A C R I T I C A L GUIDE TO SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1849-1918. By JAMES KENNETH BURROWS B.Sc, The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , 1976 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF ' THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHIVAL STUDIES in THE SCHOOL OF LIBRARY, ARCHIVAL AND INFORMATION STUDIES and THE DEPARTMENT We a c c e p t t h i s to THE OF HISTORY thesis the required as c o n f o r m i n g standard UNIVERSITY OF B R I T I S H COLUMBIA November 1989 (c) James K e n n e t h B u r r o w s , 1989 In presenting this degree at the thesis in University of partial fulfilment of of department this thesis for or by his or requirements British Columbia, I agree that the freely available for reference and study. I further copying the representatives. an advanced Library shall make it agree that permission for extensive scholarly purposes may be granted her for It is by the understood that head of copying my or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) J ^ Q Z y ^ W / v - - 3> „ \ ABSTRACT Access to a r c h i v a l h o l d i n g s i s one of the problems faced by a r c h i v i s t s . The d i f f i c u l t i e s fundamental i n providing a c c e s s to the wide v a r i e t y of s u b j e c t s c o n t a i n e d w i t h even one archives i s f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d by the changing f i e l d s r e s e a r c h which r e q u i r e the use of a r c h i v e s . provenance based or s u b j e c t Neither i n d e x i n g access systems have been able to cope w i t h these changing needs. The c r e a t i o n of thematic guides has been an attempt to o f f e r more subject access t o c o l l e c t i o n s separate topic. of flexible s i n c e each guide d e a l s w i t h a D e s p i t e t h e i r v a l u e i n p r o v i d i n g access to c u r r e n t themes, the thematic guide has been s i m p l y a l i s t i n g of c o l l e c t i o n s and does not o f f e r any a n a l y s i s of how v a r i o u s forms of r e c o r d s , t h e i r a v a i l a b i l i t y and t h e i r uses r e l a t e the to subject. The c r e a t i o n of such a c r i t i c a l guide forms the bulk of the paper. guide, To i n v e s t i g a t e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h i s r e c o r d s which r e l a t e to the study of the h i s t o r y of f a m i l y i n B r i t i s h Columbia were i d e n t i f i e d . subject area was chosen because of i t s found. the This p a r t i c u l a r relative s i n c e many of the r e c o r d s a p p l i c a b l e to i t s easily type of newness and study are not The h o l d i n g s of the B r i t i s h Columbia A r c h i v e s and Records S e r v i c e and the C i t y of Vancouver A r c h i v e s p r o v i d e d the r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l s f o r the s t u d y . The records chosen as u s e f u l to the study of the f a m i l y were l i s t e d and ii many c o l l e c t i o n s holdings, were examined c l o s e l y . an a n a l y s i s From t h i s review of of r e c o r d s types and t h e i r value to study of the f a m i l y i n B r i t i s h Columbia was the developed. Standard a p p r a i s a l and d e s c r i p t i v e techniques were employed f o r the a n a l y s i s . In a d d i t i o n , a study of p a s t r e s e a r c h uses was done to p r o v i d e a b e t t e r understanding of how the records c o u l d be employed. I t was found t h a t a c r i t i c a l guide c o u l d be produced using modifications of standard formats, form f o r i n v e n t o r i e s Archivists. such as the basic suggested by the S o c i e t y of American In a d d i t i o n , a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a were a p p l i e d t o the c a t e g o r i e s of documents i n order to assess t h e i r value. Using these s t a n d a r d i z e d techniques means t h a t an a n a l y s i s r e c o r d types w i l l be b e t t e r understood by o t h e r s . c r i t i c a l guide o f f e r s a vehicle of The f o r a r c h i v i s t s to p r o v i d e r e s e a r c h e r s w i t h more i n f o r m a t i o n about the r e c o r d s i n a l e s s haphazard f a s h i o n . TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Research Trends i n t o 3. The Demographic Approach 42 4. The Sentiments Approach 56 5. The H o u s e h o l d E c o n o m i c s 6. The Hegemonic/Institutional 7. The Usefulness the Canadian Family Approach of C r i t i c a l Bibliography Approach Guides 17 68 80 91 101 iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The major c h a l l e n g e of a r c h i v i s t s acquiring volume o f Controlling continued work. i n f o r m a t i o n which r e s u l t s the flow development of Firstly, ensuring the two main f u n c t i o n s of a r c h i v i s t s must c o n d u c t acquired access quality these t o the p u r p o s e s and materials, archivists access of the describing the records are shortcomings attempting thoughts Secondly, and records having must f i n d ways t o permit b r i n g a myriad time. From a r r a n g i n g of in a the moderate s u c c e s s of access their systems. to m i l l i o n s reference and the There are automation, to the access vast and aware o f of no difficulties records and the c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n them. any substantial size have found p r o v e n a n c e b a s e d system t h e most s u c c e s s f u l . to the archivists, creator archival q u a n t i t y of to answering questions to provide Archives of access the i s a p u r s u i t which r e q u i r e s the immediate answers, even w i t h of the r e s e a r c h e r s who archivist's room, a r c h i v i s t s obvious rational a expectations. Providing majority limit i s preserved. a r c h i v e s by from such of i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e s documented a p p r a i s a l s which w i l l while is a r c h i v e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f modern s o c i e t y w h i l e managing the task. i n c u r r e n t times archives with p r e s e r v i n g any h e l d the t h e minimum o f It the provides i n t e r f e r e n c e by i n f o r m a t i o n i n h e r e n t i n t h e way records while being 1 relatively efficient the in time and l a b o u r . However, many s t u d i e s r e q u i r e a c c e s s i n f o r m a t i o n which i's o n l y p e r i p h e r a l to the c r e a t o r or the purpose of the a r c h i v e s . researchers, To a s s i s t i n these endeavours, to p r o v i d e a c c e s s through s u b j e c t the a r c h i v e s . of the For these provenance may p r o v i d e l i t t l e u s e f u l n e s s of the m a t e r i a l s w i t h i n each life to c l u e as to the collection. some a r c h i v e s have t r i e d i n d e x i n g and c a t a l o g u i n g of With the wide v a r i e t y of s u b j e c t s a v a i l a b l e almost a l l a r c h i v e s , this system r e q u i r e s considerable i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and judgment on the p a r t of the i n d e x e r . i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and the c h o i c e of s u b j e c t s i s difficult in The extremely and can o f t e n be dated i n s h o r t o r d e r . A second means of p r o v i d i n g a c c e s s t o new r e s e a r c h t o p i c s has been the p r o d u c t i o n of thematic guides which c o n t a i n a l i s t i n g of collections which are thought t o be v a l u a b l e t o the subject area. The p r o d u c t i o n of thematic f i n d i n g a i d s i s becoming an ever i n c r e a s i n g need f o r p r e s e n t day a r c h i v e s . As new r e s e a r c h areas c o n t i n u e to expand and documents are used i n more i n n o v a t i v e ways, the s u b j e c t i n d e x i n g systems p r e s e n t many a r c h i v e s do not have s u f f i c i e n t these new demands. time-consuming. study i s f l e x i b i l i t y to d e a l w i t h While some a c c e s s through the based s e a r c h system i s p o s s i b l e , in the p r o c e s s is Each r e s e a r c h e r i n v e s t i g a t i n g provenance extremely a new f i e l d of r e q u i r e d to c a r r y out these i n v o l v e d and f r u s t r a t i n g search procedures. 2 The c r e a t i o n of thematic guides has been an attempt to fill this void. presents T h e i r v a l u e a r i s e s from t h e i r format which s p e c i f i c subject information across fonds. Yet most guides are s i m p l y l i s t s which suggest p o s s i b i l i t i e s research. for There have been no attempts t o p r o v i d e guides which i n c l u d e an a n a l y s i s of v a r i o u s forms of m a t e r i a l and t h e i r u s e f u l n e s s t o a s p e c i f i c area of s t u d y . While t h i s form of a s s i s t a n c e does take p l a c e i n the r e f e r e n c e room, i t is f r e q u e n t l y haphazard and h i g h l y dependent on e n c o u n t e r i n g the r i g h t reference a r c h i v i s t . Much of the e x p e r t i s e of a r c h i v i s t s l i e s i n the study of r e c o r d s and too f r e q u e n t l y t h i s knowledge i s not conveyed t o r e s e a r c h e r s i n a s y s t e m a t i c fashion. I n c l u d i n g a c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s of m a t e r i a l s i n a thematic guide would h e l p to ensure t h a t r e s e a r c h e r s are p r o v i d e d more c o n s i s t e n t reference help. A d i s c u s s i o n of the value and d i f f i c u l t y of producing a critical guide forms the framework of t h i s s t u d y . However, the b u l k of the t h e s i s i n v o l v e s the c r e a t i o n of such a f i n d i n g aid. The guide w i l l i n c l u d e three major s e c t i o n s . The f i r s t , Chapter 2, w i l l be a study of c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h t r e n d s i n the f i e l d under i n v e s t i g a t i o n . analysis, The next p a r t , the critical o f f e r s an examination of forms of documents a v a i l a b l e a t the i n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d . c o n t a i n the c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s . Finally, Chapters 3 through 6 the l i s t i n g of c o l l e c t i o n s has been p l a c e d i n an appendix. Naturally, this format i s not how such a document would be p r e s e n t e d t o the 3 p u b l i c by an a r c h i v e s . allow f u l l The purpose of t h i s arrangement i s d i s c u s s i o n of the u s e f u l n e s s of p l a c i n g the two elements, the study of r e s e a r c h trends and the a n a l y s i s i n a thematic first critical guide. In a d d i t i o n to examining the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h i s of g u i d e , to form the study w i l l a l s o c o n s i d e r the use of standard a r c h i v a l techniques i n the c r e a t i o n of the analysis. P r o d u c t i o n of an a c t u a l example shows the v i a b i l i t y of u s i n g standard a r c h i v a l t e c h n i q u e s , description, such as a p p r a i s a l and i n a very s p e c i f i c area. As w e l l , the c o m p i l a t i o n and a n a l y s i s of sources w i l l h o p e f u l l y r e s u l t i n a product of p r a c t i c a l v a l u e to r e s e a r c h e r s , and p r o v i d e an impetus f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . The study of the h i s t o r y of the f a m i l y i n B r i t i s h Columbia was chosen as the t o p i c f o r a c r i t i c a l g u i d e . study of the f a m i l y p r e s e n t s many of the problems of f o r sources The searching i n a new r e s e a r c h a r e a . For the most p a r t , a r c h i v e s have made l i t t l e relevant material. c o n s i d e r e d attempt to collect The r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l number of sources b e a r i n g on f a m i l y h i s t o r y are spread w i d e l y throughout the holdings. Finally, i d e n t i f y sources little p a s t e f f o r t has been made to f o r the h i s t o r y of the f a m i l y i n a systematic manner. Further, is an examination of the i n s t i t u t i o n of the f a m i l y a v i t a l p a r t of the understanding of any s o c i e t y . agency f o r s o c i a l i z a t i o n , as an economic u n i t and as 4 As an the fundamental b i o l o g i c a l u n i t , time o f f e r insights historians and s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s into society. social historians, the f a m i l y and i t s evolution significant A r e l a t i v e l y recent i n t e r e s t for the f i e l d of f a m i l y h i s t o r y has been s t u d i e d by Canadian r e s e a r c h e r s . In f a c t , little many f i n d i n g s come l a r g e l y as b y - p r o d u c t s of s t u d i e s i n o t h e r a r e a s . difficulty of d i s c o v e r i n g good source m a t e r i a l i s major problems of any study i n t h i s subject. available, Despite this, subject for a c r i t i c a l Both the especially a particularly thematic g u i d e . necessary. linkages material. active worthwhile S i n c e the f i e l d a thematic has guide In a d d i t i o n , a r e l a t i v e r e q u i r e s t h a t a wide v a r i e t y of types be employed. private Few a r c h i v i s t s have used f a m i l y and r e l a t e d terms as a s u b j e c t h e a d i n g . p a u c i t y of sources the locations. o n l y r e c e n t l y been d i s c o v e r e d by h i s t o r i a n s , is The r e l e v a n t r e c o r d s are a l t h o u g h not always i n obvious The h i s t o r y of the f a m i l y i s have one of and common nature of the f a m i l y has d i s c o u r a g e d the c o l l e c t i o n of r e c o r d s . over Further, difficulties, and s h o r t time spans, such as record record r e q u i r e i n n o v a t i v e use of the These elements make the c r e a t i o n of such a thematic guide a v a l u a b l e exercise. The a b i l i t y to a c c e s s c o m p l e t e l y and e f f i c i e n t l y a r c h i v a l h o l d i n g s of an i n s t i t u t i o n i s one of the g o a l s of a r c h i v i s t s . the primary Y e t the d i v e r s i t y and c o m p l e x i t y of these m a t e r i a l s make such access d i f f i c u l t and time-consuming. Traditionally, a r c h i v i s t s have used a system of a c c e s s based 5 on the provenance of the a r c h i v e s , that i s , u s i n g the nature of the c r e a t o r and the f u n c t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of the to i d e n t i f y sources for research. To accomplish records this, a r c h i v i s t s have developed i n v e n t o r i e s which p r o v i d e descriptions of a r c h i v a l c o l l e c t i o n s arrangement, from the group as a whole through the s e r i e s to i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s . documents, at the v a r y i n g l e v e l s of functional Based on the arrangement of the i n v e n t o r y has p r o v i d e d a r e l a t i v e l y method to allow some access to a c q u i s i t i o n s the b e s t a v a i l a b l e and i s the rapid arguably system. While provenance based systems are most e f f e c t i v e for a r c h i v e s w i t h a l a r g e volume of r e c o r d s c o v e r i n g a long time span, they are l e s s u s e f u l f o r other fonds where i n f o r m a t i o n about the o r g a n i z a t i o n may be s p a r s e . access to these m a t e r i a l s , In a e f f o r t to p r o v i d e a r c h i v i s t s have r e s o r t e d t o indexing, often using card catalogues. subject However, o n l y minimal access i s p r o v i d e d i n t h i s way c o n s i d e r i n g the v a s t number of possible subject entries i n even r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l fonds. S i n c e no c o n s i s t e n t d e s c r i p t i v e p r a c t i c e s are adhered to many a r c h i v e s , the r e s u l t i n g access p o i n t s have o f t e n in been based on c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h trends and can be c o l o u r e d by the b i a s e s of the indexer. The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of provenance s e a r c h i n g methods and content Lytle. 1 i n d e x i n g methods has been examined o n l y by R i c h a r d L y t l e d e f i n e d the Provenance or P method of r e t r i e v a l as s u b j e c t access by c o n n e c t i o n , 6 that i s , subject relevant r e c o r d s are found through knowledge of the a c t i v i t i e s functions and of the c r e a t i n g body. The Content Indexing or CI method i s based on the c r e a t i o n of s u b j e c t access p o i n t s found through the examination of the contents of each f i l e . method t o "back-of-book i n d e x i n g " . 2 L y t l e compares this L y t l e ' s study found both the P method and the CI method v e r y s i m i l a r i n accuracy f o r the s p e c i f i c questions t h a t were proposed. Further, acknowledged t h a t the two systems are o f t e n One of L y t l e ' s important f i n d i n g s i s is he complementary. 3 t h a t the CI method "at a s e r i o u s disadvantage when the c r i t i c a l concept of subject request i s m i s s i n g from the system v o c a b u l a r y " . CI method i s simply too i n f l e x i b l e research topics. the The 4 to p r o v i d e access to new The f u t u r e uses of a r c h i v e s cannot be d i s c e r n e d i n the p r e s e n t . So the development of access points to new s u b j e c t s of study must be done through provenance based systems or the a r c h i v i s t i s f o r c e d to r e t u r n to the themselves, an u n d e r t a k i n g a k i n to archives re-processing. In a d d i t i o n to provenance based access systems and subject i n d e x i n g , another method used to o f f e r has been the c r e a t i o n of thematic g u i d e s , of c o l l e c t i o n s brief r e l a t i n g to a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t subject access descriptions area. 5 These guides can be p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l because t h e i r c r e a t i o n u s u a l l y based on the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of a new r e s e a r c h They are an attempt to b r i n g together h o l d i n g s not topic. easily a c c e s s i b l e through provenance or p r e v i o u s c a t a l o g u i n g 7 is terms. W h i l e , on the s u r f a c e , thematic guides may appear t o belong the CI method, i n f a c t , to they are c r e a t e d from provenance s e a r c h i n g through the use of the t i t l e of the fonds and some knowledge of the c r e a t i n g body. The v a l u e of thematic guides has been acknowledged by many w r i t e r s i n c l u d i n g M i c h e l D u c h e i n , V i r g i n i a Purdy and David G r a c y . is 6 While the p r e s e n t form of these r e s e a r c h t o o l s important i n a l l o w i n g more comprehensive a c c e s s t o holdings, they do not a n a l y z e the r e l a t i o n s h i p of the the holdings to the c u r r e n t s t a t e of the r e s e a r c h area f o r which they intended. Such an a n a l y s i s of thematic h o l d i n g s w i l l enhance the u s a b i l i t y of any g u i d e . For example, c o n s i d e r a b l e knowledge and judgment n e c e s s a r y a p p r a i s a l can be used j u s t as e f f e c t i v e l y the a r c h i v a l p r o c e s s , only the to conduct a t the o t h e r end of by o f f e r i n g a c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s of documents and t h e i r forms i n r e l a t i o n to the f i e l d s which may f i n d uses f o r the m a t e r i a l s . are In f a c t , procedure f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r s i n f o r m a l l y d u r i n g of the study this reference service. The study has r e l i e d on sources h e l d by two of p r o v i n c e ' s major i n s t i t u t i o n s , the B r i t i s h Columbia A r c h i v e s and Records S e r v i c e and the Vancouver C i t y A r c h i v e s . accession registers the The and main e n t r y c a r d s from each c a r d c a t a l o g u e were searched f o r m a t e r i a l which appeared t o be a p p r o p r i a t e f o r the study of the f a m i l y . In t h i s manner, provenance of the v a r i o u s s e r i e s of government r e c o r d s and 8 the manuscript c o l l e c t i o n s , i n the form of c o l l e c t i o n t i t l e , used to determine p o s s i b l e sources. was Neither a r c h i v a l i n s t i t u t i o n has p r o v i d e d access to f a m i l y m a t e r i a l s through subject indexing. The r e s e a r c h was r e s t r i c t e d p r i m a r i l y the two major i n s t i t u t i o n s a l t h o u g h , on o c c a s i o n , made of o b v i o u s l y important r e c o r d s h e l d by other to mention is archives, such as the v a r i o u s church a r c h i v e s . One e x t e n s i v e body of m a t e r i a l was not examined. first classification system employed by the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s c a l l e d f o r the c a t a l o g u i n g of s p e c i f i c r e c o r d s e r i e s w i t h no r e f e r e n c e they were t a k e n . The items or to the c o l l e c t i o n from which U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i s means t h a t there i s no way to b r i n g together the o r i g i n a l fonds except item by i t e m . T h i s group of manuscript m a t e r i a l s i s extremely v a l u a b l e but i s d i f f i c u l t to work w i t h . The survey of a c c e s s i o n registers for l i k e l y collections was time consuming and the amount of m a t e r i a l d i s c o v e r e d prevented a thorough examination of each Therefore, i t was necessary m a t e r i a l to be reviewed. to make a s e l e c t i o n T h i s process was although g e n e r a l l y any l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n s f a i r l y random s e l e c t i o n of the subjective, were examined. A of s m a l l e r groups was looked a t to a l l o w some judgement of t h e i r v a l u e . collections collection. Frequently, small d i d c o n t a i n v e r y u s e f u l m a t e r i a l and they should not be excluded from any study. Since the a n a l y s i s the form of the m a t e r i a l r a t h e r than the c o n t e n t , 9 focused on the method of selection should not distract from the value of the analysis. A l i s t i n g of a l l the collections identified forms an attached appendix. The chronological period of the study was confined to records of which the earliest document i n the fonds dated prior to 1918. In practice, the earliest material was dated between 1815 and 1918, although these early records are not always Canadian in origin. It was not feasible to limit the study period to a specific time because many manuscript collections and archives which start i n the nineteenth century range even up to the present day. Therefore, many collections are listed which have material ranging up to the 1960s and 1970s. The format of the c r i t i c a l analysis was established with consideration to current practices. The elements of a c r i t i c a l guide must give an understanding of past research trends and record uses. can be used. records. It must analyze how available records Finally, i t should give a l i s t i n g of available These elements are very similar to the sections of a standard inventory. So, to ensure ease of use, many of the procedures for description already in place i n many archives have been followed. Since a c r i t i c a l guide i s documenting the same types of information about a specific subject that an archivist uses to describe a single fonds, i t was considered useful to record the same standard items of description. The techniques identified i n the Society of American Archivists' handbook on f i n d i n g a i d s have been adapted f o r use i n c r i t i c a l analysis. represents typical 7 Each s e c t i o n of the c r i t i c a l i n a g e n e r a l manner a d e s c r i p t i v e the analysis section i n a inventory. Therefore, i n p l a c e of a b i o g r a p h i c a l s k e t c h or administrative history, a C r i t i q u e of the s t a t e of r e s e a r c h the r e l e v a n t a r e a , f o r example, prepared. a historiography, was In the same manner t h a t an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e or b i o g r a p h i c a l note i s c r u c i a l to an i n v e n t o r y , h i s t o r i o g r a p h y or other form of c r i t i q u e of the history a relevant r e s e a r c h l i t e r a t u r e p r o v i d e s a f u l l e r understanding of the r e c o r d s d e s c r i b e d i n a guide and t h e i r p o s s i b l e uses. The v a r i o u s approaches or methods which r e s e a r c h e r s have used study a s u b j e c t can supply the framework f o r the in to analysis. T h i s s e c t i o n of the c r i t i c a l guide must p r o v i d e an understanding of how these d i f f e r e n t work, how r e s e a r c h e r s have used the r e c o r d s and what types of m a t e r i a l may be u s e f u l but n e g l e c t e d . particular attention is approaches or methods For t h a t reason, to the sources c u r r e n t l y b e i n g an important f e a t u r e of such a study. utilized The c r i t i q u e of the r e s e a r c h area i s v i t a l to the c r e a t i o n of an e f f e c t i v e analysis. The second p a r t of the c r i t i c a l g u i d e , r e c o r d forms r e l e v a n t to the f i e l d of s t u d y , same f u n c t i o n as a scope and content n o t e . discussion of the r e c o r d s and t h e i r r e s e a r c h 11 an a n a l y s i s of performs much the It offers values, a documenting t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e analysis should allow r e s e a r c h e r s for successful age, and i d i o s y n c r a s i e s . studies. to d i s c e r n the This possibilities Information on volume, time span, u n d e r s t a n d a b i l i t y and other c r i t e r i a w i l l i n d i c a t e v a l u e of r e c o r d s f o r s p e c i f i c approaches. the The comparison between t h i s k i n d of a n a l y s i s and the a p p r a i s a l of r e c o r d s f o r informational value i s quite s t r i k i n g . Although an a p p r a i s a l looks a t the i n f o r m a t i o n a l v a l u e of r e c o r d s f o r t h e i r use, general the same c r i t e r i a can be a p p l i e d f o r a more l i m i t e d subject. The c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s also provides a r c h i v i s t s a forum f o r d i s c u s s i n g the p e c u l i a r i t i e s with and l i m i t a t i o n s the r e c o r d s i n r e l a t i o n to the f i e l d of s t u d y . of For example, many approaches to f a m i l y h i s t o r y r e q u i r e the l i n k i n g of d i s p a r a t e sources life. are to e s t a b l i s h a complete p i c t u r e of The a n a l y s i s family can i d e n t i f y the areas where such linkages possible. Finally, specific the c r i t i c a l guide should o f f e r manuscript c o l l e c t i o n s a l i s t i n g of and a r c h i v e s which have been i d e n t i f i e d as b e i n g v a l u a b l e to the f i e l d of s t u d y . selection possible of fonds must be somewhat a r b i t r a r y . to examine each one i n d e t a i l and so This It is not the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s h o u l d cover a wide a r e a , e r r i n g on the s i d e of excess. In t h i s way, most p o s s i b i l i t i e s w i l l be l i s t e d . l i s t i n g should c o n s i s t of the name of each c o l l e c t i o n , The its i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number, the dates c o v e r e d , the volume and the forms of the m a t e r i a l . 12 The d i s c u s s i o n of r e s e a r c h a r e a s , the a n a l y s i s of m a t e r i a l s and the a c t u a l l i s t i n g of c o l l e c t i o n s elements of the c r i t i c a l g u i d e . are the The guide o f f e r s three a more thorough understanding of the p e r t i n e n t r e c o r d s f o r a f i e l d of research. A r c h i v i s t s are a b l e t o p r o v i d e t h e i r e x p e r t i s e more c o n s i s t e n t fashion. Too f r e q u e n t l y , i n f o r m a t i o n about r e c o r d s i s kept the e x c l u s i v e p r o p e r t y of archivists. It is individual shared o n l y by happenstance. The p r o d u c t i o n of more a n a l y t i c a l guides d i s p e r s e s more of i n f o r m a t i o n t o the in a this public. The p r o d u c t i o n of t h i s type of a n a l y s i s may be c o n s i d e r e d c o n t r o v e r s i a l by some. Many a r c h i v i s t s adhere s t r i c t l y t o the n o t i o n t h a t they should never c a r r y out any i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the documents f o r which they c a r e . In f a c t , t h i s idea is c o n t r a d i c t e d c o n s t a n t l y by the a c t i o n s of a r c h i v i s t s p r o v i d i n g reference s e r v i c e . Answering r e f e r e n c e q u e s t i o n s by d i r e c t i n g r e s e a r c h e r s towards s p e c i f i c m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the r e s e a r c h e r ' s needs and how the contents and c o n t e x t of the r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l w i l l f u l f i l these needs. The a n a l y s i s of how forms of m a t e r i a l r e l a t e t o s p e c i f i c of r e s e a r c h i s simply a method t o r e c o r d i n a areas systematic f a s h i o n the i n f o r m a t i o n gathered by a r c h i v i s t s d u r i n g t h e i r d a i l y work. I t a l s o t r i e s t o e l i m i n a t e some of the haphazard nature of r e f e r e n c e work where the s p e c i a l i z e d knowledge of each a r c h i v i s t i s not imparted t o a l l r e s e a r c h e r s . 13 3 An e q u a l l y important q u e s t i o n i s whether t h i s of r e s e a r c h t o p i c s and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s to v a r i o u s fonds work t h a t should be performed by a r c h i v i s t s . t h a t the r e s e a r c h e r s It is should be c a r r y i n g out t h i s r a t h e r than a r c h i v i s t s . In f a c t , examination is arguable analysis, t h i s a c t i v i t y f a l l s much more w i t h i n the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of a r c h i v a l p r a c t i c e . Knowledge of the h o l d i n g s , of the r e c o r d forms, and of access systems are a l l areas of e x p e r t i s e archivists. critical which belong to the A r c h i v i s t s are w e l l prepared to c a r r y out these analyses. Further, the w r i t i n g of a c r i t i c a l guide g i v e s a r c h i v i s t s a b e t t e r understanding of how t h e i r are used and i n c r e a s e s providing reference holdings the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a r c h i v i s t s in service. A c r i t i c a l guide to sources is the f o r the h i s t o r y of the r e c o r d e d i n the f o l l o w i n g f i v e c h a p t e r s . The f i r s t family details the c u r r e n t s t a t e of r e s e a r c h i n t o the h i s t o r y of the Canadian family. Since w r i t i n g s about the f a m i l y i n any one p r o v i n c e i n c l u d i n g B r i t i s h Columbia i s very l i m i t e d , i t was to examine the f i e l d a t a n a t i o n a l l e v e l . chapter f o l l o w s the approaches s e t Further, necessary this out by M i c h a e l Anderson i n h i s h i s t o r i o g r a p h y of the Western f a m i l y . 9 The next four chapters analyze the a v a i l a b l e r e c o r d s i n r e l a t i o n to each of the f o u r approaches: demographics, sentiments, economics and h e g e m o n y / i n s t i t u t i o n s . collections family i s household A complete l i s t i n g of which appear to have v a l u e to the study of i n c l u d e d as an appendix. the The f i n a l chapter o f f e r s a c r i t i q u e of the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h i s method f o r p r o d u c t i o n of thematic g u i d e s . standard a r c h i v a l techniques c r e a t i o n of a c r i t i c a l g u i d e . I t examines for a s p e c i f i c the the use of purpose, the The v i r t u e s of a p p l y i n g a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a to the a v a i l a b l e forms of m a t e r i a l are a l s o discussed. In a d d i t i o n to a g e n e r a l e v a l u a t i o n , there i s an examination of how the a c t u a l guide a p p l i e s t o f a m i l y h i s t o r y and the d i f f i c u l t i e s a r e a of and l i m i t a t i o n s of the r e c o r d s f o r study. 15 this CHAPTER 1 ENDNOTES 1. Lytle, Richard H. "Intellectual Access to Archives: I. Provenance and Content Indexing Methods of Subject Retrieval." The American Archivist 43 (Winter 1980):64-75 and "Intellectual Access to Archives: II. Report of an Experiment Comparing Provenance and Content Indexing Methods of Subject Retrieval." The American Archivist 43 (Spring 1980):191-207. 2. Lytle, "Intellectual Access to Archives," 73. 3. Lytle, "Intellectual Access to Archives: I.," 65. 4. Lytle, "Intellectual Access to Archives: II", 206. 5. There are many examples of this type of thematic guide. Frequently, they have been written by historians to give access to social history topics. Two recent guides are by Mary Kinnear and Vera Fast, Planting the Garden: An Archival Bibliography of the History of Women in Manitoba, (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1987) and by Christopher L. Hives and George Brandak, A Guide to Fishing, Forestry and Mining Records in the Special Collections Division, The University of British Columbia, (Vaneouver: University of British Columbia Library, 1987). 6. Michel Duchein, "Theoretical Principles and Practical Problems of Respect des Fonds in Archival Science," Archivaria 16 (Summer 1983):81-82, David B. Gracy II, Archives and Manuscripts: Arrangement and Description, (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1977):35, and Virginia Purdy, "Subject Guides" in A Modern Archives Reader: Basic Readings on Archival Theory and Practice edited by Maygene E. Daniels and Timothy Walch. (Washington, D.C: National Archives and Records Service, 1984):245. 7. Society of American Archivists Committee on Finding Aids, Inventories and Registers: A Handbook of Techniques and Examples, (Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1976). 1 8. Mary Jo Pugh, "The Illusion of Omniscience: Subject Access and the Reference Archivist," In A Modern Archives Reader: Basic Readings on Archival Theory and Practice edited by Maygene E. Daniels and Timothy Walch, Washington, D.C: National Archives and Records Service, 1984:270-271. 9. Michael Anderson, Approaches to the History of the Western Family, 1500-1914, (London: MacMillan, 1980). 16 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH TRENDS INTO THE CANADIAN FAMILY The p r o l i f e r a t i o n of w r i t i n g on s o c i a l h i s t o r y over the p a s t few decades has o c c a s i o n e d the c r e a t i o n of many subdivisions of the study and each a r e a has had numerous s u p p o r t e r s throughout the Western w o r l d . the c a s e , somewhat been Canadian h i s t o r i a n s have f o l l o w e d these t r e n d s i n a slower manner than t h e i r European and American counterparts. of As has o f t e n Nevertheless, they too have j o i n e d the p u r s u i t knowledge about the masses and s o c i e t y a t Family h i s t o r y , large. one of the most c u r r e n t t o p i c s i n Europe and A m e r i c a , has not been embraced w i t h the same enthusiasm Canada, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n E n g l i s h speaking Canada. apparent r e l u c t a n c e of many r e s e a r c h e r s Despite to examine t h i s in the area, a number have begun t o l o o k a t the Canadian f a m i l y and t h e i r f i n d i n g s have had some impact on the f i e l d . It is worthwhile t o study the e x t e n t of these w r i t i n g s and the manner i n which they r e l a t e t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l works. B e f o r e commencing an examination of the s t u d i e s i n E n g l i s h which d e a l w i t h the f a m i l y i n Canada, p o i n t s need to be c l a r i f i e d . written several Foremost, the study of the f a m i l y has a r e l a t i v e u n i f o r m i t y throughout the w o r l d , u n l i k e most o t h e r areas of h i s t o r i c a l r e s e a r c h which are more n a t i o n a l or r e g i o n a l . affected While c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s family structures to some d e g r e e , the f a m i l y has remained the same, 17 have the b a s i c core of p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the Western world. H i s t o r i a n s g e n e r a l l y take i t for granted that b i o l o g i c a l needs form a f o u n d a t i o n f o r the f a m i l y and are therefore essential t o an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of these similarities. A second important r e a l i z a t i o n r e l a t e s t o the s c a r c i t y of sources. all While the f a m i l y i s society, its an i n s t i t u t i o n which pervades v e r y commonness has meant t h a t l i t t l e r e c o r d e d about i t s s t r u c t u r e or i n n e r w o r k i n g s . t h a t t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the i d e a l f a m i l y i s was People assume the correct one and t h a t the s t r u c t u r e of the f a m i l y was unchanging. the l i t e r a t e segment of s o c i e t y r a r e l y r e f l e c t e d g e n e r a l n a t u r e of the f a m i l y . on the The c l o s e f a m i l i a r i t y which v i r t u a l l y a l l people have had w i t h the i n s t i t u t i o n has p a s t w r i t e r s to assume t h e r e i s warrant c a r e f u l d e s c r i p t i o n . social history, a common ground which does not Further, as w i t h most areas of are and h i s t o r i a n s have needed t o adopt new methods of r e s e a r c h and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t o use the sources led documents d e a l i n g w i t h the lower c l a s s e s almost n o n - e x i s t e n t Even i n innovative scant ways. The examination of the f a m i l y has taken p l a c e a l o n g a number of d i s t i n c t lines. M i c h a e l Anderson has suggested t h e r e have been t h r e e major approaches used by h i s t o r i a n s . that 1 A u s e f u l examination of the s i t u a t i o n i n Canada can be c a r r i e d out i n the c o n t e x t of these approaches. been v e r y s c a t t e r e d Canadian r e s e a r c h has and g r e a t e r emphasis p l a c e d on some methods r a t h e r than o t h e r s . To understand the f u l l scope of the h i s t o r i c a l w r i t i n g about the f a m i l y produced by Canadian 18 writers, i t must be f i t t e d i n t o the i n t e r n a t i o n a l framework or d i s t o r t i o n s w i l l appear. The f i r s t method of study i d e n t i f i e d by Anderson i s demographic approach. the Many h i s t o r i a n s have seen t h i s as the o n l y way to g a i n an a p p r e c i a t i o n of the r o l e of the f a m i l y among the lower c l a s s e s and i t has been s u c c e s s f u l g e n e r a t i n g a g r e a t d e a l of b a s i c d a t a . Parish in registers, census r e t u r n s and o t h e r c e n s u s - l i k e r e c o r d s such as tax assessment r o l l s and d i r e c t o r i e s have p r o v i d e d the b a s i c source m a t e r i a l . The methodology employed r e l i e s h e a v i l y on the n a t u r a l and s o c i a l s c i e n c e s . statistical a n a l y s i s to attempt t o understand the mechanisms of the f a m i l y i n s o c i e t y . specific Researchers have used S t u d i e s have g i v e n emphasis t o four t o p i c s : marriage r a t e s and ages, p a t t e r n s of childbearing, e x t r a m a r i t a l conceptions and the s i z e and membership of households. The nature of the sources has f o r c e d the s e l e c t i o n of these areas t o some degree but each has p r o v i d e d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n s i g h t i n t o the o r g a n i z a t i o n of the f a m i l y and p e r m i t t e d the d i s c o v e r y of changes over time i n a f a i r l y p r e c i s e way. Anderson d e s i g n a t e d the study of sentiments area examined t o understand f a m i l y l i f e . as the second Changes over time i n i n t e r - f a m i l i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , sexual behaviour, courtship r i t u a l s and a t t i t u d e s to p r i v a c y have been examined. As a r e s u l t of these s t u d i e s , f o r example, i t has been suggested t h a t i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n l e d to a major upheaval i n f a m i l y 19 structure. I n v e s t i g a t i n g these p r i v a t e a f f e c t i o n s has meant a g r e a t e r r e l i a n c e on w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l and c o n s e q u e n t l y an emphasis on the b e h a v i o u r of the l i t e r a t e c l a s s e s or an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of how the l i t e r a t e viewed the lower c l a s s e s . S t u d i e s i n t h i s a r e a are o f t e n h i g h l y s p e c u l a t i v e because are l i m i t e d t o s p a r s e s o u r c e s . Nevertheless, they o f f e r they the g r e a t e s t p o t e n t i a l f o r f l e s h i n g out the r a t h e r s t a r k framework of the demographers. The need t o c r e a t e a p i c t u r e of a c t u a l people out of numbers i s essential f o r any h i s t o r i a n but v i r t u a l l y i m p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the and b e l i e f s under i n v e s t i g a t i o n by the sentiments The l a s t approach p r e s e n t e d by Anderson i s economics. attitudes group. household He contended t h a t the u n i f y i n g f o r c e among t h i s group of h i s t o r i a n s i s " t h e i r c o n c e r n w i t h the p r o c e s s e s which u n d e r l i e f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e s successfully, familial attitudes)." 2 social (and, though l e s s T h e i r focus has been the f a m i l y as an economic u n i t and the v a r i o u s s t r a t e g i e s d e v i s e d by the f a m i l y t o s u r v i v e i n peasant and commercial s o c i e t i e s and then through the upheaval of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n . I n h e r i t a n c e p r a c t i c e s , p a t t e r n s of employment and f a m i l y economies p l a y important r o l e s i n the development of branch of f a m i l y h i s t o r y . Wills, this l a n d r e c o r d s , employment r e c o r d s and accounts of the work p l a c e are h e a v i l y u t i l i z e d . The household economics approach d e s c r i b e s the f a c e of f a m i l y t h a t i s v i s i b l e t o s o c i e t y and t h i s p u b l i c image another c r u c i a l component of f a m i l y l i f e . 20 the is L o u i s e T i l l y and Miriam Cohen have examined and expanded A n d e r s o n ' s premises w i t h the a d d i t i o n of a f o u r t h d i v i s i o n , the h e g e m o n i c / i n s t i t u t i o n a l a p p r o a c h . institutions They argue that have d i s t i n c t i v e views of the f a m i l y which have influenced people, and h i s t o r i a n s have used these o p i n i o n s a f u r t h e r way to understand the f a m i l y p r o c e s s e s . as The 3 p r e c e p t s upon which e d u c a t i o n was founded f u r n i s h c o n s i d e r a b l e m a t e r i a l about f a m i l i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s and p e r c e p t i o n s . S i m i l a r l y the views of l e g a l i n s t i t u t i o n s about the f a m i l y . t e l l a great F o r example, what c o n s t i t u t e d deal juvenile d e l i n q u e n c y i m p l i e s much about the b o u n d a r i e s of c h i l d h o o d and the expected r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of parents. Each of these approaches p r o v i d e s a p o r t i o n of knowledge about f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e s and t h e i r changes over t i m e . Moreover, s i n c e the d i f f e r e n t approaches r e l y more h e a v i l y on different forms of m a t e r i a l , o f t e n from d i f f e r e n t sources, combining the f i n d i n g s from the v a r i o u s approaches may a l l o w c o n f i r m a t i o n of a p a r t i c u l a r t h e o r y . Anderson argues t h a t of these approaches are incomplete and cannot s t a n d alone. all 4 A l l must be c a r e f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d to s u p p l y a f u l l e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the f a m i l y i n h i s t o r y . Canadian h i s t o r i a n s have e x p l o r e d a l l f o u r of d i v i s i o n s but not e x t e n s i v e l y . these Many s t u d i e s have used demographic approaches e x t e n s i v e l y w h i l e the approach has r e c e i v e d o n l y minimal a t t e n t i o n . sentiments Further, methods f r e q u e n t l y have been u t i l i z e d i n a complementary two fashion. Obviously no one i s constrained to work within Anderson's guidelines. Nevertheless the "four approaches" thesis does provide a helpful framework for discussing family history and the historiography of the Canadian family w i l l be presented in this manner. Lastly, on occasion, research into the family i s not the prime purpose of a historian's study. Rather, insights relating to the family are almost made in passing. S t i l l these studies can provide valuable information about the family. The overwhelming majority of Canadian writing has been directed to the demographic approach. The primary source material in these investigations has been the decennial census returns, produced by the national government and started in 1851. The release of census returns for the period 1851 to 1891 spurred a host of demographic studies. In addition, demographic research projects received an abundance of grant money for large scale projects in the 1970s. Finally, the increased accessibility of computers allowed researchers to process large bodies of data. Two major groups received financial support for this type of project. The f i r s t , headed by Michael Katz, examined social, class and familial relationships in the city of Hamilton, Canada West from 1851 to 1871. David P. Gagan led the second group which investigated family structure and i t s relationship to land in Peel County, Canada West between 1845 and 1875. 5 22 Important t o t h i s type of r e s e a r c h and p a r t i c u l a r l y v i t a l t o both K a t z ' s and Gagan's work i s the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of l i n k a g e s between one census and another and to other r e c o r d s . Evidence of t r a n s i e n c y and permanence and changes i n f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e are found w i t h these l i n k a g e s . The o n l y v i a b l e way t o perform t h i s a n a l y s i s on a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n i s w i t h a computer. T h i s technology has allowed the use of hitherto unthinkable. have a r i s e n . methodology, sources While s o l v i n g some problems, new ones For example, because of the i n f a n c y of the there are problems i n making these l i n k a g e s . of the major problems i n v o l v e s the p h o n e t i c s p e l l i n g of One names, so t h a t a name such as Smythe may be s p e l t Smyth or Smith i n d i f f e r e n t documents. techniques 6 Refinement of r e l a t i v e l y p r i m i t i v e to overcome name d i f f e r e n c e s t o the r e l i a b i l i t y of the data a n a l y s i s questions w i l l add s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n the f u t u r e but of accuracy cannot be t o t a l l y d i s m i s s e d a t the present. One of the major q u e s t i o n s asked by t h i s f i e l d i s how the s t r u c t u r e of the household has changed i n s i z e and membership over time. The r e l a t i v e l y recent s e t t l e m e n t of Canada has meant t h a t h i s t o r i a n s have focused on changes o c c u r r i n g a t time of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n . P r e v i o u s l y , the fundamental assumption by h i s t o r i a n s and the g e n e r a l p u b l i c was t h a t Canadian f a m i l y i n the p a s t and i t s counterparts three generations In would l i v e t o g e t h e r as w e l l 23 the throughout much of the Western w o r l d , was extended i n s t r u c t u r e . situation, the this other f a m i l y members, such as u n c l e s , s t u d i e s have c o n f i r m e d t h a t , the norm by f a r . numeric terms, 7 aunts and c o u s i n s . in fact, The r e s u l t i s All the n u c l e a r f a m i l y was not unexpected. In simple the p a r e n t s of f o u r c h i l d r e n can o n l y l i v e with one a d u l t c h i l d a t a time so the o t h e r t h r e e c h i l d r e n w i l l have n u c l e a r f a m i l i e s . Given lower l i f e apparent d e s i r e of most f a m i l i e s expectancies t o be independent, f i g u r e would l i k e l y be even lower. Of c o u r s e , o t h e r f a m i l y members may c o - r e s i d e but t h i s and the this siblings or is unlikely in a c o u n t r y w i t h a v a i l a b l e and a f f o r d a b l e l a n d l i k e Canada. The s t a b l e household s t r u c t u r e e v i d e n t Canadian f a m i l i e s s t u d i e d by Gagan, Katz and o t h e r s a r t i f a c t of the source m a t e r i a l . s i n g l e point i n time, changes i n the m a j o r i t y of is an S i n c e censuses r e c o r d e d a they d i d not account f o r temporary i n f a m i l y membership. H i s t o r i a n s have r e a l i z e d t h a t f a m i l i e s undergo a c y c l e throughout t h e i r e x i s t e n c e and d u r i n g each phase f a m i l y c o m p o s i t i o n may v a r y . For example, when one p a r e n t d i e d , the o t h e r might l i v e w i t h one of t h e i r grown c h i l d r e n f o r a s h o r t time or u n t i l he or she a l s o d i e d . t h a t time the n u c l e a r f a m i l y was extended. For T h i s c o n c e p t i o n of the f a m i l y as a dynamic p r o c e s s has i n f l u e n c e d a l l Canadian w r i t i n g on the s u b j e c t and may be one of the largest c o n t r i b u t i o n s of the demographic s c h o o l . I n a d d i t i o n to k i n e x t e n d i n g the n u c l e a r f a m i l y , h i s t o r i a n s have g a r n e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n about presence of b o a r d e r s and s e r v a n t s i n the h o u s e h o l d . the Katz found a s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between w e a l t h and household structure. The f a c t t h a t the w e a l t h i e r servants i s not a s u r p r i s i n g r e v e l a t i o n but they a l s o took the m a j o r i t y of b o a r d e r s . 8 c l a s s e s had more While u n s k i l l e d workers would have c o n s i d e r e d the a d d i t i o n a l income a boon, p r e v e n t e d them from t a k i n g i n more I n the Hamilton s t u d y , in l a c k of space residents. m u l t i p l e f a m i l y households were r a r e but Sheva Medjuck d i s c o v e r e d t h a t i n Moncton, New Brunswick i n 1851 a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n (almost o n e - q u a r t e r ) families r e s i d e d i n the company of another f a m i l y . Medjuck d i d not f u l l y e x p l o r e the p o i n t , suggested a housing shortage the of Although 9 evidence caused by immigrants a t t r a c t e d the economic boom i n Moncton's s h i p b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y . to The s t u d y c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d the danger of i g n o r i n g p o l i t i c a l and economic events which may a f f e c t the family. Another a r e a of the demographic approach examined by Canadian h i s t o r i a n s is the s i z e of f a m i l i e s . found t h a t f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e can be a f f e c t e d of w e a l t h , example, ethnicity, by the r e l i g i o n and f a m i l y number. variables For Katz found f a m i l y s i z e i n Hamilton had no c o r r e l a t i o n with wealth. affect I t has been On the o t h e r hand, r e l i g i o n and e t h n i c i t y the number of f a m i l y members. two P r e s c o t t County townships 10 did However, i n a study of i n O n t a r i o , Chad G a f f i e l d argued t h a t e t h n i c i t y c o n t r i b u t e d o n l y m i n i m a l l y t o F r e n c h Canadian and E n g l i s h Canadian f a m i l y s i z e . 25 He suggested t h a t the differences i n f a m i l y s i z e o c c u r r e d because m a r r i a g e age among F r e n c h C a n a d i a n s . of an e a r l i e r 11 A study of r u r a l c h i l d b e a r i n g by R . M . M c l n n i s s u p p l i e d evidence t h a t people i n more s e t t l e d areas of Canada West had fewer c h i l d r e n than i n f r o n t i e r a r e a s . difference Mclnnis explained the by a r g u i n g t h a t the d e s i r e of p a r e n t s to p r o v i d e h i g h e r standards of l i v i n g f o r t h e i r f a m i l i e s was more p r e v a l e n t i n the l o n g e r s e t t l e d areas because a v a i l a b i l i t y and lower c o s t of goods. of the greater T h i s was accomplished most e a s i l y by h a v i n g fewer c h i l d r e n . 1 2 D a v i d Gagan found a s i m i l a r p a t t e r n i n P e e l County i n the l a t e 1850s and 1860s but b e l i e v e d t h a t a l a c k of a v a i l a b l e l a n d l e d t o l a t e r marriage d a t e s and t h e r e f o r e smaller family size. 1 3 S u b s t a n t i a l amounts of w r i t i n g have a l s o been devoted the m o b i l i t y of Canadian f a m i l i e s . keystone to T r a n s i e n c y formed a of the argument of the Hamilton study group. Katz found t h a t a c o r r e l a t i o n e x i s t e d between permanence and w e l l b e i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n good economic t i m e s . " 1 were more s u c c e s s f u l Whether people when they s t a y e d or s t a y e d because they were d o i n g w e l l i s not c l e a r . Numerous o t h e r w r i t e r s have s t u d i e d t r a n s i e n c y among families throughout e a s t e r n Canada. In the Saguenay-St. Jean r e g i o n of Quebec, Gerard Bouchard d i s c o v e r e d a r a p i d l y d e c l i n i n g p o p u l a t i o n i n the l a t e l a c k of a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d . n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y because of The p o p u l a t i o n l o s s was not due to e m i g r a t i o n as would be e x p e c t e d . A fairly substantial e m i g r a t i o n had always o c c u r r e d but immigration had maintained the l e v e l of p o p u l a t i o n . caused the decrease. I t was the drop i n immigration t h a t 15 A l a n Brookes argued t h a t depressed economic circumstances f o r c e d an exodus of young a d u l t s from Nova S c o t i a i n the nineteenth century. them s e t t i n g late E m i g r a t i o n by s i b l i n g s o f t e n r e s u l t e d up r e s i d e n c e i n the same l o c a l e s . 1 6 These in results are h i g h l y i n t e r e s t i n g but no one has e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d how f r e q u e n t l y f a m i l y members s e t t l e d t o g e t h e r i n a new r e g i o n or how much t h i s life. transiency disrupted inter-generational family Some i n i t i a l study has been done by Ross McCormack i n h i s work on B r i t i s h immigrants to W i n n i p e g . 17 McCormack found t h a t immigrants r e l i e d h e a v i l y on the f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e , whether i t was n u c l e a r , extended or even s u r r o g a t e b o a r d i n g house or c h u r c h ) . (such as a F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i n t o the effects of m o b i l i t y and immigration on f a m i l y t i e s would p r o v i d e extremely important evidence relations. about the s t r e n g t h of family In Canada where immigration and t r a n s i e n c y p l a y e d such a v i t a l r o l e i n the development of the c o u n t r y , responses of the f a m i l y have g r e a t the significance. A s i m i l a r concern f o r f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s guided H e r b e r t Mays i n h i s work on the Toronto Gore township of P e e l County. He found t h a t e a r l y s e t t l e r s who e s t a b l i s h e d remained i n the a r e a . sufficient them. 18 successful farms These permanent s e t t l e r s a l s o o b t a i n e d l a n d to a l l o w t h e i r grown c h i l d r e n to s e t t l e near The work of Mays, Brookes and McCormack, w h i l e 27 far from complete, i s h i g h l y s u g g e s t i v e of the d e s i r e of immigrants to m a i n t a i n c o n t a c t w i t h a l l members of their families. D e s p i t e the d e t a i l e d data base i t can p r o v i d e , demographic method has s e v e r a l i n h e r e n t problems, w i t h the source m a t e r i a l . provide s u f f i c i e n t the primarily One source of m a t e r i a l does not i n f o r m a t i o n f o r a n a l y s i s because a l l types have t h e i r l i m i t a t i o n s . Census d a t a r e c o r d f a m i l y structures a t a p a r t i c u l a r moment and p r o v i d e o n l y g e n e r a l f e r t i l i t y and nuptial data. Linkages between census d a t a and t h a t from parish registers i s d i f f i c u l t to e s t a b l i s h because of the m o b i l i t y of p a r i s h i o n e r s and the i r r e g u l a r placement of a denomination's churches. I t i s g e n e r a l l y t r u e of records b e a r i n g d a t a u s e f u l i n demographic s t u d i e s t h a t they u s u a l l y show an u n d e r - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of some e t h n i c groups. d e f i c i e n c y can s e r i o u s l y skew r e s u l t s . This While awareness of these data b i a s e s and employing more than one source w i l l not overcome these d i f f i c u l t i e s completely, t h i s knowledge does a l l o w the r e s e a r c h e r to p r o p e r l y l i m i t the scope of the To d a t e , Canadian h i s t o r i a n s have almost study. completely i g n o r e d the sentiments approach to f a m i l y h i s t o r y . Despite the e x i s t e n c e of a f a i r l y h i g h r a t e of l i t e r a c y throughout h i s t o r y of the c o u n t r y and the consequent d i a r i e s and correspondence, the p r o l i f e r a t i o n of m a t e r i a l s which are the h e a r t of such an approach, Canadian r e s e a r c h e r s have h a r d l y begun to i n v e s t i g a t e the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of the sentiments approach. 28 Two s t u d i e s have touched on the p r i v a t e s i d e of f a m i l y life, although both p r i m a r i l y sought to e x p l a i n f u r t r a d e and i t s d e a l i n g s w i t h Canada's n a t i v e p e o p l e . examined d i f f e r e n c e s i n attitudes society J e n n i f e r Brown between the two major f u r t r a d i n g companies and the s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n s which developed between n a t i v e women and European f u r t r a d e r s . The treatment of the c h i l d r e n which r e s u l t e d from these marriages s a i d much about f a m i l y t i e s , situations. even i n these c r o s s - c u l t u r a l and s h o r t term Brown a l s o argued t h a t an examination of 1 9 i n d i c a t e d t h a t the k i n s h i p t i e s present among the wills Scottish t r a d e r s were the b a s i s of a h o r i z o n t a l l y s t r u c t u r e d s o c i a l system w i t h i n the North West Company. In a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n , S y l v i a Van K i r k e x p l o r e d the r o l e of I n d i a n women i n the f u r trade. 2 0 Although these works p r o v i d e d i n s i g h t s r e l a t i o n s h i p s between two d i f f e r e n t these d i f f e r e n c e s affect into the c u l t u r a l groups and how the t r a d i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e s , d e s c r i b e an uncommon s i t u a t i o n and c a s t l i t t l e they l i g h t on the g e n e r a l p a t t e r n of Canadian f a m i l y h i s t o r y . More c o n v e n t i o n a l i s investigated the work of Peter Moogk who the a t t i t u d e s c h i l d r e n i n the e i g h t e e n t h of French Canadians towards c e n t u r y New F r a n c e . were much i n keeping w i t h changing a t t i t u d e s suggested b y P h i l l i p e A r i e s . 2 1 His findings towards c h i l d r e n A r i e s i s often recognized the founder of the modern s c h o o l of the h i s t o r y of the and c h i l d h o o d . Differences i n behaviour of New France c h i l d r e n noted by European observers 29 are r e l a t e d to the as family encouragement of s e l f - r e l i a n c e and a s s e r t i v e n e s s n e c e s s a r y s u c c e s s i n New F r a n c e , a c c o r d i n g to Moogk. While these 22 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s may be i n d i c a t i v e of s t r a t e g i e s c r e a t e d meet s i t u a t i o n s affection found i n s e t t l i n g new l a n d s , the u n d e r l y i n g throughout the Western w o r l d from t h a t time t o the Other s t u d i e s which can be c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d nineteenth c e n t u r y Canada. as illegitimacy i n l i t e r a t u r e or commonly h e l d b e l i e f s . families is no s u g g e s t i o n t h a t the event was condoned, o f f e r e d a refuge against of as Yet the society's "official C o n t r a r y to Ward's f i n d i n g s , single While some f o r unwed mothers, o c c u r r e n c e s of i n f a n t i c i d e and a b o r t i o n show. often attitudes by s o c i e t y can be seen i n the development b o a r d i n g houses and l y i n g - i n h o s p i t a l s there in P e t e r Ward argued t h a t unwed more f r e q u e n t l y than would be imagined from s o c i e t a l acceptance found present. mothers i n Upper Canada o b t a i n e d succour from t h e i r present to and concern f o r c h i l d r e n was a common a t t i t u d e f o l l o w i n g the sentiments approach d i s c u s s e d for family position." Andree Levesgue argued t h a t mothers a t the H o p i t a l M i s e r c o r d e i n M o n t r e a l were considered s o c i e t a l deviants. U s i n g h o s p i t a l r e c o r d s from 2 4 the 1930s, she d i s c o v e r e d t h a t unwed mothers were young, F r e n c h Canadian Roman C a t h o l i c s , working as domestics l i v i n g a t home. The time spent i n the h o s p i t a l or frequently i n v o l v e d penance and, even though e n t r y was v o l u n t a r y , some patients were s e q u e s t e r e d f o r up to a y e a r . twenty p e r c e n t of a l l Quebec i l l e g i t i m a t e 30 2 3 Although only b i r t h s o c c u r r e d at this hospital, Levesque contended t h a t s i n g l e mothers were r e j e c t e d by the s o c i e t y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , she o f f e r e d no evidence of f a m i l i e s of the a t t i t u d e s p e r c e n t of i l l e g i t i m a t e births. It f o r the remaining e i g h t y is not c l e a r i f w i t h o u t f a m i l y s u p p o r t ended up i n t h i s h o s p i t a l , whether h o s p i t a l was the major i n s t i t u t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h births, or i f t h e r e was a d i f f e r e n c e s o c i e t y and the a c t i o n s r e l i a n c e on one s e t questions o n l y women this illegitimate between the views of of the f a m i l y . Unfortunately, the of r e c o r d s f o r one h o s p i t a l l e a v e s many unanswered. Ward has a l s o begun to study the s u b j e c t nineteenth c e n t u r y E n g l i s h Canada. c o u r t s h i p and s o c i a l space, of c o u r t s h i p i n In h i s a r t i c l e on he argued t h a t women had c o n s i d e r a b l y more autonomy i n the c h o i c e of p a r t n e r s than n o r m a l l y supposed, although t h i s " w i t h i n an e l a b o r a t e exercised framework of s o c i a l c o n s t r a i n t s . " structure also placed s t r i c t activities freedom was o n l y limitations on the 2 5 This courtship of youths who were r e q u i r e d to meet under supervised conditions. is closely Evidence f o r these c o n t e n t i o n s came from d i a r i e s and correspondence of both men and women. The r e l a t i v e p a u c i t y of r e s e a r c h i n t o the p e r s o n a l n a t u r e of the Canadian f a m i l y r e f l e c t s the r e l a t i v e slowness of nation's historians to follow i n t e r n a t i o n a l trends. skeletal d e s i g n c o n s t r u c t e d by the demographers i s value unless underlying attitudes members can be d e s c r i b e d . and b e l i e f s of The a t t r a c t i v e n e s s 31 of the The of limited family large-scale demographic s t u d i e s may a l s o have been a f a c t o r i n d e l a y i n g the e x p l o r a t i o n of the more p r i v a t e aspects of f a m i l y The household economics neglected life. approach i s another r a t h e r area of Canadian f a m i l y h i s t o r y , but one major proponent, B e t t i n a Bradbury, has examined the f a m i l y economy of M o n t r e a l ' s working c l a s s d u r i n g the l a s t h a l f of nineteenth century. the Working c l a s s f a m i l i e s had a g r e a t e r f o r f a m i l y incomes t o be supplemented by t h e i r need children's wages. These c h i l d r e n s t a r t e d work a t an e a r l y age and i n a f a r l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n than c h i l d r e n of p r o f e s s i o n a l s merchants. 26 The d i f f i c u l t p e r i o d f o r low income or families o c c u r r e d when c h i l d r e n were too young to work and mothers remained a t home to c a r e f o r them. unpleasant circumstances not uncommon o c c u r r e n c e . were sought. Moreover, p a r t i c u l a r l y arose when one of the p a r e n t s d i e d , a During these t i m e s , other strategies Some c h i l d r e n were sent to k i n or orphanages to be r e c l a i m e d upon r e a c h i n g working age or when the c r i s i s had subsided. 27 F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h by Bradbury has shown t h a t families kept l i v e s t o c k c i t y to h e l p supplement and c u l t i v a t e d garden p l o t s incomes. i n the 23 T e r r y Copp's study of the Montreal working c l a s s i n the first two decades of the t w e n t i e t h insights i n t o f a m i l y economic l i f e . c e n t u r y o f f e r e d more L i k e Bradbury, Copp s t r e s s e d the r o l e of working c h i l d r e n i n s u p p o r t i n g f a m i l y income. evident The extreme p o v e r t y of these people was g r a p h i c a l l y i n Copp's d e s c r i p t i o n s of h o u s i n g , h e a l t h care and 32 working c o n d i t i o n s . 2 9 It is important to note t h a t Copp's work was not i n t e n d e d as a study of f a m i l y l i f e b u t , as i n other c a s e s , h i s f i n d i n g s can be used e f f e c t i v e l y t o expand an understanding of the h i s t o r i c a l context i n which f a m i l i e s lived. S t u d i e s of household economics have examined the t r a n s m i s s i o n of p r o p e r t y and wealth from one g e n e r a t i o n t o next. the Researchers have used w i l l s and deeds t o d i s c o v e r p a t t e r n s of i n h e r i t a n c e . These p a t t e r n s p r o v i d e an i n t e r e s t i n g means to study the concerns of the household head towards the f u t u r e of h i s c h i l d r e n and wife and a l s o the d i s p o s i t i o n of the e s t a t e he a c q u i r e d over h i s l i f e t i m e . In h i s study of the demography of P e e l County, David Gagan a l s o a n a l y z e d changes i n i n h e r i t a n c e p a t t e r n s . of s e t t l e m e n t , In the e a r l y years farmers attempted to o b t a i n s u f f i c i e n t land to compensate t h e i r c h i l d r e n f o r t h e i r years of labour f o r the family. When l a n d became s c a r c e , f a t h e r s tended to devise w i l l s which attempted t o combine p r i m o g e n i t u r e and partibility. U s u a l l y the l a n d was w i l l e d t o the e l d e s t son who was p l a c e d under o b l i g a t i o n t o keep h i s mother and unmarried s i s t e r s . compensation. Other male h e i r s r e c e i v e d cash By e n s u r i n g t h a t the l a n d remained i n the e l d e s t s o n ' s hands i n t h i s f a s h i o n , f a t h e r s hoped t o p r o v i d e f o r wives and daughters who would be l e s s a b l e t o fend f o r themselves. 30 33 A s i m i l a r end was the aim of a v e r y d i f f e r e n t method. inheritance The s e i g n e u r i a l system of New France d i c t a t e d the manner i n which l a n d was d i v i d e d w i t h a p o r t i o n g o i n g to c h i l d and the w i f e . A widow would n o r m a l l y r e c e i v e of her husband's e s t a t e and the e l d e s t son r e c e i v e d l a r g e s t p o r t i o n of the s i b l i n g s . from h i s s i b l i n g s one-half the Where the p o r t i o n s of l a n d were too s m a l l to farm e c o n o m i c a l l y , shares each he would o f t e n and mother. The farm was and a l l members r e c e i v e d compensation. purchase restored Research by Cole H a r r i s shows how v a r i o u s s t r a t e g i e s were used by f a m i l i e s accomplish t h i s same p u r p o s e . to 31 The household economics approach e x p l a i n s the means by which f a m i l i e s were a b l e to cope w i t h the r e s t of s o c i e t y p r o v i d e t h e i r b a s i c needs. the f a m i l y t o g e t h e r Each s t r a t e g y was d e v i s e d to i n the b e s t p o s s i b l e and keep f a s h i o n and a s s i s t each member i n i m p r o v i n g t h e i r s i t u a t i o n . Concern was also expressed about f r i c t i o n between f a m i l y members and ways were sought t o a v o i d such problems, f o r example, i n h e r i t a n c e arrangements. history, The f i n a l through d i v i s i o n of family the h e g e m o n i c / i n s t i t u t i o n a l approach has l e s s d i r e c t r e l e v a n c e t o the study of the p r e v i o u s t h r e e but i t provide valuable insights of how s o c i e t y viewed the f a m i l y . E d u c a t i o n and the s o c i a l reform movements of the n i n e t e e n t h and e a r l y t w e n t i e t h greater interest reformers f e l t can late c e n t u r i e s began t o take a i n the s t a t e of the Canadian f a m i l y . The t h a t lower c l a s s or working c l a s s f a m i l i e s were not f u l f i l l i n g t h e i r r o l e as the moral and s p i r i t u a l of t h e i r c h i l d r e n . The w e l f a r e institutions teachers which they e n v i s i o n e d were i n t e n d e d to r e p l a c e those f a m i l i e s which the reformers f e l t were not c a r r y i n g out t h e i r p r o p e r responsibilities. A l i s o n P r e n t i c e argued t h a t e a r l y Canadian educators like John S t r a c h a n and E g e r t o n Ryerson b e l i e v e d s c h o o l s s h o u l d perform the r o l e of the p a t r i a r c h . 3 2 S i n c e e d u c a t i o n had been the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the f a m i l y , the s t a t e adopted a matching philosophy for i t s operation. When i t s ideals of a more moral s o c i e t y through e d u c a t i o n were not v i g o r o u s l y supported by parents, reformers looked to compulsory attendance complete takeover of any p a r e n t a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y education. G a f f i e l d demonstrates attendance labourers. and a for t h a t poor and e r r a t i c was more commonly the case among c h i l d r e n of 3 3 The need f o r lower c l a s s e s t o supplement the f a m i l y economy p r o v i d e d reformers w i t h an excuse to g i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of e d u c a t i o n to the s t a t e . full Jean Barman shows how B r i t i s h - o r i e n t e d p r i v a t e s c h o o l s i n B r i t i s h Columbia even t r i e d to exclude the i n f l u e n c e s of the f a m i l y , c o n s i d e r i n g t o be c o u n t e r - p r o d u c t i v e to e d u c a t i o n purposes. it 34 The s o c i a l reform movement which promoted s t a t e education a l s o e n t e r e d o t h e r areas of t r a d i t i o n a l f a m i l y c o n t r o l . V i c t o r i a n m o r a l i t y and c l a s s d i f f e r e n c e s attitudes about j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n c y . were fundamental Susan Houston demonstrated t h a t the middle c l a s s p e r c e p t i o n s 35 to about the lower class families i n T o r o n t o i n f l u e n c e d these c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f c h i l d r e n as d e l i n q u e n t s and the attempts made towards rehabilitation. 3 5 The " i d e a l f a m i l y " concept a l s o had an e f f e c t on the make-up of the reform movement. A g e n e r a l study by T . R . M o r r i s o n and r e s e a r c h on the Women's C h r i s t i a n Temperance Movement by Wendy M i t c h i n s o n have s u p p l i e d evidence t h a t many women worked f o r the reform movement to r e t u r n s o c i e t y more moral f a m i l i a l o r d e r which they f e l t had been to a lost. They b e l i e v e d t h a t women, as the g u a r d i a n s of the home, m o r a l l y and s p i r i t u a l l y s u p e r i o r to men, and t h e r e f o r e better g u a r d i a n s of the f a m i l y and i t s T h i s examination of how s o c i e t y each i n f l u e n c e d the o t h e r i s hegemonic/institutional r e a l i t y of f a m i l y l i f e were were ideals. viewed the f a m i l y and how the c e n t r a l focus approach. 3 6 of the A comparison between the shown by the o t h e r t h r e e approaches and the p e r c e p t i o n s of s o c i e t y a l l o w s r e s e a r c h e r s to better understand the b i a s e s p r e s e n t e d i n the source m a t e r i a l . Further, the h e g e m o n i c / i n s t i t u t i o n a l approach i s v i t a l t o an . u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the d i f f e r e n c e between how s o c i e t y perceived the f a m i l y and how the f a m i l y a c t u a l l y f u n c t i o n e d . F a m i l y h i s t o r y i n Canada i s stages. s t i l l in its beginning Few major works have been w r i t t e n and c e r t a i n l y n o t h i n g of a s e m i n a l n a t u r e . The themes examined have been s c a t t e r e d throughout the p o s s i b l e approaches. There i s little c o h e s i v e n e s s to the w r i t i n g s except f o r what has been produced by the major demographic s t u d i e s , and the n a t u r e of the work i s very preliminary. Nevertheless, some i n - r o a d s are b e i n g made. Because of the c o m p l e x i t y of the s u b j e c t and the l a c k of s o u r c e s , l a r g e s c a l e demographic p r o j e c t s , P e e l County s t u d i e s , for analysis such as the H a m i l t o n and are n e c e s s a r y to produce b a s i c numbers and support f o r other approaches. need f o r such p r o j e c t s the There i s to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n about the M a r i t i m e s , Quebec, the P r a i r i e s and B r i t i s h Columbia. there i s little Since chance any r e s e a r c h e r w i l l f u l l y a n a l y z e recorded information, i t researchers can develop o t h e r s t u d i e s u s i n g the m a t e r i a l which was to c r e a t e . projects the i s c r u c i a l t h a t the computer program and the raw d a t a be p r o p e r l y documented so o t h e r costly a Awareness of the s t r u c t u r e of so previous i s v i t a l to ensure t h a t comparison w i t h new s t u d i e s is possible. The c o s t of p r o d u c i n g such g i g a n t i c s t u d i e s can o n l y be j u s t i f i e d i f the d a t a i s r e - u s e d many t i m e s . There are areas of f a m i l y h i s t o r y which need more attention. The tendency towards l a r g e s c a l e d a t a banks has encouraged wide g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s little r e g a r d f o r the l i f e groups w i t h i n them. o r newlyweds about s o c i e t y c y c l e of f a m i l i e s For example, are r e q u i r e d . specific Further, and has shown and p a r t i c u l a r s t u d i e s of widows a b l e n d i n g of the approaches i n a s m a l l a r e a would be p e r f e c t l y f e a s i b l e . development of the methodologies far, has a l r e a d y p r o g r e s s e d four Since quite i t would be s u r p r i s i n g l y simple to c r e a t e a r e l a t i v e l y 37 full p i c t u r e of a minor theme. One of the major f a i l i n g s of f a m i l y h i s t o r y r e s e a r c h e r s has been the attempt t o t r e a t f a m i l y as though i t was a s i n g l e The enormous c o m p l e x i t i e s event, l i k e the War of the 1812. of the i n s t i t u t i o n are f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d by changes over time and r e g i o n a l and c l a s s differences. eliminate C o n c e n t r a t i n g on a s p e c i f i c any of these problems. institution itself, the l o c a l i t y does not The i n t r i c a c i e s of the not the s i z e of the g e n e r a l s t u d y , cause difficulties. After centuries of n e g l e c t , the h i s t o r y of the f a m i l y f i n a l l y r e c e i v i n g some much deserved a t t e n t i o n . Because the fundamental r o l e which the f a m i l y p l a y s i n s o c i e t y , u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h i s of s o c i e t y . groups, of a full i n s t i t u t i o n i s v i t a l t o any examination S i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s social classes, religious between e t h n i c groups and o t h e r s all provide a c l e a r e r p i c t u r e . S l o w l y Canadian h i s t o r i a n s r e a l i z i n g the v a l u e of t h i s study and more e f f o r t devoted to is it. 38 is are being CHAPTER 2 ENDNOTES 1. Michael Anderson, Approaches to the History of the Western Family, 1500-1914. (London: MacMillan, 1980). 2. Anderson, 65. 3. Louise A. T i l l y and Miriam Cohen, "Does the Family Have a History?: A Review of Theory and Practice i n Family History", Social Science History 6 (Spring 1982):157-158. 4. Anderson, 83-84. 5. Although these projects have resulted i n numerous articles, the output has been summarized i n two books by Michael Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century City, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975 and with Michael J. Doucet and Mark J. Stern, The Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982 and one book by David P. Gagan, Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land and Social Change i n Mid-Victorian Peel County,Canada West, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981. 6. Douglas Sprague and Ronald Frye, " Manitoba's Red River Settlement: Sources for Economic and Demographic History," Archivaria 9 (Winter 1979-80):190-191. 7. Anderson, 23-24. 8. Katz, The People of Hamilton, 35. 9. Sheva Medjuck, "Family and Household Composition i n the Nineteenth Century: The Case of Moncton, New Brunswick, 18511871" i n The Canadian City: Essays in Urban and Social History, revised edition edited by Gilbert A. Stetler and Alan F.J. Artibise, (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1984):249-261. 10. Katz, The People of Hamilton, 34-35. 11. Chad Gaffield, "Canadian Families in Cultural Context: Hypotheses from the Mid-Nineteenth Century", Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1979):48-70. 12. R.M. Mclnnis, "Childbearing and Land Availability: Some Evidence from Individual Household Data" i n Population Patterns in the Past, edited by Ronald Demos Lee, (New York: Academic Press, 1977):201-227. 39 13. Gagan, Hopeful Travellers, 54-57. 14. Katz, The People of Hamilton, 127-130. 15. Gerard Bouchard, "Family Structures and Geographical Mobility at LaTerriere, 1851-1935", Journal of Family History 2 (Fall 1977):350-369. 16. Alan A. Brookes, "Family, Youth and Leaving Home in Late-Nineteenth-Century Rural Nova Scotia: Canning and the Exodus, 1868-1893" i n Childhood and Family in Canadian History, edited by Joy Parr, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982):93108. 17. Ross A. McCormack, "Networks among British Immigrants and Accommodation to Canadian Society: Winnipeg, 1900-1914," Histoire Sociale - Social History XVII (November 1984):357-374. 18. Herbert J. Mays, "A Place to Stand: Families, Land and Permanence i n Toronto Gore Township, 1820-1890", Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1980):185-211. 19. Jennifer S.H. Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families i n Indian Country, (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1980). 20. Sylvia Van Kirk, "Many Tender Ties": Women in Fur Trade Society i n Western Canada, 1670-1870, (Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer Publishing, 1980). 21. Phillipe Aries, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, (New York: Vintage Books, 1962). 22. Peter N. Moogk, "Les Petits Sauvages: The Children of Eighteenth Century New France" in Childhood and Family i n Canadian History edited by Joy Parr, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982):17-43. 23. W. Peter Ward, "Unwed Motherhood i n Nineteenth Century English Canada", Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1981):34-56. 24. Andree Levesque, "Deviant Anonymous: Single Mothers at the Hopital de l a Misercorde in Montreal, 1929-1939," Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1984):168-184. 25. Peter Ward, "Courtship and Social Space i n Nineteenth Century English Canada," Canadian Historical Review 68 (1987):62. 26. Bettina Bradbury, "The Family Economy and Work in an Industrializing City: Montreal i n the 1870s," Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1979):71-96. 40 27. B e t t i n a Bradbury, "The Fragmented Family: Family S t r a t e g i e s i n the Face o f Death, I l l n e s s and Poverty, Montreal, 1868-1893" i n Childhood and Family i n Canadian H i s t o r y e d i t e d by Joy P a r r (Toronto: M c C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1982):109-128. 28. B e t t i n a Bradbury, " P i g s , Cows and Boarders: Non-Wage Forms o f S u r v i v a l among Montreal F a m i l i e s , 1861-1891," Labour/Le T r a v a i l 14 ( F a l l 1984):9-46. 29. T e r r y Copp, The Anatomy o f Poverty: The C o n d i t i o n o f the Working C l a s s i n Montreal, 1897-1929, (Toronto: M c C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1974). 30. Gagan, Hopeful T r a v e l l e r s , 54-57. 31. R i c h a r d Colebrook H a r r i s , The S e i g n e u r i a l System i n E a r l y Canada: A G e o g r a p h i c a l Study, (Kingston and M o n t r e a l : McGill-Queen's U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1966):123-124. 32. A l i s o n P r e n t i c e , The School Promoters: E d u c a t i o n and S o c i a l C l a s s i n Mid-Nineteenth Century Upper Canada (Toronto: M c C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1977):178-179. 33. Chad G a f f i e l d , " S c h o o l i n g , the Economy and R u r a l S o c i e t y i n Nineteenth-Century O n t a r i o " i n Childhood and Family i n Canadian H i s t o r y e d i t e d by J o y P a r r (Toronto: M c C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1982):69-82. 34. Jean Barman, Growing Up B r i t i s h i n B r i t i s h Columbia: Boys i n P r i v a t e School, (Vancouver: U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1984). 35. Susan E. Houston, " V i c t o r i a n O r i g i n s o f J u v e n i l e Delinquency: A Canadian Experience" i n E d u c a t i o n and S o c i a l Change: Themes from O n t a r i o ' s Past e d i t e d by M i c h a e l B. Katz and Paul H. M a t t i n g l y (New York: New York U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1975):83109. 36. T.R. M o r r i s o n , " ' T h e i r Proper Sphere" Feminism, The Family and C h i l d - c e n t r e d S o c i a l Reform i n O n t a r i o : 1875-1900" P a r t s I and I I , O n t a r i o H i s t o r y 68 (March and June, 1976):45-74 and Wendy M i t c h i n s o n , " The WCTU: 'For God, Home and N a t i v e Land': A Study i n Nineteenth-Century Feminism" i n A Not Unreasonable Claim: Women and Reform i n Canada, 1880s-1920s e d i t e d by L i n d a Kealey, (Toronto: Women's P r e s s , 1979):152-167. 41 CHAPTER 3 THE DEMOGRAPHIC The the following four usefulness chapters- d e s c r i b e of various record approaches o u t l i n e d by M i c h a e l contains is as w e l l and extent archives history The researchers chapter Columbia A r c h i v e s of material with first are l i s t e d f a m i l y over time. investigations availability f o r family approaches r e l i e s The r e s u l t s o f n u m e r i c a l theories on t h e analysis about the changes i n the Demographic s t u d i e s have dominated t h e i n t o family h i s t o r y throughout the world. of considerable source m a t e r i a l , p e r f o r m complex a n a l y s i s have g i v e n appeal. The s u r v i v a l o f f a i r l y reflects their over i s used as examples and r e l e v a n t c h u r c h r e g i s t e r s , and t h e a b i l i t y organizations and Records i n the appendix. o f Anderson's four interpreted to offer which The a c t u a l c o l l e c t i o n s and h e l d by these i n s t i t u t i o n s research widely some k n o w l e d g e o f t h e t y p e s available. m e t h o d o l o g y o f demography. control Each f o r the study of the family and t h e C i t y o f Vancouver A r c h i v e s to provide and Anderson. to the four a s o n e s w h i c h show p o t e n t i a l f o r The s o u r c e m a t e r i a l and are forms a c c o r d i n g p r e s e n t l y h e l d by t h e B r i t i s h Service t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y and an a n a l y s i s o f t h e forms w h i c h have been most used by r e s e a r c h e r s study. APPROACH importance such as censuses of automation t o q u i c k l y demography w i d e s p r e a d unbroken runs o f these t o governments and people. and So t h e p r e s e n c e o f l o n g a n d 42 records other f o r the purposes o f t a x a t i o n , planning their The f r e q u e n t l y complete s e r i e s of these types of r e c o r d s are one f a c t o r i n t h e i r common use. An e q u a l l y important c o n t r i b u t o r to the i n c r e a s e in demographic r e s e a r c h has been the growth of computer technology. The i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i l i t y and n o v e l t y of this new method of d a t a p r o c e s s i n g has a t t r a c t e d funding f o r p r o j e c t s u s i n g the technology. Further, computers to perform complex a n a l y s i s the a b i l i t y of f o r extremely involved and numerous data s e t s has g i v e n h i s t o r i a n s a t o o l to sources, p r e v i o u s l y unmanageable u s i n g manual analyze techniques. As w e l l as the a v a i l a b i l i t y of r e c o r d s and t e c h n o l o g y , the a c t u a l c o n t e n t s of the documents have c o n t r i b u t e d to preference f o r demographic s t u d i e s . The i n f o r m a t i o n the collected i s most f r e q u e n t l y done u s i n g a s t a n d a r d i z e d format. T h e r e f o r e , w i t h i n each s e r i e s , present. the same d a t a elements are Even between r e c o r d s e r i e s , the r e c o r d e d i n f o r m a t i o n o f t e n c o n s i s t s of some b a s i c elements, f o r example, ages, r e s i d e n c e s , marital status, and l i n k a g e s to names, relatives. Common elements a l l o w comparison of i n f o r m a t i o n , both d u r i n g contemporary time p e r i o d s or between d i f f e r e n t ones. important to these s t u d i e s are the o p p o r t u n i t i e s to m a t e r i a l from d i f f e r e n t other. For example, Equally use s e r i e s to augment and complement each the emphasis of p a r i s h r e g i s t e r s on the e x a c t date of the event can be connected to census d a t a which d e a l w i t h dates i n a much more g e n e r a l 43 fashion. data Demographic r e s e a r c h p r o v i d e s the for It the study of framework o f the complete set of cycle the family. of documents several registers, family. institution records exist series the pattern to of records. Censuses, illuminate the documents considerable economic needs. elaborate used of requires the the to systems to populated statistics have forced to acquire this create their grown i n set the The for the movement natural of the nineteenth saw s t a t i s t i c s laws and patterns. as 1 44 need century. a way o f and decisions the collection these information culminated i n a s t a t i s t i c a l half The up more a n d more basis this a population statistical latter that of G e o r g e Emery c o n t e n d s the of generate social decisions. in use community information. provides such family. an e x t e n s i v e knowledge As c o m m u n i t i e s life directories, institutions p l a n n i n g t o manage r u l e r s have been of group of f o r demographic r e s e a r c h . requires serve. and a n a l y s i s the T h e a b i l i t y t o make s o u n d p o l i t i c a l b y any g o v e r n m e n t and l o c a l i t y , p i c t u r e of p a r i s h and c h u r c h social any s u b s t a n t i a l l y requires they large structural A very statistics, evolution statistical and t i m e . and deeds a l l have been u s e d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of society vital the no s i n g l e and a n y d e m o g r a p h i c s t u d y wills bulk of through place Unfortunately, Governments and o t h e r the offers can provide a f u l l assessment r o l l s , newspapers, fundamental for movement Supporters determining of various V a r i o u s types of documents were needed, assessment r o l l s and censuses. such as A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the law and c o n t r o l of the people a l s o caused r e c o r d s to be produced, f o r example, vital statistics, deeds and w i l l s . H i s t o r i a n s of the f a m i l y have e x t e n s i v e l y used these documents because they are the ones which s p e c i f y i n d i v i d u a l s and, j u s t as i m p o r t a n t , make them i d e n t i f i a b l e so other r e c o r d s can be l i n k e d to them. More modern r e c o r d s e r i e s , such as p e r s o n n e l r e c o r d s , w i l l a l s o p r o v i d e c o n s i d e r a b l e amounts of i n f o r m a t i o n f o r researchers. Censuses have o f t e n history research. formed the f o u n d a t i o n of The s t u d i e s by Gagan and Katz family exemplified t h i s method but the s h o r t e r works of D a r r y l N o r r i s and Sheva Medjuck a l s o u t i l i z e d these s o u r c e s . 2 Census d a t a o f f e r the most complete i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e about the s t r u c t u r e of e a r l y Canadian f a m i l i e s . residence Family members l i v i n g a t the same are l i s t e d t o g e t h e r and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s head of household are noted. to the This information provides r e s e a r c h e r s w i t h the i n v a l u a b l e knowledge of f a m i l i a l linkages and so enables them to r e l a t e other forms of documentation the to family. Census r e c o r d s were not c o l l e c t e d i n B r i t i s h Columbia on a r e g u l a r b a s i s u n t i l 1871 and then the a c q u i s i t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n was c a r r i e d out by the f e d e r a l government. t h e r e i s no e x i s t i n g civic level. So census m a t e r i a l a t the p r o v i n c i a l or However, the importance of these documents 45 as the core of data for demographic studies makes a discussion of them necessary. They are easily available on microfilm at several institutions or through the National Archives of Canada. In Canada, most governments commenced the routine practice of decennial census-taking in 1851. Prior to this time, irregular censuses were carried out, primarily in the Maritimes and Quebec but, frequently, these were restricted to a specific area of the colonies, for example, the city of Montreal. Further, the enumeration was often limited to the head of the household and so provided considerably less information to the researcher than the 1851 and succeeding censuses. The union of British Columbia with the rest of Canada i n 1871 initiated the area's f i r s t major census. Despite the obvious usefulness of census data to researchers, there are considerable d i f f i c u l t i e s with using these documents. The r e l i a b i l i t y and completeness of the data suffers from the way in which the early census enumerators were selected, trained and controlled. 3 The position of enumerator was frequently a patronage appointment. Unskilled enumerators omitted certain areas, failed to record certain data, and often had virtually i l l e g i b l e hand writing which makes use of their data impossible. Variant phonetic spelling of names also creates significant problems when researchers are trying to establish linkages. 46 Two o t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s arising from the m o b i l i t y of people prejudices. enumeration occur i n e a r l y censuses, about thirty t o be m i s s e d . some e t h n i c and r a c i a l the census-taking. skew i n a n The Secondly, significant i t i s widely accepted sources f o r t h i s primary create a i s the r e g i s t r a t i o n The c o l l e c t i o n of v i t a l Dates f o r each Isles, o f i n f o r m a t i o n about of b i r t h , denomination the p r a c t i c e statistics. baptism, and c h u r c h the r i t e s of of the r e l i g i o u s marriage and d e a t h a r e by church or d i s t r i c t . of r e c o r d i n g deaths In the i n each b e g a n i n t h e f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y a s a means o f e n s u r i n g wills were p r o p e r l y p r o b a t e d and t h e c h u r c h s h a r e o f t h e e s t a t e w h i c h was b e q u e a t h e d keeping of p a r i s h the church r e a l i z e d statistics was a m e t h o d o f c o n t r o l l i n g governments and t h e i r need f o r c i t i z e n s to i t . that parish that r e c e i v e d any 5 Although the r e g i s t e r s was s p o r a d i c f o r t h e n e x t centuries, marriage, that significant information are parish has l o n g been t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y institutions. all and area of documentation f o r The British a l l o w many i n d i v i d u a l s T h i s would p o s s i b l y studies recorded 4 p o p u l a t i o n s were u n d e r - r e p r e s e n t e d i n demographic passage Brunswick. analysis. next registers. racial the length of d a y s i n New T h i s d u r a t i o n o f time would e a s i l y families and t h e o t h e r from A c c o r d i n g t o Alan Brookes, averaged one the recording of two vital i t s parishioners. As p r a c t i c e s became more f o r m a l i z e d , t h e t o prove t h e p l a c e and d a t e o r a d e a t h became more i m p o r t a n t . 47 of a b i r t h , Eventually, a d u r i n g t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y many g o v e r n m e n t s b e g a n t h e i r systems o f r e g i s t r a t i o n . I n Canada, c i v i l developed responsibility as a p r o v i n c i a l implementation developed varied i n the late from own registration and t h e time o f region to region. nineteenth century. Most systems E v e n when i m p l e m e n t e d , a c c u r a t e r e c o r d - k e e p i n g was n o t a l w a y s t h e norm. Although keeping their the state of these own acquired o f f i c i a l records, churches responsibility 6 f o r the have c o n t i n u e d t o m a i n t a i n registers. R e g i s t e r s p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e a c t u a l events i n the lives o f f a m i l y members. participants, and such a s newborns a n d t h e i r p a r e n t s , a n d b r i d e s grooms, p e r m i t ultimately, Names o f t h e a c t u a l l i n k a g e s between d i f f e r e n t f a m i l i e s and, t h e development o f e l a b o r a t e f a m i l y g e n e a l o g i e s . These r e c o r d s o f f e r they provide data a useful adjunct t o censuses. fora fairly good u n d e r s t a n d i n g Together of the demography o f t h e f a m i l y . The availability t h e most p a r t , t h e s e the churches. undertaken of parish Some c o l l e c t i o n o f p a r i s h by both the provincial p r o v i n c i a l b a s i s has allowed of type church i s q u i t e good. For r e c o r d s have remained i n t h e c o n t r o l o f recent years, the establishment this registers of acquisition. a r c h i v e s , such r e g i s t e r s has been and c i t y of church archives. In a r c h i v e s on a t h e two i n s t i t u t i o n s t o g i v e up However, e v e n w i t h t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y as t h o s e f o r t h e A n g l i c a n Church and t h e U n i t e d C h u r c h , some c h u r c h d i s t r i c t s 48 have been reluctant to r e l e a s e t h e i r r e g i s t e r s and so a compromise has been s t r u c k through the use of m i c r o f i l m i n g . satisfactory microfilm, While a l e s s than s o l u t i o n g i v e n the i n h e r e n t problems of u s i n g nevertheless the r e c o r d s are now a v a i l a b l e and some s e c u r i t y f o r the i n f o r m a t i o n i s original registers i n p l a c e . T h e r e f o r e both and m i c r o f i l m c o p i e s are a v a i l a b l e a t P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s and the C i t y of Vancouver A r c h i v e s . example, the c i t y a r c h i v e s holds c o p i e s of v i t a l registers For statistics f o r S t . P a u l ' s A n g l i c a n Church ( C i t y of Vancouver Archives, hereafter Mss., the 11), CVA, A d d i t i o n a l M a n u s c r i p t , h e r e a f t e r Add. the F i r s t P r e s b y t e r i a n Church (CVA, Add. Mss. and S t . James A n g l i c a n Church (CVA, Add. Mss. 403) 29), among others. Parish registers have some of the same i n h e r e n t problems t h a t are p r e s e n t i n censuses. I l l e g i b i l i t y of h a n d w r i t i n g and p h o n e t i c s p e l l i n g can f r e q u e n t l y prevent the establishment the r e q u i r e d l i n k a g e s . M o b i l i t y of p a r i s h i o n e r s a l s o means t h a t the f a m i l y h i s t o r i e s difficult problem a r i s e s are i n c o m p l e t e . An e q u a l l y from the manner i n which many churches moved i n t o a newly s e t t l e d area. I f a church or a denomination of an i n d i v i d u a l was slow i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a presence i n a p a r t i c u l a r area, i t s t r a d i t i o n a l supporters would be f o r c e d to a t t e n d a church of a d i f f e r e n t denomination. Because e n t r i e s f o r censuses and p a r i s h r e g i s t e r s o r g a n i z e d i n date o r d e r , i t are i s extremely time-consuming to of search f o r s p e c i f i c i n d i v i d u a l s . More c o n v e n i e n t access i s a v a i l a b l e through c i t y and town d i r e c t o r i e s which o f t e n are arranged to permit s e a r c h i n g by name and by s t r e e t location. D i r e c t o r i e s do not have the problem of l e g i b i l i t y because are p u b l i s h e d items. Of c o u r s e , occur. they s p e l l i n g i n a c c u r a c i e s do The major f l a w of these documents a r i s e s from the limited listings. Only heads of households or p r o p e r t y owners were l i s t e d and these were o f t e n r e s t r i c t e d t o white p r o p e r t y owners or d i r e c t o r y s u b s c r i b e r s . D i r e c t o r i e s are easy t o o b t a i n because numerous c o p i e s were p u b l i s h e d and many have remained e x t a n t . Most i m p o r t a n t l y , l o n g continuous d i r e c t o r i e s are a v a i l a b l e i n s e v e r a l p l a c e s . runs of 7 Newspapers a l s o o f f e r v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r demographic r e s e a r c h e r s . T h e i r format makes them more cumbersome t o use because the i n f o r m a t i o n i s s c a t t e r e d throughout the paper and not always p l a c e d i n the same a r e a . Most other demographic sources were c o n s t r u c t e d f o r the same g e n e r a l purpose t h a t r e s e a r c h e r s are u s i n g them today, t h a t is, to i d e n t i f y i n d i v i d u a l s . The p r i n t i n g of v i t a l statistic n o t i c e s i s o n l y a v e r y minor one of the m u l t i p l e purposes f o r which newspapers are p u b l i s h e d . However, t h i s format makes i t extremely time-consuming f o r r e s e a r c h e r s t o gather necessary data. rewarding, important In s p i t e of t h i s , the e x t r a work can p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r newspapers from l e s s communities. the O b i t u a r i e s can be populated l e n g t h y and c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n about c h i l d r e n , s i b l i n g s and 50 be extremely other relatives. They may a l s o p r o v i d e data about i m m i g r a t i o n , employment, r e l i g i o n and other b a s i c f a c t s which can allow r e s e a r c h e r s to move to other s o u r c e s , such as church registers. One s e r i o u s inaccuracy. relatives, flaw of newspaper a r t i c l e s their I n f o r m a t i o n i n o b i t u a r i e s has been o b t a i n e d from u s u a l l y younger ones who may be r e l y i n g on f a m i l y myths, incomplete f a c t s potential difficulties sought. is or p e r s o n a l assumptions. These r e q u i r e t h a t c o r r o b o r a t i v e evidence F i n d i n g t h i s c o n f i r m a t i o n can be f a i r l y simple i f i n f o r m a t i o n i n the newspaper i s a c c u r a t e . be the Problems of i n a c c u r a t e r e p o r t i n g can a l s o occur w i t h government certificates, p a r t i c u l a r l y r e g i s t e r i n g deaths. these c i r c u m s t a n c e s , Again, in the r e p o r t e r of the i n f o r m a t i o n may not have f i r s t hand knowledge of a l l of the requested d a t a . A f i n a l comment about newspaper n o t i c e s i s t h a t they do not p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n about a l l members of the community. Most commonly, newspaper space must be purchased by the informant. So, f o r the most p a r t , o n l y people a b l e and w i l l i n g to a f f o r d t h i s expenditure are r e c o r d e d i n the paper. T h i s skews any s t a t i s t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n towards the upper classes. P r o v i n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r lands and e s t a t e s has ensured the c o l l e c t i o n of deeds and w i l l s as f u r t h e r f o r demographic r e s e a r c h . sources Both types of m a t e r i a l s can be used t o supplement census d a t a and w i l l s o f f e r the f u r t h e r advantage of supplying family linkage information, most frequently a l i s t i n g of children and spouse. Tax assessment r o l l s can also be used although they record only the head of the household and not family members. They do identify the residence of families which can be used to assist i n evaluating class distinctions. Unfortunately, the assessment r o l l s for Vancouver are very limited for the pre-1918 period. Only r o l l s for 1889 and 1892 are extant and this short time span makes them virtually useless for demographic research. Provincial assessment r o l l s are more readily available and far more complete but they do not cover the most populated areas. An additional series of government records which i s valuable to demographers i s the cemetery registers. Local governments are required to maintain a l i s t of burials i n those cemetery grounds within their boundaries. These registers often contain information about the age, religion, place of birth and cause of death of the deceased as well as the name, date of death and location of the burial plot. For example, the City Archives holds microfilms of the Mountain View Cemetery Registers (CVA, Department of Health, Series 3). The registers cover the period of 1886 to 1975. The last group of records which can be used for examining the demography of the family are those of private agencies. This i s not a particularly f r u i t f u l type of source because the form of record valuable to demographers, ones with 52 a repetitious format and which gather discrete units of information, were not prevalent prior to the end of World War I. Businesses were generally small enough to preclude the need for extensive personnel records. A more serious d i f f i c u l t y has been the relatively meagre collection of business records collected by most institutions. Hospital records have been acquired by the Vancouver City Archives which hold early material from both the Royal Columbian Hospital (CVA, Add. Mss. 284) i n New Westminster and the Vancouver General Hospital (CVA, Add. Mss. 320). The types of source material used for demographic research are not available i n great abundance in these archives. The only area of such research i s i n a few patient registers i n the Royal Columbian Hospital records. There are also restrictions on use of both of these collections, requiring permission of the hospital boards. Finally, a group of records which are not available for research should be discussed. The Provincial Ministry of Health i s responsible for the collection of v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s through i t s Division of V i t a l Statistics. Unfortunately, at the present time, these records are available only for internal use or legal requirements, marriage or death. such as proof of birth, Further, these documents w i l l only be furnished to the parties involved. These restrictions mean that an extremely valuable body of records cannot be used for research. 53 Collections research of material are f a i r l y institutions abundant and c o n t r o l t h e i r material be r e t a i n e d planning of Those past of relevant documents kept the various and this has future s e e n a s some a government produces. p e r m i t h i s t o r i a n s t o c a r r y o u t much i n social researchers and t h e d e c i s i o n s a n d what was history. In combination the more c o n t r o l o v e r t h e i r area t o t h e whims o f t h e of past destroyed. with these because they g i v e a r c h i v i s t s as t o The m a j o r difficulties a r e t h e expense and time r e q u i r e d i n a l a r g e d a t a base and c o n f i r m i n g sources of which t o be o f t h e n a t i o n a l government, t h i s methodology establishing The v a l u e continued a n d make them l e s s s u b j e c t creators what was with records and o t h e r research record research to have e n s u r e d t h a t part. that a r e e v e n more v a l u a b l e historians of t h e y have a t t i t u d e s now archival f o r tax c o l l e c t i n g i m p o r t a n t documents the recent the f o r t h e most h a s meant t h a t t o demographic The n e e d f o r g o v e r n m e n t s constituents on t h e s e r e c o r d s t h e most i n t h e two m a j o r i n the province. identify been p l a c e d which are valuable information. 54 linkages between CHAPTER 3 ENDNOTES 1. George Emery, "Ontario's C i v i l Registration of V i t a l Statistics, 1869-1926: The Evolution of an Administrative System," Canadian Historical Review 64 (December 1983):469-470. 2. Gagan, Hopeful Travellers, Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West, Norris, "Household and Transiency in a Loyalist Township" and Medjuck, "Family and Household Composition in the Nineteenth Century". 3. David Gagan, "Enumerator's Instructions for the Census of Canada, 1852 and 1861", Histoire Sociale - Social History VII (November 1974):355. 4. Alan Brookes, " Doing the Best I Can": the Taking of the 1861 New Brunswick Census", Histoire Sociale - Social History IX:17 (May 1976):85-86. 1 5. Gerald Hamilton-Edwards, In Search of Scottish Ancestry, (Baltimore, MD.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980):46. 6. George Emery, "Ontario's C i v i l Registration of V i t a l Statistics":481-483 and "A Model Case Study of English Canadian Historical Mortality: A Description and Evaluation of the Data for Ingersoll, Ontario, 1837-1982", Presentation to the Canadian Historical Association Annual Meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, June 9, 1986:1-2. 7. A l i s t i n g of British Columbia directories which were published and their locations i s available in The Researcher's Guide to British Columbia Nineteenth Century Directories: A Bibliography and Index edited by John Lutz and published by the Public History Group, University of Victoria in 1988. 55 CHAPTER 4 THE SENTIMENTS Moving from an a n a l y s i s APPROACH o f numbers t o a s t u d y o f t h e e m o t i o n s may seem a m a j o r s h i f t but both areas of research are b a s e d o n t h e n e e d s o f humans t o m a i n t a i n They can a l s o in help to explain accomplishing family history, that much l e s s Canada. Nevertheless, i n t e r e s t both i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y s u f f i c i e n t material Columbia such as c o u r t s h i p , to issues have been l i m i t e d the attitudes collected and o f t e n sufficient quantity of residents to allow of B r i t i s h child-rearing and i n t r a - representative i n t h i s a r e a by there the records of family relations u n d e r s t o o d when i n t e r p r e t i n g i t may be p o s s i b l e have been saved. is still who available and t h i s b i a s the data. since a studies. must be Nevertheless, an i n d i v i d u a l ' s t o observe both sides relationship have of the s o c i a l e l i t e s are not the tendency t o intermarry w i t h i n family archives of documentation t o permit u s e f u l I t may b e a r g u e d t h a t other i n the restricted to individuals b e e n p r o m i n e n t i n t h e community, or exists as i n relationships. Although materials class, plays as w e l l A r c h i v e s and t h e Vancouver C i t y A r c h i v e s into of the family Anderson's second approach t o some i n v e s t i g a t i o n familial that relationships. t h e s t u d y o f s e n t i m e n t s , - i s one w h i c h h a s received Provincial end. the role social records of a f o r both because social courtship groups The p e o p l e o f V i c t o r i a a r e a p a r t i c u l a r l y g o o d example o f t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y . Some c o l l e c t i o n s o f m a t e r i a l of the c i t y ' s e l i t e s have been kept, f o r example, t h e O ' R e i l l y and T r u t c h f a m i l i e s who were i n t e r - r e l a t e d by the marriage o f P e t e r O ' R e i l l y and C a r o l i n e T r u t c h . The g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e study o f s e n t i m e n t s , one i n h e r e n t f o r a l l types o f m a t e r i a l s used f o r t h i s type o f r e s e a r c h , i s a comparison between documents. Each event i n the l i f e c y c l e o f a f a m i l y i s unique t o t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a r group. F i n d i n g common ground between these seemingly d i s t i n c t happenings t o understand t h e f a m i l y u n i t g e n e r a l l y o r i t s p l a c e i n s o c i e t y can be a f o r m i d a b l e t a s k . Yet a l l r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e governed by s o c i e t a l r u l e s which p r o v i d e t h e b a s i s f o r human i n t e r a c t i o n s . The study o f these i n t e r a c t i o n s , such as c o u r t s h i p , can be examined through a v a r i e t y o f d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s . There i s a need f o r t h e r e s e a r c h e r t o e s t a b l i s h a s e t of common events or a c t i o n s which can be used as bench marks. criteria, A g a i n s t these i n f o r m a t i o n from o t h e r s i m i l a r sources can be compared and an o b j e c t i v e a n a l y s i s can be undertaken. This o b j e c t i v e form o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n does not s u p p l a n t t h e v a l u e of a s i m p l e r s u b j e c t i v e approach. A detailed presentation of a t t i t u d e s and a c t i o n s , a l t h o u g h based on a l i m i t e d number of s o u r c e s , i s a l s o extremely important. However, an u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f the s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d can be s i g n i f i c a n t l y enhanced by l i n k i n g these s u b j e c t i v e a n a l y s e s t o a more o b j e c t i v e study. F o r example, t h i s form o f o b j e c t i v e r e s e a r c h was used by L i n d a A. P o l l o c k i n h e r study 57 about the treatment o f c h i l d r e n i n England and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s from 1500 t o 1900. analyzed as t o c o n t e n t 1 She used 416 d i a r i e s which were relating to parental-child relationships. The sentiments approach l o o k s t o e x p l a i n and i n t e r p r e t the l i f e c y c l e o f t h e f a m i l y and, s p e c i f i c a l l y , r i t e s of passage. the various C o u r t s h i p , marriage, b i r t h and death a r e the f o c u s p o i n t s f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s among t h e v a r i o u s of t h e f a m i l y . One o f t h e most u s e f u l forms o f documentation has been d i a r i e s . sources By t h e i r v e r y n a t u r e , they a r e c r e d i b l e s i n c e they a r e i n t e n d e d p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e w r i t e r . T h e i r time span i s c o n s e c u t i v e length. levels and o f t e n o f a c o n s i d e r a b l e The s t o r i e s t h a t t h e w r i t e r s r e l a t e can be d e t a i l e d and o f f e r a g r e a t amount of i n s i g h t i n t o t h e author. Researchers a r e g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o understand t h e b i a s e s of t h e w r i t e r s and so b e t t e r a p p r e c i a t e t h e v a l u e o f the information. Not The a l l d i a r i e s o f f e r such c l e a r l y p r e s e n t e d information. d i a r i s t may w r i t e i n t e n s e l y f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d o f time and then s p o r a d i c a l l y . Despite many people may s t i l l the w r i t t e n word. t h e p e r s o n a l nature o f t h e book, n o t commit t h e i r complete f e e l i n g s t o F u r t h e r , t h e purposes f o r which a d i a r y i s c r e a t e d can be many. I t may serve as a l e d g e r , an appointment book, a reminder o f p a s t events as w e l l as a p l a c e t o r e c o r d personal feelings. O f t e n d i a r i e s c o n t a i n o n l y t h e most commonplace i n f o r m a t i o n , such as about t h e weather, o r a r e 58 used s i m p l y t o note s o c i a l events w i t h r e l a t i v e l y additional little detail. The r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l number of d i a r i e s i n the A r c h i v e s and the C i t y A r c h i v e s a l s o reduces t h e i r to researchers. There i s Provincial usefulness c e r t a i n l y not a s u f f i c i e n t of p e r s o n a l j o u r n a l s to a l l o w many types of a n a l y s i s contemplated. Even more r e s t r i c t i v e and events which the d i a r i e s c o v e r . is quantity to be the d i s p a r a t e For example, topics the d i a r y of J e n n i e Musgrave ( B r i t i s h Columbia A r c h i v e s and Records S e r v i c e , h e r e a f t e r BCARS, A d d i t i o n a l M a n u s c r i p t , Add. Mss. 803) primarily describes events f o r the year 1870. significance In f a c t , than most because hereafter the weather and the the d i a r y has social greater t h i s was the y e a r of her marriage to Anthony Musgrave and o f f e r s a good account of that event. Another i n t e r e s t i n g group of d i a r i e s 1650) (BCARS, Add. Mss. were w r i t t e n by George Lovat from 1900 to 1924. a s a w m i l l o p e r a t o r i n Sandon, wrote e x t e n s i v e l y daily activities. about Lovat, his The most i n t e r e s t i n g p a r t s are i n the early j o u r n a l s which d e s c r i b e h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h h i s granddaughter, E l l e n Anderson. A s i m i l a r type of d i a r y was w r i t t e n by W i l l i a m Henderson (BCARS, Add. Mss. 547). Henderson's accounts g e n e r a l l y d e s c r i b e weather and s o c i a l events but, as a widower and g r a n d f a t h e r , he pays a t t e n t i o n to h i s involvement i n the l i v e s 59 considerable of h i s c h i l d r e n . In a d d i t i o n to the d e s c r i p t i o n s families, diaries are extremely i n s i g h t s i n t o the mechanisms towards the p r o c e s s . of r e l a t i o n s h i p s important i n p r o v i d i n g of c o u r t s h i p and a t t i t u d e s A l t h o u g h t h e r e are o c c u r r e n c e s p e r s o n a l f e e l i n g s are r e v e a l e d i n d i a r i e s , more where frequently t h e s e r e c o r d s a c t as appointment books showing the activities in social and the i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d i n the e v e n t s . l e s s d r a m a t i c than an o u t p o u r i n g of emotion, While a survey of s o c i a l events and the manner i n which young men and women p a r t i c i p a t e explains much about the s o c i a l mores and the r e g u l a t i o n of c o u r t s h i p . As w e l l as p r o v i d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about c o u r t s h i p , d i a r i e s which r e c o r d s o c i a l events i n some d e t a i l a l s o g i v e i n s i g h t s i n t o the r e l a t i v e f a m i l y and f r i e n d s i n shaping c o u r t s h i p importance of relationships. D i a r i e s which cover the p e r i o d of c o u r t s h i p are r a r e i n the c o l l e c t i o n s of the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s and the Vancouver City Archives. One example d e a l s w i t h the s o c i a l life of J . M . R o b i n s o n , a s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l i n O n t a r i o and Manitoba (BCARS, Add. Mss. 2010). Another i s the d i a r y of M r s . A . Ash (BCARS, E/C/As31A) d e s c r i b i n g her t r a v e l s her subsequent s t a y t h e r e . from England t o V i c t o r i a and T h i s j o u r n a l o n l y covers a period o f seven months. The problems f o r r e s e a r c h e r s which o c c u r from the s c a r c i t y of d i a r i e s d e a l i n g w i t h f a m i l y i s s u e s i s compensated by the f a i r l y s t r o n g c o l l e c t i o n s correspondence. of somewhat family Correspondence has many advantages over 60 d i a r i e s i n d e f i n i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n f a m i l i e s and showing t h e i r o p e r a t i o n . Most i m p o r t a n t l y , l e t t e r s are w r i t t e n between d i f f e r e n t members o f t h e f a m i l y . cases, The I n most f a m i l y correspondence does n o t i n v o l v e o n l y two p e o p l e . correspondence o f d i f f e r e n t f a m i l y members w i l l frequently appear w i t h i n the manuscript c o l l e c t i o n o f one p e r s o n . S e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t v i e w p o i n t s can be the r e s u l t . They o f t e n o f f e r more background about the manner i n which the f a m i l y lives. S i n c e correspondence i s f r e q u e n t l y w r i t t e n t o d i s c u s s s p e c i f i c i s s u e s , the importance o f events r e q u i r e s less i n t e r p r e t a t i o n by the r e s e a r c h e r . Another s t r e n g t h of correspondence l i e s simply abundance. In a p r o v i n c e inits o f many immigrants, i t i s l i k e l y t h a t communication w i t h the f a m i l y l e f t b e h i n d was o f g r e a t e r importance than the keeping o f a p e r s o n a l of d a i l y l i f e diary. Descriptions and d i s c u s s i o n s of f a m i l y events found t h e i r way i n t o l e t t e r s r a t h e r than j o u r n a l s . This p a r t i a l i t y i s r e f l e c t e d i n the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f correspondence over d i a r i e s in t h e major archives. As w i t h d i a r i e s , correspondence has c o n s i d e r a b l e a means o f examining f a m i l y l i f e . L e t t e r s are h i g h l y s e l e c t i v e i n t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n of events. complete p i c t u r e s . flaws as They do not p r o v i d e The time p e r i o d s which they cover a r e f r e q u e n t l y broken and s c a t t e r e d . Moreover, the i n f o r m a t i o n can be one s i d e d w i t h o n l y the l e t t e r s o f one o f the two correspondents a v a i l a b l e . For example, the correspondence which comprises the Fisher Family records (BCARS, Add. Mss. 657) includes a letter from 1864. for the 1880s and early 1890s. The other correspondence i s The letters are also from the mother and so would only contain the opinions of Mrs. Fisher. Two further handicaps result from the physical format of the material. Because each letter, or even each page, i s an unique item, letters and pieces of letters have been lost over time in a way which would not occur as readily with diaries. So gaps which appear are probably as frequently related to loss as selectivity. Equally frustrating for researchers i s the d i f f i c u l t y i n deciphering handwriting. Similar problems can occur with other documents but i t i s often compounded with correspondence because i t may be necessary to interpret several types of handwriting rather than one. The predilection for cross-hatching, that i s writing from side to side and top to bottom, i s an additional d i f f i c u l t y . Cross- hatching allowed four sides to each page and cut postage costs in half but l e g i b i l i t y suffered i n the process. One additional physical problem with correspondence i s the greater f r a g i l i t y of the material caused by folding and d i r t which i s not as serious i n bound volumes. Among the correspondence series available i n the province i s the most significant body of material for the study of the sentiments approach. The O'Reilly Family collection i s composed of four accession units (BCARS, A/E/Or3, Add. Mss. 248, Add. Mss. 412 and Add. Mss. 2086). 62 Primarily correspondence, the c o l l e c t i o n c o n t a i n s many f a m i l y letters which o u t l i n e the r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n the O ' R e i l l y f a m i l y as w e l l as w i t h the T r u t c h f a m i l y , M r s . C a r o l i n e O ' R e i l l y ' s f a m i l y of o r i g i n . There are a l s o s e v e r a l d i a r i e s which d e a l w i t h both b u s i n e s s and p e r s o n a l m a t t e r s . of recipes A small and household accounts of C a r o l i n e collection O'Reilly complete the m a t e r i a l h e l d a t the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s . Complementary t o t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i s one h e l d .by the S p e c i a l C o l l e c t i o n s D i v i s i o n of the U n i v e r s i t y of British Columbia ( U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, S p e c i a l C o l l e c t i o n s , A XIII 6/3). composed of This u n i t , t i t l e d Trutch, S i r Joseph, is l e t t e r s between the p a r e n t s and s i b l i n g s f a m i l y of W i l l i a m and C h a r l o t t e T r u t c h . A sister of t o Joseph Trutch, C a r o l i n e O ' R e i l l y f i g u r e s p r o m i n e n t l y i n these letters. While members of the Joseph T r u t c h and the O ' R e i l l y f a m i l i e s were o f f i c i a l s as w e l l as V i c t o r i a s o c i e t y , comes from i t s i n the p r o v i n c i a l Peter government the r e a l v a l u e of the m a t e r i a l d e s c r i p t i o n of f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s . eminence of the f a m i l i e s the The a l s o means t h a t correspondence to o t h e r n o t a b l e V i c t o r i a f a m i l i e s may have been r e t a i n e d i n the Provincial Archives. In a d d i t i o n to t h i s collections l a r g e body of m a t e r i a l , many s m a l l e r e x i s t which are based p r i m a r i l y on correspondence between f a m i l y members. Add. Mss. 55, The Crease F a m i l y r e c o r d s Add. Mss. 56 and Add. Mss. 573) c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of correspondence, 63 (BCARS, has a some d i a r i e s and genealogical data scattered metres. I n f o r m a t i o n about immigrant family i s found (BCARS, Add. Mss. W i l m e r , B.C. i n 1912 there i n 1913. Unfortunately Oxleys' 385 nature. t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f an i n the Oxley Family and Add. and a volume o f t h r e e Mss. their 719). a letter from the donor, notes that publication f a m i l y came t o E l i z a b e t h , was in Elizabeth of B r i t i s h letters together i n a Columbia Numerous o t h e r s m a l l c o l l e c t i o n s c a n be Provincial of Vancouver the C i t y the of t h e i r personal e x t a n t m a t e r i a l s have been b r o u g h t A r c h i v e s and Phillips, s h e d e s t r o y e d a number o f of the U n i v e r s i t y born 1914. her p a r e n t s ' c a r e of her because The English collection The only c h i l d , They r e t u r n e d t o England daughter, describing throughout Press. found at both 2 the Archives which can p r o v i d e u s e f u l data f o r a n a l y s i s . The family destruction f o n d s by problem for this diaries and discarding their daughter approach. correspondence The Correspondence about and undoubtedly that distinction The Oxley a considerable resulted i n the invaluable that family o f some to members the p r i v a c y of t h e i r a n c e s t o r s . diaries a r e t h e most t h e y were c r e a t e d recording history. has w o u l d be components o f t h e s e n t i m e n t s a p p r o a c h . v a l u a b l e because the perceived sensitivity However, i t i s i n e v i t a b l e concerned from does h i g h l i g h t o f many d o c u m e n t s w h i c h researchers. w o u l d be o f some c o r r e s p o n d e n c e next but d e s p i t e two T h e y a r e a l l t h e more f o r a purpose forms their obvious other o f m a t e r i a l do lack of than not impartiality, have memoirs and history. and reminiscences The are another u s e f u l source for family forms of r e c o r d s are based on l o n g term memories so the f a c t s they c o n t a i n s h o u l d not be accepted questioning t h e i r accuracy. Nevertheless, f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s and behaviours without a l l workings of are c o l o u r e d by a t t i t u d e s , f e e l i n g s and memories. Much of a f a m i l y ' s b e h a v i o u r i s governed by emotion and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Memoirs, d i a r i e s , are p l a c e s where people may understanding of how like reveal their t h e i r family functioned. It is important t o understand the w r i t e r ' s b i a s e s and p e r s o n a l v a l u e s a c c e p t i n g the words. Memoirs perhaps serve b e s t supplementary evidence t o o t h e r sources before as because c o r r o b o r a t i o n would be a v a i l a b l e . One p a r t i c u l a r l y s t r i k i n g memoir was Bodington (BCARS, Add. Mss. 1263) w r i t t e n by Walter i n which he d e s c r i b e s E. the h a r s h c h i l d r e a r i n g he r e c e i v e d a t the hands of h i s f a t h e r i n England. Many o t h e r examples of t h i s form of m a t e r i a l are a v a i l a b l e a t the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s , r a n g i n g d e s c r i p t i o n of c h i l d h o o d i n Nelson, B.C. B o l t o n papers (BCARS, Add. on a ranch Mss. Mss. from a i n the Freeda B.H. 2084) t o r e c o l l e c t i o n s of i n the r e c o r d s of Helen F. Sheringham (BCARS, life Add. 942).' C u r i o u s l y , i t has not been the more p e r s o n a l forms of m a t e r i a l which have r e c e i v e d the most use by examining the emotional p a r i s h r e g i s t e r s and researchers s t r u c t u r e of the f a m i l y . Censuses, other s t a t i s t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n have been the b a s i s o f the s t u d i e s of Edward S h o r t e r and o t h e r s . tendency has been t o attempt t o a v o i d emphasizing 3 The t h e workings o f the upper l i t e r a t e c l a s s e s and so r e s e a r c h e r s have been f o r c e d t o r e l y on s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . A less rigidly s t r u c t u r e d c l a s s system and a h i g h e r r a t e o f l i t e r a c y i n Canada and B r i t i s h Columbia makes t h i s r e l i a n c e l e s s f o r Canadian r e s e a r c h e r s . necessary S t a t i s t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n can s t i l l p r o v i d e v a l u a b l e a d j u n c t s t o the d a t a c o l l e c t e d from more intimate sources. Censuses r e v e a l t h e make up o f the f a m i l y u n i t and the r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e members. i n d i c a t e the r e s i d e n c e and o c c u p a t i o n s Directories o f t h e f a m i l y which can p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n about economic and c l a s s s t a t u s . These sources can h e l p t o e s t a b l i s h a f u l l e r p i c t u r e o f t h e people who a r e b e i n g r e s e a r c h e d and p r e v e n t m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . O v e r a l l , the r e c o r d s a v a i l a b l e f o r the study o f the sentiments approach a r e somewhat l i m i t e d . There appear t o be o n l y a few sources which would p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l f o r a full study. N e v e r t h e l e s s , the c o l l e c t i o n s s h o u l d not be d i s c o u n t e d as they w i l l supplement m a t e r i a l from o t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n s or can be used i n combination approaches. 66 with other CHAPTER 4 ENDNOTES 1. L i n d a A. P o l l o c k , F o r g o t t e n C h i l d r e n : P a r e n t - c h i l d r e l a t i o n s f r o m 1500 t o 1900, C a m b r i d g e , E n g l a n d : C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1983. 2. R. C o l e H a r r i s a n d E l i z a b e t h P h i l l i p s , e d . , L e t t e r s from W i n d e r m e r e , 1912-1914, V a n c o u v e r : U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a Press, 1984. 3. Edward S h o r t e r , The M a k i n g o f t h e M o d e r n York: B a s i c Books, I n c . , 1975). 67 Family, (New 5 CHAPTER THE The family serves socialization a HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICS APPROACH frequent and the generator o b v i o u s t o any source the f a m i l y are an economic u n i t . of The Gagan. to t h e work i n t h i s a r e a sources, of the provides f o r economic s u c h as w i l l s o w n e r s h i p and on data demographic K a t z and and less the basic By deeds, the David base r e q u i r e d explored sufficient using practitioners this s u b j e c t has 68 for i s t h e manner i n w h i c h out have l o o k e d has and Perhaps the been c a r r i e d Less research land Also valuable income t o e x i s t o f women's h i s t o r y who i n t h e work p l a c e . complementary examination of i s d i v i d e d among f a m i l y members. done on for statistical i s possible. fully family unit acquires large data studies. transmission a p p r o a c h and research role relied o f t e n the i n the works o f M i c h a e l establishment information labour has and h o u s e h o l d economics approach have been l i n k e d demographic r e s e a r c h the s t u d i e s and to survive 1 The this roles household economics approach seeks f o r demographic s u c h as these as its ability as are i t s function collected to of as w e l l These f e a t u r e s secondary importance Much o f the stability However, a t many t i m e s , prosper. together, of emotional f a m i l y i n terms of a p p r o a c h and a prime i n s t i t u t i o n of mental anguish. observer. of examine the i t s members a s by how most the a t women's been conducted on women's work a t home and how i t g e n e r a l l y f i t s i n t o the l a r g e r p i c t u r e o f f a m i l y s u r v i v a l and p r o s p e r i t y . The most important sources economies a r e w i l l s and deeds. property and f o r t h e study o f f a m i l y Ownership o f l a n d and movable i s an u s e f u l measure o f t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f t h e f a m i l y t h e w e l l - b e i n g o f i t s i n d i v i d u a l members. S t u d i e s of t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f l a n d have been made as t o whether primogeniture i s the c h i e f f a c t o r i n land transmission or whether p r o p e r t y i s s p l i t e v e n l y among s u r v i v i n g f a m i l y members. Because deeds a r e l e g a l documents which r e t a i n some of t h e i r l e g a l v a l u e even a f t e r t h e p r o p e r t y has been disposed of by an owner, they have been r e t a i n e d by t h e p r o v i n c i a l government. These documents remain an e x c e l l e n t source f o r understanding t h i s a s p e c t of f a m i l y economics. The use o f deeds r e q u i r e s a thorough examination o f o t h e r s o u r c e s . Each deed c o n t a i n s o n l y t h e most b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n and d i r e c t o r i e s , assessment r o l l s and censuses a r e a l l n e c e s s a r y t o acquire the background i n f o r m a t i o n t o f u l l y understand t h e document. Access t o s p e c i f i c deeds i s f a i r l y s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . Some form of i n d e x i n g , such as owner's name o r l e g a l d e s c r i p t i o n , has always been v i t a l t o m a i n t a i n i n g t h e l a n d r e g i s t r y system and so i t remains p o s s i b l e t o f i n d s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n . Land ownership f a l l s w i t h i n t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h e p r o v i n c e so t h i s m a t e r i a l would be d e s i g n a t e d In p r a c t i c e , these Land T i t l e f o r the P r o v i n c i a l Archives. r e c o r d s have remained w i t h t h e P r o v i n c i a l Offices. 69 The d a t a which can be o b t a i n e d from w i l l s i s more e l a b o r a t e and can be used i n d e p e n d e n t l y from o t h e r material. ensured The source s t a t u s of w i l l s as l e g a l documents has also t h e i r f u l l r e t e n t i o n among government r e c o r d s . l o n g time span of these r e c o r d s a l o n g w i t h t h e i r and c r e d i b i l i t y make them extremely v a l u a b l e . The uniqueness At times, the i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n w i l l s can g i v e a f u l l p i c t u r e of the f a m i l y members and t h e i r s t a t u s i n the f a m i l y . Because the i n f o r m a t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y u n i f o r m and l i m i t e d t o areas t o some degree, s t a t i s t i c a l analysis. by men, geographic w i l l s can be used e f f e c t i v e l y f o r Although w i l l s were more commonly some i n f o r m a t i o n about women can be d i s c o v e r e d . filed For example, i s the w i f e l e f t the p r o p e r t y , i s the i n h e r i t i n g or daughter or i s the mother l e f t t o depend on the g e n e r o s i t y of her children? son p l a c e d under an o b l i g a t i o n t o c a r e f o r the mother Are a l l the c h i l d r e n p r o v i d e d f o r or does the primary i n h e r i t o r r e c e i v e everything? The v a l u e of w i l l s i s lowered by the e x c l u s i v e n e s s of t h e i r use. Not everyone wrote w i l l s . Unless there was s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p e r t y , e i t h e r l a n d or moveable, a w i l l was necessary. expense. not In f a c t , i t would have been s i m p l y an e x t r a T h e r e f o r e w i l l s o n l y document a c e r t a i n segment of the p o p u l a t i o n i n the same f a s h i o n as d i a r i e s correspondence and r e l a t e t o the more l i t e r a t e segment of s o c i e t y . As w i t h the o t h e r two approaches, census r e c o r d s p r o v i d e some of the most e s s e n t i a l d a t a about f a m i l i e s f o r the 70 household economics family, approach. their relationships, and d e s c r i b e They l i s t the number i n t h e i r ages, t h e i r the r e s i d e n c e . the occupations, A l l these elements are c r u c i a l comprehending the s t r u c t u r e and f u n c t i o n s of the household. A g a i n s t t h i s background can be l a i d many o t h e r documents as w i l l s , deeds, base such assessment r o l l s and even p e r s o n a l p a p e r s . While censuses o n l y o f f e r i n time, in a c o l l e c t i o n of d a t a from a moment they can be used to c o n s t r u c t the most complete data available. One p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e a s p e c t of the work w i t h censuses has been t o e s t a b l i s h the t a k i n g i n of boarders sources T h i s a r e a has been e x p l o r e d of a d d i t i o n a l income. some degree by both Bradbury and M e d j u c k . interesting 2 of c h i l d r e n of the p a r e n t s ' families siblings. not uncommon p r a c t i c e f o r n i e c e s and nephews to be sent their relatives f o r t r a i n i n g and c a r e . T h e i r presence have a profound e f f e c t on the household economies of families, to An e q u a l l y use f o r census d a t a would be examining f o r the presence as It was to could both by r e l i e v i n g the burden of t h e i r upkeep, by providing v i r t u a l l y free l a b o u r or by a c q u i r i n g t r a i n i n g i n a l o c a t i o n which would not be p o s s i b l e i n t h e i r own residence. T h i s k i n d of study does depend on f a i r l y i n depth background of specific families and o t h e r sources requiring analysis to c r e a t e sufficient members. 71 of p a r i s h linkages registers between f a m i l y Another key source f o r t h e study o f t h e household i s t h e tax assessment r o l l s which have been produced by a l l governments. Assessment r o l l s a l l o w governments t o conduct t a x a t i o n based on t h e v a l u e o f l a n d and b u i l d i n g s . property land, The assessments must take i n t o account t h e amount o f i t s p o s i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r p r o p e r t i e s , t h e market value, and the e l a b o r a t e n e s s and number of t h e b u i l d i n g s . Assessments were u s u a l l y c a r r i e d o u t on a y e a r l y b a s i s so they can be used t o make r e g u l a r checks on t h e m o b i l i t y o f f a m i l i e s i n a manner n o t p o s s i b l e w i t h censuses and p a r i s h r e g i s t e r s . M o b i l i t y i s o f t e n r e l a t e d t o the s e a r c h f o r work and l a n d and so can p l a y a major r o l e i n how the f i n a n c e s functions. of the household O b v i o u s l y , t h i s w i l l a l s o have an impact on t h e household f u n c t i o n s been e x p l o r e d generally. T h i s a r e a o f study has not b u t may be o f p a r t i c u l a r importance i n a resource province l i k e B r i t i s h Columbia where t r a n s i e n t workers were extremely common. Assessments o f f e r i n f o r m a t i o n f a m i l i e s who l i v e t h e r e . Class p o s i t i o n i s often r e l a t e d t o the areas i n which people l i v e . properties about the s t a t u s o f t h e D i f f e r e n t values f o r s i m i l a r i n d i f f e r e n t areas may be a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f one l o c a t i o n over another. The v a l u e s of t h e l a n d and b u i l d i n g s a l s o r e f l e c t s the p r o s p e r i t y o f t h e f a m i l i e s and s h o u l d g i v e i n d i c a t i o n s about t h e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l f a m i l y income. These v a l u e s can be m i s l e a d i n g degree because t h e monetary worth of p r o p e r t y does n o t to a necessarily translate into actual income. Land rich agricultural families may suffer equally with less prosperous families during a drought although the excess land can provide a greater buffer against hard times. The major d i f f i c u l t y with assessment r o l l s i s the f a i r l y sparse amount of information for each entry. The legal description of the land i s linked to the owner of the land, usually the male head of the household. about the family i s l i s t e d . No other information Although a long unbroken run of assessment r o l l s exists for the provincial government (BCARS, Surveyor of Tax, B400-B543), such an extensive collection i s not available at the Vancouver City Archives where a gap between 1892 and 1929 i s found. The loss of the city r o l l s reduces the overall usefulness of the assessment r o l l s . Since the household economics approach focuses on the structure of the family and i t s relationships to the working world, the standard demographic records are not the only valuable records to a researcher. While these s t a t i s t i c a l records can create the framework of the economy of a family, the actual relationships and functions can be better understood or even discovered from personal papers. Records which describe the operations of a family's finances have frequently found their way into the family's collection of papers. Correspondence, diaries, reminiscences, or legal documents may contain references to the manner i n which the family manages to run the household. Diaries or daybooks often contain household ledgers which describe the items purchased and their cost. A detailed analysis of these costs would provide a excellent perspective on how money i s spent and a comparison of costs against income would allow a f u l l e r understanding of the subject. However the opportunity to perform this type of analysis i s restricted by a shortage of useful documents and a relatively small span of time being covered. For example, the repair book for the steamship "Alpha" (CVA, Add. Mss. 701) also contains a section of family accounts for 1906 and 1907. income, the purchases and their costs. The l i s t i n g gives the The extremely short period which i s covered makes the uses for this information very limited. Correspondence can also be employed i n a study of household economies. Families of immigrants often wrote about their daily lives describing the limitations and deficiencies of a frontier community. The correspondents at home are often asked to supply various items which could not be found i n the newly settled region. Of even greater significance i s the correspondence which i s used to obtain job placements and introductions. These letters may have come from friends and parents' friends as well as from relatives but i t i s possible that the family network was s t i l l involved i n setting up the connection. The interrelated nature between families and work can also be seen in the correspondence of immigrants where 74 f a m i l y members l e f t t o t h e new a t home a r e a s k e d t o f o l l o w the immigrants country. Many e x a m p l e s o f i m m i g r a t i o n correspondence between f a m i l y members e x i s t s i n b o t h t h e P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s City of Vancouver A r c h i v e s . Correspondence and t h e from Edward Lloyd t o h i s m o t h e r i n E n g l a n d b e t w e e n 1871 a n d 1921 (CVA, Add. Mss. 875, M i c r o f i l m M-104) d e s c r i b e s situations letters in and domestic life from Joseph T r u t c h North America The Trutch, (University of B r i t i s h J o s e p h W., i s often Correspondence s u p p l i e s and t h e ways t h a t the work f o r c e . the family family Special A X I I I 6/3). f a m i l y members i n j o i n t the focus a great o f many Columbia, deal of discussion i n letters. o f data about t h e f a m i l y a s s i s t s i t s members i n e n t e r i n g The u s e o f p a t r o n a g e a n d n e p o t i s m a s means o f f a m i l y members i s a n a r e a where t h e d o c u m e n t s o f t h e u p p e r c l a s s e s may be p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e . elements, Similarly, t o h i s parents describing h i s l i f e involvement of various business dealings advancing i n North America. r e s u l t e d i n the immigration members t o V i c t o r i a Collections, h i s t r a v e l s , business A l l these e v e n t h o u g h some o f them may r e p r e s e n t w h i c h were a v a i l a b l e o n l y responses to certain classes, describe f a m i l y e n s u r e s t h e s u r v i v a l o f i t s members b y t h e how t h e transmission of wealth o r i n f l u e n c e . Another category of record valuable records. f o r the study of family The importance t y p e s w h i c h w o u l d be e x t r e m e l y economics a r e b u s i n e s s of these records c a n n o t be underestimated. They may p r o v i d e income amounts, l e n g t h of work, types of work, and i n f o r m a t i o n about f a m i l i e s p e r s o n n e l r e c o r d s are a v a i l a b l e . records i s if However, the use of c o m p l i c a t e d by s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . business The c o l l e c t i o n of b u s i n e s s r e c o r d s has not always been a h i g h p r i o r i t y f o r archives. Moreover, the forms of r e c o r d s c o l l e c t e d u s u a l l y been the more f o r m a l t y p e s , have such as m i n u t e s , financial r e c o r d s and r e p o r t s and the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m a t e r i a l which would i n c l u d e p e r s o n n e l i n f o r m a t i o n . Often d e t a i l e d personnel r e c o r d s would not have been c r e a t e d a l t h o u g h income and job i n f o r m a t i o n may be a v a i l a b l e . A l s o b u s i n e s s e s have been r e l u c t a n t to p a r t w i t h t h e i r r e c o r d s or they have f a i l e d see v a l u e i n t h e i r o l d documents. These a t t i t u d e s to are not r e s t r i c t e d to b u s i n e s s e s b u t , combined w i t h the o t h e r factors, they have made b u s i n e s s r e c o r d s a f a i r l y r a r e commodity i n archives. The s c a r c i t y of b u s i n e s s r e c o r d s makes the linkages between them and o t h e r forms extremely d i f f i c u l t . necessary to s t a r t from the r e c o r d s of a p a r t i c u l a r b u s i n e s s and work out to o t h e r s o u r c e s , censuses. such as d i r e c t o r i e s and U n f o r t u n a t e l y , no c o l l e c t i o n of p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s r e c o r d s which would warrant t h i s either I t would be treatment was i d e n t i f i e d at the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s or C i t y of Vancouver A r c h i v e s . Government r e c o r d s might o f f e r m a t e r i a l f o r a more successful study but the i n f o r m a t i o n i s throughout m i n u t e s , correspondence extremely scattered and o t h e r r e c o r d s and would require considerable effort j u s t to p l a c e i n o r d e r the and type of work i n f o r m a t i o n . does c o n t a i n u s e f u l d a t a . Some government For example, income correspondence requests for employment were o f t e n q u i t e d e t a i l e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e s to i n d i v i d u a l ' s f i n a n c i a l s i t u a t i o n and the p o s i t i o n of his family. T h i s type of correspondence correspondence can be found i n the s e r i e s of the G r e a t e r Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage D i s t r i c t r e c o r d s District, the (CVA, G r e a t e r Vancouver R e g i o n a l G r e a t e r Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage D i s t r i c t , Series B - l , Correspondence). L i k e a l l approaches to the study of the f a m i l y , household economics method r e q u i r e s a b l e n d of the different r e c o r d types to f u l l y understand the s t r a t e g i e s which employ t o s u r v i v e and to ensure the betterment children. The manner and time i n which B r i t i s h developed s u b s t a n t i a l l y supported i t s e l f . affected of families their Columbia the way t h a t a f a m i l y The r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t s e t t l e m e n t of British Columbia by people of European and A s i a n descent has meant t h a t r e c o r d s which focus new t e c h n i q u e s on i m m i g r a t i o n and the development f o r f a m i l y s u r v i v a l are more abundant. s h o r t time s i n c e settlement precludes l o n g runs of of The papers documenting the passage of l a n d and p r o p e r t y among f a m i l y members which would be a v a i l a b l e i n Quebec, O n t a r i o and the Maritimes. Another c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r the study of the economy i n B r i t i s h Columbia i s industry. the e f f e c t of r e s o u r c e family based The l a c k of a manufacturing base would have a 77 definite e f f e c t on work o p p o r t u n i t i e s class families and, i n t u r n , f o r wives i n working t h i s would have a significant impact on the s t r a t e g i e s f o r a c q u i r i n g f a m i l y income. These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s the household economics development are more important t o the study of than other approaches. has much more impact on economics Regional and t h e r e f o r e can a f f e c t the form and volume of documentation which produced. While t h e r e i s a sufficient q u a n t i t y of a v a i l a b l e t o study the e f f e c t of i m m i g r a t i o n on the is records family, more t r a d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h on household economics would be fruitful. 78 less CHAPTER 5 ENDNOTES 1. K a t z , "The People o f a Canadian C i t y , 1851-1852" and The People o f Hamilton, K a t z , Doucet and S t e r n , The S o c i a l O r g a n i z a t i o n o f E a r l y I n d u s t r i a l C a p i t a l i s m , and Gagan, H o p e f u l Travellers. 2. Bradbury, " P i g s , Cows and B o a r d e r s " , and Medjuck, " F a m i l y and Household Composition". 79 CHAPTER 6 THE HEGEMONIC/INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH The the hegemonic o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l family methods. but i s considerably Louise Tilly. family, looks The i n a later Instead 1 i t s structure article by Miriam traditional sources, Anderson Cohen and o f an e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e a c t u a l at the attitudes of i n s t i t u t i o n s i s studied form o f r e s e a r c h three suggested by M i c h a e l or i t s functions, concept of family This removed from t h e o t h e r I t was n o t o r i g i n a l l y was d e v e l o p e d approach t o the study of t h e hegemonic towards t h e f a m i l y . rather than the r e a l i t y . i s much more c l o s e l y a l l i e d historical work a n d s o i t r e l i e s s u c h as minute books, r e p o r t s approach on and o t h e r with conventional policy documents o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s . The other the approach i s n o t as u n i v e r s a l i n time o r p l a c e three. The b a s i c elements s t u d i e d by t h e demographic, s e n t i m e n t s and t h e h o u s e h o l d economics approaches always e x i s t e d . The d i f f i c u l t y has been a c q u i r i n g documentation t o study a p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d traditionally within in began t o p l a y the province the areas of education Other occasion institutions when t h e f a m i l y and have sufficient or region. hegemonic approach i s c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o a f a i r l y p e r i o d when i n s t i t u t i o n s as the recent The time r o l e s s i m i l a r t o those of the family, particularly welfare. h a v e a d o p t e d a n a l o g o u s p o s i t i o n s on network has f a i l e d . F o r example, p r o v i s i o n may h a v e b e e n made b y t h e s t a t e o r c h u r c h f o r c a r i n g 80 of an orphan i f no o t h e r f a m i l y were a v a i l a b l e but t h i s e x c e p t i o n a l b e h a v i o u r and not c o n s i s t e n t . n u c l e a r and extended, services, these functions. churches and o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s began t o see institutions The f a m i l y , both were expected t o f u l f i l Over the p a s t c e n t u r y , governments, was a role for o t h e r than the f a m i l y i n p e r f o r m i n g these p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r the lower c l a s s e s which were not c o n s i d e r e d a b l e t o p r o p e r l y c a r r y out the r e q u i r e d tasks. These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of time and p l a c e make the study of the f a m i l y through t h i s settlement approach more d i f f i c u l t . While of B r i t i s h Columbia o c c u r r e d d u r i n g many of changes i n the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of i n s t i t u t i o n s , s i g n i f i c a n t changes i n a t t i t u d e s taken p l a c e p r i o r t o the f u l l the these most of the toward s o c i a l w e l f a r e had development of the e d u c a t i o n and w e l f a r e systems i n the p r o v i n c e . Moreover, the provincial government q u i c k l y became the c e n t r a l c o n t r o l f o r these major social institutions. So d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g the social w e l f a r e system were developed i n o t h e r p a r t s of the c o u n t r y and the w o r l d and these p o l i c i e s were s i m p l y passed t o institutions the of the p r o v i n c e t o implement. A f u r t h e r time problem a r i s e s w i t h i n t h i s study itself. The e x a m i n a t i o n of the i n f l u e n c e of some o r g a n i z a t i o n s over the f a m i l y r e q u i r e s the use of r e c o r d s over a l o n g time span. The e s t a b l i s h m e n t of some of these i n s t i t u t i o n s immediately a f t e r settlement. d i d not occur So the time p e r i o d of 81 this study does not permit a s u f f i c i e n t development of these span of time to look a t the institutions. D e s p i t e these problems, an understanding of the r o l e of institutions i n the development of the p r e s e n t s t r u c t u r e can be a c h i e v e d to some degree. family Institutional r e c o r d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y those of g r e a t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e such as minutes and correspondence of the value, senior administrative o f f i c e r , have been r e t a i n e d e i t h e r a t an a r c h i v e s or the o f f i c e s of the i n s t i t u t i o n . p r i v a t e and p u b l i c s e c t o r s , been k e p t . Both i n the e d u c a t i o n and w e l f a r e r e c o r d s have D e s p i t e the good l e v e l of r e t e n t i o n , accessibility to the documents i s not always easy to a c c o m p l i s h . Because of t h e i r h i g h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e v a l u e and the o c c a s i o n a l presence c o n f i d e n t i a l information, administrators often f e e l of r e c o r d should not be open to the p u b l i c . i n s o l v a b l e problem. this of type I t i s not an F r e q u e n t l y , the use of t h i s m a t e r i a l f o r academic r e s e a r c h i s c o n s i d e r e d a c c e p t a b l e by the boards p r o v i d e d t h e r e are s u i t a b l e guarantees various for preserving conf i d e n t i a l i t y . T h i s p o s s e s s i v e a t t i t u d e by a d m i n i s t r a t o r s has been a worrisome one f o r a r c h i v i s t s s i n c e it i s o f t e n c o n t r a s t e d by one of n e g l e c t f o r the care and storage of the r e c o r d s . This d i s r e g a r d f o r the p r e s e r v a t i o n of the m a t e r i a l may occur even when the v a l u e of r e c o r d s i s understood. H o p e f u l l y more a c t i v e a c q u i s i t i o n programs by some a r c h i v e s w i l l r e s u l t in the t r a n s f e r of these i r r e p l a c e a b l e documents to more secure 82 facilities. Even more n o t a b l e would be the c r e a t i o n of an a r c h i v e s w i t h i n the i n s t i t u t i o n . for a l l i n s t i t u t i o n s , School Board, While o b v i o u s l y not some l a r g e r ones, feasible such as the Vancouver are capable of s u s t a i n i n g t h i s type of program. Moreover, t h i s has been the r o u t e taken by some c h u r c h e s , example, for the U n i t e d Church B r i t i s h Columbia Conference A r c h i v e s and A n g l i c a n Church P r o v i n c i a l Synod A r c h i v e s , both housed a t the Vancouver School of Theology a t the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia. One f i n a l comment about the u s e f u l n e s s of the r e l a t e s to the a c c e s s i b i l i t y of the s u b j e c t m a t t e r . of the f a m i l y group was r a r e l y an expressed a d m i n i s t r a t o r s of these i n s t i t u t i o n s . minutes was c o n d u c t e d , t o p i c among the Even i f indexing to to A d m i n i s t r a t o r s were p o l i c y and p r o c e d u r e s and so any r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l would be i m p l i c i t i n the p o l i c i e s reports. The s t a t e the chosen s u b j e c t s are not l i k e l y be the ones r e q u i r e d by a r e s e a r c h e r . concerned w i t h budgets, records and T h i s makes r e s e a r c h f a i r l y time-consuming. Church r e c o r d s are b a s i c to u n d e r s t a n d i n g the a t t i t u d e s o c i e t y t o the f a m i l y . Christian, Organized churches, p a r t i c u l a r l y the have o p e r a t e d both as an a d j u n c t and a c o m p e t i t o r t o the f a m i l y . Many f e a t u r e s m o d e l l e d on the f a m i l y . of the C h r i s t i a n c h u r c h are However, d e s p i t e i t s c h u r c h remained r e l a t i v e l y s e p a r a t e family. of Its e f f e c t was s t i l l the from the o p e r a t i o n of f e l t by i t s 83 strength, influence on the the mores and manners of s o c i e t y but i t d i d not seek t o undermine the f a m i l i e s of any segment of the p o p u l a t i o n . The s o c i a l reform movement which began d u r i n g the e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y i n Europe began t o move towards a b e l i e f t h a t the o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s , the s t a t e , p a r t i c u l a r l y those c o n t r o l l e d by were b e t t e r p l a c e s to r a i s e and educate c h i l d r e n of the subjugated n a t i v e s the and the u n d e r p r i v i l e g e d than w i t h i n t h e i r own f a m i l i e s . T h i s was a s i g n i f i c a n t d e p a r t u r e f o r these i n s t i t u t i o n s and had a profound e f f e c t on the f a m i l y g e n e r a l l y . A l t h o u g h these events i n Europe and North America had an e v e n t u a l e f f e c t on B r i t i s h Columbia, the r e c o r d s of p r o v i n c e are not e s p e c i a l l y v a l u a b l e f o r s t u d i e s the in this area. Most of the major a t t i t u d i n a l changes had a l r e a d y o c c u r r e d before large scale settlement. Many p o l i c i e s of the church and the s o c i a l reform movement were s i m p l y i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o the p r o v i n c e ' s i n s t i t u t i o n s . B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ' s p o s i t i o n as a f a r o u t p o s t of the B r i t i s h Empire p r e c l u d e d any major innovations. S i n c e major p o l i c i e s of the Canadian churches were e s t a b l i s h e d by the h i g h e s t l e v e l s s i t u a t e d i n E a s t e r n Canada, t h e r e are no r e c o r d s i n B r i t i s h Columbia t o document the development of these changes. Records may r e f l e c t the local debate but the movement of the c h u r c h i n t o s o c i a l reform was i n e v i t a b l e once the s e n i o r churchmen had agreed t o the p o l i c y shift. Therefore, i t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e how v a l u a b l e the r e c o r d s 84 of the B r i t i s h Columbia churches are l i k e l y to be. be p o s s i b l e to study the r e a c t i o n of l o c a l groups and the manner i n which they complied w i t h the d i r e c t i o n s churches. I t would of the Church r e c o r d s have g e n e r a l l y remained i n the custody of the l o c a l e c c l e s i a s t i c a l bodies or they have been t r a n s f e r r e d to a p r o v i n c i a l church r e p o s i t o r y , as i n the case of the U n i t e d Church A r c h i v e s or the A n g l i c a n P r o v i n c i a l Synod Archives. The B r i t i s h Columbia A r c h i v e s and Records and the C i t y of Vancouver A r c h i v e s have g e n e r a l l y Service acquired o n l y the r e g i s t e r s of l o c a l p a r i s h e s and l o c a l church histories but not the a c t u a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e records. The s o c i a l reform movement not o n l y a f f e c t e d functions of the f a m i l y . Over t i m e , of the church i n the w e l f a r e were e s t a b l i s h e d system. a l s o l e s s e n e d the Secular role organizations which p l a y e d an e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g p a r t i n o f f e r i n g a s s i s t a n c e t o the needy. amalgamations it the of church groups, c o n t r o l of the c h u r c h . Although many were they q u i c k l y moved o u t s i d e the C h i l d r e n ' s a i d s o c i e t i e s , homes f o r young women, and the Women's C h r i s t i a n Temperance Union are a few examples of these groups which o f f e r e d succour i n p l a c e of the f a m i l y . Records of many of these o r g a n i z a t i o n s are a v a i l a b l e a t the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s and the Vancouver C i t y Archives. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e c o r d s of the F r i e n d l y Help and Friendly Aid Societies Series 1), (CVA, S o c i a l S e r v i c e s Department, the C h i l d r e n ' s A i d S o c i e t y of V i c t o r i a 85 (BCARS, Add. Mss. 431) and Queen Mary C o r o n a t i o n H o s t e l are o n l y a few of those (CVA, Add. Mss. 55) available. As w i t h the development of w e l f a r e programs by the c h u r c h and s t a t e which competed w i t h the f a m i l y ' s t r a d i t i o n a l methods of support, the p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s c h o o l systems usurped the r o l e of the f a m i l y . 2 slowly Programs were developed o n l y i n the a r e a of v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g b u t , u l t i m a t e l y , the development of household and s o c i a l e d u c a t i o n , guidance c o u n s e l l i n g and home economics. p l a y e d a r o l e i n the development education. in namely, Education also of the h e a l t h c a r e system. I n c o n c e r t w i t h l o c a l and p r o v i n c i a l h e a l t h o f f i c e r s , schools established not the programs f o r immunization and hygiene The r e c o r d s r e l a t e d t o p u b l i c h e a l t h i s s u e s are a v a i l a b l e i n the M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n and the M i n i s t r y of H e a l t h as w e l l as l o c a l s c h o o l boards and l o c a l h e a l t h b o a r d s . Educational i n s t i t u t i o n s own a r c h i v e s . have r a r e l y e s t a b l i s h e d P u b l i c s c h o o l s have r e l i e d on l o c a l a r c h i v e s t o r e t a i n t h e i r r e c o r d s or even more s t o r e d them i n t h e i r own f a c i l i t i e s . their government frequently L o c a l s c h o o l board r e c o r d s have been a c q u i r e d by the C i t y A r c h i v e s f o r the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s of P o i n t Grey and South Vancouver as w e l l the c i t y of Vancouver. and correspondence A f a i r l y complete from the c h i e f the s c h o o l boards are a v a i l a b l e . set of minute books administrative officer of These r e c o r d s can be used w i t h r e c o r d s of the M e d i c a l H e a l t h O f f i c e r i n Vancouver. 86 as Both types of m a t e r i a l s t a r t from an e a r l y p e r i o d i n the h i s t o r y of the city. As w e l l as the h e a l t h care r e c o r d s of l o c a l the a r c h i v e s of a few major h o s p i t a l s government, are a l s o a v a i l a b l e . H o s p i t a l boards have been i n s t r u m e n t a l i n d e v e l o p i n g and r e f l e c t i n g the a t t i t u d e s towards many h e a l t h c a r e issues. M a t e r n i t y c a r e , care of c h i l d r e n , and care of the e l d e r l y are i s s u e s which r e q u i r e f a m i l y involvement and d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g . Medical professionals have become equal p a r t n e r s i n this system and so h o s p i t a l r e c o r d s c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n which f u r t h e r s the study of t h i s area. The C i t y A r c h i v e s h o l d s some a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e c o r d s , such as minutes of the Board and correspondence of the d i r e c t o r , of the Vancouver General Hospital (CVA, Add. Mss. 320) (CVA, Add. Mss. 284) and the Royal Columbian H o s p i t a l a t New Westminster. M a t e r i a l from the Royal J u b i l e e H o s p i t a l (BCARS, Add. Mss. 313) in Victoria is r e t a i n e d i n the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s . There i s an obvious gap i n h e a l t h care m a t e r i a l because the r e c o r d s of d o c t o r s have r a r e l y been p r e s e r v e d . Since d o c t o r s have o c c u p i e d the fundamental p o s i t i o n i n the care system, consequence. the p a u c i t y of these a r c h i v e s i s of health serious The r e l a t i o n s h i p between p h y s i c i a n s and f a m i l i e s has been extremely i m p o r t a n t . Doctors o f t e n g i v e social The f i l e s of the family c o u n s e l l i n g as w e l l as m e d i c a l . d o c t o r would p r o v i d e s u b s t a n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n about the r o l e of h e a l t h care i n the f a m i l y . Undoubtedly, the i s s u e of 87 c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y has been a major reason f o r the s c a r c i t y of such c o l l e c t i o n s . Again, simply avoided t h i s acquisition policies appear to complex q u e s t i o n by not c o l l e c t i n g have in this a r e a or promoting p r e s e r v a t i o n . Newspapers would be one f i n a l a r e a of study which would provide useful insights Most newspapers i n t o the changing r o l e of the have had s e c t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h women, r o l e i n s o c i e t y and the f a m i l y . The a r t i c l e s their strongly attitudes of s o c i e t y towards many f a m i l y i s s u e s . can o f f e r a distinctive conservative family. reflect Newspapers view of s o c i e t y from the more and s t r u c t u r e d p o s i t i o n of p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s boards. Further, these p u b l i s h e d sources the a v a i l a b i l i t y and time span of are e x c e l l e n t , whether a t a r c h i v e s or libraries. The study of f a m i l y and i n s t i t u t i o n s offers an i n t e r e s t i n g dilemma. i n B r i t i s h Columbia While the time p e r i o d which the r e c o r d s cover i s f a i r l y short, volume of m a t e r i a l . The r e c o r d s from a v a r i e t y of institutions: there i s medical, educational, secular, a considerable and ecclesiastic, can be used t o a n a l y z e the replacement of the f a m i l y by a l l these g r o u p s . The v a r i e t y and volume suggests potential for this institutions a r e a of r e s e a r c h . considerable F u r t h e r , many which have not donated t h e i r r e c o r d s to an a r c h i v e s s t i l l r e t a i n the important a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e c o r d s and some access can o f t e n be n e g o t i a t e d . The easy a v a i l a b i l i t y of many of these r e c o r d s makes the hegemonic 88 approach a f a i r l y p r o d u c t i v e area of s t u d y , p a r t i c u l a r l y for l o c a l 89 issues. CHAPTER 6 ENDNOTES 1. T i l l y and Cohen, "Does the Family Have a History?". 2. Alison L. Prentice and Susan F. Houston, ed., Family, School & Society i n Nineteenth-Century Canada, (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975):55. 90 CHAPTER 7 THE USEFULNESS OF CRITICAL GUIDES The v a l u e of thematic guides has been r e c o g n i z e d by many archival institutions and many prominent a r c h i v i s t s . t o respond to changing r e s e a r c h t o p i c s as w e l l as The need increase a c c e s s to c u r r e n t h o l d i n g s r e q u i r e s a r c h i v i s t s t o c o n t i n u e develop more d e t a i l e d and a n a l y t i c a l a c c e s s t o o l s . to The c r i t i c a l guide s e r v e s a much needed purpose by p r o v i d i n g a r c h i v i s t s with a vehicle t o r e c o r d i n f o r m a t i o n about types of documents and r e s e a r c h uses i n a p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d of The this study. p a r t i c u l a r a r e a which was chosen t o be the b a s i s of study o f f e r e d both advantages history is and d i f f i c u l t i e s . Family a r e l a t i v e l y new a r e a of r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p i n g p a r t of the new s o c i a l h i s t o r y movement i n the 1960s. is Yet a s u b j e c t which has not r e c e i v e d as much a t t e n t i o n others, part, such as l a b o u r and women's h i s t o r y . Canadian h i s t o r i a n s have done l i t t l e subject. For the most study i n this So, not o n l y d i d a r c h i v i s t s not c a t a l o g u e this The area from t h e i r amount of m a t e r i a l which i s c u r r e n t l y housed i n quite s i g n i f i c a n t , Many of the c o l l e c t i o n s are s m a l l . Also, are for most p a r t , f a m i l y a r c h i v e s are o f t e n not a v a i l a b l e i n a single the although the degree of q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y of the documents Rather, the indexing. p r o v i n c e ' s two major a r c h i v e s i s varied. it as m a t e r i a l i n the p a s t but many have c o n t i n u e d to exclude subject as d i a r y or a few l e t t e r s are a l l t h a t the total. comprise the c o l l e c t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t does not p r o v i d e a complete p i c t u r e of the f a m i l y . I f d i a r i e s are b e i n g a c q u i r e d , would be extremely v a l u a b l e to have correspondence, or o t h e r r e l e v a n t it accounts documents. The major problem w i t h the area of r e s e a r c h r e l a t e s d i r e c t l y to the age of the p r o v i n c e i t s e l f . Much of the h i s t o r i o g r a p h y of the f a m i l y has used comparative methods. Records must cover a long time span to a l l o w t h i s research. The r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e r i o d s i n c e the European s e t t l e m e n t of B r i t i s h Columbia, and t h e r e f o r e , w r i t t e n documents, this form of the c r e a t i o n of s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduces the v a l u e of studying area d u r i n g the time p e r i o d examined by the f i n d i n g a i d . The number and v a r i e t y of sources are p r o b a b l y q u i t e rich c o n s i d e r i n g the time p e r i o d but i t would not be accurate d e s c r i b e these c o l l e c t i o n s as an important body of m a t e r i a l . Conducting r e s e a r c h i n t h i s means. to area i s not p o i n t l e s s by any The a v a i l a b l e r e c o r d s h e l d i n B r i t i s h Columbia may be used to d e s c r i b e the workings of a f a m i l y d u r i n g the settlement process. The i n f l u e n c e s f a m i l y u n i t are p r o f o u n d . of immigration on the Family t i e s may be d e s p i t e the p h y s i c a l s e p a r a t i o n . early strengthened The r e c o r d s of s e t t l e r s B r i t i s h Columbia p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n about t h i s in process. Moreover, the a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l can p r o v i d e supplementary i n f o r m a t i o n to a study conducted on a l a r g e r body of such as those a v a i l a b l e i n E a s t e r n Canada. 92 records, A n t h r o p o l o g i s t s and s o c i o l o g i s t s may a l s o f i n d i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n the c o l l e c t i o n s h e l d i n the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s and the C i t y of Vancouver A r c h i v e s . the p r o c e s s e s of f a m i l y l i f e , effectively valuable When s t u d y i n g the a v a i l a b l e r e c o r d s can be used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h other North American m a t e r i a l of the same time p e r i o d . Large bodies of which d e a l p r i m a r i l y w i t h the r i t e s records of passage have not been saved but mention of these r i t u a l s can be found throughout the collections. Family papers are a l s o important to the study of localities. Very f r e q u e n t l y , founding f a m i l i e s various documents are saved from or important c i t i z e n s . Local historians f i n d a wealth of i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n these r e c o r d s . can Similarly, p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r i a n s can use f a m i l y r e c o r d s to understand the e a r l y development of p o l i t i c a l systems and patronage. The P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s has a p a r t i c u l a r l y l a r g e body of m a t e r i a l which was c r e a t e d by i n f l u e n t i a l p o l i t i c i a n s and other citizens, both p r o v i n c i a l and from the c i t y of D e s p i t e the i n t e r e s t limited, Victoria. i n s o c i a l h i s t o r y and, although more i n the h i s t o r y of the f a m i l y , the c o l l e c t i o n of f a m i l y papers has remained a f a i r l y low p r i o r i t y . Neither the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s nor the C i t y of Vancouver A r c h i v e s have developed any c o l l e c t i o n s t r a t e g y It for this form of m a t e r i a l . i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t a r c h i v e s have not g e n e r a l l y made a concerted e f f o r t to c o l l e c t family records. Promoting t h i s type of a c q u i s i t i o n would be extremely time-consuming and would r e q u i r e a d e l i c a t e touch to guarantee t h a t donors are not offended i f r e f u s e d . awareness prospective Nevertheless, a greater of the importance of these records c o u l d be promoted by a r c h i v e s . A s i d e from the q u e s t i o n s about the chosen area of study, the p r o d u c t i o n of the c r i t i c a l guide r e l i e d on the a p p r a i s a l techniques which are used i n a s s e s s i n g any a c q u i s i t i o n s . Naturally, the l e g a l , f i s c a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e v a l u e s of these r e c o r d s are not f a c t o r s i n e v a l u a t i n g the m a t e r i a l but the i n f o r m a t i o n a l v a l u e s are fundamental to any a n a l y s i s . e f f e c t i v e n e s s of u s i n g these c r i t e r i a to determine importance of r e c o r d s i s d i f f i c u l t to q u e s t i o n . the Since are a p p l i e d by a r c h i v i s t s to a p p r a i s e i n d i v i d u a l The they accessions, t h e i r employment f o r the a n a l y s i s of v a l u e s i n any r e c o r d s , even i f f o r more s p e c i f i c purposes, must a l s o be v a l i d . Any a p p r a i s a l takes i n t o account the f u t u r e uses of the r e c o r d s . So, f o r a guide which examines the a v a i l a b i l i t y and u s e f u l n e s s of a r c h i v a l h o l d i n g s f o r a s p e c i f i c f i e l d of s t u d y , the a p p l i c a t i o n of a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a p r o v i d e s a s t r o n g f o u n d a t i o n f o r the a n a l y s i s . T h i s method a l s o i n c r e a s e s u n d e r s t a n d a b i l i t y of the guide s i n c e i t relies the on f a i r l y universal archival principles. Using the broad c a t e g o r i e s of Theodore S c h e l l e n b e r g the more d e f i n e d ones suggested by Maynard B r i c h f o r d , possible 2 1 it or is to p r o v i d e r e s e a r c h e r s w i t h much p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n about the r e c o r d s . Many of the seven 94 categories i d e n t i f i e d by B r i c h f o r d : accessibility, time span, c r e d i b i l i t y , uniqueness, and q u a l i t y of use, analysis. understandability, frequency of use and type had some s i g n i f i c a n c e for this critical The degree of importance of these elements w i l l v a r y s u b s t a n t i a l l y w i t h the t o p i c being investigated. Perhaps most u s e f u l f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r study was v a l u e of time span of the r e c o r d s . and i t s The nature of the the family slow e v o l u t i o n and change r e q u i r e s most s t u d i e s d e a l w i t h the s u b j e c t on a comparative b a s i s . cover a long time span o f f e r to Records which the r e s e a r c h e r more scope f o r study and any changes which have o c c u r r e d become more apparent. Although u s e f u l c o n c l u s i o n s can s t i l l be drawn from comparative s t u d i e s between d i f f e r e n t documents c r e a t e d separate times, r e c o r d s c r e a t e d f o r the same purposes f o r more f r u i t f u l dissimilarities I f there are allow fewer between the c o n t e x t of i n d i v i d u a l then r e s e a r c h e r s documents. research. at are l e s s l i k e l y to m i s i n t e r p r e t records, the So r e c o r d s which were c r e a t e d w i t h i n the same r e c o r d s e r i e s p r o v i d e a l e s s e r chance f o r m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n when being compared together. The concept of u n d e r s t a n d a b i l i t y can be used v e r y effectively records. f o r a s c e r t a i n i n g the r e s e a r c h v a l u e s of certain There can be extreme problems d i s c e r n i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n a f a m i l y group. were c r e a t e d f o r a s e l e c t audience, creator alone, Since these documents perhaps even f o r much was assumed to be understood. 95 the There was o f t e n no need t o e x p l a i n or d e f i n e much of what was r e c o r d e d . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , many documents which do not c o n t a i n full p e r s o n a l names or which leave the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between people i l l - d e f i n e d may have l i t t l e value. T h i s type of document r e q u i r e s l i n k i n g the r e c o r d s w i t h other m a t e r i a l , such as censuses or d i r e c t o r i e s . Since these other m a t e r i a l s may not be a v a i l a b l e or i t may be i m p r a c t i c a l to conduct the work t o e s t a b l i s h these l i n k a g e s , may be s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduced. the v a l u e of many documents Furthermore, r e c o r d s f o r demography a l s o have problems of u n d e r s t a n d a b i l i t y , example, extensive for illegibility. A c c e s s i b i l i t y may a l s o impose s e r i o u s worth of some m a t e r i a l s . documents, l i m i t a t i o n s on the The p e r c e i v e d s e n s i t i v i t y a t l e a s t to f a m i l y members, and the of many subsequent r e s t r i c t i o n s which may be requested when r e c o r d s are donated to an a r c h i v e s can d i m i n i s h the importance of the documents researchers. Concerns f o r c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y may u l t i m a t e l y to lead to the d e s t r u c t i o n of v a l u a b l e p a p e r s . Similarly, uniqueness and c r e d i b i l i t y are somewhat important f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r type of study. of the f a m i l y c o n c e n t r a t e s special, on the g e n e r a l , S i n c e the less study r a t h e r than the uniqueness may be a q u a l i t y which i s undesirable. The more common the contents of the document a r e , the more t h a t may be a v a i l a b l e f o r comparative purposes, theoretically. significance C r e d i b i l i t y of the m a t e r i a l i s at least a l s o of minor because of the nature of the m a t e r i a l s . Family papers are w r i t t e n f o r a p r i v a t e audience of the r e c o r d s are u n l i k e l y . and so The purposes of distortions statistical r e c o r d s p r e p a r e d by the government r a r e l y suggest reasons preparing f i c t i t i o u s useful results. Elements of c r e d i b i l i t y are i n l o o k i n g at memoirs which are w r i t t e n a f t e r and are s p e c i f i c a l l y i n t e n d e d to r e c o r d the e v e n t . these c r i t e r i a , B r i c h f o r d i d e n t i f i e d and q u a l i t y of u s e . relate relevant fact As w e l l as frequency of use and type guide. to administrative functions to t h i s form of Both of these which are not analysis. B r i c h f o r d a l s o d i s c u s s e s the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as important a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a . study, the These two elements p l a y v i r t u a l l y no r o l e i n a n a l y z i n g m a t e r i a l f o r a thematic factors for 3 of In the c o n t e x t of records this u s i n g the age of the r e c o r d s as an a p p r a i s a l element may be of prime importance t o a r e s e a r c h e r a specific time p e r i o d . Even s o , investigating far less significance a t t r i b u t e d to age than the former c a t e g o r i e s . only is The continuous changes i n the framework of the f a m i l y makes e x a c t moments time l e s s c r u c i a l than f o r o t h e r h i s t o r i c a l studies. The manner i n which a p p r a i s a l elements i n t e r a c t is v a l u a b l e f o r a n a l y z i n g r e c o r d s as the c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a independently. in For example, as each the u n d e r s t a n d a b i l i t y of a group of documents may be v e r y low because of the audience f o r which they were w r i t t e n . v a l u e can be i n c r e a s e d by l i n k i n g the c r e a t o r s w i t h r e c o r d s which w i l l i d e n t i f y This other the i n d i v i d u a l s and t h e i r 97 low relationships. The age of the documents then becomes c r u c i a l because the i d e n t i f y i n g r e c o r d s , censuses, such as p a r i s h r e g i s t e r s and are not a v a i l a b l e f o r a l l p e r i o d s . The methodology of u s i n g s t a n d a r d a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a f o r a n a l y z i n g the r e c o r d s i n a c r i t i c a l guide has proven to be most e f f e c t i v e . As g e n e r a l a p p r a i s a l methods have moved from the realm of f i n g e r s p i t z e n g e f i i h l , subtle intuition, 4 perhaps b e s t t r a n s l a t e d t o the a n a l y t i c a l examination of as records w i t h a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a , so the thematic guide b e n e f i t s from the a p p l i c a t i o n of these c r i t e r i a . the a n a l y s i s T h e i r use g i v e s focus and can a l s o be used as a framework f o r each document t y p e . to studying The study becomes more understandable to o t h e r a r c h i v i s t s who w i l l immediately a p p r e c i a t e the b a s i s of the a n a l y s i s . Further, it increases s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of information a s s i s t i n g r e s e a r c h e r s who are not r e q u i r e d to l e a r n the assumptions b e h i n d each i n d i v i d u a l g u i d e . The p r e s e n t a t i o n established and format of the guide a l s o r e l i e s archival practice. As i t was p o s s i b l e a p p r a i s a l c r i t e r i a t o conduct the a n a l y s i s so i t was e q u a l l y f e a s i b l e practices to follow standard d e s c r i p t i o n f o r t h e , f o r m a t of the g u i d e . notes, and d e s c r i p t i o n s The c o n t e n t s of of the r e c o r d s . the a p p l i c a b l e r e s e a r c h a r e a r e p l a c e s history. use of document forms, guide use the p a t t e r n of an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h i s t o r y , content to on The scope and content the scope and A survey of administrative notes become an a n a l y s i s the forms of m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e and t h e i r p o s s i b l e 98 the uses. of Finally, the t i t l e s of c o l l e c t i o n s information, and other related such as dates and e x t e n t a c t as the descriptions of the r e c o r d s would i n an orthodox s t y l e i n v e n t o r y . These elements of s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n and the development of an accepted format c r e a t e more v a l u a b l e f i n d i n g a i d s . The expanded a n a l y s i s of a r c h i v a l m a t e r i a l s o f f e r a r c h i v i s t s an o p p o r t u n i t y to r e c o r d t h e i r c o n s i d e r a b l e knowledge about the a v a i l a b l e documents and t h e i r forms. N a t u r a l l y , not a l l guides w i l l r e q u i r e e l a b o r a t e analyses of the r e s e a r c h t o p i c or theme or even of a l l document forms. subject matter, Much depends on the the volume of the r e c o r d s , or the a v a i l a b i l i t y of p r e v i o u s a n a l y s i s . from completed s t u d i e s . I t may be p o s s i b l e Nevertheless, to use i n f o r m a t i o n the c r e a t i o n of thematic guides w i t h c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s are a v a l u a b l e method of p r o v i d i n g r e s e a r c h e r s w i t h knowledge about new and inaccessible research subjects. 99 CHAPTER 7 ENDNOTES 1. T . R . S c h e l l e n b e r g , Modern A r c h i v e s : P r i n c i p l e s and T e c h n i q u e s , C h i c a g o : U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago P r e s s , 1956:148-160. 2. Maynard B r i c h f o r d , A r c h i v e s & M a n u s c r i p t s : A p p r a i s a l & A c c e s s i o n i n g , B a s i c Manual S e r i e s , C h i c a g o : S o c i e t y of American A r c h i v i s t s , 1977:7-10. 3. Brichford, 2-4. 4. Hans Booms, " S o c i e t y and the Formation o f a Documentary H e r i t a g e : I s s u e s i n the A p p r a i s a l o f A r c h i v a l S o u r c e s , " A r c h i v a r i a 24 (Summer, 1987):85. 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, Michael. 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Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, 1984:245-254. Rooke, Patricia T. and Schnell, R.L., eds. Studies in Childhood History: A Canadian Perspective. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises Limited, 1982. Schellenberg, T.R. Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956. Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family. Basic Books, Inc., 1975. New York: Snell, James A. and Abeele, Cynthia Comacchio. "Regulating Nuptiality: Restricting Access to Marriage i n Early Twentieth-Century English-Speaking Canada." Canadian Historical Review 69(4) (December 1988):466-489. Society of American Archivists' Committee on Finding Aids. Inventories and Registers: A Handbook of Techniques and Examples. Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1976. Sprague, Douglas and Frye, Ronald. "Manitoba's Red River Settlement: Sources for Economic and Demographic History." Archivaria 9 (Winter 1979-80):179-193. Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage, 1500-1800. Abridged edition. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1979. Sutherland, Neil. Children in English-Canadian Society: Framing the Twentieth-Century Consensus. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976. Synge, Jane. "The Transition from School to Work: Growing Up Working Class in Early 20th Century Hamilton, Ontario." In Childhood and Adolescence in Canada edited by K. Ishwaran. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1979:240-269. 106 T i l l y , L o u i s e A., and Miriam Cohen. "Does the Family Have a H i s t o r y ? : A Review o f Theory and P r a c t i c e i n Family History." S o c i a l Science H i s t o r y 6 ( S p r i n g 1982):157158. Van K i r k , S y l v i a . "Many Tender T i e s " : Women i n Fur Trade S o c i e t y i n Western Canada, 1670-1870. Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer P u b l i s h i n g , 1980. Ward, W. P e t e r . "Unwed Motherhood i n N i n e t e e n t h Century E n g l i s h Canada." Canadian H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n H i s t o r i c a l Papers (1981):34-56. . "Family Papers and the New S o c i a l H i s t o r y . " A r c h i v a r i a 14 (Summer 1982):63-73. . " C o u r t s h i p and S o c i a l Space i n N i n e t e e n t h Century E n g l i s h Canada." Canadian H i s t o r i c a l Review 68 (March 1987):35-62. 107 APPENDIX Title a n d Number Vancouver Dates Extent Forms a n d Comments City Archives Bell-Irving Add.Mss. 1 Family 1861-1935 33 i n . d i a r i e s , a d d r e s s l e t t e r books. parish r e c o r d s , minutes, St. Paul's A n g l i c a n C h u r c h , Add.Mss.11 1889-1915 7 i n . Schwesinger, Add.Mss.14 1913-1960 3 i n . a u t o b i o g r a p h y Gladys books, typescript L a n g i s , H e n r i E. Add.Mss.16 1885-1904 5 i n . m e d i c a l d o c t o r , accounts. Sweeny, C a m p b e l l Add.Mss.22 1841-1938 281 p p . d i a r y , Bryant, Cornelius Add.Mss.24 1885-1886, 2 i n .m i n i s t e r , d i a r i e s , misc. l i s t s of l e t t e r s , 1878-1882 McRoberts F a m i l y Add.Mss.26 1860-1914 F i r s t Presbyterian C h u r c h , Add.Mss.29 1885-1918 2 v o l .b a p t i s m a l Moberly, Walter Add.Mss.33 1898-1924 Wade F a m i l y Add.Mss.44 1885-1960 76 i n . some L e c k i e , John Add.Mss.45 2 i n .d i a r y , daybooks, correspondence. few l e t t e r s . register. correspondence, mostly interest i n history. correspondence Edwards 1869-1955 36 i n . d i a r i e s t o 1916, correspondence. MacNeill, William Add.Mss.46 1900-1918 20 i n . some p e r s o n a l p a p e r s , b i l l s and r e c e i p t s . many p o s s i b l e s o u r c e s including topical f i l e s e r i e s and o b i t u a r i e s . M a t t h e w s , James Add.Mss.54 Queen M a r y ' s Coronation Hostel Add.Mss.55 1903 Cates Family Add.Mss.61 1877-1958 19 i n . c o r r e s p o n d e n c e . 7 i n . l e t t e r b o o k and autobiography 108 T i t l e and Number Dates Extent Forms and Comments Homer Family Add.Mss.72 1868-1964 143 p. family correspondence. McFarlane Family Add.Mss.79 1884, 1 vol. university notes, private 1904-1912 correspondence. Firkins, Yvonne Add.Mss.93 1918-1962 8 i n . personal correspondence. Hall, Jessie Columbia 1904-1935 4 in. some personal (Greer), Add.Mss.97 correspondence. Brighouse, Samuel Add.Mss.Ill 1911-1926 7 i n . w i l l and correspondence re: dispute over estate. Southcott Family Add.Mss.113 1863-1931 2 i n . family photos, some correspondence. McCleery Family Add.Mss.114 1852-1959 32 i n . personal correspondence, daily diaries. Hodgson, Catherine C.1905-1962 12 i n . photos, personal Add.Mss.115 correspondence. Vancouver City Creche 1912-1932 7 vol.record books, daybooks, Add.Mss.124 day care ledgers. Mowat, Henry Add.Mss.136 1839-1940 40 i n . personal papers. Graveley Family Add.Mss.140 1883-1939 6 i n . personal correspondence. Bentley Family Add.Mss.151 1884-1898 56 p. largely correspondence, access restricted. Clarke Family Add.Mss.157 1867-1914 5 i n . diaries. Pollay Family Add.Mss.160 1911-1936 17 p. letters and photograph. Godfrey, Alexander Add.Mss.169 1876-1909 2 i n . letters, misc. family documents. Henry Hudson Parent- 1919-1931 Teacher Association Add.Mss.185 1 i n . minute book, 1919-1924. 109 T i t l e and Number Dates Clinton, Father Henry Add.Mss.192 1886 Wesleyan Methodist 1863-1923 Church, Add.Mss.194 Adams, Emily Add.Mss.203 1857 Twigge Family Add.Mss.217 1853-1891 Randall Family Add.Mss.218 1883-1884 Quine Family Add.Mss.245 1861-1885 Extent 6 p. Forms and Comments letter to sister-in-law. 87 p. Nanaimo sunday school r o l l books. 7 p. letter from brother i n Ontario. 16 p. letter. 4 p. letter from children i n Oregon. 44 p. family correspondence, photocopies. Archibald, Harry P. 1898-1965 38 f t . primarily engineering Add.Mss.246 records, some personal. Royal Columbian 1862-1970 18 f t . minutes, annual reports, Hospital, Add.Mss.284 some registers. Black, Alex Add.Mss.288 1825,1862 - p/copies, McGibbon family correspondence i n N.B. H i l l Family Add.Mss.292 1821-1972 5 f t . family correspondence, diaries. Emery, Bertram Add.Mss.303 1897-1971 6 f t . personal papers, photographs. Whittaker, Henry Add.Mss.315 1886-1971 2 in. some personal records, medical records. Green, Rev. A.E. Add.Mss.330 1912 15 p. letters regarding Indian schools. Vancouver Maritime 1908-1966 12 in. personal papers, diaries Museum, Add.Mss.335 of Capt. S. Robinson. Volume 1 Lett, Sherwood Add.Mss.361 1908-1966 1.3 m. diaries, personal papers. Wilson Family Add.Mss.362 1900-1974 7.2 m. correspondence, sermons. 110 T i t l e and Number Dates Extent Forms and Comments Small, George Add.Mss.373 1906-1936 42 cm. photographs. Turnbull, Netta Add.Mss.380 1908-1955 10 cm. school papers. Roberts, John Hugh Add.Mss.387 1887-1890 1 cm. p/copy diary of personal and business affairs. St. James Anglican 1881-1938 1 reel m/film church register Church, Add.Mss.403 and St.Luke's Home hospital records. Alexandra 1892-1972 5.2 m WCTU orphanage minutes. Neighbourhood House Add.Mss.420 Banfield, W. Orson Add.Mss.427 1834-1977 1.6m. mostly business, some personal records. St. John the Divine 1859-1903 Add.Mss.447 McQueen Family Add.Mss.465 - parish register, Anglican. 1782-1796 38 cm. correspondence, 1884-1978 photographs et a l . Mitchell-Dwelly Family 1883-1960 Add.Mss.504 13 cm. correspondence. Woodward Family Add.Mss.564 1912-1966 34 cm. correspondence, memoirs. Sam Kee Company Add.Mss.571 1888-1935 4.2 m. Chinese, no translaition, correspondence. Bell-Irving Family Add.Mss.592 1863-1909 34 cm. family accounts. Holy Trinity Cathedral 1860-1949 3 reels m/film, parish Add.Mss.603 registers. B.C. Dept. of Finance 1880-1913 22 reels m/film, Surveyor of Taxes assessment records. Add.Mss.619 Ladner,Leon Johnson 1852-1977 Add.Mss.641 8 m. personal papers and correspondence. Ill T i t l e and Number Dates Malkin Family Add.Mss.674 1840-1979 Extent Forms and Comments 6 cm. correspondence, legal documents, genealogy. Robertson Presbyterian 1908-1935 5 cm. minutes. Church, Add.Mss.721 St. Mary the Virgin 1862-1974 3 reels m/film, parish register. Add.Mss.744 Sapperton. St. John the Evangelist, Add.Mss.745 1899-1972 6 reels m/film, parish register, North Vancouver. St. Barnabas Church Add.Mss.746 1894-1975 4 reels m/film, parish register, New Westminister. First Lutheran Church 1892-1952 1 reel m/film, parish register. Add.Mss.749 Honeyman, D.R. Add.Mss.814 1900-1944 39 cm. diaries, correspondence, World War I. Morton Family Add.Mss.860 1890-1926 Lloyd Family Add.Mss.875 1871-1921 1 reel m/film, correspondence. Ritchie, Reginald Add.Mss.876 1907-1953 25 cm. correspondence. McCleery Family Add.Mss.878 1883-1914 6 cm. genealogical material, see also Add.Mss.114. Woods Family Add.Mss.898 1907-1941 2 cm. genealogical charts, adoption material. Markson, Murdo Add.Mss.905 1898-1950 4 cm. correspondence. McGuigan Family Add.Mss.920 1886-1960 1.7 m. small amount of family material, scrapbook. McGeer Family Add.Mss.958 1916-1948 McRae Family Add.Mss.974 1891-1982 15 cm. correspondence, scrapbook, photos. 1 cm. p/copies, several letters. 6 cm. correspondence,some family. 112 T i t l e and Number Dates Price Family Add.Mss.987 1887-1907 Extent Forms and Comments 6 cm. correspondence, genealogical material. Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District, Series B-l correspondence. Social Services 1895-1907 Department, Series 1 Friendly Aid/ Friendly Help Societies. Social Services 1907-1971 Department, Series 6 Old People's Home. Finance Department Assessment Division 1888-1889 assessment r o l l s . Vancouver School Board 1892-1963 Municipality of Point Grey, School Board 1912-1929 50 cm. minutes. Municipality of South Vancouver, School Board 1906-1928 6 m. 1 m. minutes, (restricted). minutes. Health Department, 1888-1974 6.5 cm correspondence, public Medical Health Officer, health i n schools. Series 1 British Columbia Archives and Records Service Pattulo, T. Duff Add.Mss.3 1892-1956 11 m. Ellison, Price Add.Mss.7 1884-1966 12 cm. correspondence to Mrs. Ellison (see also 249 and 478). McClung, Nellie L. Add.Mss.10 1894-1950 7 m. private correspondence. (see also 1188). correspondence. Hodson, Frederick W. 1913-1968 50 cm. diaries, correspondence. Add.Mss.22 Lampman, Peter Secord 1889-1934 1 cm. correspondence. Add.Mss.24 113 Burr Family Add.Mss.25 1901-1914 Boyd, John F. Add.Mss. 43 1867-1949 63 cm. correspondence regarding family and roadhouses. Wilkinson, John B, Add.Mss.48 1860-1865 .5 cm. ten letters to family. Crease Family Add.Mss.55 1753-1965 2.8 m. private and o f f i c i a l correspondence (see also 56 and 573). Crease Family Add.Mss. 56 1836-1924 6 cm. 6 cm. p/copies, letterbook, diaries. correspondence (see also 55 and 573). Moody, Mary Susanna 1854-1863 1 cm. Add.Mss.60 correspondence to mother and sister. Birch, Sir Arthur N. 1836-1946 8 cm. Add.Mss.61 correspondence with other family members. Glassford, Deborah F.1914-19193 cm. Add.Mss.89 letters from men overseas. Clearihue Family Add.Mss.121 1868-1914 correspondence, school register (see also 698). Hume Family Add.Mss.141 1872-1933 6 cm. certificates, school inspector's reports, photos. Christie, John Add.Mss.142 1859-1876 1 cm. diary. Langley, Alfred D. Add.Mss.180 1859-1910 18 cm. family correspondence. Dunn Family Add.Mss.191 1899-1900 1 cm. family matters, photos. Elwyn, Thomas Add.Mss.218 1870-1917 6 cm. personal and business correspondence. Bilow Family Add.Mss.219 1910-1922 6 cm. letterbook and family correspondence. Groth, Charles Add.Mss.243 1881-1895 2 cm. journal describing l i f e on Galiano Island. Stuart, Charles G. Add.Mss.244 1902-1918 2 cm. letters inward relating to family. 9 m. 114 T i t l e and Number Dates O'Reilly Family Add.Mss.248 1889-1973 18 cm. courtship correspondence, (see also 412 and 2086) Ellison Family Add.Mss.249 1868-1973 18 cm. correspondence (see also 7 and 478). Ker Family Add.Mss.255 1840-1945 12 cm. Colonial Auditor, correspondence. Jenns, Eustace A. Add.Mss.258 1878-1928 50 cm. personal and family correspondence. Hulbert Family Add.Mss.285 1858-1928 60 cm. letterbooks and family farm accounts. Tate Family Add.Mss.303 1870-1933 25 cm. diaries of missionaries. Extent Forms and Comments Royal Jubilee 1858-1967 13 m. Hospital, Add.Mss.313 patient registers, operational records. Cridge, Edward Add.Mss.320 1837-1918 1 m. personal correspondence, diaries, clergyman (see also 420 and 1975). Irvine Family Add.Mss.322 1851-1942 4 cm. correspondence, certificates, histories. Rhodes, Gertrude A. 1813-1894 51 cm. Red River Settlement, correspondence,marriage (collector) registrations. Add.Mss.345 DeBeck, Edwin K. Add.Mss.346 1906-1973 11 cm. personal correspondence. Corless, Richard F. 1916-1931 Add.Mss.348 6 cm. funeral home records and ledger, Prince George. Edwards, Thomas M. Add.Mss.349 1906-1965 2 m. Dingle Family Add.Mss.360 1887-1960 12 cm. 1887 diary, family correspondence. Butcher, Margaret Add.Mss.362 1916-1919 diaries, 6 cm. journal of nurse among Kitimat Indians. 115 T i t l e and Number Dates Mclllree Family Add.Mss.366 1846-1970 Extent Forms and Comments 30 p. family correspondence, genealogies (see also 1434). Pringle, Alexander D. 1828-1908 1 cm. family correspondence to Add.Mss.369 England. Oxley Family Add.Mss.385 1912-1914 Sherman, Marian N. Add.Mss.409 1901-1975 69 cm. family correspondence of humanist doctor, photos. O'Reilly Family Add.Mss.412 1795-1963 80 cm. correspondence, notebooks 6 cm. family correspondence, Wilmer, B.C. (see also 719). Jones, Elsie Add.Mss.414 1909-1913 Cridge, Edward Add.Mss.420 1904-1913 .5 cm. family correspondence (see also 320 and 1975). Children's Aid 1895-1973 Society of Victoria Add.Mss.431 1 cm. (see also 248 and 2086). 2 m. postcards from friends. accounts, annual reports, Hawking, Alben Add.Mss.441 1871-1880 1 cm. diary, letter. Wille Family Add.Mss.469 1874-1958 Mallandaim, Edward Add.Mss.470 1864-1897 65 cm. diaries, notebooks, reminiscences. Ellison Family Add.Mss.478 1884-1969 Wilson, Violet H. Add.Mss.487 1776-1969 Flavelle, Aird D. Add.Mss.495 1903-1964 42 cm. diary, correspondence to parents (see also 585 and 875). Suter Family Add.Mss.496 1864-1936 21 cm. correspondence, notes (see also 360). 6 cm. legal records, photos. 7 p. four letters (see also 7 and 249) 1 cm. reminiscences. 116 T i t l e and Number Dates Hayward Family Add.Mss.503 1862- 1963 Rithet Family Add.Mss.504 1863- 1944 58 cm. correspondence, letterbooks. Helmcken, John S. Add.Mss.505 1848-1920 1.4 m. family papers, medical notebooks. (see also 658 and 663). Extent Forms and Comments 12 m. personal papers, Victoria undertakers. Borradaille Family Add.Mss.506 3 cm. three photo albums and historical narratives. McWatters, Thomas T. 1864-1881 Add.Mss.511 19 p. Camerontown miner, letters to family, photo. Schofield, Charles D.1882-1941 64 cm. family correspondence, Add.Mss.519 sermons. Christ Church Cathedral Add.Mss.520 1836-1938 23 cm. church register. Barnard Family Add.Mss.527 1863-1936 30 era.diary, correspondence, dinner party record. Mason, A. Add.Mss.533 1913-1916 1 cm. p/copies, letters from son. Henderson, William Add.Mss.547 1916-1919 6 cm. diaries, weather, church and family affairs. Crease Family Add.Mss.573 1867-1882 4 era.diaries, birthday books (see also 55 and 56). Flavelle Family Add.Mss.585 1903-1973 4 cm. diary, correspondence (see also 495 and 875). Barclay, Forbes Add.Mss.586 1835-1879 3 cm. family correspondence, Oregon. Grainger, Martin A. 1876-1931 15 cm. family correspondence, Chief Forester. Add.Mss.588 Campbe11, John Add.Mss.593 Blinkhorn, Ann Add.Mss.595 1849 4 p. p/copy, family letter from P.E.I, to Mass. 1840-1846 .5 cm. letter from friend i n England. 117 T i t l e and Number Campbell, Marey Add.Mss.601 Dates 1824 Extent Forms and Comments 3 p. letter from father. Grey Family Add.Mss.604 1826-1946 7 cm. diaries, family papers, Reese, Theodore Add.Mss.607 1910-1924 5 cm. diaries, Princeton farmer. Carr, Richard Add.Mss.610 1836-1881 6 cm. diaries, correspondence, merchant. Martin, Archer E.S. 1865-1941 Add.Mss.632 4 m. some correspondence on domestic maters, jurist. Ross, Donald Add.Mss.635 1816-1877 88 cm. private correspondence. Cook Family Add.Mss.653 1915-1936 Gowans, John Add.Mss.654 1879-1881 3 p. two letters, miner. Fisher Family Add.Mss.657 1864-1892 4 p. Metchosin, letters from family i n Britain. Helmcken Family Add.Mss.658 1839-1871 5 p. death certificate (see also 505 and 663). Helmcken, John S. Add.Mss.663 1845-1869 Flavelle Family Add.Mss.666 ca. 1900 6 cm. correspondence (see also 495). LeBourdas, Louis Add.Mss.676 1917-1945 1.3 m. personal papers, Quesnel journalist. Longstaff, Frederick 1848-1961 Add.Mss.677 23 p. correspondence, Galiano. 1 cm. certificate, letters. (see also 505 and 658.) 12 m. diaries, correspondence, household accounts. Douglas, James Add.Mss.678 1835-1873 18 cm. m/film, diary, family bible. Perry, Martha E. Add.Mss.697 1898-1958 1.4 m. correspondence, diaries. 118 T i t l e and Number Dates Extent Forms and Comments Clearihue, Joseph B. 1872-1967 6.4 m. Victoria judge, family Add.Mss.698 / correspondence (see also 121). McArthur, James Add.Mss.713 1861-1897 27 p. correspondence to wife, Victoria marine engineer, Evans, Mary Add.Mss.718 1882-1904 10 p. p/copy, reminiscences of in-laws. Oxley Family Add.Mss.719 1912-1914 21 p. letter to family (see also 385). Allcock, Ernest H. Add.Mss.723 1909-1953 26 p. p/copy, reminiscences, Pidcock Family Add.Mss.728 1862-1955 72 cm. diaries and reminiscences. Pack, George Add.Mss.729 1890-1952 88 cm. diaries, house decorator. Walkem Family Add.Mss.734 1897-1949 1 cm. p/copy, letters. Pender Island Recreation Society Add.Mss.739 1909-1966 4 cm. minutes, account books. Forin Family Add.Mss.741 1875-1942 Pender Island School 1910-1942 Board, Add.Mss.743 Miles, Frank B. Add.Mss.746 2 m. diaries. 2 cm. minutes, accounts. 1896-1955 78 cm. diaries, dentist (restricted). McMillan, Christina 1904-1905 Add.Mss.755 2 cm. diary and reminiscences, Cornwall, Henry P. Add.Mss.758 6 cm. diary, Ashcroft Manor (see also 1631). 1864-1865 Cornwall, Clement F. 1862-1873 6 cm. diaries, Ashcroft Manor (see also 1631). Add.Mss.759 Cox, Dorothy Gordon 1905-1951 Add.Mss.762 6 cm. correspondence inward. 119 T i t l e and Number Dates Extent Forms and Comments MacMillan, Alexander 1891-1911 12 cm. personal diaries, Add.Mss.763 Victoria. Angus, Henry Forbes 1891-1966 441 p. typescript, Add.Mss.775 reminiscences (restricted). Maitland Family Add.Mss.781 1911-1972 Coburn, John Wood Add.Mss.783 1886-1938 24 cm. diaries, volume 3 family. Phillips, William W. ca.1916 Add.Mss.790 4 m. family correspondence. .5 cm. reminiscences of travel and family. Ker, Robert H.B. Add.Mss.793 1836-1976 2.4 m. correspondence and diaries (restricted). Brown, Robert Add.Mss.794 1850-1895 33 cm. private correspondence. Musgrave, Jeanie L. Add.Mss.803 1870 2 cm. m/film, diary including account of marriage. Manson's Store Add.Mss.806 1885-1956 2 m. Nanaimo general store, ledgers. Garrard Family Add.Mss.830 1868-1940 14 cm. family correspondence. McQueen, Mrs. D. Add.Mss.839 1887-1893 6 cm. p/copy, family correspondence (see also 860). Nelles, James W.G. Add.Mss.843 1862-1863 5 cm. diary of journey and two letters. 1890 50 p. p/copy, diary. Saltspring Island. Beddis, Samuel John Add.Mss.847 McQueen Family Add.Mss.860 1887-1925 1 cm. family correspondence (see also 839). Flavelle, Aird D. Add.Mss.875 1896-1945 12 cm. correspondence, diary (see also 495 and 585). Norbury Family Add.Ms.877 1886-1912 18 cm. p/copy, letters and diary of emigration. 120 T i t l e and Number Dates Hilton, Arthur M. Add.Mss.912 1908-1930 4 cm. p/copy, personal diaries. Sheringham, Helen Add.Mss.942 1905-1912 5 p. p/copy, reminiscences of ranch. McMillan, James S. Add.Mss.956 1868-1871 4 cm. death bed letter to family. McDonald, James E. Add.Mss.958 1901-1946 4 cm. diary of l i f e i n England, photos. Bullock-Webster, L. 1912-1950 Add.Mss.964 Gimse, Marjorie Add.Mss.992 pre 1915 Crummy Family Add.Mss.1014 1911-1972 Scattergood, Thomas Add.Mss.1021 Barnard Family Add.Mss.1064 Humphreys, Leonard Add.Mss.1068 Extent Forms and Comments 4 m. actor, correspondence, diaries, photos. 246 p. biography of father i n Pemberton. 2 cm. letters to family, photos (see also 1084). 1900 32 p. letters to son while family travelling. 1874-1897 1 cm. private letterbook. 1913 3 p. letter to mother. Behnsen, Shaw George 1916-1976 Add.Mss.1070 1 cm. correspondence, certificates. Goldrick, Dorothy D. Add.Mss.1072 (restricted). 32 p. typescript, 1910-1911 reminiscences Newcombe Family Add.Mss.1077 n.d. photos, 1870-1955 7.3 m. family papers, Maynard family diaries. 6 p. two letters, to wife and to brother. Yow, Lee R. Add.Mss.1078 1867 Crummy Family Add.Mss.1084 1913-1972 3 cm. letters to wife and daughter, papers (see also 1014). Prevost, Harold F. Add.Mss.1088 1901-1904 3 cm. letters to mother and sister. 121 T i t l e and Number Dates Moody, M. Susanna Add.Mss.1101 1858-1863 McMicking, Margaret Add.Mss.1133 1862-1938 1.6 m. scrapbooks, recipes, school notebooks, letters (see also 1171 and 1203). Schofield Family Add.Mss.1144 1829-1950 38 cm. private correspondence, personal finances. Johnson, Winslow Add.Mss.1156 Mackie Family Add.Mss.1164 Extent Forms and Comments .5 cm letters to mother and sister. 4 p. letter to uncle. 1878 1871-1974 1.3 m. correspondence, personal and Vernon school. Children's Aid Society 1901-1928 (restricted). of Vancouver Add.Mss.1166 42 cm. admissions McMicking, Robert B. 1862-1910 21 cm. personal correspondence, Add.Mss.1171 diaries (see also 1133 and 1203). Pattulo, George P. Add.Mss.1188 1856-1919 11 cm. correspondence from sons (see also 3). Brown, Alexander G. Add.Mss.1191 1 p. letter. 1908 McMicking, Robert B. 1869-1915 Add.Mss.1203 Kerr, Bryce C. Add.Mss.1204 1914-1916 family bible, genealogical material (see also 1133 and 1171) 1 cm. diary of work on homestead. Milne, George L. Add.Mss.1206 1881 2 cm. doctor's daybook. Barnes, Mary Add.Mss.1210 1980 19 p. reminisceneces about grandmother. Bodington, Walter E. ca. 1935 Add.Mss.1263 1 cm. p/copy, reminiscences. Burkitt, William A.E. Add.Mss.1264 2 cm. 1979 122 p/copy, reminiscences. T i t l e and Number Dates Extent Watt, Belle Delia Add.Mss.1266 ca. 1980 .5 cm. reminiscences. Neufeld, Peter Add.Mss.1279 1917-1918 2 cm. p/copy, diary, Vandernoof. Norris Family Add.Mss.1284 1819-1924 32 cm. family papers, photos. Williams, Albert Add.Mss.1287 ca. 1979 4 cm. p/copy, reminiscences. Pemberton Family Add.Mss.1295 1858-1914 7 cm. diary 1885, scriptures with annotations. Scott, Robert C. Add.Mss.1299 1872-1935 20 cm. baptismal register, missionary work i n B.C. Laing, David H.M. Add.Mss.1309 1900-1982 Martley Family Add.Mss.1340 1873-1938 Bland, James W. Add.Mss.1422 1889-1909 80 p. m/film, enquiries about family background. Mclllree, John H. Add.Mss.1434 1874-1910 3 r,m/film, diaries, police (see also 366). Church Family Add.Mss.1471 1890-1969 2 r,m/film, diaries, Big Creek rancher (restricted). Moffatt, Henry Add.Mss.1481 1889-1951 2 r.m/film, diaries and farm accounts (restricted). Forms and Comments 3 cm. personal correspondence, photos. 1 r.m/film, diaries, notebooks, Lillooet. Shawnigan Lake School 1916-1981 26 r m/film, school records (restricted). Add.Mss.1485 Smith, Marcus Add.Mss.1496 1815-1903 3 r.m/film, family register and diary extracts. 1836-1913 Christ Church Cathedral (Anglican) Add.Mss.1500 8 m. m/film, church registers (restricted). 1897-1936 2 r.m/film, diaries, photos, Sayward farmer. Henry, Arthur Add.Mss. 1502 123 T i t l e and Number Dates St.Andrew's Presbyterian Add.Mss.1507 1866-1952 7 r. m/film, church registers (restricted). H i l l s , George Add.Mss.1526 1838-1895 3 r. m/film, diaries, Anglican bishop of B.C. (restricted). Smith, James Black Add.Mss.1554 1903-1935 3 r. m/film, merchant, correspondence. Slocan Hospital Add.Mss.1556 1898-1905 4 m. m/film, hospital patients records. Pooley Family Add.Mss.1584 1904-1915 1 r. m/film, business and personal papers. Moses, Wellington D. 1865-1887 Add.Mss.1599 Extent Forms and Comments 2 r. m/film, diaries and cash books, Barkerville barber (see also 1691). Dobson, Hugh Wesley 1912-1951 137 r. m/film, correspondence. United Church social Add.Mss.1605 welfare. Capes, Geoffrey B. Add.Mss.1618 1911-1961 Cornwall Family Add.Mss.1631 1896-1912 2.5 m. m/film, diary, cashbooks (see also 758 and 759). Kenworthy, John G. Add.Mss.1633 1913-1914 8.8 m. m/film, diaries Anderson, Ellen M. Add.Mss.1650 1900-1924 Richter Family Add.Mss.1690 1890-1962 76 cm. family and business correspondence, photos, Ke r emo s r anche r. Moses, Wellington M. Add.Mss.1691 Bayliff Family Add.Mss.1692 1871 1894-1965 5 r. m/film, daily diaries (restricted). 1 r. m/film, diaries of grandfather, photos, 4 m. m/film, diary (see also 1599). 5 r. m/film, personal papers, photos, Redstone rancher (restricted). 124 T i t l e and Number Dates O'Keefe Family Add.Mss.1890 1866-1951 McMillan, Jock H. Add.Mss.1906 1919-1920 1 r. m/film, diary, Vanderhoof farmer. City of Victoria Add.Mss.1908 1891 1 r. m/film, head of household and singles. 1824-1927 2 m. diaries, correspondence, accountant. Anderson, James R. Add.Mss.1912 Extent Forms and Comments m/film, some personal, mostly business records, Vernon rancher. B.C.Anti-Tuberculosis 1906-1947 44 cm.correspondence, Add.Mss.1916 admissions. Society, St. Margaret's School 1908-1983 50 cm.memorabilia and records, g i r l s ' private school. Add.Mss.1924 Genn, Kenneth R. Add.Mss. 1950 1865-1970 28 m. Victoria accountants, family estates, private hospital. Dorsey, Hannah C. Add.Mss.1955 ca. 1980 1 cm. p/copy, reminiscences, Chilcotin. Fawcett Family Add.Mss.1962 1864-1916 25 cm. diary, school notebooks (see also 1963). Fawcett, Jane Add.Mss.1963 1849-1864 1 r. m/film, family correspondence, photos (see also 1962). Bullock-Webster, Julia 1894-1896 son's Add.Mss.1965 10 cm. diary of v i s i t of ranch. Cridge Family Add.Mss.1975 1855,1944 8 p. p/copy, two letters (see also 320 and 420). Wright, Amos Add.Mss.1976 1863-1866 24 p. p/copy, letters from brother. Becker, Nicoline D. 1869-1908 Add.Mss.1979 2 cm. cookbook of collected recipes. Smith, Selina Frances 1895-1932 11 cm.correspondence, Add.Mss.1992 teacher. Robinson Family Add.Mss.2010 music 1860-1960 1.8 m. mostly business, some personal and schooling. T i t l e and Number Dates Extent Forms and Comments James Ellard and 1878-1887 Company, Add.Mss.2024 1 cm. dry goods business and family accounts. Marriner, Edward Add.Mss.2037 1862- 1884 5 cm. diaries of farm l i f e . Muskett, Aubrey D. Add.Mss.2038 1892-1936 7 cm. Collegiate School for Boys records. Porter, Thomas Add.Mss.2056 1859 2 p. letter to sister-in-law. Bissett, James Add.Mss.2056 1854-1914 1 r. m/film, travel diaries, HBC chief factor. Mainguy, Daniel W. Add.Mss.2057 1863- 1884 7 cm. journals, farm l i f e and travel, Chemainus farmer, Beeman, Samuel O. Add.Mss.2073 1864- 1869 5 m. m/film, letters to brother, HBC clerk. Menagerie and Museum 1857-1882 Add.Mss.2082 5 cm. business and household account book. Bolton, Freeda B.H. Add.Mss.2084 5 cm. p/copy, reminiscences, photos, pre-WWI, Nelson. 1983 O'Reilly, Caroline A.1872-1885 .5 cm. recipe notebook and Add.Mss.2086 household information (see also 248 and 412). St.Mary's Anglican 1860-1915 Church, Add.Mss.2089 1 cm. p/copy, church registers. Brett, Robert A. Add.Mss.2091 6 cm. letterbook, personal finances. 1897 Evans Family Add.Mss.2112 1872-1879 8 p. family correspondence. Douglas Family Add.Mss.2164 1877,1899 3 p. letter, calling card, invoice. Canadian Colleries Add.Mss.2175 1901-1925 Claxton Family Add.Mss.2183 1890-1972 88 cm. family correspondence. 11 m. m/film, employee records, 126 T i t l e and Number Dates Women's Christian Temperance Union Add.Mss.2227 1883-1986 Extent Forms and Comments 3 cm. minute book. Provincial Secretary 1895-1958 Tranquille Sanatorium GR 3 medical superintendent files. Provincial Secretary 1914-1933 96 cm. correspondence of deputy re: fund Indigent Fund administration GR 289 (restricted). Provincial Secretary 1913-1945 Superintendent of Neglected Children GR 296 register of adoptions, admissions re: Children's Aid Society (restricted). Provincial Secretary 1911-1946 Hospital Programs Administration GR 1549 6 m. f i l e s re: community hospitals. Provincial Secretary 1910-1925 Indigents Files GR 150 2 m. f i l e s re: care of destitute. Provincial Secretary 1895-1917 75 cm. applications and related Provincial Home of correspondence. Aged and Infirm GR 624 Attorney General Estate Records various GR numbers 1859 - Surveyor of Taxes Assessment Rolls B-400 to B-543 1876-1948 144 r. microfilm, assessment rolls. Education, Superintendent of Education, GR 449 1881-1915 2.5 m. correspondence GR 1445. - records of wills and other estate records. indexes to 1872-1897 14 r. microfilm, correspondence Education, Superintendent of inward. Education, GR 1445 B-2017 to B-2030 127 T i t l e and Number Dates Extent Education, Superintendent of Education, GR 450 1872-1919 14 m. Forms and Comments outward correspondence and indexes. Victoria School Board 1869-1887 3 cm. minutes. GR 1465 Vancouver Island Board of Education GR 1467 1865-1869 7 cm. minutes, Canada, Census Returns for B.C. B-389 to B-390 1881 2 r. microfilm, Canada, Census Returns for B.C. B-7040 to B-7042 1891 3 r. microfilm, 128
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UBC Theses and Dissertations
A critical guide to sources for the study of the history of the family in British Columbia, 1849-1918 Burrows, James Kenneth 1989
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