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Deception in facial expressions of pain : strategies to improve detection Hill, Marilyn Louise
Abstract
Research suggests that clinicians assign greater weight to nonverbal expression than to patients' self-report when judging the location and severity of their pain. However, it has also been found that pain patients are fairly successful at altering their facial expressions of pain, as their deceptive and genuine pain expressions show few differences in the frequency and intensity of pain-related facial actions. The general aim of the present research was to improve the detection of deceptive pain expressions using both an empirical and a clinical approach. The first study had an empirical focus to pain identification, and provided a more detailed description of genuine and deceptive pain expressions by using a more comprehensive range of facial coding procedures than previous research. A review of research on facial expressions, pain research and deception suggested that facial analyses of genuine and deceptive pain expressions could be expanded to include new variables such as temporal patterns and contiguity of facial actions, as well as an increased focus on facial cues thought to be indicative of lying. Low back patients (n=40) were videotaped at rest and while undergoing a painful straight leg raise under three sets of instructions: 1) to genuinely express any pain they felt, 2) pretend that it didn't hurt, 3) to fake pain without moving their legs. FACS coding was used to describe and quantify their facial activity and the neutral, genuine pain, masked pain and faked pain expressions were compared on the number, type, intensity, temporal qualities , and contiguity in time of individual facial actions, as well as the incidence of facial actions thought to be indicative of deception. Findings confirmed the difficulty of discriminating the various facial expressions, but indicated that the faked pain expressions show a greater number of pain-related and non pain-related actions, remain at peak intensity longer, and last for a longer period of time than do genuine pain expressions. The difference between masked pain and neutral expressions were more subtle, with masked pain expressions exhibiting a greater frequency of mouth opening and residual movement of the eyebrows. The second study was more clinical in nature and was designed to see i f specific training could improve the detection skills of naive judges by increasing their knowledge and awareness of possible cues to deception. University students (60 male, 60 female) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: l)control, 2) corrective feedback, 3) deception training, and 4) deception training plus feedback. Each subject was shown the videotaped data of the pain patients in all four conditions (neutral expressions, genuine, masked and faked pain expressions). For each videoclip, the subjects rated the intensity and unpleasantness of the pain experienced by the patient, decided which category each of the four videoclips represented, and described which cues they used to make their decision. There were significant individual differences in accuracy, with accuracy being unrelated to past pain experience, empathy, or the number or type of facial cues used. There was, however, a significant sex difference in judgement accuracy, with females being more accurate than males. Results also showed that immediate corrective feedback led to significant improvements in subjects' detection accuracy, while there was no support for the use of an information-based training program.
Item Metadata
Title |
Deception in facial expressions of pain : strategies to improve detection
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Creator | |
Publisher |
University of British Columbia
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Date Issued |
1996
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Description |
Research suggests that clinicians assign greater weight to nonverbal expression than to
patients' self-report when judging the location and severity of their pain. However, it has also
been found that pain patients are fairly successful at altering their facial expressions of pain, as
their deceptive and genuine pain expressions show few differences in the frequency and intensity
of pain-related facial actions. The general aim of the present research was to improve the
detection of deceptive pain expressions using both an empirical and a clinical approach. The first
study had an empirical focus to pain identification, and provided a more detailed description of
genuine and deceptive pain expressions by using a more comprehensive range of facial coding
procedures than previous research. A review of research on facial expressions, pain research and
deception suggested that facial analyses of genuine and deceptive pain expressions could be
expanded to include new variables such as temporal patterns and contiguity of facial actions, as
well as an increased focus on facial cues thought to be indicative of lying. Low back patients
(n=40) were videotaped at rest and while undergoing a painful straight leg raise under three sets
of instructions: 1) to genuinely express any pain they felt, 2) pretend that it didn't hurt, 3) to fake
pain without moving their legs. FACS coding was used to describe and quantify their facial
activity and the neutral, genuine pain, masked pain and faked pain expressions were compared on
the number, type, intensity, temporal qualities , and contiguity in time of individual facial
actions, as well as the incidence of facial actions thought to be indicative of deception. Findings
confirmed the difficulty of discriminating the various facial expressions, but indicated that the
faked pain expressions show a greater number of pain-related and non pain-related actions,
remain at peak intensity longer, and last for a longer period of time than do genuine pain expressions. The difference between masked pain and neutral expressions were more subtle,
with masked pain expressions exhibiting a greater frequency of mouth opening and residual
movement of the eyebrows.
The second study was more clinical in nature and was designed to see i f specific training
could improve the detection skills of naive judges by increasing their knowledge and awareness
of possible cues to deception. University students (60 male, 60 female) were randomly assigned
to one of four experimental groups: l)control, 2) corrective feedback, 3) deception training, and
4) deception training plus feedback. Each subject was shown the videotaped data of the pain
patients in all four conditions (neutral expressions, genuine, masked and faked pain expressions).
For each videoclip, the subjects rated the intensity and unpleasantness of the pain experienced by
the patient, decided which category each of the four videoclips represented, and described which
cues they used to make their decision. There were significant individual differences in accuracy,
with accuracy being unrelated to past pain experience, empathy, or the number or type of facial
cues used. There was, however, a significant sex difference in judgement accuracy, with females
being more accurate than males. Results also showed that immediate corrective feedback led to
significant improvements in subjects' detection accuracy, while there was no support for the use
of an information-based training program.
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Extent |
8728337 bytes
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Genre | |
Type | |
File Format |
application/pdf
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Language |
eng
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Date Available |
2009-03-17
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Provider |
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
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Rights |
For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use.
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DOI |
10.14288/1.0087841
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URI | |
Degree | |
Program | |
Affiliation | |
Degree Grantor |
University of British Columbia
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Graduation Date |
1996-11
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Campus | |
Scholarly Level |
Graduate
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Aggregated Source Repository |
DSpace
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Item Media
Item Citations and Data
Rights
For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use.