conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils of his friend, should be shrunk to this little measure." The conspirators are going to show htm the reason for Caesar's death, and meanwhile he must appear friendly to them lest he share a' like fate. But this sorely tries him; That I did love thee, Caesar, O 'tis true; If then thy spirit look upon ua now, Shall it not grieve thee dearer than thy death To see thy Anthony making his peace, Shaking the bloody fingers of thy foes, " Most noble, In the presence of thy corse ? He is given permission by the un practical Brutus to speak at the fuuf ral oration; Brutus first addresses the mob who demand enlighten ment on this latest crime, and he easily convinces them that Caesar merited death because of his ambition. Quite aa easily, Antony assures them of Caesar's worth In a Store Opens at 9 a.m. and Closes at 6 p.m, JUST RECEIVED New Felt Hats From HENRY HEATH, of London, England VIEW these new hats and you will agree with us that for real style and quality the models are in a class apart from any that we have heretofore presented. The new high crown model is featured iti very smart off-thc-fuce and cloche styles, and the famous "San Souci" model for street and sport wear is splendidly represented. All ithe latest autumn colors as well as white and black will be found in tliis new collection. Prices are extremely moderate—$10.00, $12.50 and $15.00. —Drysdale's Millinery Shop, Second Floor Phone Seymour 8540 575 Granville Street passionate and clever speech. He sets alight the popular passions and stirs discontent to frenzy until the mob is reaidy for anything. Civil war breaks out. The conspirators lose all and the power is seized by another ruler bearing a different name. Nothing is altered appreciably, and thus the little effort of the aristocratic republicans sinks to the ground. The people present a most interesting study in this play. They are undermined by the economic and moral evils of the huge, brutal slave system. They are Ignorant, appallingly ignorant and vicious; those who are conscious of their human possibilities live their lives ln helpless misery, brightened only by feverish hopes of and futile attempts at liberty; those who form the vast unthinking masses, drag out their wretched existence like brutes. They are all more or less at the mercy of their masters physically and mentally. They are easily corrupted and bought; they are led away by any popular orator who chooses to address them. Marullus the senator, by his eloquence, causes them to slink away tongue-tied in their guiltiness and perhaps puzzled, becauae they have sought to rejoice in the triumph of Caesar their benefactor, Both Brutus and Antony easily sway them; their easy credulity believes that the death of one man can give them liberty such as they dream of; they cannot perceive that the power will merely be shifted. In short, a study of Julius Caesar leaves us with many thoughts. And the outstanding Ideas seem to be that the self-seeking or unpractical politician never did aught for the common good, for the wellbeing of the people can only be attained by wisdom and uprightness on the part of those who have to govern. Most people feel something: like satisfaction when they compare the people of the Roman empire with the people of to-day. Indeed, it Is remarkabb that the inarticulate, Ignorant, vicious fickle mob of comparatively a shor time agio, has been gradually transformed into the present-da: working classes with their ever increasing knowledge, toleranci and power, and that In tw< centuries at least, the workers havt been found fit to govern, flt to con trol the lives of millions. Dr. Hastings, speaking at a League of Nations conference, said that h< had never seen a painter over a certain age who did not show signs ot lead. poisoning.—Mr. Raynes, M.P. JULY CLEARANCE SALE at "FAMOUS" CLEARANCE of entire summer Block at fabulous reductions. Don't miss this greatest sale of the rear—you know the 'Famous' stock—get in line with the hugo savings now offered. CLOAK and SUIT Co. Ltd. 618-023 Hastings Stmt West Famous HAVE yoa ever had a real drink of Pore Apple Oder during tin laat few yean? To mtat tha desires of many ellents, we hava introduced resently a pan elear sparkling apple eider in pint bottlea, either par* sweet or government regale* tion 2% hard apple elder. These drinks •re absolutely pure and free from all eaebonle sold gaa or preservatives of •oy nature. Write or phone yonr order today, Highland 90. VAN BEOS. LTD. Oidar Maaiferturen 1956 Commercial Drift, Vancouver, B. 0. | ia* s A SIGNAL shows on the switchboard, a telephone number Is asked for, and a wire highway is created over which two persons may send their words and thoughts, one to the other. Thousands of these messages pass orer the wires of the lt, 0. Telephone Company In a day. The telephone operator cannot follow ber work to Its results, but she can ap* f.reclate its Importance. In her keeping s part of a great mechanism of inter* communication, but those whom she serves and the benefits of her serrloe re* main unknown. Each summons for her co-operation Is of equal urgency, for each helps to further the progress of the community and the provinee. B. 0. TELEPHONE COMPANY. FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST SCIENTIST 1160 thorite Street Sanday services, 11 a.m. and TiBO p.m. Snnday sohool immediately following morning serrloe. Wednesday testimonial meeting, 8 p.m. Tree reading room. 901-908 Birks Bldg. WHEN IN TOWN STOP AT The,Oliver Rooms •%-% CORDOVA STREET EAST Everything Modern Rates Reasonable Af ter-Eating Distress And all forms of stomach trouble, sueh as gas pains, acid, sour, burning stomaoh are all relieved In two in lnu toa by taking JO-TO Jo-To sold by all Druggists. Insist on I The better bear- pure—palatable— high in food elements I v.- At all Gov't Liquor Store* VANCOUVER BREWERIES UMITED A Thts sdTsrtlsemsnt la not publlihed or displayed by ths Llaoor Odatn! Botrd or ty ths Government of British Columbia. BANKING SERVICE •THE UNION BANK OP CANADA, with its chain .**■ of branches across Canada, and its foreign connections, offers completo facilities for taking care of the banking requirements of its customers, both at home and abroad. / Established M Yeara To Secretaries and Union Officials When Wanting Printing of any kind SEE US We have specialized in Union Work for the last sixteen years. We guarantee satisfaction. Prompt service. Reasonable prices. Cowan Brookhouse, Ltd. PRINTERS, PUBLISHERS, STEREOTYPERS AND BOOKBINDERS Phones: Sey. 7421 and Sey. 4490 1129 HOWE ST. VANCOUVER, B. C. SIDAT July 18. Wt SIXTEENTH TEAR. No. 29 BRITISH COLUMBIA FEDERATIONIST VANCOUVER, a a PAGE THREE REVENT FOREST FIRES-IT PAYS __*Wjjnd% COFFEE 'In the Flavor Sealing Tin" J Why Is Lancashire doing imdly? |ecause it la paying 17d. a pound ■> Its cotton, whereas it only paid , before the war, while the people whom It sells, liko the Indians Ind the Chinese, are the poorest peo- |le In the world, and they cannot [uy the Bame quantity at the necoss* ■rily high price.—Mr. "Webb, M.P. For Real Shoe Values -SEE US-- Men's Tan Willow Calf Lace Boots; all leather; made .in England. Sizes SU to 10. Special ♦I*60 Men's Black Glace Kid lace Boots; all leather; made in England. Sites Bit to 10. special aaM Men's Tan Canvas Boots; leather sole, heel and toe cap. Special $2.50 Boys' Wool Bathing Suits, 28 to 32 $2.50 Boys' Cotton Bathing Suits, 24 • to 32. Saturday 75c Boys' Cotton Jerseys 65o Engineer Caps ...25c, 35c, 500 Arthur Frith & Co. Men's and Boys' Furnishings Hats, Boots and Shoes 2813 MAIN STREET BstWMS 7th ud SU ansae. Phone. Fairmont 14 Organic Evolution VANC0TTVEB HAEBOUR OOBOH00XONBSS NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS NO. 3 ELEVATOR h BALED TENDERS marked '' Storage b House, Dryor and Conveyor Gallery, Van- paver Harbour Commissioners' No. 8 Elo- Jitor," covering construction of concrete Borage tanks, having a capacity of approximately 500,000 bushels, a 500-bushel dryer, I convoyor gallery on the outer section of Mn jetty, together with connecting gallery ■ tween the present workhouse and propoaed Joragc, addressed to tho undersigned, will be pjolyed at the offices of the Vancouver Har- JSur Commissioners, Yorkshire Building, unit 12 o'clock noon of Wednesday, SOth of lily, 1924. Plans, specifications, contraot and form of Jnder may be obtained at the office of the liief Engineer, Yorkshire Building, on tbe Bposlt of Ono Hundred ($100.00) Dollars, Ihlch will be refunded on roturn of plans, keolflcations, eto. The tenders shall be ac- Kmpanlod by an Accepted cheque equal to ftn (10) per cent, of the amount of the ■nder. The accepted cheque of the success- lil tenderer will be released on the substi- lition of a bond, satisfactory to the Com- lissloners, for Twenty-flve (25) per oent. of le amount ot the contract- 1A Fair Wage Clause will be inserted in le contract. ■Lowest or any tender not necessarily ac- ■toted. j W. D. HARVIE, | July 14th, 1924 Seoretary. Vancouver Unions JED PRINTINO TRADES COUNCIL— ■Heeta aecond Monday In the montb. Pre- Kent, J. R. White; secretary. R, H. Neel Ida. P. 0. Box 66. JDERATED LABOR PARTY, Room 111— [810 Pender St. Wost—Business meetings pry Wednesday evening. A. Maclnnis, hirman; E. H. Morrison, aec-treas.; Geo. ■.Harrison, 1182 Parker Street, Vancouver, TO., corresponding secreUry. %ny dlstriot in Britlah Colombia desiring formation re securing speakers or the for- Ition of local branches, kindly communicate lth Provincial Secretary J, Lyle Telford, ti Blrki Bldg., Vanconver, B. C. Tel*- pne Seymour 1882, or Falnnont 4988. tKERY SALESMEN, LOOAL 8TI—MeeU becond Thursday every month In Holden ■tiding. President, J. Brlghtwellj flnanclal "retary, H. A. Bowron, 929—-llth Avenue ■TERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF lollermakers, Iron Shipbuilders and Help- of Amorica, Local 194—Meetings flrst I third Mondays In each month in Holden lllding. President, P. Willis; secretary, A. User. Offlce hours, 9 to 11 a.m. and 8 to 5 ■fie EMPLOYEES UNION—Mtets flrst And third Fridays in each month, at 445 Lhards Street. President, David Cuthlll, E3 Albert Street; secretary-treasurer, Oeo. rrlion, 1162 Parker Street, ■OINEERS — INTERNATIONAL UNION lof Steam and Operating, Local 882— bets every Wednesday at 8 p.m., Room 16 Holden Bldg, Preaident, Charles Price; Jilness agent and financial secretary, F. L. Mij recording secretary, J. T. Venn. JTY FIREFIGHTERS UNION No. 18— President, Nell MacDonald, No. 1 Firehall; jreUry, 0. A. Watsoc, No. 8 Firehall, JJ8IOIAN8 MUTUAL PROTECTIVE ■UNION, Looal 146, A. F. of M.—MeeU at lose Hall, Homer Btreet, aeoond Sanday, fie km. President, Ernest 0. Miller, 991 Ilaon Street; secreUry, Edward Jamleson, ll Nelson Street: flnanclal secreUry, W. E. plllams, 991 Nelson Street; organiser, F. Etcher, 991 Nelson Street. ■DERATED SEAFARERS' UNION OF B. V—Meeting nlghU, first Tuesday an* Srd Iday of eaeh month at headquarters, 818 •dova Street West. President, D. Oilier _; vlce-prealdent, John Johnson; aecreUry* lasurer, Wm. Donaldson, address 818 Cor Ira Street West. Branch agent's address: lorge Faulkner, 576 Johnson Street, Vic- TS, b. o. rti VANCOUVER THEATRICAL FEDER; KTION—Meots at 091 NeUon Street, at 11 _.a,,*. -un.i.,1 m* JV*- •nol"■".»__ IHonii mt -* J on the Tuesday preceding the lit Bun- r of the month. Pf • of mc numin. President, E. A. Junto 991 Kelson St.; Secretary, 0. H. Wil li, 991 Heisoa in.; wwn«7i «; **• "S Rni 991 Nelson Bt ; Business Agent, F. Itcher. 891 Nelson St. lienor, vv*- !*»■■■■»■■ ■-■»• _ JpilQRAPHIOAL UNION, No. 226—Preil- Kent, R. P. Pettlpleoe; vice-president. J. TBriran; aecreUrytreaaurer, B. H. Nee- w£ P 0 Box 66. MeeU last Sunday of Ih month at 2 p.m. In Holden Building, 18 Istlngi Street Eut. TfSCE RUPERT TYPOGRAPHICAL DTNION No. 418—President, 8. D. Mac- Aald, secretary-treasurer, J. M. CampbeU, Po Bw 689. Meeti laat Thnfiday ot eaeh artfc. ARTICLE IX. [By Charles Hill-Tout, F. R. S, C, p. R. A. I., etc] (All Rights Reserved) IN the last article we devoted our attention to that Interesting group of primitive organisms, the bacteria. We found that IE they did not- actually represent the lowliest and earliest organic forms, they must be closely and genetically related to those that did; because in their simplest and lowest divisions no differentiation into diBtinct plant and animal forms had yet taken place; their chromatin had not been, segregated into a nucleus aB in typical cells; and also because their structure was wholly of the simple one-celled kind, "We saw, too, that their life-history was full of the clearest kind of evidence of the evolutionary process; and that their wide .differences In form and function and modes of life could only be satisfactorily explained in terms of organic evolution. In this article we are to take-up some of the other lowly forms of Ufe, which are more or less closely related to the bacteria, and see what evidence they have to offer along the same lines. We will first seek to discover what may be of interest in the Hfe-hlstory of that extensive and widely-differentiated class of organism known col lectlvely as the Fungi. In this class are included the moulds and yeast plants, both of whtch play Important parts ln several of our domestic industries. The Fungi are a very large group and are divided into many families, genera, species and varieties; which fact alone proclaims here at the start that the law of variation has been exceedingly active among them. Our knowledge of them is not yet comprehensive enough to estimate with any exactitude the number of species that have arisen among them. These have been variously reckoned as running from 30,000 to 150,000, and lt Is pretty certain that there are at least 50,000 distinct species. This discrepancy In numbering tha species arises from the fact that in the higher estimates certain distinctive races and varieties have obviously been classed as species. The criteria employed for distinguishing between the one and the other are not always the same. Hence differences may easily arise. Some naturalists regard a specimen from the purely morphological or "form" point of view, others rather from a physiological or "functional" viewpoint. Even at best when the same standards of comparison are used It Is oftimes difficult to establish definite lines of demarcation between the three divisions of varieties, races and species; which incidentally shows us how insensibly a variety or a race may- sometimes merge into a true species. Later, when we come to the classification of life-forms we shall have to take up this question of what constitutes a true species, and we shall then see how difficult it la to reach a definition which is at once satisfactory to zoologists and botanists alike,: and which covers all the requirements of classification. In the meantime we may note that naturalists are constantly at odds in attempting to classify particular specimens of any group of organisms with which they may be dealing; which fact in Itself offers strong presumptive proof that species may and do arise from races or varieties by continued modifications and changes under the law of variation and in response, to environmental Influences; and that ls all we need consider at this point. That the Fungi belong to the primitive organisms ts clearly shown by their relatively simple structure as well as by their known antiquity and world-wide distribution. Like the bacteria, to which some of their divisions would seem to be allied, their life-history extends far back Into the distant past. We find their a'ncieHit forms In fossilized woods and in amber, and we can trace them back to the Carboniferous Period. Their relatively advanced organization ln these early forms suggests, however, that they were In existence at a much earlier period than this. The whole group of the Fungi with Its many thousands of different species Is now very generally regarded by naturalists as having been derived originally from the alga.. Indeed, the similarity ln the morphological characters of one sub-group of them has caused lt to be named the alga-fungi. Notwithstanding the fact that they are probably derivative forms, we will here consider their life-history ln advance of the algee because, Uke the bacteria, they are not typical plants. They have become highly modified and differentiated, and now constitute a distinct and separate group of organisms, They have left the line of direct evolution and have strayed into by-paths of their own and have thus acquired characters and modes of living and reproduction quite distinct from that of typical plants; and they also offer us ovidence upon the evolution of characters and organs not so clearly found elsewhere. They also in many ways form a natural link between the bacteria find the al gas. Thus, they resemble the higher bac- fterla in their inability to obtain their food directly from inorganic substances as do the typical .plants. They appear to have lost their chlorophyll—that green coloring matter which is the essential agent in the process of assimilation ln plants^, and which enables them to decompose carbonic acjd gas and water under the action of the sunlight, anu convert them Into starch and other carbon compounds. They are now colorless or else possess only such pigments as are unable to utilize the sunlight, and, as a consequence, they have become wholly dependent for their food supply upon materials built up by other plants. They are now either parasitic or saprophytic in thetr habits; that Is, they either live upon other living plants (or animals), or else upon the remains of dead ones. Another Interesting fact about the Fungi ls that they bridge the gap between the microscopic world and the world of larger Ufe and link them together by natural gradations. They are members of both worlds. The common mushroom, toadstool, puff-balls, and that delicacy so dear to the hearts of gourmets, known as "truffles," and a host of other well- known forms, are all members of this group; and some of them at times attain considerable dimensions. On the other hand some of the yeast and mould plants fall below the range of normal vision and belong to the microscopic world. This is a point of Interest for the evolutionist because It .demonstrates the oneness of life, and shows how the two life-worlds merge Insensibly into one another. The Fungi, too, are purely vegetable forms of life. There is not the same difficulty In classifying them as we saw existed in the case of the bacteria and which exists also in the case of the algee, because of their mixed animal and plant characters. They may seem less Interesting on that account, but they make up for lt ln a variety of other ways. Within their grouD, are Included both unicellular and multicellular forms of life. The passage or transition from the* single simple-celled forms to the compound many-celled forms such as we saw foreshadowed ln the zooglceae or gelatinous masses of the bacteria, has here definitely taken place. For the simple fungi are all unicellular organisms, while the higher • compound forms are all equally multicellular and are either composed of more or less complex wefted sheets of cells or else of tissue-like masses formed by the union of a number of these. That these latter are true multicellular compound bodies is shown by the fact that they attain considerable dimensions as ln the mushrooms, and even undergo cell-division in their interiors, such as ls characteristic of the higher organisms, which results in the development of true tissues. Their spores, too, may be either unicellular or multicellular, so that there can be no doubt on this head. The importance of this fact cannot be overestimated ln our consideration of the evidence this group of primitive plants offers of the truth of the principle of organic evolution. It shows us again from another viewpoint the oneness of life; that life is, as we have remarked before, an unbroken and continuous chain which links up simple and compound, earliervand later, life-forms into a single and united whole. * In both the Fungi and the Algee groups of organisms we find numerous examples of this truth. Taken together, the two groups show us how this is brought about and by what gradual and trnnsitlonary steps It comes to pass. Let us flrst observe some of these as they are presentotd to us among the Fungi. Later we shall como upon other examples among tho algre. For In theso processes wo aro actually viewing some of .the mechanisms or means by which the dlrectlvo principle, that seems to He behind the evolutionary process, has attained some of Us ends. In the vegetable kingdom wo flnd much the same distinctions of form and structure as in tho animal kingdom. In the former the lowost forms of plant-life are known as "Thallo- phytes." Both Fungi and Alga belong to this class. A thaJlophyte is a plant which has no separate and distinct root or stem or leaves ln the ordinary sense of those terms. It consists normally of a wholly undifferentiated "thatlus" or organless body. It represents, therefore, the earliest and simplest plant-forms we know. They are Interesting to the evolutionist chiefly In the fact that they are able to show the first differentiation of separate parts or organs In the primitive thatlus, and the origin and earliest expression of sex differences and sex organs. It ts from the study of those lowly life-forms that we draw some of tho ctearost and strongest evidonco nf tho truth of organic evolution. Thus we may, for example, observe among theso thallophytos tho flrst np- pearanco of distinct external organs In the root-tike processes known as "hold-fasts." Tlie bost instances of theso ore porhaps seen among tho algm or sca-woeds; where the "weed" Is ofton found clinging to a rock or stone by its root-like "hold-fasts." But they may be seen also at the base of a mushroom or toad-stool or other fungus. To the casual observer they may seem to be real roots, but they are only the foreshadowings of the true root; they are merely modified extensions or processes of the thallus itself, not a real root. These do not appear till much later In the evolutionary history of plant-life. We also flnd the widest differences in individual form among the fungi. They start from the very simplest unicellular bodies, in which thero exists no apparent distinction of parts, and ascend by numberless transitions or stages to more and more complex "multicellular forms ln which true tissues appear; and continue to advance from this point till we find them acquiring and exhibiting some of the features of the higher plants; to wit, true vessels and compact tissue-bodies, such as characterize the jhlgher of the present-day plant forms. When we come to consider tho primitive forms of animal-life we Bhall flnd that this progression or ascent of life is exactly paralleled among; them. Speaking generally, the fungi show a decided advance in complexity of structure upon the bacteria. Besides their compound forms and their development of cellulose, tissues and vessels, their cell contents appear to resemble those of other vegetable forms with the, exception of chlorophyll, and what Is more important, all seem .to possess nuclei. Even the Isolated cells of the simpler yeast plants have each a nucleus. In all these characters they show a definite, measurable, evolutionary advance upon the more simple and primitive bacteria. They stand higher ln the scale of life, and in the multiplicity of their forms exhibit an adaptability as wide as the world itself, as might be expected of such primitive organisms. Probably nowhere in nature, does the law of variation manifest Itself so plainly and actively as among them. During their long life-history many* species of them have become highly specialized both in form and function. In one species alone there are known to be six races each of which has acquired a special habitat or mode of living, apart from which it can now no longer thrive or even exist. This habitat is formeji by a very narrow range of grasses. One of these specialized fungi Will grow and thrive on barley and rye only, and not on wheat or oats or other grasses. Another will grow only on wheat, barley, rye and oats, but on none of the other grasses. Another will grow on oats and somo other grasses only but not on any of the other cereals; and still another will thrive upon any of the grasses except the four cereals. There are many other instances of this high specialization among the fungi. Perhaps one of the most lrif teresting Is that of the fungus which long ago entered into a close and intimate partnership with one of the simpler algae. The two together now conjointly constitute that simple organism known as the lichert. Thfs Is a case of what biologists call "symbiosis" or life-union, where the two plants have become so closely and intimately integrated as to form a single organism. This kind of union Is for mutual beneflt; one partner supplying tho Inorganic materials of their food and the other the organic elements. The organic world presents us with many instances of this kind of life-union. There aro many interesting cases among the bacteria. One Is here reminded of the observation made by Father Wosmann on his parasitic beetles. We cannot supply a scientific explanation of the mode of life of organisms such us these we have just referred to, by merely declaring they wore created expressly for this or tlmt variety of grass. Tho prlnolple of evolution Is tho only one which gives us a natural and reasonable explanation of these phenomena. Why, therefore, should we not frankly accept It? But It Is in their methods of reproduction lhat the fungi furnish us with tho best and most decisive proofs of the evolutionary process, Here they are particularly instructive nnd Illuminating; for thoy exhibit a sur- prlsing number of methods by which life Is passed on from one generation to another. They begin with the very simplest and earliest known methods and continuo through a scries of advancing stages until they reach and oxhlblt some of tho relatively complex modes of fertilization found among the lower flowering plants. As the simple single-celled bacteria foreshadowed In theh- temporary colonial groupings the compound many-colled forms that were to succeed them, so among the vnrious species of fungi do wo find foro-shnd- owlngs of tho processes and functions of reproduction that woro lator to characterize tho highor organisms. Tho yoasts and moulds exhibit the simplest methods or reproduction. Almost all of them reproduce themsolves nsexually ns It is tormed, lhat Is without fusion or admlxturo of differentiated sox dements, such ns characterize reproduction among the higher organisms. It Booms difficult to determine which method preceded tho others, whother budding, sporatlon or fission. All threo methods ure clearly primitive processes and all three are found among the yeasts, The bacteria exhibited two only it may be recalled— that by fission and by spores. Some yeast plants follow the budding method of propagation. Budding consists in the formation of a new individual by the protrusion or swelling up of a part of the parent- body. The bud or new form may remain indefinitely attached to the parent by a narrow nock-like connection or it may quickly detach itself and become a separate and independent organism. Other yeast plants have chosen to reproduce- themselves by means of fission. Fission is the automatic division of a cell or an independent organism into new cells or new organsms. Each cell or body, usually after elongation, divides itself Into two segments each of which increases to the usual size and in its turn again divides into two partB. And thus the division goes on by a process of geometrical progression or multiplication until conditions hinder" further reproduction, or the activity of the organisms has exhausted Itself for the time being. Yet other of the yeast plants carry on reproduction by means of spore formation. This is also the method of many of the other species of fungi; and not the least of the interesting features about this method of propagation are the diverse ways by which It is brought about. Physiologically speaking, any cell or group of celts, separated off from the rest of the organism and capable of growing Into a new fungus, is a spore. Considered from the morphological or point of view of 'form," spores exhibit a wide difference ln size and color; also in their metbod of originating and ln many otber ways; all of which show the influence of the evolutionary process. The only feature they share ln common Is their power of germination. "They may arise asexually as the -■dospores among the bacteria. This seems to be the earliest and simplest method. In this instance the cell- protoplasm merely breaks up into a larger or smaller number of tiny bodies. These are the spores. The stage next beyond this is where the spores arise from the hy- phee or thread-like filaments that together make up the mass or body of the fungus, either along their course (the earlier, more primitive way) or from their points or apices (a later, and more advanced method). These may be either quiescent, veg etable bodies called conldia, or mottle animal-like bodies called zoospores, because they move about by means of cilia like some of the minute prim itlve animal-forms of life. In the dual, undifferentiated characters of these zoospores, we may see a reversion to an ancestral type, a re turn to an earlier and more primi tive condition; to a time when the earliest life-forms had not yet been differentiated into distinct vegetable and animal forms. This Is interesting in itself as an illustration of the biogenetic law which teaches us that embryos (and a spore or seed is a plant in the embryo form) always manifest In their earlier phases of development ancestral characters, It also makeB it perfectly clear that the mature forms of fungi are evolutionary nd vances upon simpler ancestral forms. Spores may arise from the union or fusion of two cells. These, in the earliest unions of this kind have not yet undergone differentatlon into distinct male and female cells. These cells exhibit the earliest stages of sextuul differentation. Thoy huve taken the first step in this direction; for while they huve not yot acquired true sexual chnracters thoy fore-shadow them In the fact thnt they differ In their nature. In other species of fungi we flnd lho next step bus been reached and though distinct sexual organs havo not yet boon evolved tho fusing or conjugating cells hnvo reached th< sexuul stage; ono is mulo and thl other is female. The latter Is dls- distinguished from tho former by i greater luxuiinnce of growth; it is much larger. Among theso primitive organisms the earliest external differ onlitttion of sex is seen iu a difference In size Tlie femulo cell h usually much larger than the mult cell. In the highor organisms this difference in sizo Is still more pronounced. Tho female gorm-cell ovum is sometimes many thousands timeH bigger than the mule germ- cell or spermatozoon. One of the noxt definite stops is the nppearance of sex organs. Here again we find gradations in the evol utlonary process. The simplest organisms of this kind nro 'those in which only n female organ nppears, namely the oogonium or spore-boar. Ing receptacle; or If thc male organ Is present it is only Imperfectly developed nnd doos not function. In those organisms the -nuclei, or what scorns to bo nuclei, In tho fomale cells fust? In pairs and this fusion gives rise to new snores. In othor more advanced species both sex organs are fully developed and both function—tho oogonium of tho femnle nnd the an ther Id lum of the mnlc. Tho latter organ Is the forerunner of the nnlhor, an essential portion of tho male orgnn or stamen of the highor flowering plants. With tho evolution or thoso organs reproduction has becomo truly sexual And tho resulting spores arise from tho fusion of tho sexual elements. Truo sexunl differentiation JULY CLEARANCE SALE STILL CONTINUING -OFFERING- UNPRECEDENTED SAVINGS ON ALL SEASONABLE MERCHANDISE y Buy Now and Save A Hudson*lajtfbmpattg. VAH0OUVIB, B. 0. with distinct sex organs has now taken place. But mark how gradual and how transitional has been the evolution. It does not seem possible to observe these steps and stages and satisfactorily explain them apart from the principle of organic evolution. Among these fungi we actually see the evolutionary process at work going forward step by step from simple reproduction by budding or by fusion to spore-formation, that ls, to propagation by means of seed-like elements of the parent-body. First the spores or seeds are produced asexually, arising from a parent-form, which within Itself possesses, more or less potentially, the characteristics of both sexes. These ln certain of the compound fungi arise from a stem-like portion or outgrowth of the organism, thus foreshadowing the stemmed flower and seed pods of the higher plants- Next we see the earliest signs of sexual differentiation appearing. The nuclei of two different colls fuse together to form new spores. Later on theso fusing colls havo acquired distinct sexual characters of a female type. Two femnle cells now fuse together and new spores aro produced. Still later we find a male cell arising and the two sexes tire now fully differentiated and stand apart. Reproduction is now by means of tho union or conjugation of male and fomalo cells or elements. Thus wo aro uble t<^ see the very stages and mark tho evolutionary stops by whieh tho early vegetable organisms reached the sexuul reproductive methods which lu a still more perfect manner, aro exhibited by the flowering plants of to-day. If those trnnsitlonary phases are not evidences of organic evolution then thoy appear meaningless and without natural explanation. Hut if they uro regarded in tho light of tho* doctrine of organic evolution, as we think thoy should bo, then thoy have a perfectly reasonable explanation unci may bc looked upon ns not the least cogent part of thnt large body of cumulutlvo evidence upon which science tins established' tbis Illuminating doctrine. The evolution of sex hus such a tremendous Importance In Its bearing upon organic ovolutlon, and Is so full of doep interest und moaning, that We think it desirable to dovole the ne_:t article to u consideration of some of Its most significant features and Its apparent purpose In lho lifo-rcnlui. It will make clcurer many of the arguments to follow lator. (To be continued) Man's Immortality (Continued from pag» 1) About all the world hus accomplished so far Is to bring disorder out of chaos.—Columbia Record. ThoJinrd pnrt is to love your neighbor ns your self.—Muskogee Phrenlx. our only conscious life, and they will pay i^ore heed to thtope systems which mar their happiness. They will jealously guard what happiness and privileges they possess and will do all in their power to better their conditions. Perhaps to the most scientific soul among us there comes an occasional longing that the doctrine of immortality wore true, and the wish that death did not after all end all consciousness. This wish, however, only raises an inward determination that death shull only have Its way when knowledge fails to combat it; In other words that tho harbingers of death, disease of mind and body, want and war shall not stalk the enrth as now. And to the person with these Ideas, immortality becomes nothing moro than a beautiful myth, n theme for tho imagination, un Inspiration for art, literature, music and painting. But evon supposing that the question of man's Immortality wore on opon one (so far there is no proof that can satisfy keen reuson), surely it is infinitely better to give one's nt- tentlon to matters thut nffoct us hero and now than lo trust all to something which Is at best a theory. Intimately hound up with tho question of tha, soul uud immortality aio the theories of a personnl God and Individual free-will, but ns theso would tnko up too muoh space here, they must be dealt with in furthor Issues. 1 ill nary Low Inquiry [British Labor Press Service! London.—Kour labor representatives aro Included In tho list of names of the royal commission appointed to Investigate tho . existing taw and administration in connection with the certification, detention, and care of persons who are or arc alleged to bo of unsound mind. Tho four labor poople are Horry Snell, M.l\, Miss Mnilellne Symons, Mrs. C. .1. Matthew, und Earl Russell. 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Phone, Seymour 1006 press report. That sounds astonishing:, for we have been led to believe that America was the land of the free. If such a condition 4s present in the capital, then we shudder to think what conditions must be like elsewhere. It might be, however, that the worst element have been gathered together In Washington. After the many scandalB we have been reading: about across the line we should be quite prepared to believe that such was the case. * • • Some one was protesting, through the daily press the other day against the dismissal of female help, to make way for male competitors. Were it not such a serious matter It would be most amusing to see to what extent, those who hold the reins of power ln their hands, will go, In an endeavor to make this out worn system carry on. They seem to think that woman is some sort of an odd species of the animal kingdom that should live on love alone. Surely because a human being belongs o the female sex that should not render them any more immune from starvation and privation than the rest. Even the churches are loath to grant woman her natural rights at thfs stage ln our enlightened civilization. * • • We see by the Vancouver Daily Sun that It Ib rather opposed to government by commissions, ' We think very little of government In any form such as we have had exhibited for some years past in Canada. It has been, In our opinion, purely a matter of manipulation by high finance, disguised under tho name of "representative government" Its policy has been so definite that a man, though a fool, need not mistake it. When it comes to commissions, however, they are but a side issue of our present form of government. However, there is littlo doubt that the editor of the Sun 'was thinking of the P. G. E. In our hurpble opinion, if we had the right sort of commission with an absolute free hand, we have little doubt that we could make a lot of people feel rather uncomfortable in and about Vancouver, even to the publisher of the Sun. .'* -* * Learned men become wild; need oxygen! If learned men become wild on account of the lack of oxy- pon when it is about the only thing that we can get free In this world we have little wonder that so many people are becoming wild because they need food for themselves and their dependents and, try as they may they cannot get It. Though they might be willing to do anything and everything yet they are deprived of the necessities in this life. These learned men might better occupy themselves with, devising ways and means to provide the masses with the necessities of life rather than wasting" their time experimenting with oxygen. Let us settle the more important probloms flrst, * * * Some of our citizens have become so hard-hearted as to criticize our council for Ub inactivity. So many people are always ready to' criticize, but Give Bread First Place in Your Diet & -^ JtiVERY task you undertaku—mental or manual-*- every "lick of work " you do "eats up" enerfey. Keep your furnace fires feoin& with plenty of feood fuel-food-BREAD. BREAD IS YOUR BEST FOOD EAT MORE OF IT 1 HAT Hurried mid-day meui---make it a luncheon of delicious golden-crusted Bread with a bowl of creamy rich milk—perfect fuel-food for the human dynamo, Summer Excursions Low Fares —T0- Prairie Points Eastern Canada Central and Eastern States Optional Routes—-Stopovers—Side Trips ENQUIRE ABOUT THE TRIANGLE TOUR Vancouver—Prince Rupert—Jasper Park ~ A dcllglitfnl mil. and water trip Tourist and Travel Bureau, 527 OranviUe Street Canadian National Railways constructive. The councillors have only a very limited sphere In which they can operate. The financial interests'dictate just how far they can go. Were they to really attempt to do anything worth while for the masses the "big interests" would soon call a halt. They are allowed to arrange for the cleaning of the streets and the hauling away of the garbage, but when it comes to baking bread, something in which they might make a little money the'employing bakers would soon be there in all their glory. * • * Christian missionaries In Korea find that .they must discover fresh occupations for their women converts who happen to be engaged in the manufacture of wine, for instance. Whatever one's views on prohibition or otherwise, one cannot help thinking that It ls remarkable how easily the older Christian countries manage to reconcile the exploitation of women In a thousand other ways with their most Christian consciences, * • • The president of the C.P.R. has departed dn a pilgrimage to entice more unfortunate workers to leave their home and kindred and come out to Gtfd's country. Evidently the British are waking up to the truth about immigration, for the president is turning his energies upon Scandinavia. * * • Three instances have been mentioned, but oh, so briefly, m the press, during the last few months, which prove that judicial murder, otherwise hanging, Is not an Instantaneous affair in many cases. * * • We are supposed to be living in an age. of reason, but even that cannot convince our learned governments that criminals, i.e., persons whose brains are permanently or temporarily affected (often by reason of the economic situation) should be treated and not punished. Two' wrongs never yet made a right. * * * While wo have every sympathy for the U.S. president in the loss of his son, we could not help being Impressed by our varying standards of human values, due, no doubt, to the vast differences in the quality of human clay. Millions of the world's workers are passing away unnoticed every day as a: result of conditions which need not exist. * * * The memory of the "glorious twelfth", must be kept up by all means. How blind the workers are thus to commemorate their past masters' deeds instead of uniting against their present ones, and how the master-class must welcome such ordors and commemorations which so satisfactorily divert the attention ot the slaves from iheir miseries. * • • It was reported that the "bond of humor was strained when the fleet visited San Francisco." Although we doubt the authenticity of many of our daily press reports, we would not be surprised if this one were true. When you run about the world with an instrument of war, and more or less flaunt it in the face of those, who must some day be your enemy ■If a war must be—some are surely going to resent it, and they cannot be blamed. If the fleet ls for self- defense then let It stay at home where it belongs. * • » ' ■'■!"* The navy spirit is still alive in Germany, they say. It annoys some of ub when we hear such news. We still think we are a specially privileged race, It would seem, and have a right to boast about "our navy." Why should this special virtue of ours be such a hideous crime on the part of others? When will we learn to be fair? * * * Our tourist trade, it would appear has reached a new high record. And yet, prosperity is not with us! Prosperity does seem to be such an elusive treasure. "Honest John" was £ning to get it for us, via the freight rates route, when suddenly his foot slipped. Mr. Woodward, no doubt, will tn'; but we doubt his ability to fight the "liberal machine." He made a wonderful start, but soon, it would appear, undue pressure was brought to bear. Henco tho present lull. The "democrats" have at last selected their candidate for the presidency. We sincerely hope that Mr. John W. Davis will be able to show that he was worth all the troublo they went to. They surely took long enough, and made noise enough to select lhe vory best the country could hope for. But, after all is over, no matter who is elected the Morgan or the Rockerfelier interests will have the final "say," Wc understand that the premier of Egypt, • Zahglul Pasha, was shot by the assassin because he is pro- British. We would guess that the reverse was the caso, for he is insisting that Britain give Egypt and the Sudan their rights, promised when Egypt entered the world war on behalf of Britain. And all he asks is that Egypt should be free from tho shackles and exploitation of another race. MISSING COPIES OF THE FEDERATIONIBT WANTED FOUXWING lost copies, of *' The B. C. Federatlonist are missing from the flies: March 30, 1023. Ootober 12 to December 28, 1993, inclusive. We will be very much obliged to subscribers having any of these papers at their disposal if they would kindly send same to this office. Oriental Question from Woman's Point of View (Continued from page 1) LETTERS TO Boost for our advertisers, are helping boost for you. They BURNING STOMACH Believed la two nUatei with JO-TO Jo-To relieves au pftinc, aold stomach, hurt* burn, after-eiting distress, end ill forms oi Indlgestloi quickly, without hunt. AU Drug Stores where labor can be more cheaply exploited than at home. In the mines of B.C. there are Orientals employed who are a menance to the white workers because of their Inability to understand the English language. There have *bcen protests from labor in all parts of the province but with no results, because the coal barons require cheap labor. But the biggest menance of all to the white workers ia tihelr own ignorance. Just as long as the workers are content to be led away by the cry against the Oriental franchise, and the demands for Oriental exclusion, just so long will conditions remain as they are.-- The informed worker knows that the Oriental will get the franchise if the employing class has anything to gain thereby. For this reason they have been given the franchise before. We ought to remember that it is only a matter of a few short years ago since the women of the province were given the franchise. It was not given as a result of outside pressure but because the old-line parties thought that by women's ballot they would be able to offset the growing Intelligence of the men. Let the workers of the province take stock of the awful conditions that prevail in Great Britain. There is no Oriental question thore, yet the conditions are appalling. What fs the matter With the world is not the Oriental question but capitalism, or ownership of'the menns of life by the 1'e'w, which means, as Morgan says, the enslavement of the many. The workers themselves can only produce a white British Columbia when they develop the Intelligence to abolish capitalism. They will, also discover that the Orientals prefer to live in their own country, and that they are in much the same position as the white workers. They are struggling for emancipation as we are. At Canton, 160 labor unions, wilh a membership of 170,000 paraded recently, demanding the eight-hour day and the abolition of child lnbor. What the workers need is knowledge and what we should refrain from nt all times is the fostering of racehatred. That in itself binders progress and spells the workers' downfall. Some timo ago I heard a university professor state that it was quite unique to think, and that thinkers know no country or race. He meant that the enlightened mind only thinks in terms of the human race. It will be conceded that the cheaper workers are most valuable in the eyes of the master class, for the flrst chance of sales depends on the low rates possible through cheap labor. When we take the trouble "to study the question deeply enough we discover that the workers are but pawns In the game. To-day they are being driven from pillar to post. Millions 'of all races and color are wandering the earth in a vain search for the means of life. Millions of workers, too, are forced to remain in the one place because they are unable to strike out for better conditions elsewhere through their terrible poverty. I have made mention of the sending of capital to China. The same applies to India. Cotton products from raw material to {he finished goods are produced through British capitalists in India while the Lancashire cotton operatives starve. It is plain that where cheap labor cannot come to capitalists, the capitalists go where there Is cheap labor. The next best thing that could happen nfter the workers of B, C. have learned to use their vote and through this have taken control of their own lives and-working condit Ions, Is not to decry colored workers having the same privileges, because therein lies the welfare of the world workors. The carrying on of the present systom depends on tho lowering of the standard of living of the white workers, Thoy are being driven to the lowest possible standard of existence at the present day. To quote Robert Blatchford, "When the white workers are driven to accept a rice diet,,the Orientals will havo to eat grass." Let the workers think the matter over. For when we are foolish enough to talk of raco inferiority, we show our own ignoranco and prove our low standard of valuos. Enlightened mothers of the working class understand that a colored mother has the samo aspirations about her child as the white mother. She looks forward to the day when her child shall take its place in the right rejatlonshlp to Its fellow-men. But disillusionment comes to both mothers. When they discover that there is no place for either child as they have dreamed there would be; when the colored mother sees her child used as cheap labor and the growing conviction of the white mother is that she Is producing sons for tho bread line and the battle field. Whon we turn our eyes from the worship of warlords and parasites in general and give respect to the wealth producors and all useful members of society irrespective of color, we will be well on our way to a higher and nobler plane of existence. [The opinions and Ideas expressed by correspondents are not-necessarily endorsed by The Federationist, and ho responsibility for the views expressed is accepted by the- management.] X + Y = 0 Editor Federatlonist: I have about as much affinity for mathematics as a Hottentot has for Sheliy's poems. I can remember only one street number besides my own, and that Is because it ls two hands with four between them—545. When people talk motor mileage and taxes to me I listen as to a humming of Insects; it means no more to me. When -I want to know how much I have ln the savings bank I always have to look. With mental soil of this type stern fate has forced on me, a person nearing forty, the necessity of passing the "junior matric, algebra exam." Last year, to better qualify for my daily employment I took the matric. exam, and by studying at night after work, I made a total of 75% without the algebra paper which X did not feel capable of even trying to write. Ab I was far beyond the minimum pass marks In the total I had a vain hope that they might let me through without algebra. "No," said the authorities. "If you had 100% in everything else you cannot pass without algebra." So during the past _ year I have sternly driven myself to the detested tasK, and last Friday wrote off my "supp." I had intended having a celebration and burning in the kitchen stove that vilest of books— "Hall and Knight's Algebra" with as much venom (or holy delight) as Luther burnt the papal bull. However, In second thoughts, I have postponed the ceremony till the results come out; for a new copy costs $1.75. I have now, at any rate, come within sight of passing; but to do this, I have wasted more valuable time than on all the other subjects put together. When I say "wasted" I want to justify the expression because I would show that thousands of young people—many with no moro tas*te for mathematics than I have, are wasting much time, not to speak of eyesight, on litis comparatively useless (to the majority of people) subject, without which the doors ol the University are ruthlessly barred to them. I have been at some trouble to find out whether I urn prejudiced, I have asked University professors whother algebra Is required throughout the University course in the study of other subjects stich ns chemistry or physics and ihey have regretfully had to own that except to high school leathers who have to teacb It an" a few men doing special work, algebra is of no value except as a discipline: it makes one more correct. I have* never required It in my own lifo: 1 have only known personally two persons other than high school teachers, to whom it was of any value in their daily work". People say "but you can solve arithmetical problems bottor by algebra, can't you?" I do not suppose one out of a thousand men will ever come up against a, problem in every day life that cannot be solved by the ordinary practical arithmetic and mensuration that is taught In the public schools. Two girls were going out to the examination room ahead of me. "Did you do the problems?" said one. "Yes, did 'em by arijhmetlc; then juggled them." Comment is superfluous! This matter of problems needs explanation. In school parlance a problem means the solving of practical matters such as dollars, pigs, fence wire and acres by means of arithmetical or algebraical processes. Your child does not sigh and erase and sometimes weep over long division just so as to become expert in getting correct remainders. The object striven for in this as in other "ruleB" is to be able to figure..out all the practical affairs of everyday life from selling eggs to buying stocks. What would you say if when he left public school, having passed the entrance, he had not the faintest idea as to what subtraction or division were for; if for instance he could do a long division with a three flgure division but had not the faintest idea how to divide twelve candies'among thope boys or measure up the length of fence wire needed for the garden. Nevertheless, It.is possible and indeed quite .usual for a high school pupil to pass in his algebra paper with 75% and yet be exactly in the same position as that mythical boy In stanced above. I, i'or instance, can do any quadratic. I have memorized tho formula and have learnt how to juggle tho thing Into shape, but I have not tho ghost of an idea what a quadratic means practically. I nm In the same class as the entrance child who Is asked lo make up..a little addition problem about pigs and has not the slightest idea how to do it. It is truo that 23 pages out of 293 in my algebra book are given up to probloms; but one docs not have to do them. In fact, the bulk of school algebra Is merely a clever juggling with symbols or letters tbai mean nothing to - the pupil. Tbe primary school child gets his problem flrst and his symbols noxt. Ho Is not taught tho symbol 2 until he knows whnt two apples or two hands mean. The high school pupil who bas little taste for mathematics will pass In his 2+2 and 2 = 1, but never all his life will he know what It all means unless he goes into advanced mathematics in the University, when of course, he must begin to put the processes Into actual thinking and reasoning along mathematical lines. In the great majority of cases, however, the school symbol juggling- is absolutely forgotten within couple of years after leaving high school. I recently asked a young first class public school teacher who was head of her class at high school two yeears ago, if she could do a factor for me. "Good gracious, no," she said, "I just retained Hall artd Knight till I had poured It out on the exam, paper and never thought of It since." It Is difficult to get the average pedagogue or education department person to look at algebra from the point of view of the average common practical person like myself. He cannot see the wood for the trees. The idea of making algebra an optional subject in high school savors of educational bolshevism. "It Is Have You a friend? To whom yon would like us to send a sample copy of the British Columbia Federationist * SEND US HIS NAME AND ADDRESS We want NEW READERS—Help us to get them —USB THIS COUPON— I have a friend whom I think could be induced to subscribe to the British Columbia Federationist. Please send him a sample copy to the address below: NAME ADDRESS ! ,. CITY PROVINCE Invaluable training in correctness," he says. He has been saying this since the time when it became necessary to flnd reasons for studies. But while be has been reiterating his reason for the last hundred years it has not dawned upon him that the younger generation of, studies—the natural sciences, practical chemistry, electricity, drawing, manual training have all come along and, nowadays, it Ib not necessary for all of us to walk the mental treadmill of algebra which may be good for discipline, but barren In interest or practical or cultural value. We can get all the training we require in correctness from arithmetical problems about papering walls and computing interest; from the .work in the chemistry laboratory; from careful drawing of plans and nice fitting of joints in the manual training room, and the covering of a hat brim or fitting of a collar in "the home economics department. A school survey Ib coming aio: It would lead to Interesting reau if the question were put to every pi son who has been through hi school: "Have you found algebra have been of any practical or cultu use to you ln your everyday life The concensus of opinion would the solution of the problem "Wh x=o and Y=o. What does X- equal? b. J. Duncan, B.C., July 12, 1924. The New Brunswick branch of t National Council of Women has ac ed the provincial government to a point a woman factory inspector, Sir Edward Grey aB foreign minis! is impossible . . . because the key his policy Is the fatal antagonism Germany. Similarly, he defend Russia's action in seizing North Pe sia's Independence.—Daily News, 191 THE CHOICE OF THE UNIONS CATTO'S VERY OLD HIGHLAND WHISKY THOROUGHLY MATURED—ONE OP THE MOST POPULAR. BRANDS AT THE GOVERNMENT STORES GOLD-LABEL 15-YEAR-OLD Ask for OATTO'S. For salo at aU Government Liquor Stores This advertisement is not published or displayed hy tha Liquor Control Board or >. hy the Oovernment of British Columbia OTOVES AND RANGES, both malleable and steel, " McClary's, Fawcett's, Canada's Pride, installed free by experts; satisfaction guaranteed. Cash or $2.00 per week. Canada Pride Range Company Ltd. 346 Hastings Street East Sey. 2399 Introducing Milwaukee's Famous Brew $2 Dozen—Worth More| Sold at all Government Vendors' Stores This advertisement is not published or displayed by the Liquor j Control Board or by the Government of British Columbia.
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British Columbia Federationist Jul 18, 1924
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Title | British Columbia Federationist |
Publisher | Vancouver : The British Columbia Federationist |
Date Issued | 1924-07-18 |
Geographic Location | Vancouver (B.C.) |
Genre |
Newspapers |
Type |
Text |
File Format | application/pdf |
Language | English |
Notes | Publisher changes in chronological order: Vancouver Trades and Labour Council (1912) ; The B.C. Federationist, Ltd. (1912-1915) ; The B.C. Federationist, Limited (1915-1922) ; The B.C. Federationist (1922-1923) ; The British Columbia Federationist (1923-1925). |
Identifier | BC_Federationist_1924_07_18 |
Series | BC Historical Newspapers |
Source | Original Format: Royal British Columbia Museum. British Columbia Archives. |
Date Available | 2017-03-28 |
Provider | Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library |
Rights | Images provided for research and reference use only. Permission to publish, copy, or otherwise use these images must be obtained from the Digitization Centre: http://digitize.library.ubc.ca/ |
DOI | 10.14288/1.0345297 |
Latitude | 49.261111 |
Longitude | -123.113889 |
Aggregated Source Repository | CONTENTdm |
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