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UBC Social Ecological Economic Development Studies (SEEDS) Student Report         An Investigation into the feasibility of wheat versus wood fibre paper for UBC  Wing Cho Cheung Jeffrey Nam Chung-Chih (Kenny) Yen University of British Columbia APSC 262 March 29, 2012          Disclaimer: “UBC SEEDS provides students with the opportunity to share the findings of their studies, as well as their opinions, conclusions and recommendations with the UBC community. The reader should bear in mind that this is a student project/report and is not an official document of UBC. Furthermore readers should bear in mind that these reports may not reflect the current status of activities at UBC. We urge you to contact the research persons mentioned in a report or the SEEDS Coordinator about the current status of the subject matter of a project/report”. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Department of Applied Science  SUSTAINABILITY PROJECT REPORT                   AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FEASIBILITY OF WHEAT VERSUS WOOD FIBRE PAPER FOR UBC   prepared by  Wing Cho Cheung Jeffrey Nam Chung-Chih (Kenny) Yen    in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for   APSC 262 – Technology and Society II Tutorial Instructor: Dr. Paul Winkelman    Date submitted: 29 Mar 2012 APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  ii Abstract   The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a leader on sustainability and is currently investigating the feasibility of using wheat fibre paper in lieu of the current 30% post consumer waste wood fibre paper.  To examine this matter, a triple bottom line assessment for has been conducted.  The triple bottom line assessment includes the investigation of social, environmental, as well as economic aspects of the use of both types of paper through various indicators for each category such as labour conditions, carbon emissions, and cost differences.  Through extensive research from sources such as journal articles, online materials and other published reports, surveying users for an evaluation of the performance of both types of paper, as well as interviewing experts in the production of the wheat fibre paper, a significant amount of information and useful data has been gathered.  From the investigation, the following observations can be made.  First, the overall social aspects such as labour conditions, social awareness, and local resource distribution of the wheat fibre paper meet all the requirements from UBC’s Supplier Code of Conduct.  Second, the ecological footprint of the wheat fibre paper during its entire lifecycle is significantly less than that of the 30% PCW wood fibre paper.  Third, replacing wood fibre paper with wheat fibre paper at UBC has minimal economic impact on the local scale.  Based on the findings from the investigation, it is determined that the utilization of wheat fibre paper at UBC is viable and that the replacement of 30% PCW wood fibre paper with wheat fibre paper is recommended.       APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  iii   Table of Contents  Abstract  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  ii  List of Tabl es  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  iv  Glossar y  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................  v  List of Abbr eviations  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  vi  1.0   INTR ODUCT IO N  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......  1  2.0   SOC IA L IMP ACTS OF WHEAT F IBR E PA P ER  ................................ ....................  2  2.1  Labou r Condit ions  ................................ ................................ ................................  2  2.2  Social Aware ness  ................................ ................................ ................................ .  2  2.3  Loc al Re sourc e Dist ributi on a nd Demand  ................................ ...........................  3  2.4  Feedb ack f rom Cons umers  ................................ ................................ ...................  3  3.0   ENV IR ONMENT A L ASS ESS MENT OF WHEAT F IBR E PAP ER  ........................  4  3.1  S ourcing o f Materials  ................................ ................................ ...........................  4  3.2  Ecologic al Footprint  ................................ ................................ .............................  5  3.3  Disp osal  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  7  4.0   ECONOM IC ANA LS YS OF WHEAT FIB R E PAP ER  ................................ ............  8  4.1  Importi n g Method  ................................ ................................ ................................  8  4.2  Manufacturin g M ethod  ................................ ................................ .........................  8  5.0   CONC LUS IO NS AND RECOMMENDAT IONS  ................................ ...................  10  R EFERENCES  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  11       APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  iv   List of Tables   Table 1 – Comparison of 30% PCW Wood Fibre Paper and Wheat Fibre P aper   Table 2 – Economi c An a l ysis of Retrofit ti ng a Pla nt     APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  v Glossary   Carbon sink  A natural reservoir that accumul ates and stor es carbon cont aini ng compounds .    Defor estatio n  Removal of a for est or stand of tre es .    Eucal yptus trees   Can be replenished  eve r y 7 years; unli ke for est trees, which tak es over 50 years .                  APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  vi   List of Abbreviations    BTU     Britis h thermal unit    CO 2     Carbon diox ide    FSC     Forest Stewa rdship Council     GHG     Greenhous e gasses    IRR     Inte rnal rate of return    PCW     Post consumer waste     UBC     Universit y of Briti sh Columbi a                               APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  1 1.0   INTRODUCTION  W it h the risi ng concerns for sust ainabili t y, the Uni versit y of Britis h Col umbia  (UBC )  is looki ng to improve its co ntribut ion towards the social, environmental, and economi c aspe cts of sust ainabili t y .  Cur rentl y, the UBC Sustainabil it y Progr am  is turning its attenti on to the usage of paper on  campus .  In order to satisfy UBC’s demand for paper, s eve ral  hun dred tonnes of tr ees needs to be  harvested  an d processed  ever y ye ar .  In order to see k an alt e rna ti ve, the use of whe at fibre pap er is  investi gate d for its feasibi li t y comp ared to  the 30% PCW  wood fibre pap er.   Wheat fibre pap er is manufa ctur ed without  the need fo r deforestatio n.  Howeve r, further res ear ch must be conducted  in ord er to just if y its viabil it y not on l y environment all y, but s ociall y and economi call y as well .  In order to compa re the s e  two opti ons, several grou ps of students in APS C 262 course have been given an oppo rtunit y to anal y z e the feasibi li ti es  for both t yp es of paper.    This report is divided into the foll owing se cti ons:   In secti on 2 , the possibl e social impacts due to impor ti ng wh eat pape r from India to repla ce the local wood fibre paper  is ex plored .   In secti on 3 , the environ mental impacts for both the wheat fib re pap er and the 30% PCW wood  fibre pap er in a life c ycle anal ysis is compa red .   In secti on 4 , the economi c impact s due to the ch an ge in the busi ness fo r pap er industr y in the long run  is ex ami ned .   Finall y, we dr aw con clusi ons and offer rec omm endati ons.        APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  2 2.0   SOCIAL IMPACTS OF WHEAT FIBRE PAPER  The social impacts whe at fibre pap er ma y brin g in clude the labour condit ions throughout producti on, the social aw areness raised on sust ain abil it y iss ues, and the loc al resourc e dist ributi on and demand.   2.1 LABOUR CONDITIONS  The labour condit ion thr ough the producti on of th e wheat  fib re  p ap er is stri ctl y prote cted by the laws in India.  According to Mint o, since India has been manu fa cturing goods fo r such a long time, their labour laws have dev eloped thoro ughl y and a well - est abli shed, or ganiz ed and strict s ystem hav e result e d.  UBC’s Suppl ier Code of Conduct states that ch il dren under the age of 15,  or 1 4 whe re the Int ernati onal Labou r Or ganiz ati on ex empt ion for developi ng countri es all ows,  and for ced labour could not be hired.  In 1954, Indi a has amend ed i ts Factories Act (Bru ce ,  1970) to aboli sh the be ggar  s ystem and bo nded labour, as well as to divert chil dren from the field of labour to sch ools, and to ensure a heal th y environment for their all - round developm ent.  The  Indi a n gove rnment  also e nsur e s  that workers have a go od and healt h y wo rking environment.  Based on the abov e, Ro ya l Printers has demonstrate d that the y me et the requirements of UBC’s Supplier Code of Conduct.  2.2 SOCIAL AWARENESS  If the whe at fibre  paper is adapted in UBC, social awar eness on sustainabil it y iss ues will be rais ed.  Sin c e UBC is a lar ge and influenti al insti tut ion ,  UBC can establi sh a posit ive public image b y demons trati n g to the publi c the sustainab il it y proj ects U BC partici pates in as one of the leading or ganiz ati ons on sust ainabili t y amon g Nor th America.   Hop e full y as a result from this, others  will begin posit ive l y contribut in g to the soc iet y in orde r to make our societ y mor e sust ainable.  In fact, as an ex ampl e, the Canadian Geo graphic Ma gaz ine (E dwards, 2008) has alread y be gun print ing th eir ma gaz ine on whe a t  fi bre  pape r, not onl y to cut down their ecolo gic al footprint but also to improve their publi c ima ge as well .   Accordin g to Mint o, empl o ye es  from their compan y can feel the pride for havin g such  j ob s .  The y can proudl y go home  after work and  APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  3 tell their fami li es and frie nds that the y are wo rking not just to make mone y, but also to contribut e  to the environment  and t o help b uil d a gr een er an d more sust ainable societ y.   2.3 LOCAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION AND DEMAND  The adapt at ion of th e wh eat  fibre  paper in UBC wil l incur  a lar ge dem and in the paper indus tr y while  the deman d for  30% PCW wood fibre pape r wil l decr eas e.   In addit ion, the chanc e for causin g un empl o yme nt in local wood fibre pul p mill s will be made up by empl o yment opportuni ti es from whe at paper produ cti on.  Although  no loc al pul p mill s have invested in whe at paper produ cti on  curr entl y,  the wh eat fibr e pap er must be  shipp ed from In dia and thus does not quite meet the requirement on Metro Vancouver’s “Sustainability Purchasing Guide”.  How ever, if the demand for wheat fibre pape r incre ases, then the local wood fibr e pulp mill s will start investi ng in wheat p aper producti on and the requir ement from the guideline s will be met.   2.4 FEEDBACK FROM CONSUMERS  To see wheth er wh eat fib re pape r per for ms diff ere ntl y from the 30% PCW wood fibre paper, surv e ys and an al ysis  have been conducted for both t yp es of pap er .  Our group  print ed materials ont o  the whe at fibre pap er with bot h  inkj et and laser printer s to co nduct  a per formanc e test. Fault s such as pap er jams did not occur and th e print qualit ies are deter mi ned to be comparable for both t ype s of paper.  In addit ion,  both t ypes of paper wer e handed out  to a sample group of 20  participants who do not know the two t ypes  of pape r ar e diffe r ent. The ir fe edba cks on the two types o f pape r are then reco rded.   Th e consensus of the whe at fib re pape r is that is a bit brownish  and slightl y thi nner  compar ed to the 30% PCW wood fibre paper.  Althou gh whe at fibre pap er and 30 % PCW wood fibre pape r ar e  differenti abl e , from usa ge on a dail y bases, th e differen ces are ne gli gibl e .   Thus  adapti ng th e whe at fibre pap er would not affe ct the users.         APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  4 3.0   ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF WHEAT FIBRE PAPER  To investi gate th e enviro nmental aspects of the triple bott om line assessment for 30% PCW wood fib r e  pap er versus wheat fibr e pape r, the so urcing of raw materi als, the ecolo gic al footprint s, as well as the methods of disposal for both t ypes of paper are ex ami ned.   3.1 SOURCING OF MATERIALS  Each ye ar, UBC consum es approx im atel y 53 mill ion sheets of letter siz ed paper.  Since each sheet has a mass of appro x im atel y 5 gr ams, 53 mill ion sheets of paper would translate to a mass of 265 ton ne s!  Currentl y, UBC is comm it ted to using pap er wit h a minim um of 30% post consum er wast e (PCW ) material.  Accordin g to the Paper Calcul ator, i n order to produc e 265 ton ne s of this t ype of pap er, 693 to n n e s, or approx im atel y 4800 tre es, are needed.  After a  for est tree has b een ha rvested, i t takes over 50 years fo r the tree to gro w back to it s original siz e.  As a result , harvesti n g 4800 tr ees each ye ar fo r pape r producti on has a si gnifica nt impact on the environment.   Ro yal Social Print util iz es the residue  waste of wh eat stock, alon g with a small porti on of Forest Stewa rdship Council (FS C ) ce rtified euc al yptus tree fib r e s to produ c e wheat p aper.  Th e portion of the wheat stoc k used to produce wh eat fibre pap er would other w ise go to waste and thus does not a ffe ct the human and anim al food ch ain, as well as biofuel p r oducti on.  In order to produce one ton n e  of unb leached pulp on a bone dr y basis , 2.8 ton ne s of wheat straw are needed (Fix , J ., Rees, W.E. ,  2007) .   There is an abundant amount of wheat stra w avail able from the Prairie provinces in Can a da ea ch yea r, approx im ati ng 13 - 20 mill ion ton ne s (Inform, 2009) .  This means that  4.6 to 7.4 mil lion to n n e s of wheat fibr e  paper, dramaticall y gr eat er than what UBC co nsum es annuall y, can be yi elded ev er y ye ar.   For structur al ri gidi t y, R o yal Social Print cur rentl y empl o ys a design with a specific ati on of 80% wheat str aw, and 20 % eucal yptus tree fib r e s.  Eucal yptus trees, unlike forest trees, are re -  APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  5 gro wn and repleni shed on farms every 7 years.  With UBC’s annual paper consumption of 265 ton ne s, 20% wood fib re  content translates to 198 ton ne s of raw wood use.  Compared to the 693 ton ne s wood use for 30 % PCW wood fibre paper and the 50 years re - grow rate of for est tree s, sourcing m aterials to pro duce whe at fibre paper si gnific antl y low ers the en vironmental impact.   3.2 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT  Man y environmental imp acts due to the produ cti on cyc le needs to be taken int o consi derati on when evalu ati ng the ecolo gical footp rint.  To effe cti vel y com pare the 30 % PCW wood fibre pap er wit h th e wheat fib re pap er, the foll owing environmental i ndicators have been chosen: net ene r g y, purc hased ene r g y, greenhous e gases (GHG), wastew ater, and solid waste .   The table below  (see Tab le 1)  shows seve ral envir onmental indicators asso ciated with paper production.  In order to produce UBC’s annual paper consumption of 265 ton ne s of 30% PCW wood fibre paper, 7720 million BTU’s of energy are needed.  Of the 7720 million BTU’s, approx im atel y 76%,  or 5904 million BTU’s of energy has to be purchased.  Conversely, since the wheat  fibr e  pap er pla nt in India gen er ates 80% of the requir ed powe r fr om steam turbines, onl y 20% of th e net en er g y has to b e purch ased.              Table 1. Comparison of 30% PCW Wood Fibre Paper and Wheat Fibre Paper  Trees act as a carbon sin k since the y store carbon diox ide ( CO 2 ) removed from air.  Howeve r, when the tr ees are ha rvested, all the stored carbon is releas ed int o the atm osphere again.  Accordin g to American For est s, approx imatel y 1 mill ion pounds of CO 2  equivalent is  30% P CW Wood Fibre P aper Wheat Fibre P aperVolume of P aper 265 tones 265 tonnesNet Energy 7720 million BT U' s N/AP urchased Energy 5904 million BT U' s N/AP ercentage of Energy P urchased 76. 48% 20%Greenhouse Gases 1. 39 million lbs of CO2 equivalent ComparableWastewater 4. 95 million gallons MinimalSolid Waste 0. 45 million pounds MinimalCarbon Emission from Shipping N/A 0. 14 million lbs of CO2 equivalentCarbon Release from Logging 4. 34 million lbs of CO2 equivalent N/AAPS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  6 releas ed for ever y hecta r e of for est harvest ed, app rox im ati ng 1112 mature trees.  In order to produce 265 tonnes of 30 % PCW wood fibre pape r, approx im atel y 4.3 he ct ares of forest ne eds to be harvest e d.  This transl ates to 4.34 mil li on pounds of CO 2  equivalent rele ased int o the atm osphere due to lo ggin g.  During th e producti on of 265 to n n e s of 30% P CW wood fibre paper, gr eenhouse gases equiv alent to 1.39 mil li on pounds of CO 2  are gene rated.  Although no ex act figur es for greenhous e emi ssi ons can be found as a result of the produ cti on of wheat fib re pap er, Minto believes that the emi ssi ons from the paper plant in India is comp ara ble, if not less, to the emi ssi ons from the plant s which produce 30 % PCW wood fibre pape r.  This is due to the fact that s ystems invol ved in producti on in the wheat fibre pape r mill in India s uch as the recove r y boil er s  and powe r boiler s  are desi gn ed for low emi ssi ons.  However, sinc e the wheat fib re pap er has to be shipped from In dia to Vancouve r, addit ional carbon emi ssi ons from shippi ng needs to be accounted for.  Acco r ding to BSR/C lean Car go, the CO 2  emissi on for an avera ge de ep - se a container vess el is 8.4g/t on ne - km.  With an appro x im ate shippi ng dist ance of 15,719 nauti cal miles, or 29,112 kil ometers from India to Vancou ver, purch asin g the whe a t  fibre  pape r from India would incur an add it ional 0.14 million  pounds of CO 2  emissi ons.  In the end, ca rbon emi ssi ons during  the life c yc le of wh eat fibr e pap e r  are si gnific antl y l ess than that of the 30% PCW wood fibre paper.      Result s from the Paper Calculator shows that the producti on of 265 ton ne s of 30% PCW wood fibre pap er gener ates 4.95 mill ion gall ons of wastewate r and 0.45 mil li on  pounds of soli d wast e  (Environment al Paper Netwo rk, 2011) . Ho wever, thes e ef fe cts are minim al for the producti on of whe at  fibre  paper.  This is true be ca use the whitening proc ess for whe at  fibre  paper through a sodi um salt and ox ygen ati on process co ntains no harmful chemi c als  and the wate r used for cle aning th e pape r is rec ycl ed and re - used m a n y times, unti l it naturall y ev aporat es and thus needs repl acem ent.  Waste materials from the prod ucti on cyc le are rec ycl ed and are m ade int o cardboa rd box es to hold the wheat fib re pap er .  As a result , solid waste fro m wheat fibre paper producti on has a mini mal effe ct on the environme nt.       APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  7 3.3 DISPOSAL  The wheat  fibre  pap er uti li z es the current pape r re c yc li ng m ethods and thus does not require addit ional att enti on during dispo sal.  Sinc e the proportion of the wheat  fibre  paper is significantl y lowe r than t he conventi onal wood fib re  pape r, the wh eat fibr e paper can be rec yc led int o post consum er waste materials such as rec ycl e d paper, napkins , cup sle eves, etc. without an y modi ficati ons to the curr ent rec ycli n g methods.  Howeve r, as the propo rtion of wheat fib re pap er compared to conv enti ona l wood fibre  pap er incr ea ses due to incre ased popu larit y and us a ge, modi ficati ons or new methods for rec yc li ng wheat  fibre  pap er are ne cessa r y.                                  APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  8 4.0   ECONOMIC ANALSYS OF WHEAT FIBRE PAPER  For an y sust ain able feasibi li t y  rese arch,  the econo mi c aspect ma y be th e fi nal decidi n g factor.  No matt er how beneficial the so cial and th e environmental effe cts an alt ernati ve ma y bring , it ma y  be impossi ble to reali z e it if the stake holders wer e to lose mone y as a result .  In order to make th e  most accurat e repo rt possi ble, indivi duals representi n g Ro yal Printers and UBC Suppl y Man a geme nt department we re int er viewed for th e diffe rent costs for the wheat fibre pap er and the 30 % PCW wood fibre  paper.   4.1 IMPORTING METHOD  The curr ent opt ion UBC is assessing is to import  the wheat  fib re pap er fro m India, wher e bil li ons of dollars have al read y be en invested to m anufactu re wh eat fibr e pa per  (Ro y, 2012) .   This method allows acce ss to the product wit hout having to wo rr y about th e heav y capit al cost s such  as retro fitti ng cost for a pulp mil l ,  and thus have rel ati vel y small  risk from fail ing the market.  How ever, this o pti on will face drawback s such as the ex pense s  fo r shipping and perhaps the reduc ti on in  the gross domesti c products due t o the decr eased  consum pti on of local paper products.    Accordin g to Minto Ro y , the Ro yal Printers repr esentative, the cost of impo rting whe at paper from India will be comparable to the m anuf acturin g method to produ ce  conv enti onal wood fibre pap er  locall y . Curr e ntl y, UBC spends approx im atel y $1,057,639 annu all y on pap er  (Goldsp ink, Duff, 2012) .  4.2 MANUFACTURING METHOD  Perhaps the best lon g ter m sol uti on to source wheat fibre pap er ma y be b y manufacturin g them locall y.  As menti o ned previous l y, thi s method will involve relati vel y large  capit al costs, because th e ex ist ing pulp and paper mill s  must be retrofit ted wit h new ma c hineries in order  to manufactur e  whe at fibre paper  (Ro y, 2012) .  Mint o mention s  that thi s part remain s  as a great chall en ge to be ov ercom e unless the demand  fo r wheat pap er si gnificantl y  rise s .  APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  9  Assumi ng the demands are  met to make thi s method possi ble , locall y sour c ed wheat  fib re  paper wil l be app rox im atel y 10% che aper  th an importing them from India  (Ro y, 2012) . This financial adv anta ge will add up to a tremendous sum of mone y sinc e  UBC currentl y spends about $1,057,639 on pap ers annuall y alr ead y.   The table below (se e Table 2) is an esti mate of an economi c ove rview of a wheat fibr e paper plant, whe re the fir st yea r was taken fo r retr ofit ti ng the plant and it was in operati on for 10 yea rs wit h stead y depre ci ati on  (Dreisi n ger, 2011 ) .                    Table 2. Economic Analysis of Retrofitting a Plant   With the above assum pti ons,  the wheat fibr e pape r plant  will take 6.5 ye a rs to breakev en, and then have an int ernal rate of return ( IRR )  of 13% at the end of its life cyc l e.   Given that the busi ness grows int o a lar ge s cale, this method ma y return greater net profit than ex pected as well .     Cost to Retrofit 550 M       Operating Cost 15 M       Annual Revenue 160 M                           Year Revenue Operating Costs Investment Gross Profit Depreciation Taxable Income Tax Return Net Profit 1     550         -550 -550 2 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 -450 3 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 -350 4 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 -250 5 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 -150 6 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 -50 7 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 50 8 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 150 9 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 250 1  160 15   145 55 90 45 100 350 11 160 15   145 55 90 45 100 450                  IRR 13%   APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  10 5.0   CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS  By inspecti n g the wh eat fibre pape r and wood fibr e paper following th e tripl e bott om line assessment, our group  co nclude s  that, from social aspect, the labou r condit ions of the wheat fibre paper mill s meet  or ex ce ed  the requir ements for UBC.   The ov erall social impacts for UBC to adapti ng th e whe at fibre paper  are posi ti ve.  Fo r environmental impact, our group  find s  that by using whe at fibre paper, 4800 trees could be save d annuall y.  Th e whe at fi bre pape r is found t o be more environm ent frie ndl y from sour cin g the ra w material, to the produ c ti on process ,  and to the end product comp are d to the 30% PCW wood fibre pap er.  Furthermor e , accordin g to the data our group has  coll ec ted, it is determined  that importing whe at fi bre pap er has minim al economi c impact on the l ocal scale.  In summar y, we find that repl acin g the 30% PCW wood fibre pap er wit h whe at fi bre pape r is a feasibl e an d sensibl e opti on for UBC to promot e sust ainabili t y in bot h the short run and the lon g ru n.       APS C 262 – Technolog y and Societ y II                                 Sustainabil it y Proje ct Report  Team 4                                                                                               Spring 2012  11 REFERENCES  American For ests . (2012 ). Assum pti ons and Sources. Retrieved from htt p:/ /www.americanfo re sts .org/assumpt ions - and - sources/    Bruce , M.  (1970). The Indian Labour Scene. R etrieved Februa r y 2012, fro m Superintendent of Documents:  htt p:/ /search .proquest.com/ docview/2 27947960     CEFIC . (2011). Guidelin es for Me asurin g and Ma nagin g CO 2  Emissi ons from Frei ght Transpo rt Operati ons. Retriev ed fro m htt p:/ /www.cefic.or g/ Documents/ Ind ustr yS upp ort/ Transport -and - Lo gist ics/Best%20P r acti ce%20 Guideli nes%2 0 - %20Gen eral%20 Guide li nes/C efic -ECTA%20Guideli nes%2 0for%20measu rin g%20a nd%20mana gin g%20CO 2%20emi ssi ons%20from%20transpo rt%20operati ons%20 Final %2030.03.2011.pdf    Dreisi nger, D. 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