THE G.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST AS VALIDATED BY THE FLEISHMAN BASIC FITNESS TEST by CHARLES S. JORDAN B.P.E., UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1963 A T h e s i s Submitted I n P a r t i a l Of The Requirements Fulfilment F o r The Degree Of M a s t e r Of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n I n The S c h o o l Of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n And R e c r e a t i o n We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as conforming t o the required standard The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h June, 1966 Columbia In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it for reference and study. freely available I further agree that permission for ex- tensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financ i a l gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of P H Y S I C A L EDUCATION The University of B r i t i s h Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date JUNE, 1966 AND RECREATION ABSTRACT The purpose o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was t o a s c e r t a i n t h e degree t o which t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t i s a v a l i d measure o f motor f i t n e s s as determined by t h e Fleishman B a s i c F i t n e s s Test. A second purpose was t o determine whether a b b r e v i a t e d b a t t e r i e s w i t h l i t t l e o r no l o s s o f v a l i d i t y can be d e v e l o p e d . The s u b j e c t s c o n s i s t e d o f n i n e t y grade s i x and seven boys e n r o l l e d a t an elementary s c h o o l i n Vancouver. T-score v a l u e s f o r each o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. and F l e i s h m a n items were computed. These v a l u e s were used t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i n t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n (average T-score v a l u e o f t h e s i x C.A.H.P.E.R. v a r i a b l e s ) and t h e e x t e r n a l (average T-score v a l u e o f t h e t e n F l e i s h m a n criterion variables). I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s between t h e s i x C.A.H.P.E.R. t e s t items and t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h b o t h t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n were computed. The v a r i a b l e s which y i e l d e d t h e b e s t combined r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e c r i t e r i o n s c o r e were s e l e c t e d by t h e s t e p w i s e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n method. The v a l i d i t y o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t was determined by i t s c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e F l e i s h m a n Basic Fitness Test. B a t t e r y A, ( t h e s h u t t l e r u n , t h e 300 y a r d r u n , and t h e f l e x e d arm hang) w i t h an R o f 0.961, was chosen as t h e best three item p r e d i c t o r o f the i n t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n . B, ( B a t t e r y A and t h e s t a n d i n g Battery broad jump) w i t h i t s R o f 0.90*2, was found t o be t h e b e s t f o u r i t e m predictor. B a t t e r y D ( t h e s t a n d i n g broad jump, t h e s h u t t l e r u n , and t h e f l e x e d arm hang) was chosen as t h e b e s t t h r e e indoor battery. I t s m u l t i p l e R was 0.6*94. item Battery F ( B a t t e r y D and t h e one minute speed s i t - u p ) had an R o f 0.941 and was chosen as t h e b e s t f o u r i t e m i n d o o r internal predictor of the criterion. B a t t e r y G, ( t h e s h u t t l e r u n and t h e 300 y a r d run) w i t h i t s m u l t i p l e R o f 0.763, was chosen as t h e b e s t two i t e m predictor of the external c r i t e r i o n . the standing With the a d d i t i o n of broad jump, B a t t e r y H was formed. I t s multiple R o f 0.775, made t h i s b a t t e r y t h e b e s t p r e d i c t o r o f t h e external criterion. Battery J , (the standing and broad jump, t h e s h u t t l e r u n , t h e f l e x e d arm hang) w i t h i t s R o f 0.752, was chosen as the best indoor p r e d i c t o r o f t h e e x t e r n a l criterion. The h i g h degree o f v a l i d i t y o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t as measured by t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t was s u b s t a n t i a t e d by: a) t h e m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.790, b) t h e z e r o - o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.7S1. B a t t e r i e s G and H, however, p r e d i c t t h e F l e i s h m a n T e s t almost as w e l l as t h e complete C.A.H.P.E.R. T e s t . The r e l a t i v e l y h i g h r e l a t i o n s h i p between each o f t h e following: a) t h e one minute speed s i t - u p , b) t h e s h u t t l e r u n , c) t h e 50 y a r d r u n , d) t h e 300 y a r d r u n , i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e Test c o n t a i n s measures o f v a r i a n c e common t o more t h a n one t e s t item. DEDICATION T h i s study i s d e d i c a t e d t o my wife, Florence, i n a p p r e c i a t i o n of h e r sacrifices. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The w r i t e r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s s i n c e r e t o h i s a d v i s e r Dr. H.D. W h i t t l e f o r h i s c o n s t a n t ment and v a l u a b l e appreciation encourage- advice. The w r i t e r i s s i m i l a r l y i n d e b t e d t o Dr. S.R. Brown f o r h i s guidance and a i d i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e t e s t s and t o M i s s R. Hogan, S t a t i s t i c i a n , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia. The w r i t e r a l s o w i s h e s t o extend h i s g r a t i t u d e t o t h e teachers and s t u d e n t s o f Queen E l i z a b e t h E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l and t o t h e Vancouver S c h o o l Board. cooperation study. T h e i r i n t e r e s t and d i r e c t l y contributed t o t h e success o f t h i s TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I II III PAGE STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM . . The Problem : J u s t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e Problem . . . . . . 1 1 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 6 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 13 Preparation f o r Administration of Tests IV IS Administration of Tests 19 S t a t i s t i c a l Treatment o f Data . . . . . . 21 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27 A n a l y s i s o f I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n and Validity Coefficients 27 S e l e c t i o n o f Short B a t t e r i e s as P r e d i c t o r s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. T e s t . . 30 A n a l y s i s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. C o r r e l a t i o n Coefficients with the External Criterion 35 S e l e c t i o n o f S h o r t B a t t e r i e s as Predictors of the External C r i t e r i o n . 36 C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance Criterion Test with t h e E x t e r n a l 40 CHAPTER V PAGE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Treatment ... o f t h e Data 44 44 B a t t e r i e s Which P r e d i c t t h e I n t e r n a l Criterion • 45 B a t t e r i e s Which P r e d i c t t h e E x t e r n a l Criterion 46 V a l i d a t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t 47 Conclusions 4& Recommendations • 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY 51 APPENDICES A D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t Items B Test I n s t r u c t i o n f o r the Fleishman Basic Fitness Tests C . . . . . . . . . . . The C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t Score Card D F l e i s h m a n F i t n e s s T e s t Score Card . . . . . . E A r e a s o f F i t n e s s as D e f i n e d by F l e i s h m a n . . . F A l t e r n a t e T e s t i n g Procedures N e c e s s i t a t e d by Weather C o n d i t i o n s G T-Scores f o r t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. V a r i a b l e s . . . H T-Scores f o r t h e F l e i s h m a n V a r i a b l e s . . • • . LIST OF TABLES TABLE I PAGE Zero-order C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s at the 5% and 1% L e v e l s o f S i g n i f i c a n c e . . . . II M u l t i p l e C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s (R) a t t h e 5% and 1% L e v e l s o f S i g n i f i c a n c e . . III 24 25 I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s and T e s t - C r i t e r i o n C o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. Fitness-Performance Test Battery IV The I n c r e a s e i n t h e M u l t i p l e . . . . Correlation Coefficient with Additional Variables V 28 . 31 . 32 Other Motor F i t n e s s B a t t e r i e s Which A r e S a t i s f a c t o r y as P r e d i c t o r s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t VI Regression Equations f o r P r e d i c t i n g the Internal Criterion . . VII 34 C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t V a r i a b l e s w i t h t h e Fleishman Basic F i t n e s s Test VIII The I n c r e a s e i n M u l t i p l e Coefficients with Variables IX 35 Correlation Additional . . . . . 37 Other Motor F i t n e s s B a t t e r i e s Which A r e S a t i s f a c t o r y As P r e d i c t o r s o f t h e Fleishman Basic F i t n e s s Test . . . . . . 3# PAGE TABLE X Regression Equations f o r P r e d i c t i n g the External Criterion XI . . . . . . 39 Z e r o - o r d e r and M u l t i p l e C o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t with the Fleishman Basic F i t n e s s Test . 41 CHAPTER I STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION I. OF THE PROBLEM THE PROBLEM The object* o f t h i s s t u d y i s two f o l d . Namely t o determine: a) t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t i s a v a l i d t e s t o f motor as measured fitness by t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t ; b) whether an a b b r e v i a t e d b a t t e r y w i t h l i t t l e o r no l o s s o f v a l i d i t y can be d e v e l o p e d . Assumption: be measured Motor f i t n e s s i s a q u a l i t y which cannot directly. Motor performance i s t h e r e f o r e s e l e c t e d as t h e b e s t and most r e a d i l y measurable o f motor f i t n e s s . reflector I t i s t h e r e f o r e assumed t h a t motor fitness i s r e l a t e d t o achievement i n performance t e s t s i n v o l v i n g m u s c u l a r s t r e n g t h and endurance, c a r d i o v a s c u l a r - r e s p i r a t o r y endurance, m u s c u l a r power, f l e x i b i l i t y , speed, a g i l i t y , c o o r d i n a t i o n and b a l a n c e . Limitations: 1. The t i m e a v a i l a b l e f o r t e s t i n g was l i m i t e d t o t h e c l a s s time of the subjects. 2. The t o t a l number o f s u b j e c t s was l i m i t e d t o t h o s e enr o l l e d a t t h e sample school. 2 3. The age ranged from 10 y e a r s 2 months t o 13 y e a r s 6 months. 4. Although t e s t d i r e c t i o n s are standardized, possible t o control•completely 5. motivational i t was imfactors. The o r d e r o f t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was l i m i t e d by weather conditions. II. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM There has been a growing i n t e r e s t w i t h i n Canada and the U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r t h e need f o r a v a l i d t e s t o f motor fitness. Many t e s t s have been d e v i s e d . have been c o n s t r u c t e d Most o f t h e s e t e s t s i n u n i v e r s i t i e s i n the United and w i t h norms based upon American p o p u l a t i o n s . D i r e c t o r s o f t h e Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n States The Board o f Physical (C.A.H.P.E.R.) d e c i d e d t h a t i t was o f s p e c i a l importance t o d e v e l o p i n Canada a s e t o f n a t i o n a l performance norms f o r Canadian c h i l d r e n . d i r e c t i v e t o t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. r e s e a r c h Thus t h e y i s s u e d a committee a t t h e i r 1963 n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n , i n i t i a t i n g . t h e p r o j e c t w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t . The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s p r o j e c t was t h r e e - f o l d : a) t o e s t a b l i s h f i t n e s s - p e r f o r m a n c e norms on t h e s e l e c t e d t e s t - i t e m s f o r Canadian boys and g i r l s aged seven t o seventeen; 3 b) t o p r o v i d e t e a c h e r s w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e c u r r e n t range o f performance a b i l i t y sex o f each age- group; c) t o p r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e f o r the personal f i t n e s s improvement o f Canadian c h i l d r e n . As a r e s u l t o f t h e 1964 C.A.H.P.E.R. Research Comm i t t e e meetings i n Edmonton and Ottawa, t h e t e s t i t e m s were selected and t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e The d e t a i l s were established. s e l e c t i o n o f t e s t i t e m s depended upon: a) t h e r e l i a b i l i t y and v a l i d i t y o f t h e performance elements as p r e d i c t o r s o f motor f i t n e s s ; b) t h e ease o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f the t e s t items i n terms o f : 1. t h e economy o f t i m e , 2. equipment and space required; c) t h e a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s and a d a p t a b i l i t y o f t h e t e s t i t e m s f o r a l l ages and both s e x e s . C o n s i d e r a t i o n was a l s o g i v e n t o items which a f f o r d e d i n t e r national The comparisons. v a l i d i t y o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. t e s t b a t t e r y based upon t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l adian physical and (1) was knowledge and e x p e r i e n c e o f Can- educational experts. Although c o r r e l a t i o n a l f a c t o r a n a l y t i c i n f o r m a t i o n was c o n s i d e r e d w h i l e s e l e c t - i n g t e s t i t e m s , no l e v e l o f c o r r e l a t i o n t o some c r i t e r i o n as t h e minimum s t a n d a r d was s e t by t h e committee. " I t was f e l t t h a t most items would be s e l f - v a l i d a t i n g i n t h e f a c t that t h e y sample a t y p e o f movement o r performance which we wanted t o a s s e s s . " (2) I t i s t h e purpose o f t h i s study t o add i n f o r m a t i o n as t o t h e e m p i r i c a l v a l i d i t y o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t . 5 REFERENCES 1. The Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , and R e c r e a t i o n , " M i n u t e s o f the M e e t i n g o f the Research Committee o f the Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and Recreation." U n i v e r s i t y of Ottawa, Ottawa, May 1,2, 19o4> p. 2. (Mimeographed.) 2. The Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , and R e c r e a t i o n , " M i n u t e s o f the M e e t i n g o f t h e Research Committee o f t h e Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and Recreation," U n i v e r s i t y o f Edmonton, Edmonton, F e b r u a r y 21,22, 23, 1964, p. 6. (Mimeographed.) CHAPTER I I REVIEW GF THE LITERATURE V a l i d i t y o f a t e s t may be d e f i n e d as t h e a c c u r a c y w i t h which t h e t e s t measures t h a t which i t i s used t o measure, o r as t h e degree t o which i t approaches ity i n measuring t h a t which i t p u r p o r t s infallibil- t o measure ( l ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . "A t e s t i s v a l i d f o r a p a r t i c u l a r purpose o r i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n - i t i s not g e n e r a l l y v a l i d . " (4) C u r e t o n s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e a r e two major a s p e c t s o f v a l i d i t y : relevance and r e l i a b i l i t y cerned w i t h t h e c l o s e n e s s (5). o f agreement R e l e v a n c e i s con- between t h a t which t h e t e s t measures and t h e f u n c t i o n t h a t i t i s used t o measure. R e l i a b i l i t y i s concerned w i t h t h e a c c u r a c y and c o n s i s t e n c y of t h e t e s t * s measuring a b i l i t y . When a v a l i d i t y study i s b e i n g made, l o g i c as w e l l as s t a t i s t i c s s h o u l d be a p p l i e d . Face v a l i d i t y i s a r a t i o n a l a n a l y s i s of the task involved i n the t e s t s i t u a t i o n (6). In such c a s e s , t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r v a l i d a t e s a t e s t d e s c r i p t i v e l y , using l o g i c a l explanations t o show t h a t t h e t e s t does measure t h a t which i s r e q u i r e d by t h e d e s c r i p t i v e c r i t e r i o n ( 7 ) . Face v a l i d i t y t h e n , i s t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e t e s t i s conv i n c i n g as a measure o f t h a t f o r which i t i s b e i n g used. It i s a form of s e l f - v a l i d a t i o n . Content v a l i d i t y i s t h e v a l i d a t i o n o f a t e s t ' s c o n t e n t by means of competent judgements. I t i s e s t a b l i s h e d by 7 showing t h a t t h e t e s t items a r e a sample o f a u n i v e r s e i n which t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r i s interested. i s o r d i n a r i l y t o be e s t a b l i s h e d T h i s type o f v a l i d i t y deductively, by d e f i n i n g u n i v e r s e o f i t e m s and s a m p l i n g s y s t e m a t i c a l l y u n i v e r s e t o e s t a b l i s h t h e t e s t (&*). f o r the construction fitness tests (9). within this T h i s has been t h e b a s i s o f many g e n e r a l motor a b i l i t y and motor These two p r o c e s s e s c o n s i s t of analyzing t h e a c t i v i t y i n terms o f i t s fundamental e l e m e n t s . researcher then investigates elements. a t e s t items t o measure t h e s e The content v a l i d i t y i s u s u a l l y d e d u c t i v e l y by s y s t e m a t i c a l l y the t e s t e r i s i n t e r e s t e d The established s a m p l i n g t h e u n i v e r s e i n which t o establish the t e s t . This i s most s a t i s f a c t o r y when t h e s a m p l i n g o f i t e m s i s wide and j u d i c i o u s and when s t a n d a r d i z e d groups a r e u t i l i z e d (10)(11). Content v a l i d i t y , t h e n , i s concerned w i t h how w e l l t h e t e s t performance r e p r e s e n t s t h e u n i v e r s e o f c r i t e r i o n b e h a v i o u r (12)(13). and The above two methods were used f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n v a l i d a t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t . The combined judgement o f e x p e r t s i s o f t e n used when i t i s d i f f i c u l t to find a suitable test for a c r i t e r i o n measure. Though t h i s procedure i s t i m e consuming, i t may prove more b e n e f i c i a l t h a n comparing a new t e s t w i t h older t e s t s of questionable value The several (14). v a l i d i t y o f a t e s t may be determined experimen- t a l l y by f i n d i n g t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e t e s t and some independent c r i t e r i o n , such as a n o t h e r t e s t o f t h e same 8 f a c t o r i n w h i c h r e s u l t s have a l r e a d y been e s t a b l i s h e d (15). A c r i t e r i o n i s a s t a n d a r d o f j u d g i n g t h a t which i s a known and a c c e p t e d measure o f whatever t h e a u t h o r w i s h e s t o t e s t (16). I t may be a n o t h e r t e s t which has proven i t s w o r t h o r i t may be some s c o r e d e t e r m i n e d s u b j e c t i v e l y p r o v i d e d by a r a t i n g ( 1 7 ) . such as t h a t The c r i t e r i o n i s t h e y a r d s t i c k a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e t e s t i n q u e s t i o n i s t o be measured. It i s t h e r e f o r e most i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e c r i t e r i o n i s a p p r o p r i a t e . This type o f v a l i d a t i o n i s c a l l e d e m p i r i c a l tistical validity. the or sta- I f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e t e s t and c r i t e r i o n i s h i g h , t h e y measure e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same thing. T h i s p r a c t i c e o f v a l i d a t i n g a new t e s t w i t h an e s - tablished health c r i t e r i o n has n o t been w i d e l y used i n p h y s i c a l and education (18)(19). I t i s u s u a l l y very d i f f i c u l t t o create or locate a s u i t a b l e c r i t e r i o n measure. exception. A motor f i t n e s s c r i t e r i o n i s no A l l c r i t e r i o n measures a r e p a r t i a l measures i n t h a t t h e y measure o n l y p a r t o f t h e a b i l i t i e s o r p r e l i m i n a r i e s u n d e r l y i n g t h e a c t u a l performance ( 2 0 ) . The problem t h e n becomes one o f c h o o s i n g t h e most s a t i s f a c t o r y c r i t e r i o n measure.from among t h o s e measures w h i c h appear most obtain- able. T h o r n d i k e and Hagen l i s t t h e f o l l o w i n g q u a l i t i e s o f a c r i t e r i o n measure: a) relevance, b) freedom from b i a s , desirable 9 c) reliability, d) a v a i l a b i l i t y ( 2 1 ) . The e m p i r i c a l v a l i d i t y o f a t e s t i s . . . "expressed as a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , t h a t i s a numerical expression o f t h e degree o f r e l a t i o n s h i p between two f a c t o r s o r a b i l i t i e s as measured on a g i v e n p o p u l a t i o n . " I n t h i s case, t h e c o e f f i c i e n t e x p r e s s e s t h e degree o f r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e c r i t e r i o n and t h e t e s t ( 2 2 ) . The a s s u r a n c e o f a new t e s t i s l i m i t e d by t h e degree o f agreement between t h e c r i t e r i o n t e s t and t h e q u a l i t y measured. The h i g h e r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , t h e more t r u l y - d o e s t h e t e s t appear t o be measuring t h e a b i l i t y i n question, that i s , t h e more n e a r l y i t confirms the basic assumptions o f f a c e v a l i d i t y ( 2 3 ) . S k i l l i s r e q u i r e d t o i n t e r p r e t v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s because t h e r e a r e many f a c t o r s which may i n f l u e n c e empirical validity. Some t e s t s l e n d t h e m s e l v e s more n a t u r a l l y t o v a l i d ation studies cult to find. t h a n do o t h e r s . O f t e n good c r i t e r i a a r e d i f f i - Such i s t h e case i n f i n d i n g a s u i t a b l e motor fitness criterion. Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a high r e l a t i o n - s h i p between t h e t e s t and t h e c r i t e r i o n i s u n l i k e l y . The e x p e r i m e n t e r has no way o f knowing from h i s ex- periment whether o r n o t t h e t e s t i s a b e t t e r measure o f t h e desired c h a r a c t e r i s t i c than i s the c r i t e r i o n . Because a t e s t may work w e l l w i t h one group and n o t so w e l l w i t h a n o t h e r , t h e v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s may v a r y 10 markedly as the populations d i f f e r . The c o e f f i c i e n t i s l i k e l y t o be h i g h e r when t h e g r o u p b e i n g e x a m i n e d exhibits A good t e s t s h o u l d d i s c r i m i n a t e great v a r i a b i l i t y . when t h e g r o u p i s h i g h l y homogeneous. power o f a t e s t i s o f t e n established The even discriminatory by comparing d i f f e r e n t groups such as t h e upper q u a r t e r o f t h e group b e i n g with well tested t h e lower group (24). The usefulness of a.test o n l y on how w e l l i tcorrelates how much a d d i t i o n a l a test correlates may n o t be o f much v a l u e . used i n a b a t t e r y with information very highly as a p r e d i c t o r a c r i t e r i o n , but also i t will with depends n o t give us. on E v e n when the c r i t e r i o n variable, i t Some o f t h e t e s t s w h i c h a r e t o be may be m e a s u r i n g t h e same a b i l i t i e s a s other t e s t s , thus a d u p l i c a t i o n o f measurement r e s u l t s . e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h i s i s t r u e may be d e t e r m i n e d b y a l a t i o n o f t h e s u s p e c t e d t e s t s a g a i n s t one a n o t h e r . The correSuch a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n two t e s t i t e m s i s known a s a n i n t e r c o r r e lation. I n combining t e s t s t o form a b a t t e r y , those with low i n t e r c o r r e l a t ^ i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a n d a t t h e same t i m e correlation coefficients with .500) a r e s e l e c t e d the desired The by a multiple (not l e s s than because t h e y measure d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f criterion validity the criterion high performance. of the t o t a l test battery c o r r e l a t i o n procedure. may be c o m p u t e d This s t a t i s t i c a l pro- c e d u r e a l l o w s us t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b e s t w e i g h t t o g i v e e a c h o f two o r more m o t o r f i t n e s s p r e d i c t o r s and t o c a l c u l a t e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t t h a t w i l l r e s u l t f r o m t h i s combina t i o n (25). The r e s u l t a n t w e i g h t s a r e c a l l e d w e i g h t s and t h e r e s u l t a n t regression correlations are c a l l e d multiple correlation coefficients. S e v e r a l o f t h e above c o m b i n a t i o n s may be t r i e d . resultant multiple The correlation c o e f f i c i e n t s w i l l indicate the r e l a t i v e v a l i d i t y o f each c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e c r i t e r i o n . The e x p e r i m e n t e r t h e n chooses a b a t t e r y the highest m u l t i p l e the i n terms o f c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o r he s e l e c t s few most v a l i d and l e a s t o v e r l a p p i n g t e s t s ( 2 6 ) . e r a t i o n must a l s o be g i v e n t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e Consid- feasibility, costs,, s p e c i a l i z e d equipment needed, and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f the t e s t t o t h e program b e i n g used. quite desirable A test battery may be when c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e l i g h t o f i t s r e l a t i o n - s h i p w i t h t h e e s s e n t i a l c r i t e r i a , but t h e use t o which i t s r e s u l t s can be put, may not j u s t i f y t h e e f f o r t and money involved. Weiss and S c o t t (27) summarize t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a t i o n p r o c e s s by g i v i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g valid- procedures. A t e s t c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e c r i t e r i o n i s computed. Those t e s t s w i t h h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e s e l e c t e d p r o s p e c t s f o r t h e new t e s t battery.. Every t e s t i s then c o r r e l a t e d i n the experimental battery as t h e b e s t w i t h every o t h e r t e s t w i t h t h e purpose o f e l i m i n a t i n g d u p l i c a t i o n o f measures o f t h e same f a c t o r . M u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e computed between t h e 12 c r i t e r i o n and two o r more t e s t s w i t h t h e purpose o f s e l e c t i n g a n a l y t i c a l l y t h e l e a s t number o f items t o form a b a t t e r y . T h i s b a t t e r y s h o u l d not o n l y be c o n s t r u c t e d on i t s h i g h r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e c r i t e r i o n but a l s o upon i t s ease and economy o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The W h e r r y - D o o l i t t l e m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s method o f t e s t s e l e c t i o n i s o f t e n used. T h i s method i s a l s o used t o d e v e l o p a r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h e r e l a t i v e importance o f each item i n the t e s t b a t t e r y . I f t h e items a r e a l l o f a p p r o x i - m a t e l y t h e same weight o r i m p o r t a n c e , t h e r e s e a r c h e r d i s r e g a r d w e i g h t i n g i n s e t t i n g up t h e s c o r i n g system. the weightings When i n the r e g r e s s i o n equation are unequal, i t i s b e s t t o use t h e e q u a t i o n i t s e l f , t o compute t h e t o t a l formance s c o r e . may per- I f t h i s procedure i s not f o l l o w e d , t h e t o t a l t e s t s c o r e s w i l l be l e s s v a l i d t h a n i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e multiple correlation coefficient. Factor a n a l y s i s technique i s a valuable technique i n any v a l i d i t y s t u d y , when i t p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n as t o what t h e t e s t measures, and t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t , how w e l l i t performs t h i s measurement t a s k . i a l i z e d mathematical technique F a c t o r a n a l y s i s i s a specthat systematically studies t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between t e s t s o r o t h e r measures. Through t h i s t e c h n i q u e , i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s of a large number o f t e s t s a r e examined and i f p o s s i b l e accounted f o r i n terms o f a much s m a l l e r number o f more fundamental factors. Each t e s t i t e m i s g i v e n a f a c t o r l o a d i n g o r weight as a r e s u l t o f the t e s t s c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h each f a c t o r . f T h i s c o e f f i c i e n t becomes t h e t e s ^ s factorial validity That i s , the v a l i d i t y o f a t e s t as a measure o f one (2&). of these f a c t o r s i s i t s c o r r e l a t i o n with that p a r t i c u l a r f a c t o r . As f a c t o r a n a l y s i s , s t u d i e s become more e x t e n s i v e more c a r e f u l l y d e s i g n e d , t h e i r f i n d i n g s w i l l and increasingly c o n v e r g e , c o n f i r m i n g the e x i s t e n c e o f i d e n t i f i a b l e motor fitness factors. G r a d u a l l y a r e f e r e n c e system o f w i l l be e s t a b l i s h e d scribed factors from,which d i f f e r e n t t e s t s can be de- (29). The F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t was r e s u l t of f a c t o r i a l a n a l y s i s technique. c o n s t r u c t e d as a F i r s t , a comprehen- s i v e r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e on p r e v i o u s f a c t o r a n a l y t i c r e s e a r c h on the d i m e n s i o n s o f p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s was C o n s i d e r a b l e p r e - t e s t i n g o f new c a r r i e d out. The and made. e x i s t i n g t e s t s was most r e l i a b l e t e s t s from t h e s e then pre-test s t u d i e s a l o n g w i t h t h e more f a m i l i a r t e s t s were i n c l u d e d two large-scale The c o r r e l a t i o n s among a l l the t e s t s a d m i n i s t e r e d were o b t a i n e d and s t u d i e s w i t h U n i t e d S t a t e s Navy r e c r u i t s . subjected to f a c t o r a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s . This p r o v i d e d a b e t t e r d e f i n i t i o n o f the f a c t o r s t h a t need t o a s s e s s e d f o r a more comprehensive e v a l u a t i o n p r o f i c i e n c y and in of be physical p r o v i d e d recommendations f o r t e s t s which b e s t diagnose these d i f f e r e n t f a c t o r s . most r e l i a b l e and diagnostic assembled i n t o b a t t e r i e s and The t e s t s found t o be the o f the d i f f e r e n t f a c t o r s were a d m i n i s t e r e d t o more t h a n 2 0 , 0 0 0 boys and g i r l s i n 45 c i t i e s throughout t h e U n i t e d States. The v a l i d i t y o f the f i n a l t e s t b a t t e r y was i n terms o f two c r i t e r i a : t h e s i z e o f t h e t e s t * s determined factor l o a d i n g on i t s p r i m a r y f a c t o r , and how " p u r e " t h e t e s t i n measuring t h i s f a c t o r . This kind of v a l i d i t y called "construct v a l i d i t y . " (30) was has been 15 REFERENCES 1. 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McCloy," C h a r l e s H a r o l d , and Young, Norma Dorothy, T e s t s and Measurements i n H e a l t h and P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , " A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , I n c . , New Y o r k , 1954, p. 29. 19. Clarke, l o c . c i t . 20. T h o r n d i k e , and Hagen, op_. c i t . , p. 21. I b i d . , p. 22. S c o t t , and F r e n c h , op_. c i t . , p. 23. Ibid. 24. W i l l g o o s e , op_. c i t . , pp. 22-23. 25. T h o r n d i k e , and Hagen, op_. c i t . , p. 26. S c o t t , and F r e n c h , op_. c i t . , p. 27. W e i s s , and S c o t t , op_. c i t . , pp. 2 4 6 - 2 4 6 . 26. G a r r e t t , p_p_. c i t . , p. 29. Adams, o£. c i t . , p. 164. 166. 21. 166. 26. 356. 136. 30. F l e i s h m a n , Edwin,A., The S t r u c t u r e and Measurement o f P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s , P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , Englewood • C l i f f s , 1964, p. 133. CHAPTER I I I METHODS AND PROCEDURE The S u b j e c t s ; The d a t a f o r t h i s s t u d y were o b t a i n e d d u r i n g October 1965, by t e s t i n g t h e n i n e t y boys e n r o l l e d i n grades s i x and seven a t Queen E l i z a b e t h Elementary Vancouver, B r i t i s h Columbia. School, The age o f t h e s u b j e c t s ranged from t e n y e a r s two months t o t h i r t e e n y e a r s s i x months. The T e s t Items: performance The raw d a t a c o n s i s t e d o f a c t u a l r e c o r d s made by t h e s u b j e c t s on t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e and F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t i t e m s . The C.A.H.P.E.R. T e s t c o n s i s t e d o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m s : 1. one minute speed 1 sit-up, 2. s t a n d i n g broad jump, 3. s h u t t l e r u n , 4. f l e x e d arm hang, 5. 50 y a r d r u n , 6. 300 y a r d r u n . 2 The F l e i s h m a n T e s t c o n t a i n e d t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m s : 1. e x t e n t f l e x i b i l i t y test, See Appendix A, f o r f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t i t e m s . 2 See Appendix B, f o r f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s Test items. 2. dynamic f l e x i b i l i t y test, 3. s h u t t l e r u n , 4. s o f t b a l l throw, 5. hand g r i p , 6. p u l l - u p s , 7. l e g l i f t s , £. c a b l e jump t e s t , 9. b a l a n c e - A t e s t , 10. 600 y a r d run-walk. The r e s u l t s from t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. and F l e i s h m a n t e s t items 1 2 were r e c o r d e d by t h e examiner on t h e s c o r e c a r d s ' as O I recommended by t h e . a p p r o p r i a t e manuals. ' • I-. PREPARATION FOR ADMINISTRATION OF TESTS The t e s t i n g team i n c l u d e d f o u r t h - y e a r p h y s i c a l edu- c a t i o n majors and s e n i o r p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n s t u d e n t s . This team had been w e l l prepared f o r t h e t e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s by S e e Appendix C, f o r t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r formance T e s t * s s c o r e c a r d . x See Appendix D, f o r t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t s score card. f See Appendix A, f o r f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f s c o r i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e C.A.H.P^E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t . ^"See Appendix B, f o r f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f s c o r i n g procedures f o r t h e Fleishman B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t . t h e i r r e g u l a r l y s c h e d u l e d T e s t and Measurement l a b o r a t o r y classes. D u r i n g t h e s e c l a s s e s , t h e y were examined n o t o n l y on t h e i r t e c h n i q u e s o f t e s t i n g , but a l s o on t h e i r knowledge of t h e two t e s t s . S t r i c t s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e t e s t i n g procedures was p r a c t i c e d throughout t h e t e s t i n g p e r i o d s . This s t r i c t super- v i s i o n was made e a s i e r by t h e f a c t t h a t : 1. no more t h a n f o u r boys were a s s i g n e d t o a t e s t administrator, 2. equipment and a r e a s f o r t e s t i n g were prepared w e l l i n advance. II. ADMINISTRATION OF TESTS The C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t and t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t were a d m i n i s t e r e d d u r i n g t h e r e g u l a r p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n p e r i o d on two c o n s e c u t i v e Tuesdays and T h u r s d a y s . p e r i o d was BO m i n u t e s . The time a l l o t t m e n t f o r each t e s t The two t e s t p e r i o d s , A and B, were o r g a n i z e d as f o l l o w s : T e s t P e r i o d A: During t h i s p e r i o d t h e f o l l o w i n g data were o b t a i n e d : 1. The s i x measures o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s T e s t ; 2. Three measures o f t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t : a) e x t e n t flexibility, b) dynamic f l e x i b i l i t y , c) hand g r i p . T e s t P e r i o d B; During t h i s period the Fleishman i t e m s noted below were measured: 1. s h u t t l e r u n , 2. pull-ups, 3. l e g l i f t s , 4. c a b l e jump, 5. b a l a n c e - A, 6. s o f t b a l l throw, 7. 600 y a r d run-walk. Because o f weather c o n d i t i o n s , e x c e p t i o n s t o t h e above procedure were e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e Tuesday group. t e s t i n g procedure i s g i v e n i n Appendix F. Their Consideration i n t e s t s e l e c t i o n was made, so t h a t no motor f i t n e s s factor would be measured t w i c e d u r i n g t h e same p e r i o d . B e f o r e t h e s u b j e c t s attempted any t e s t i t e m , i n s t r u c t i o n s were r e a d from t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t e s t manual, (see Appendices A, and B.) Each t e s t was then demonstrated. A l t h o u g h each o f t h e s u b j e c t s had p r a c t i c e d t h e t e s t items d u r i n g e a r l i e r p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n p e r i o d s , t h e y were a g a i n allowed p r a c t i c e attempts. During t h i s time, c o r r e c t i o n s were made t o guarantee an a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f performance. The f o l l o w i n g t e s t i t e m s were not p r a c t i c e d : 1. hand g r i p , 2. p u l l - u p s , 3. f l e x e d arm hang, 4. 50 y a r d r u n , 21 5 . 300 y a r d r u n , 6 . 600 y a r d r u n . Because o f f a t i g u e f a c t o r s , i t was d e c i d e d t h a t p r a c t i c e a t t e m p t s , on t h e above items j u s t b e f o r e performance might be detrimental. III. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA The C r i t e r i a : I n t h i s s t u d y , b o t h t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n were e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e same manner. The i n t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n was t h e average composite score o f the s i x C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t s . The e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n was t h e average composite score o f the t e n F l e i s h - man B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t s . B e f o r e t h e composite s c o r e s c o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o c o n v e r t t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. and F l e i s h m a n raw s c o r e s i n t o comparable v a l u e s . T h i s was a c c o m p l i s h e d by computing T s c o r e s f o r each raw s c o r e (l). I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. T e s t Items: determine To t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e t e s t i t e m s , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o i n t e r c o r r e l a t e each T s c o r e d C.A.H.P.E.R. t e s t i t e m w i t h each o f t h e o t h e r C.A.H.P.E.R. t e s t items and w i t h t h e two c r i t e r i o n scores. T h i s was a c c o m p l i s h e d t h r o u g h t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of zero-order c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s using t h e Pearsonp r o d u c t moment method ( 2 ) . Selection of Tests f o r the Battery; the Having calculated i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of the tests with o t h e r and t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e each v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s i . e . , the c o r r e l a t i o n o f each t e s t w i t h i t s i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n s c o r e , t h e next s t e p i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e d a t a was t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f maximal m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s between c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t e s t s and t h e two c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s . The t e s t s were chosen i n terms o f t h o s e w i t h t h e h i g h e s t v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s and t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l v a r i a n c e t o t h e dependent v a r i a b l e , t h e i n t e r n a l or e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n . Tests with 1 0.600 o r b e t t e r were t h e r e f o r e f o r the abbreviated t e s t The c r i t e r i o n correlations of s e l e c t e d as t h e b e s t p r o s p e c t s battery. u s e f u l n e s s o f a t e s t as a p r e d i c t o r depends not o n l y on how w e l l i t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e i n t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n , but a l s o on how much new i n f o r m a t i o n o f v a r i a n c e not a l r e a d y measured. i t p r o v i d e d i n t h e form Tests, w i t h i n t e r c o r r e l a - t i o n s l o w e r t h a n 0.500 w i l l have t h e b e s t chance o f c o n t r i buting previously The unmeasured variance. s t a t i s t i c used f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e s t items f o r t h e a b b r e v i a t e d b a t t e r i e s was t h e s t e p w i s e regression multiple method, a computer a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e Wherry- D o o l i t t l e method ( 3 ) . I n t h i s method t e s t s a r e s e l e c t e d a n a l y t i c a l l y and added one a t a time u n t i l a maximum c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s obtained. multiple "The v a r i a b l e added i s 23 t h a t one which makes t h e g r e a t e s t , improvement i n goodness o f 1 f i t * . " (4) An i m p o r t a n t p r o p e r t y o f t h e s t e p w i s e procedure i s t h e f a c t t h a t v a r i a b l e s which have been found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t i n e a r l i e r s t a g e s may be found t o be i n s i g n i f i c a n t s e v e r a l o t h e r v a r i a b l e s have been added. after When t h i s o c c u r s , t h e i n s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e i s removed from t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n b e f o r e a d d i t i o n a l v a r i a b l e s a r e added. Only signi- f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s , then, are included i n the f i n a l regression. The purpose o f t h i s s t a t i s t i c a l procedure was t o s e l e c t t h e t e s t s which y i e l d e d t h e b e s t combined r e l a t i o n s h i p with the c r i t e r i o n score. I f an a p p r e c i a b l e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e number o f t e s t i t e m s can be a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h o u t a s a c r i f i c e i n v a l i d i t y i t s h o u l d be so done. Thus a b b r e v i a t e d b a t t e r i e s as p r e d i c t o r s of: 1. t h e i n t e r n a l criterion, 2. t h e e x t e r n a l criterion, were computed. A z e r o - o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n , u s i n g t h e Pearson product- moment method, was computed as v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s between t h e complete external C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t and t h e criterion. T a b l e I shows t h e v a l u e t h a t r must be (when N i s 90 and d f i s 66) t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l , and t h e .01 l e v e l ( 5 ) . 24 TABLE I ZERO-ORDER CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS AT THE 5% AND 1% LEVELS OF SIGNIFICANCE Degrees o f Freedom (N-2) .05 .01 88 .207 .270 N = 90 The s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e of a multiple i s dependent upon t h e number o f v a r i a b l e s I I , an i n t e r p o l a t i o n from G a r r e t t interpretation. correlation involved. Table ( 6 ) , i s p r e s e n t e d f o r ready P r e d i c t i v e i n d i c e s were u t i l i z e d to indicate t h e b e t t e r t h a n pure chance r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e v a r i o u s obtained multiple correlations. Since the N i s constant i n t h i s study, Table I I p r e s e n t s a c o n v e n i e n t means o f e s t i m a t i n g t h e r e l a t i v e s i g n i f i c a n c e of the d i f f e r e n t multiple ients. correlation coeffic- 25 TABLE I I MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS (R) AT THE 5$ AND 1% LEVELS OF SIGNIFICANCE Number o f Items i n t h e Battery .05 .01 1 .207 .270 2 .257 .316 3 .291 .347 4 .318 .372 5 .342 .394 6 .362 .413 N = 90 i n a l l d f = 88 cases 26 REFERENCES G a r r e t t , Henry E., S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o l o g y and E d u c a t i o n , D a v i d McKay Company, New Y o r k , 1 9 6 4 , p p . 314-318. I b i d . , pp. 142-145. I b i d . , pp. 426-439. Efroymson, M.A., " M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n A n a l y s i s , " E d i t e d by R a l s t o n , Anthony, W i l f , H e r b e r t S., M a t h e m a t i c a l Methods f o r D i g i t a l Computers, John W i l e y and Sons, I n c . , New Y o r k , I 9 6 0 , p. 192. G a r r e t t , op_. c i t . , pp. 198-202. G a r r e t t , Henry E., S t a t i s t i c s I n P s y c h o l o g y and E d u c a t i o n , Longmans, Green and Co., New Y o r k , 1953, pp. 437439. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND The DISCUSSION p r i m a r y purpose o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was to determine t h e degree o f v a l i d i t y o f the C.A.H.P.E.R, F i t n e s s Performance T e s t as measured by t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s Test. The secondary purpose was t o s e l e c t a t e s t o r group o f t e s t s which a r e v a l i d measures o f motor f i t n e s s . The n e c e s s a r y d a t a were o b t a i n e d by a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. and F l e i s h m a n t e s t s t o t h e n i n e t y grade s i x and seven boys a t Queen E l i z a b e t h Elementary School. I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t and t h e s e l e c t e d b a t t e r i e s was a s c e r t a i n e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n p r e d i c t i n g t h e i r own The composite s c o r e and t h e F l e i s h m a n composite score. p r e d i c t i v e v a l u e o f t h e s e b a t t e r i e s and t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. t e s t were a n a l y z e d by means o f r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s . I. ANALYSIS OF INTERCORRELATION AND VALIDITY COEFFICIENTS The d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I I I , i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s range from 0.146 f o r the stand- i n g broad j u m p - f l e x e d arm hang, t o 0.722 f o r t h e 50 yard-300 yard runs. The s t a n d i n g broad jump i s c o n t a i n e d i n f o u r o f the s i x lowest i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s with i t s highest i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t b e i n g 0.496 w i t h t h e s h u t t l e r u n . 26 TABLE I I I INTERCORRELATIONS AND TEST-CRITERION CORRELATIONS OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST BATTERY 1 G 1 0.79& , 2 3 0.625 0.666 0.365 2 5 6 O.646 0.605 0.634 0.652 0.569 0.476 0.566 0.496 0.146 .. 0.417 . . 0.435 0.456 0.696 0.655 O.366 0.415 3 4 5 . 4 0.722 6 Key t o v a r i a b l e s : C. C r i t e r i o n (average T-score o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. i t e m s ) 1. One minute speed 2. S t a n d i n g broad jump 3. Shuttle run 4. F l e x e d arm hang 5. 50 y a r d r u n 6. 300 y a r d r u n sit-up 29 As shown by T a b l e 1, t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 l e v e l , t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t must be a t l e a s t The .270. s t a n d i n g broad j u m p - f l e x e d arm hang i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n o f .146 i s t h e o n l y z e r o - o r d e r c o e f f i c i e n t not s i g n i f i c a n t a t this level. The f l e x e d arm hang, i s c o n t a i n e d i n f o u r o f t h e seven l o w e s t i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , w i t h i t s h i g h e s t c o e f f i c i e n t b e i n g O.569 w i t h t h e minute speed s i t - u p . t h e s e two t e s t v a r i a b l e s c o n t a i n the lower As intercorrelation c o e f f i c i e n t s , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e y w i l l c o n t r i b u t e motor f i t n e s s v a r i a n c e which i s n o t well-measured variables. by t h e o t h e r t e s t T h i s a l o n g w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t they have v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0.625 and O.646 r e s p e c t i v e l y , further justifies c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s e items as p o s s i b l e motor f i t - ness t e s t s f o r an a b b r e v i a t e d C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m ance T e s t b a t t e r y . The o t h e r f o u r t e s t i t e m s : t h e one minute speed s i t - up, t h e s h u t t l e r u n , t h e 50 y a r d r u n and t h e 300 y a r d r u n , have v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s r a n g i n g from 0 . 7 9 8 t o 0 . 8 6 6 . T h e i r i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s range f r o m 0.476 t o 0.722 i n d i c a t i n g t h a t some i t e m s c o n t a i n measures o f v a r i a n c e which a r e common t o one o r more o t h e r t e s t v a r i a b l e s . I t i s quite p o s s i b l e t h a t one o r more o f t h e s e t e s t s may be o m i t t e d from t h e a b b r e v i a t e d b a t t e r y w i t h l i t t l e o r no l o s s o f v a l i d i t y . 30 II. SELECTION OF SHORT BATTERIES AS PREDICTORS OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. TEST An a n a l y s i s o f T a b l e IV shows t h a t the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , (R) i s i n c r e a s e d the t h r e e hundred y a r d run was multiple considerably added t o the s h u t t l e when run, w h i c h has t h e h i g h e s t z e r o - o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the t e r i o n score. T h e i r combined c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.935 i s s a t i s - f a c t o r y f o r p r e d i c t i v e p u r p o s e s , but the a d d i t i o n o f f l e x e d arm hang, r a i s e s the m u l t i p l e R t o 0.961 valuable predictive correlation. standing broad jump, we an even more W i t h the a d d i t i o n o f S i n c e the a d d i t i o n o f the minute speed s i t - u p d i d not i n c r e a s e B. one any terminated. groups o f t e s t s , namely t e s t s 3, 4 and t e s t s 2, 3, 4 and and the the m u l t i p l e R t o e x t e n t , the p r o c e s s o f a d d i n g t e s t v a r i a b l e s was two the o b t a i n e d an even h i g h e r p r e d i c t i v e i n d e x w i t h an R of 0.96*2. The cri- 6; 6, w i l l h e r e a f t e r be known as B a t t e r y They were s e l e c t e d as t h e two and A b a t t e r i e s which b e s t measured t h a t which the C.A.H.P.E.R. composite s c o r e i s assumed t o measure. That i s , as t e s t b a t t e r i e s , i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t , w i t h t h e h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n coe f f i c i e n t s o f 0.961 and 0.962 r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e s e two batter- i e s b e s t p r e d i c t motor f i t n e s s as measured by the C.A.H.P.E.R. Fitness-Performance Test. Table I I i n d i c a t e s that i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o have a m u l t i p l e R of .347 b a t t e r y and o f .372 f o r a four-item for a three-item b a t t e r y t o be s i g n i f i c a n t 31 a t t h e .01 l e v e l . Thus t h e m u l t i p l e correlation coefficients o b t a i n e d by B a t t e r i e s A and B were s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h t o be used f o r p r e d i c t i v e purposes. The h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o b t a i n e d by B a t t e r i e s A and B f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a t e the hypothesis that there i s a d u p l i c a t i o n o f measurement by t h e items c o n t a i n e d i n t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e Test. TABLE IV THE INCREASE IN THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT WITH ADDITIONAL VARIABLES Variables Motor Fitness Test Correlation with , Criterion Multiple Correlation Coefficient Increase of the Multiple : 3 Shuttle run 0.866 0.866 6. 300 y a r d r u n 0.834 0.935 0.069 4 F l e x e d arm hang 0.646 0.961 0.026 2 Standing jump 0.625 0.982 0.021 1 One minute speed s i t - u p 0.798 0.991 0.009 broad C r i t e r i o n (average T-score o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. i t e m s ) 32 TABLE V OTHER MOTOR FITNESS TEST BATTERIES WHICH ARE SATISFACTORY AS PREDICTORS OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST Battery Key C.A.H.P.E.R. Variables Multiple Correlation with C r i t e r i o n R 2 C 2,4,6 0.948 0.898 D 2,3,4 0.946 0.894 E 1,2,4,6 0.963 0.928 F 1,2,3,4 0.970 0.941 to variables: " ^ I n t e r n a l C r i t e r i o n (average T-score o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. items) 1. One minute speed s i t - u p 2. S t a n d i n g broad jump 3. Shuttle run 4. F l e x e d arm hang 5. 50 y a r d r u n 6. 300 y a r d r u n test 33 A l t h o u g h t h e b a t t e r i e s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e V a r e most s a t i s f a c t o r y as p r e d i c t o r s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t , no t h r e e o r f o u r v a r i a b l e b a t t e r y has t h e p r e d i c t i v e power o f e i t h e r B a t t e r y A o r B. However Battery D and F may prove more f l e x i b l e t h a n t h e former two b a t t e r i e s because t h e y c o n t a i n i t e m s a l l o f w h i c h can be performed indoors. B a t t e r i e s A and B c o n t a i n t h e 300 y a r d r u n which i s more s u i t e d t o t h e l a r g e r outdoor a r e a . Table I I i n d i c a t e s t h a t , f o r a three-itemed battery t o be s i g n i f i c a n t , an R o f .291 a t t h e .05 l e v e l , and an R o f .347 a t t h e .01 l e v e l a r e n e c e s s a r y . I t also indicates t h a t an R o f .318 and .372 a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r a f o u r - i t e m e d b a t t e r y t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 and .01 l e v e l s respect- ively. A l l b a t t e r i e s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s IV and V a r e h i g h l y significant. Because B a t t e r i e s A,B,D and F were such e x c e l l e n t predictors of the i n t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n , t h e i r multiple s i o n equations are given i n Table V I . regres- 34 TABLE V I REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING THE INTERNAL CRITERION Battery A Regression Equation X C = .3625X 3 B X D x F x C c ,1946X 4 2 = ,2263X 2 .4264X 3 1 .2072X 2 c = .2046X 6 + .2875X + .2191X. + ,2779X .iao9x = .3177X + 6.2591 3 6 + 1.7272 + ,2642X^ + 4.153 + .3355X 3 .1923X. + 3.018 Key t o v a r i a b l e s : X p c - I n t e r n a l C r i t e r i o n (average T-score o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. items) X^ - One minute speed s i t - u p X 2 - S t a n d i n g broad X^ - S h u t t l e r u n X. - F l e x e d arm hang 4 X^ - 50 y a r d r u n X^ - 300 y a r d r u n jump 35 III. ANALYSIS OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS WITH THE EXTERNAL CRITERION Table V I I i n d i c a t e s that the v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of each C.A.H.P.E.R. t e s t i t e m w i t h t h e e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n , t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t s composite s c o r e , ranges f 0.436 w i t h t h e f l e x e d arm hang t o 0.717 The from with the shuttle run. i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r each o f t h e t e s t v a r i a b l e s a r e presented i n Table I I I . TABLE V I I CORRELATION OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST VARIABLES WITH THE FLEISHMAN BASIC FITNESS TEST C.A.H.P.E.R. Variables Fleishman Criterion 1. One minute speed s i t - u p 2. S t a n d i n g broad jump 3. S h u t t l e run, 0.717 4. F l e x e d arm hang 0.436 5. 50 y a r d r u n O.658 6. 300 y a r d r u n 0.667 C r i t e r i o n (average T-score o f t h e F l e i s h m a n i t e m s ) 0.580 0.513 1 I t i s q u i t e l i k e l y t h a t t h e f l e x e d arm hang w i l l , because o f i t s low v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f .436, contribute l i t t l e as a p r e d i c t o r o f t h e e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n , the man Basic Fitness Test. I t i s not l i k e l y t h a t any Fleish- predictive b a t t e r y w i l l c o n t a i n a l l t h r e e o f the r u n n i n g i t e m s because of t h e i r high i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s . These i n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s range from .655 IV. to .722. SELECTION OF SHORT BATTERIES AS PREDICTORS OF THE EXTERNAL CRITERION T a b l e V I I I shows t h a t t h e m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n (R) i s increased c o n s i d e r a b l y when t h e v a r i a n c e f r o m t h e three hundred y a r d run i s combined w i t h t h a t o f t h e s h u t t l e r u n . I t a l s o shows t h a t t h e s e two zero-order t e s t v a r i a b l e s have the c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n . highest It is not s u r p r i s i n g , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e s e i t e m s a r e t h e f i r s t t e s t s chosen by t h e s t e p w i s e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n s e l e c t i o n process. T h e i r combined m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.763 as a p r e d i c t o r o r v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f an c r i t e r i o n i s q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r y . The ing external a d d i t i o n o f the broad jump r a i s e s t h e m u l t i p l e R t o 0.775. stand- Additional t e s t v a r i a b l e s were found t o have no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on the m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t . 37 TABLE V I I I THE INCREASE IN THE MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT WITH ADDITIONAL VARIABLES Variables Motor Fitness Test Correlation with External Criterion 1 Multiple Correlation Coefficient Increase of the Multiple R 3 Shuttle run 0.717 0.717 6 300 y a r d r u n 0.667 0.763 0.046 2 S t a n d i n g broad jump 0.513 0.775 0.012 E x t e r n a l C r i t e r i o n (average T - s c o r e o f t h e F l e i s h m a n i t e m s ) S i n c e t h e s h u t t l e r u n and t h e 300 y a r d r u n had a combined m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.763, t h e y were chosen as t h e b e s t t w o - i t e m b a t t e r y f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e Fleishman Test. B a t t e r y G. T h i s b a t t e r y w i l l h e r e a f t e r be known as The a d d i t i o n o f t h e s t a n d i n g broad jump produced the best three-item b a t t e r y , h e r e a f t e r known as B a t t e r y H. T h i s b a t t e r y has a m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.775. B a t t e r y J i n T a b l e I X , was chosen as t h e b e s t three-item i n d o o r b a t t e r y h a v i n g a m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n o f 0.752. 38 TABLE IX OTHER MOTOR FITNESS TEST BATTERIES WHICH ARE SATISFACTORY AS PREDICTORS OF THE FLEISHMAN BASIC FITNESS TEST Battery Key C.A.H.P.E.R. Variables Multiple Correlation with External C r i t e r i o n R 2 I 2,4,6 0.735 0.540 J 2,3,4 0.752 0.566 K 1,2,4,6 0.746 0.556 L 1,2,3,4 0.758 0.574 M 1,2,4,5,6 0.771 0.594 N 1,2,3,4,5 0.781 0.610 to variables: E x t e r n a l C r i t e r i o n (average T - s c o r e o f t h e F l e i s h m a n i t e m s ) 1. One minute speed s i t - u p 2. S t a n d i n g broad jump 3. Shuttle run 4. F l e x e d arm hang 5. 50 y a r d r u n 6. 300 y a r d r u n By c h e c k i n g T a b l e I I , i t was found t h a t a l l b a t t e r i e s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s V I I I and IX were s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 level. Regression equations f o r the three s e l e c t e d b a t t e r i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e X. TABLE X REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING THE EXTERNAL CRITERION Battery Regression Equation G X Q = .25£OX + .I813X5 + 28.036 H X c = ,0855X J X c = ,1186X + .2794X3 + .0840X^ -V- 25.903 3 2 + .2263X + .1649X -V 26.167 3 6 2 Key t o v a r i a b l e s : XQ - E x t e r n a l C r i t e r i o n (average T-score o f t h e F l e i s h m a n test items) X^ - One minute speed s i t - u p X 2 - S t a n d i n g broad X3 - S h u t t l e r u n X^ - F l e x e d arm hang X5 - 50 y a r d r u n X^ - 300 y a r d r u n jump 40 V. CORRELATION OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST WITH THE EXTERNAL CRITERION The d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e X I show t h a t t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t has a s u b s t a n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t (1) by b o t h t h e z e r o - o r d e r and m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n coefficients. The b a t t e r i e s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s V I I I and IX have m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s r a n g i n g from 0.735 t o 0.781. These c o e f f i c i e n t s p r e d i c t t h e e x t e r n a l criterion, t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t , almost as w e l l as t h e complete C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t . The s m a l l degree o f d i f f e r e n c e between t h e v a l u e s o f the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e s that the items c o n t a i n e d i n t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t may be measuring v a r i a n c e which i s common t o more t h a n one test item. 41 TABLE X I ZERO-ORDER AND MULTIPLE CORRELATION OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST WITH THE FLEISHMAN BASIC FITNESS TEST Type o f C o r r e l a t i o n Coefficient Zero-order 0.781* Multiple 0.790* S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 l e v e l The Research Committee o f t h e Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n agreed i n F e b r u a r y 1964, t h a t f l e x i b i l i t y " . . . was v e r y s p e c i a l t o t h e j o i n t o r j o i n t s and t h a t no s i n g l e t e s t c o u l d p u r p o r t t o measure g e n e r a l f l e x i b i l i t y . " (2) F l e x i b i l i t y was t h e r e f o r e e l i m i n a t e d as an a r e a t o be measured by t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e Measures o f c o - o r d i n a t i o n (3) and b a l a n c e Test. (4) were opposed on s i m i l a r grounds. I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e i n c l u s i o n o f good measures o f t h e s e t h r e e a r e a s would improve t h e C.A.H.P.E.R.-Fleishman correlation coefficients. I t s h o u l d a l s o improve t h e u s e f u l - 42 n e s s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t as a measure o f motor f i t n e s s . 43 REFERENCES 1. G a r r e t t , Henry E., S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o l o g y , D a v i d McKay Company, I n c . , New Y o r k , 1964, pp. 175-176. 2. The Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , " M i n u t e s o f t h e M e e t i n g o f t h e Research Committee o f t h e Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , " U n i v e r s i t y o f Edmonton, Edmonton. F e b r u a r y 21,22, 23, 1964, p. 10. (Mimeographed.) 3. I b i d . , p. 11. 4. I b i d . , p. 5 CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The o b j e c t o f t h i s s t u d y was: a) t o a s c e r t a i n t h e degree t o which t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t i s a v a l i d t e s t o f motor f i t n e s s as measured by t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t ; b) t o determine whether o r not abbrev i a t e d b a t t e r i e s w i t h l i t t l e o r no l o s s o f v a l i d i t y can be developed. The s u b j e c t s c o n s i s t e d o f n i n e t y boys e n r o l l e d i n grade s i x and seven a t Queen E l i z a b e t h Elementary Vancouver, B r i t i s h Columbia. School, T h e i r s c o r e s on t h e s i x C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e t e s t items and t h e t e n F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s t e s t items p r o v i d e d t h e n e c e s s a r y data. I. TREATMENT OF THE DATA The f i n a l b a t t e r i e s were s e l e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e a p p l i cation of the following 1. procedures: T-score v a l u e s were determined f o r t h e s c o r e s from t h e s i x C.A.H.P.E.R. and t e n F l e i s h m a n items which were used i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n and e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n r e s p e c t ively. 2. The composite s c o r e s o f t h e i n t e r n a l criterion (average T-score v a l u e f o r t h e s i x C.A.H.P.E.R. 45 v a r i a b l e s ) , and e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n (average T-score value f o r t h e t e n Fleishman v a r i a b l e s ) were d e t e r m i n e d . 3. The i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s between t h e s i x C.A.H.P.E.R. t e s t i t e m s and t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l c r i t e r i o n were computed. 4. The s t e p w i s e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n method o f t e s t s e l e c t i o n was a p p l i e d t o s e l e c t t h e v a r i a b l e s . which y i e l d e d t h e b e s t combined r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the c r i t e r i o n 5. score. The v a l i d i t y o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. Fitness-Perform- ance T e s t was d e t e r m i n e d by i t s c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t . II. BATTERIES WHICH PREDICT THE INTERNAL CRITERION B a t t e r y A, c o n s i s t i n g o f : a) t h e s h u t t l e r u n , b) t h e 300 y a r d r u n , c) t h e f l e x e d arm hang was chosen as t h e b e s t t h r e e i t e m b a t t e r y . The m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n o f 0.961 makes- i t -a most u s e f u l p r e d i c t o r o f t h e internal criterion. Battery B included the f o l l o w i n g items: a) t h e s h u t t l e r u n , b) t h e 300 y a r d r u n , c) t h e f l e x e d arm hang, ~ ~ d) t h e s t a n d i n g broad jump. T h i s b a t t e r y was t h e b e s t f o u r i t e m p r e d i c t o r . The m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t was 0.9#2. B a t t e r i e s D and F were s e l e c t e d a s t h e b e s t . i n d o o r b a t t e r i e s having multiple and 0.941 r e s p e c t i v e l y . . _ c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0.894 Battery D consisted o f : a) t h e s t a n d i n g broad jump, b) t h e s h u t t l e r u n , c) t h e f l e x e d arm hang, while Battery F consisted of: a) t h e one minute speed s i t - u p , . „ „ b) t h e s t a n d i n g broad jump, c) t h e s h u t t l e r u n , d) t h e f l e x e d arm hang. A l t h o u g h t h e f l e x e d arm hang and t h e s t a n d i n g broad jump have t h e l o w e s t v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s , t h e y a r e cont a i n e d , a t l e a s t i n part, i n a l l the preceding b a t t e r i e s . I t was h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t s i n c e t h e s e i t e m s c o n t a i n e d t h e l o w e s t i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , t h e y would l i k e l y contribute variables. III. v a r i a n c e which was n o t well-measured by o t h e r T h i s h y p o t h e s i s seems t o have been substantiated. BATTERIES WHICH PREDICT THE EXTERNAL CRITERION B a t t e r i e s G and H, w i t h t h e i r m u l t i p l e correlation c o e f f i c i e n t s o f O.763 and 0.775 r e s p e c t i v e l y , were chosen as 47 the b e s t two criterion. and t h r e e i t e m p r e d i c t o r s o f the Battery G consisted a) t h e s h u t t l e run, while Battery H consisted of: run, b) the 300 y a r d run, c) the s t a n d i n g broad jump. B a t t e r y J , which c o n s i s t e d of: a) the s t a n d i n g broad jump, b) the s h u t t l e run, c) the f l e x e d arm was of: run, b) t h e 300 y a r d a) the s h u t t l e external hang, chosen as the b e s t t h r e e i t e m i n d o o r b a t t e r y . I t has a m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.752. IV. VALIDATION OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST These t h r e e b a t t e r i e s p r e d i c t the e x t e r n a l criterion a l m o s t as w e l l as does the complete C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t which has a m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.790. o f 0.781 As e x p e c t e d , i t s z e r o - o r d e r v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t is slightly smaller. 48 V. CONCLUSIONS I t may be concluded 1. that: The C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t as a t e s t o f motor f i t n e s s has a h i g h degree o f v a l i d i t y a s measured by t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c Fitness Test. 2. B a t t e r i e s A and B, w i t h v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0.961 and 0.982 r e s p e c t i v e l y , a r e more t h a n ade- quate p r e d i c t o r s o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance 3. Test. B a t t e r i e s D and F, w i t h v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0.894 and 0.941, a r e adequate as i n d o o r b a t t e r i e s p r e d i c t i n g t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e Test. 4. B a t t e r i e s G and H, w i t h v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0.763 and 0.775 r e s p e c t i v e l y , a r e n e a r l y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e complete C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m - ance T e s t as p r e d i c t o r s o f t h e e x t e r n a l 5. B a t t e r y J , w i t h a v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.752, i s an adequate p r e d i c t o r o f t h e e x t e r n a l ion, 6. criterion. criter- the Fleishman Basic F i t n e s s Test. The C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t c o n t a i n s measures o f v a r i a n c e which a r e common t o two o r more t e s t i t e m s . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s based upon the f a c t t h a t : a) t h e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s between t h e one minute speed s i t - u p , t h e s h u t t l e r u n , t h e 50 y a r d r u n and t h e 300 y a r d r u n were r e l a t i v e l y high; b) B a t t e r i e s A,B,D and F gave a near p e r f e c t p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s Performance T e s t ; c) B a t t e r i e s G,H and J p r e d i c t e d t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t w i t h almost t h e same degree o f p e r f e c t i o n as d i d t h e complete C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e VI. Test. RECOMMENDATIONS On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f i n d i n g s o b t a i n e d from t h e study t h e f o l l o w i n g recommendations a r e made: 1. A study u s i n g a s i m i l a r sample s h o u l d be made w i t h t h e purpose o f c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n . 2. 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E d u c a t i o n a l and P s y c h o l o g i c a l Measurement, 22:1 ( S p r i n g , 1962), pp. 77-95. 53 O l r e e , H a r r y , S t e v e n s , C l a r k , N e l s o n , Tommy, A g n e v i k , Goran, C l a r k , Robert T., " E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e AAHPER Youth F i t n e s s T e s t , " The J o u r n a l o f S p o r t s M e d i c i n e and P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s , 5:2 (June, 1965), PP* 67-71* C. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS The Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , "The C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t , " Ottawa, 1964. (Mimeographed.) The Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , "Minutes o f t h e M e e t i n g o f t h e Research Committee o f t h e Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , " U n i v e r s i t y o f Edmonton, F e b r u a r y 21,22,23, 1964. (Mimeographed.) The Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , " M i n u t e s o f t h e M e e t i n g o f t h e Research Committee o f t h e Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , " U n i v e r s i t y o f Ottawa, Ottawa, May 1,2, 1964. (Mimeographed.) The Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , " P r o g r e s s R e p o r t : N a t i o n a l Norms o f F i t n e s s Performance," November 24, 1964. (Mimeographed.) 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( M i c r o c a r d e d . ) K i r c h n e r , G l e n n , "The C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a B a t t e r y o f T e s t s Designed t o M e a s u r e ' S t r e n g t h , Endurance, Power, and Speed Among Elementary School-age Boys," U n p u b l i s h e d Ed. D. D i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Oregon, Eugene, 1959. (Microcarded.) 54 Lehman, A l i c e E t h e l , " A n A n a l y s i s o f J u n i o r High S c h o o l G i r l s i n Fourteen F i t n e s s T e s t s , " Unpublished Master's T h e s i s , Oregon S t a t e C o l l e g e , C o r v a l l i s , 1958. (Microcarded.) Moore, George C l a r k , "An A n a l y t i c a l Study o f P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s V a r i a b l e s , " Unpublished D o c t o r a l D i s s e r t a t i o n , Univers i t y o f I l l i n o i s , Urbana, 1955. (Microcarded.) R o s s , W i l l i a m D., "The R e l a t i o n s h i p o f S e l e c t e d Measures t o Performance o f t h e Hanging i n Arm-Flexed P o s i t i o n T e s t f o r G i r l s , " Unpublished Master's T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of Oregon, Eugene, I 9 6 0 . (Microcarded.) S c h r o d t , P h y l l i s B., " O b j e c t i v i t y and V a l i d i t y o f a Motor F i t n e s s Test B a t t e r y f o r G i r l s i n S e n i o r High Schools," U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , S c h o o l o f H e a l t h and P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Oregon, Eugene, 1958. (Microcarded.) 1 APPENDICES APPENDIX A DESCRIPTION OF THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESS-PERFORMANCE TEST ITEMS 1. One Minute Speed S i t - U p Equipment. Gym mat and s t o p watch o r t i m e r . Starting Position. The s u b j e c t assumes a b a c k - l y i n g p o s i t i o n on t h e mat, hands i n t e r l a c e d b e h i n d h i s head. The knees a r e bent and t h e f e e t a r e h e l d f l a t on t h e f l o o r by a partner. Performance. The s u b j e c t s i t s up and t o u c h e s b o t h elbows t o b o t h knees. Then he r e t u r n s t o t h e s t a r t i n g position. Scoring. The movement s i t - u p and r e t u r n i s counted as one e x e c u t i o n . The t o t a l s c o r e i s t h e number o f complete e x e c u t i o n s performed i n 60 seconds. A l l o w one t r i a l . Count when elbows t o u c h knees. Reliability Controls. The p a r t n e r k n e e l s s t r a d d l i n g the performer s feet. the s u b j e c t ' s l e g s j u s t below t h e knee t o prevent t h e s u b j e c t 1 He p l a c e s h i s hands on t h e c a l v e s o f from s l i d i n g away and t o m a i n t a i n t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n o f the l e g s throughout t h e t e s t . Only t h e s h o u l d e r s have t o t o u c h t h e f l o o r and t h e s i t - u p s need not be c o n t i n u o u s . 57 2. S t a n d i n g Broad Jump Equipment. Ten f o o t t u m b l i n g mat i s recommended and t a p e measure. Starting Position. The s u b j e c t assumes a p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e f e e t s l i g h t l y a p a r t and t h e t o e s b e h i n d t h e jumping line. Performance. F l e x a t h i p s , knees and a n k l e s , and u s i n g t h e arms t o a i d , jump as f a r f o r w a r d as p o s s i b l e . Scoring. Measurement i s i n terms o f i n c h e s t o t h e nearest i n c h from t h e t a k e - o f f l i n e t o t h e h e e l o f t h e f o o t nearest the take-off Reliability line. Controls. The suggested t a k e - o f f a n g l e s h o u l d be between 30 and 45 d e g r e e s . allowed, the better t r i a l recorded. Two v a l i d . t r i a l s a r e I f any p a r t o f t h e body t o u c h e s b e h i n d t h e h e e l s , t h e jump w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d valid. 3. Two o r t h r e e p r a c t i c e t r i a l s may be in- allowed. S h u t t l e Run Equipment. Two wooden b l o c k s (2 x3 *x3 ) u , tt and a s t o p watch c a l i b r a t e d t o o n e - t e n t h o f a second. Starting Position. L y i n g f a c e down, hands a t t h e s i d e s o f t h e c h e s t , f o r e h e a d on t h e s t a r t i n g Performance. line. On s i g n a l , jump t o f e e t and r u n 30 f e e t to the l i n e . P i c k up one b l o c k o f wood, r e t u r n t o t h e s t a r t i n g l i n e , and p l a c e t h e b l o c k b e h i n d t h i s l i n e . Return t o t h e second l i n e , p i c k up t h e second b l o c k o f wood, and r u n back t o t h e f i n i s h l i n e . finish C a r r y the b l o c k t h r o u g h t h e line. Scoring. Measurement i s i n terms of seconds t o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a second from the s t a r t i n g s i g n a l u n t i l s u b j e c t c r o s s e s the f i n i s h Reliability line. Controls. shoes o r b a r e f e e t , The t e s t s h o u l d be t a k e n i n A *ready* w a r n i n g s i g n a l i s g i v e n to the s t a r t i n g s i g n a l . the Two gym prior t r i a l s , w i t h a r e s t between, are a l l o w e d and t h e b e t t e r t r i a l i s r e c o r d e d . 4. F l e x e d Arm Hang Equipment. A doorway gym b a r o r h o r i z o n t a l bar p l a c e d 6 f e e t from the f l o o r ; a bench and a t i m e r . Starting Position. The b a r (palms toward f a c e ) and subject reverse grasps the i s a s s i s t e d i n p u l l i n g himself to t h e b a r so t h a t h i s eyes are a t t h e l e v e l o f the b a r . The arms a r e f u l l y f l e x e d . Performance. The subject holds himself i n t h i s h a n g i n g p o s i t i o n as l o n g as he i s a b l e . Scoring. The t o t a l p e r i o d of time t h a t the subject can m a i n t a i n t h e exact p o s i t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d t o t h e nearest 59 second. Reliability Controls. b r i d g e o f h i s nose a t t h e b a r . drops below t h e l e v e l When t h e s u b j e c t ' s head of the bar the test i s terminated. One t r i a l i s a l l o w e d . 5. The s u b j e c t must keep t h e T e s t e r counts t h e seconds out l o u d . 50 Yard Run Equipment. A 50 y a r d s t r a i g h t a w a y w i t h markers ( s t a k e s ) p l a c e d a t t h e s t a r t and t h e f i n i s h ; a s t o p watch c a l i b r a t e d t o o n e - t e n t h o f a second; a s t a r t i n g Starting Position. flag. A r a c i n g crouch s t a r t o r a stand- i n g p o s i t i o n may be assumed. Performance. On t h e s t a r t i n g s i g n a l ("Go!" and f l a g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ) t h e r u n n e r s p r i n t s t h e 50 y a r d d i s t a n c e . Scoring. The e l a p s e d t i m e from t h e s t a r t i n g s i g n a l t o t h e passage o f t h e r u n n e r ' s c h e s t a c r o s s t h e f i n i s h line i s s c o r e d t o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a second. Reliability Controls. The t e s t i s t a k e n i n gym shoes. Only one r u n n e r i s t e s t e d a t a t i m e on a c o u r s e b u t one t e s t e r may time two r u n n e r s on a d j a c e n t c o u r s e s w i t h a s p l i t t i m e r o r two watches. 6. 300 Y a r d Run Equipment. Same as f o r t h e 50 y a r d r u n . 60 Starting Position. i n g p o s i t i o n may A r a c i n g crouch s t a r t or a stand- be assumed. Performance. On t h e s t a r t i n g s i g n a l t h e s u b j e c t runs s t r a i g h t up and around t h e s t a k e marker and back o v e r t h e 50 yard straightaway. The c i r c u i t i s run 3 t i m e s t o g i v e t h e 300 y a r d s . Scoring. The e l a p s e d t i m e from t h e s t a r t i n g s i g n a l t o t h e passage o f t h e r u n n e r ' s c h e s t a c r o s s t h e f i n i s h l i n e i s s c o r e d t o t h e n e a r e s t second. Reliability Controls. The t e s t i s t a k e n i n gym Only one runner i s t e s t e d a t a t i m e on a course but shoes. one t e s t e r may t i m e two r u n n e r s on a d j a c e n t c o u r s e s w i t h a s p l i t t i m e r o r two watches. APPENDIX B TEST INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE FLEISHMAN . BASIC FITNESS TESTS 1. Extent F l e x i b i l i t y Test T e s t i n g Arrangements. 1. A measuring s c a l e i s drawn on a w a l l . The s c a l e i s 30" l o n g and i s marked o f f i n h a l f - i n c h i n t e r v a l s f r o m 0" t o 30". T h i s s c a l e s h o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t l y wide t o t a k e advantage o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n h e i g h t s o f t h e s u b j e c t s . 2. A n o t h e r l i n e i s drawn on t h e f l o o r , p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e w a l l , i n l i n e w i t h t h e 12" mark on t h e s c a l e . 3. The r i g h t - h a n d e d s u b j e c t stands w i t h h i s l e f t side toward t h e w a l l , t o e s t o u c h i n g t h e l i n e on t h e f l o o r , f e e t t o g e t h e r and p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h i s l i n e on t h e floor. 4. The s u b j e c t stands f a r enough from t h e w a l l so t h a t he can j u s t t o u c h t h e w a l l w i t h h i s l e f t f i s t when h i s arm i s h e l d h o r i z o n t a l from t h e s h o u l d e r . Instructions. A f t e r assuming t h e p o s i t i o n d e s c r i b e d above, t h e s t u d e n t keeps h i s f e e t i n p l a c e and extends h i s r i g h t arm s t r a i g h t out t o s i d e , a t s h o u l d e r h e i g h t . His palm f a c e s t h e f l o o r w i t h f i n g e r s extended and t o g e t h e r . From t h i s p o s i t i o n he t w i s t s c l o c k w i s e (around h i s b a c k ) , as f a r as p o s s i b l e , so t h a t he t o u c h e s t h e s c a l e on t h e w a l l w i t h h i s r i g h t hand. D u r i n g t h i s movement, the examiner, o r an a s s i s t a n t , p l a c e s h i s f o o t a l o n g s i d e the s t u d e n t ' s r i g h t f o o t t o keep the student's feet i n Have the s t u d e n t make one f e e l o f i t , and c o r r e c t any place. p r a c t i c e t r y t o get the e r r o r s i n h i s procedure. The second t r y c o u n t s . Scoring. i n c h e s ) , and the Record the f a r t h e s t p o i n t held ( f o r a t l e a s t two reached ( i n s e c o n d s ) , as measured on scale. A d d i t i o n a l Guidance. For left-handed s u b j e c t s , use the a l t e r n a t e s c a l e and r e v e r s e the d i r e c t i o n s of movement. 2. Test Dynamic F l e x i b i l i t y Testing Arrangements. back t o t h e w a l l and The s u b j e c t stands w i t h his f a r enough from t h e w a l l t h a t he can bend o v e r w i t h o u t h i t t i n g the w a l l w i t h h i s b u t t o c k s . f e e t s h o u l d be s h o u l d e r w i d t h a p a r t . D i r e c t l y behind m i d d l e o f h i s back, a t s h o u l d e r h e i g h t , mark an "X" w a l l (use chalk or t a p e ) . His Mark a n o t h e r X W on the M the on the floor between t h e s t u d e n t ' s f e e t . A s t o p watch i s needed. Instructions. and touches the X M t t On the s i g n a l "Go * 1 the s t u d e n t bends between h i s f e e t w i t h b o t h hands t h e n r i s e s , t w i s t s t o t h e l e f t , and w a l l w i t h b o t h hands. t o u c h e s the X'* on T h i s counts as one tt cycle. and the 63 I n t h e next c y c l e , t h e s t u d e n t r e p e a t s t h i s , except he twists t o h i s r i g h t , continuing t o alternate the side to which he t w i s t s i n each The emphasizing cycle. i n s t r u c t o r s h o u l d demonstrate t h r e e such cycles, speed. Scoring. Record t h e number o f c y c l e s completed i n 20 seconds. 3. S h u t t l e Run T e s t i n g Arrangements. Two p a r a l l e l l i n e s , 20 y a r d s a p a r t , s h o u l d be marked o f f . T h i s can be r u n on a t r a c k s u r f a c e , but i s s u i t a b l e f o r f l o o r , macadam, o r o t h e r surfaces. ground (The norms a r e f o r an average o f many s u r f a c e s . ) One o b s e r v e r i s s t a t i o n e d a t t h e s t a r t l i n e and one a t the f i n i s h l i n e . watch. The o b s e r v e r a t t h e f i n i s h l i n e has a s t o p I d e a l l y , t h e r e s h o u l d be two o b s e r v e r s w i t h watches at the f i n i s h l i n e . Although not a b s o l u t e l y essential, u p r i g h t s t a n d a r d s may be used d u r i n g t h e l a s t l a p . Instructions. run at a time. I t i s p r e f e r a b l e t o have one s t u d e n t A t t h e s t a r t he stands b e h i n d t h e s t a r t w i t h one t o e a t t h e l i n e . Go tt tt line, He i s t o l d t h a t a t t h e command he i s t o r u n t o t h e o p p o s i t e l i n e , 20 y a r d s away, t o u c h t h e ground on t h e f a r s i d e o f i t w i t h e i t h e r f o o t , r e t u r n t o t h e s t a r t l i n e , and r e p e a t . He i s t o l d t o cover t h e one way d i s t a n c e f i v e t i m e s f o r a t o t a l o f 100 y a r d s . On h i s l a s t 64 lap up. he i s t o go tt all-out t o cross the f i n i s h l i n e standing w ( I f a tape i s put up he i s t o l d t o break t h e tape.) The o b j e c t i s t o cover t h e d i s t a n c e as f a s t as p o s s i b l e . The o b s e r v e r s a t each end note t h a t t h e s t u d e n t touched o v e r t h e l i n e . has They a l s o watch t h a t t h e s t u d e n t does not get confused and a) s t o p s h o r t , not r u n n i n g f i v e t i m e s , or b) t r e a t t h e l a s t l a p as i f he was t o t u r n around a g a i n . The examiner s h o u l d demonstrate t h e t u r n - a r o u n d move- ment, e n c o u r a g i n g radius). radius. e f f i c i e n c y (that i s , a small t u r n i n g Turns have been found t o average under 6 f e e t i n I f t h e s t u d e n t i s d o i n g something which g r o s s l y slows him up a t t h e t u r n s , t h e o b s e r v e r s h o u l d encourage him to t u r n more q u i c k l y . Scoring. The t i m e t o c o v e r t h e 5 l a p s (5 x 20 = y a r d s ) i s r e c o r d e d t o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a second. 100 I f two o b s e r v e r s a r e used, r e c o r d t h e average o f t h e two watches. 4. S o f t b a l l Throw T e s t i n g Arrangements. T h i s i s , t y p i c a l l y , an outdoor t e s t r e q u i r i n g an open f i e l d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 y a r d s l o n g . A shorter f i e l d (80 y a r d s ) w i l l do, e s p e c i a l l y i f t e s t i n g i s b e i n g done w i t h younger boys o r o n l y w i t h g i r l s . t h e f i e l d need not exceed 50 y a r d s . With A 12" s t a n d a r d girls softball i s thrown and f i e l d markings must be p r o v i d e d t o a l l o w measurement o f d i s t a n c e thrown, t o t h e n e a r e s t f o o t . football field i s ideal for this purpose. A I f a f o o t b a l l - f i e l d i s not a v a i l a b l e , any f i e l d may be marked o f f i n v a r i o u s ways w i t h l i n e s , s t a k e s , o r b r i c k s p l a c e d every f i v e y a r d s . I t has been found c o n v e n i e n t t o use b r i c k s , w i t h p a i n t e d numbers, p l a c e d every f i v e y a r d s . These markings do not need t o b e g i n u n t i l 20 y a r d s from t h e t h r o w i n g l i n e f o r boys, and u n t i l 10 y a r d s out f o r g i r l s . The l i n e b e h i n d which the s t u d e n t must throw s h o u l d be c l e a r l y marked. I n any c a s e , a tape measure i s a l s o needed. B r i c k s o r s t a k e s may be used t o mark t h e p o i n t o f impact f o r each t h r o w , u n t i l a f i n a l measurement i s t a k e n . In t h e case o f s u c c e s s i v e throws by t h e same s t u d e n t , h i s b r i c k o r s t a k e can be moved t o t h e p o i n t o f h i s b e s t throw. At l e a s t two o b s e r v e r s a r e r e q u i r e d , one a t t h e t h r o w i n g a r e a , and one i n t h e f i e l d . Two observers, spotting point of impact, are p r e f e r a b l e . Instructions. The s t u d e n t throws t h e b a l l as f a r as he can, w i t h o u t moving h i s f e e t . He t a k e s a p o s i t i o n com- f o r t a b l e f o r him, as c l o s e t o t h e r e s t r a i n i n g l i n e as p o s s i ble. He i s not a l l o w e d any run-up, and i s not a l l o w e d t o s h i f t t h e p o s i t i o n o f h i s f e e t d u r i n g t h e throw. He i s not r e q u i r e d t o keep h i s f e e t f l a t on t h e ground, o f c o u r s e , and h i s f e e t w i l l move some i n p l a c e . l e a v e t h e ground. But n e i t h e r f o o t i s " t o ( T y p i c a l l y , t h e r i g h t - h a n d e d student will end up on t h e t o e o f h i s r i g h t f o o t . ) He i s t o l d t h a t he w i l l get t h r e e throws and w i l l be scored according t o h i s best throw. He may d e c i d e on a d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n f o r h i s f e e t when he makes h i s next t h r o w , but t h i s i s up t o t h e s t u d e n t , and no s p e c i f i c g u i d ance on t h i s s h o u l d be g i v e n . I f the subject l i f t s e i t h e r f o o t , h i s t h r o w i s not measured and counts o n l y as one o f h i s three throws. A l l throws must be made overhand. Scoring. The t a p e measure i s used t o measure t h e best of the three throws, to the nearest f o o t . i s o f f l i n e ( t o one I f the throw s i d e ) , t h e measured d i s t a n c e i s perpen- d i c u l a r from t h e s t a r t l i n e t o t h e p o i n t o f i m p a c t . 5. Hand G r i p T e s t i n g Arrangements. A l l t h a t i s r e q u i r e d i s a hand dynamometer. Instructions.. of the student's The dynamometer i s p l a c e d i n the palm p r e f e r r e d hand.. The away from t h e palm. The d i a l s h o u l d be f a c i n g l a r g e r h a l f o f t h e g r i p i s i n the meaty p a r t o f t h e palm, w i t h t h e f i n g e r s c u r l e d o v e r the smaller h a l f of the g r i p . second and t h i r d k n u c k l e s P a r t of t h e f i n g e r s between the s h o u l d t o u c h t h e g r i p , but the f i n g e r s s h o u l d not c u r l f a r enough around t o t o u c h t h e and dial i n t e r f e r e w i t h the p o i n t e r ' s movement. The student stands and h o l d s h i s hand down h i s s i d e , away from h i s body, palm f a c i n g h i s s i d e . He i s t o l d t h a t a t 67 t h e command "Squeeze," he i s t o squeeze t h e dynamometer once, s h a r p l y and s t e a d i l y as hard as he c a n . . A d e m o n s t r a t i o n . o f t h e proper g r i p and arm p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n . D u r i n g t h e t e s t t r i a l t h e examiner s h o u l d make sure t h e s t u d e n t ' s f i n g e r s do n o t hamper t h e d i a l , and t h a t he does not r e s t o r b r a c e any p a r t o f h i s arm a g a i n s t his body. D u r i n g t h e f i r s t t r i a l , c o r r e c t any i n c o r r e c t ure. I f t h e r u l e s a r e v i o l a t e d , d i s r e g a r d t h e s c o r e , but count i t as one squeeze. s h a r p squeeze. Emphasize t h e need f o r a s h o r t , I f t h e s t u d e n t s t a r t s t o squeeze s l o w l y as soon as he t a k e s t h e dynamometer i t w i l l a c t u a l l y his proced- decrease s c o r e due t o muscle f a t i g u e . Each s t u d e n t g e t s t h r e e t r i a l s s e p a r a t e d by a t l e a s t a f u l l minute o f r e s t . Without such r e s t he i s l i k e l y t o s c o r e l o w e r each t i m e he squeezes (much t o h i s s u r p r i s e ! ) . Scoring. Record t h e h i g h e s t r e a d i n g ( t h e s c a l e i s r e a d i n pounds) o f t h e t h r e e 6. squeezes. Pull-Ups T e s t i n g Arrangements. A l l t h a t i s needed i s a h o r i - z o n t a l metal o r wooden b a r , a p p r o x i m a t e l y l j i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r , and h i g h enough so t h e s t u d e n t can hang o f f t h e f l o o r w i t h h i s arms and l e g s f u l l y Instructions. extended. The s t u d e n t jumps up and g r i p s t h e b a r 63 w i t h h i s palms f a c i n g h i s body (the underhand g r i p ) . h i s hanging From p o s i t i o n , a t the s i g n a l "Start,, * he p u l l s h i m s e l f 1 up by h i s arms u n t i l he can p l a c e h i s own c h i n over t h e b a r . He t h e n l o w e r s h i s body t o a f u l l y extended p o s i t i o n . The s t u d e n t i s t o l d t o do as many p u l l - u p s as p o s s i b l e and not t o s t o p u n t i l he i s no l o n g e r a b l e t o p u l l h i m s e l f up. He i s t o l d not t o pause more t h a n two seconds, e i t h e r a t t h e t o p o r bottom o f each c y c l e , o t h e r w i s e he w i l l be t o l d t o stop. He i s c a u t i o n e d t h a t i f h i s arms a r e not f u l l y extended o r h i s c h i n not over t h e b a r , he w i l l be p e n a l i z e d . The examiner counts the number o f pull-.ups a l o u d t o t h e s t u d e n t each time he l o w e r s h i m s e l f f u l l y . I f he i s t o be p e n a l i z e d t h e examiner i n d i c a t e s c r e d i t f o r o n l y "one h a l f " t o l e t t h e s t u d e n t know t h i s . Demonstrate, one c o r r e c t p u l l - u p . o r r a i s i n g o f l e g s s h o u l d not be a l l o w e d . Kicking, twisting, I f the student s t a r t s swaying, t h e examiner s h o u l d put h i s palm o r against the student's l e g s t o stop the Scoring. p u l l e d h i m s e l f up 7. Leg forearm swaying. Record the number o f t i m e s t h e student has correctly. Lifts T e s t i n g Arrangements. f l o o r , or grassed area. Instructions. The T h i s may be done on a mat, A s t o p watch i s needed. s t u d e n t l i e s f l a t on h i s back w i t h 69 his hands c l a s p e d b e h i n d h i s neck. examinee's elbows t o t h e ground. A partner should hold the The s t u d e n t i s t o l d t o r a i s e h i s l e g s , k e e p i n g them s t r a i g h t , u n t i l they a r e v e r t i cal, leg and then t o r e t u r n them t o ground. He i s t o do t h e s e l i f t s as f a s t as he can, d o i n g as many as p o s s i b l e i n 30 seconds. The f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s s h o u l d be s t r e s s e d : 1. Do not r o c k t h e body - t h e head, s m a l l o f t h e back and base o f t h e s p i n e must remain on t h e ground. The e x e r c i s e s h o u l d be a s t i f f one-two motion. 2. Do not boost t h e body t o g e t t h e l e g s v e r t i c a l . 3. Elbows must remain f l a t on t h e ground. 4. Legs s h o u l d be kept s t r a i g h t a t a l l t i m e s . Demonstrate t h e movement. to Then i n s t r u c t t h e s t u d e n t t r y t h e e x e r c i s e t h r o u g h two c y c l e s t o g e t t h e f e e l o f i t . Correct errors. Emphasize t h e need t o go " a l l - o u t d u r i n g t h e s h o r t t e s t p e r i o d " w i t h o u t s l o w i n g down. Then say "Ready: (pause) GO!" D u r i n g t h e t e s t make sure l e g s a r e r a i s e d t o t h e v e r t i c a l and i n s t r u c t i o n s a r e followed. Say " S t o p ! " e x a c t l y a t 30 It seconds. i s b e s t t o have a s e p a r a t e o b s e r v e r count t h e l e g l i f t s and a n o t h e r examiner doing t h e t i m i n g . T h i s t e s t can be g i v e n i n a group, p r o v i d e d t h e r e a r e s u f f i c i e n t o b s e r v e r s . 70 Scoring. Record t h e number o f t i m e s the student r a i s e s h i s l e g s t o a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n i n t h e 30 6*. seconds. Cable Jump T e s t T e s t i n g Arrangements. A 24 i n c h l e n g t h rope i s required. Instructions. The student i s t o l d t o h o l d t h e rope i n f r o n t o f him,.with, one hand g r a s p i n g each end. approximately Note t h a t 4 i n c h e s o f rope are covered by each hand, e x p o s i n g about 16 i n c h e s between h i s hands. J u s t the ends o f t h e rope p r o t r u d e He i s not outside the closed f i s t s . to h o l d t h e - r o p e s t r e t c h e d o u t , but s h o u l d l e t i t hang l o o s e . H o l d i n g t h e rope i n t h i s way, o v e r t h e rope w i t h o u t The ance. t h e student i s r e q u i r e d t o jump l o o s e n i n g - h i s g r i p from i t . o b j e c t here i s t o measure a c o o r d i n a t e d I t s h o u l d be s t r e s s e d t o t h e student that performhe: 1. jumps o v e r t h e r o p e , t h r o u g h h i s arms; 2. l a n d s on h i s f e e t ; 3. does not h i t the rope w i t h h i s f e e t , o r l o s e h o l d o f i t w h i l e jumping, and 4. does not l o s e h i s b a l a n c e when l a n d i n g . U n l e s s t h e s u b j e c t meets a l l o f t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s he has not made a c o r r e c t jump. Scoring. attempts. Record number o f c o r r e c t jumps out o f f i v e 71 9. Balance - A Test T e s t i n g Arrangements. wood 1§" h i g h , ^" wide, and The 24 tt balance r a i l long. mounted t o a base board as shown. Instructions. b a l a n c e on t h e r a i l The i s a piece T h i s p i e c e o f wood i s A s t o p watch i s needed. student i s t o l d t h a t he i s t o u s i n g the p r e f e r r e d f o o t , w i t h t h e long a x i s o f h i s f o o t p a r a l l e l t o the l o n g a x i s o f t h e r a i l . i s given a p r a c t i c e t r i a l w i t h h i s eyes open. "Go" u n t i l he t o u c h e s t h e f l o o r w i t h any p a r t o f h i s body o r removes e i t h e r hand f r o m h i s h i p s . He f i r s t p l a c e s h i s hands on h i s h i p s and s t a n d s up on the r a i l . When t h e s t u - dent has h i s b a l a n c e and wants t o s t a r t t h e t r i a l , he may The He He i s t o l d t h a t h i s s c o r e i s the l e n g t h o f time from when he says "Go." of says a d m i n i s t r a t o r t h e n b e g i n s t i m i n g the s u b j e c t . not t o u c h the f l o o r w i t h any He p a r t o f h i s body, nor remove e i t h e r hand f r o m h i s h i p s . A f t e r t h e p r a c t i c e t r i a l , the procedure i s w i t h t h e eyes c l o s e d . The t h e i n s t a n t he says "Go." repeated examinee must c l o s e h i s eyes at He i s a d m i n i s t e r e d two separate t e s t t r i a l s w i t h eyes c l o s e d . Scoring. The number o f seconds the student h i s b a l a n c e f o r each t r i a l together f o r a t o t a l i s recorded s e p a r a t e l y and added score. I f he reaches 20 seconds w i t h o u t balance, maintains he i s t o l d t o s t o p , and a "20" having l o s t h i s i s recorded f o r that 72 trial. I f he o p e n s h i s e y e s , r e m o v e s e i t h e r h a n d f r o m h i p s , or touches the f l o o r , stop the t r i a l and his record the time. 10. 600 Yard Run-Walk T e s t i n g Arrangements. doors, unless a large f i e l d yards This i s typically house i s a v a i l a b l e . done o u t The 600 c a n be m a r k e d o f f i n s e v e r a l w a y s , p r o v i d e d t h e r e q u i r e d are not too sharp. A square turns a r e a , 50 y a r d s on s i d e p r o v i d e s a good t r a c k , s i n c e t h r e e l a p s c o m p r i s e yards. A football p r o p e r l y m a r k e d 440 field, each the 600 marked o f f a p p r o p r i a t e l y , o r a y a r d t r a c k w i l l work. With improvised t r a c k s c a r e must be t a k e n t o k e e p t h e s t u d e n t s f r o m straying outside the t r a c k , thus running too short or too long a course. S t o p w a t c h e s a r e n e e d e d , t h e number d e p e n d i n g on many s t u d e n t s a r e r u n t o g e t h e r . scheduling reasons, i t will to F o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and u s u a l l y be n e c e s s a r y number o f s t u d e n t s t o g e t h e r . The to run crosses the f i n i s h line. s c a r c e , t h e t i m e r can c a l l is student Where s t o p w a t c h e s a r e out t h e t i m e s as each student c r o s s e s the l i n e , w i t h the o b s e r v e r a s s i g n e d t o each recording the score f o r t h a t student. ees a most a c c u r a t e p r o c e d u r e assign a separate observer to clock a p a r t i c u l a r a s he how seem t o w o r k o u t w e l l i n p r a c t i c e . student Groups o f s i x examin- Instructions* i s to cover the may The distance students are t o l d that the i n the intersperse h i s running b e s t t o f i n i s h as Scoring. m i n u t e s and with walking q u i c k l y as Record the to the nearest shortest object possible time. but he He must t r y h i s possible. time, to cover the d i s t a n c e , seconds. in APPENDIX C THE C.A.H.P.E.R. FITNESSPERFORMANCE TEST NAME GRADE FIRST LAST SCHOOL AGE DATE OF BIRTH DATE OF TEST 1. ONE MINUTE SPEED SIT-UPS (NO.) 2. STANDING BROAD JUMP (INS.) 3. SHUTTLE RUN (SEC.) 4. FLEXED ARM HANG (SEC.) 5. 50 YARD RUN (SEC.) 6. 300 YARD RUN (SEC.) APPENDIX D FLEISHMAN FITNESS TESTS NAME DATE OF TEST 1. EXTENT FLEXIBILITY 2. DYNAMIC FLEXIBILITY (NO.) 3. SHUTTLE RUN (SEC.) 4.. SOFTBALL THROW (IN.) YDS. FT. .5. HAND GRIP (LBS.) ,6. PULL-UPS (NO.) 7. LEG LIFTS (NO.) 8. CABLE JUMP (NO.) 9. BALANCE A (SEC.) 10. 600 YARD RUN-WALK MIN. SEC. APPENDIX E AREAS OF FITNESS AS DEFINED BY FLEISHMAN E x p l o s i v e s t r e n g t h i s t h e a b i l i t y t o e x e r t maximum energy i n one e x p l o s i v e a c t . I t has a l s o been c a l l e d Energy M o b i l i z a t i o n , Power and V e l o c i t y . Dynamic s t r e n g t h i s t h e a b i l i t y t o e x e r t m u s c u l a r f o r c e t o move o r support t h e body's weight r e p e a t e d l y o v e r a given period of time. S t a t i c s t r e n g t h i s t h e a b i l i t y t o e x e r t maximum f o r c e f o r a b r i e f p e r i o d o f t i m e a g a i n s t a f a i r l y immovable o b j e c t . Extent f l e x i b i l i t y i s t h e a b i l i t y t o move o r s t r e t c h t h e body, o r some p a r t t h e r e o f , as f a r as p o s s i b l e i n v a r i o u s directions. Dynamic f l e x i b i l i t y i s t h e a b i l i t y t o make r e p e a t e d f l e x i n g o r s t r e t c h i n g movements. T h i s a r e a seems t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b o t h f l e x i b i l i t y and speed o f b o d i l y movements. S t a t i c balance i s the a b i l i t y t o maintain b o d i l y e q u i l i b r i u m w h i l e in.some f i x e d Dynamic b a l a n c e while performing position. i s the a b i l i t y t o maintain e q u i l i b r i u m some t a s k . 77 Multi-limb coordination i s the a b i l i t y t o coordinate the simultaneous movements o f s e v e r a l l i m b s i n o p e r a t i n g various devices. Gross body c o o r d i n a t i o n i s t h e a b i l i t y t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e more g r o s s a c t i v i t y o f t h e whole body. same f a c t o r o t h e r s c a l l agility. T h i s may be t h e Endurance i s t h e a b i l i t y t o e x e r t maximal e f f o r t o v e r t i m e and r e s i s t a n c e t o f a t i g u e . APPENDIX F ALTERNATE TESTING PROCEDURES NECESSITATED BY WEATHER CONDITIONS T e s t P e r i o d At During t h i s p e r i o d the f o l l o w i n g data were o b t a i n e d : 1. F i v e measures o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r formance T e s t : a) one minute speed sit-up, b) s t a n d i n g broad jump, c) s h u t t l e r u n , d) f l e x e d arm hang, e) 300 y a r d r u n . 2. Four measures o f t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t : a) e x t e n t flexibility, b) dynamic f l e x i b i l i t y , c) hand g r i p , d) b a l a n c e - A. T e s t P e r i o d B: During t h i s period the f o l l o w i n g data were o b t a i n e d : 1. One measure o f t h e C.A.H.P.E.R. F i t n e s s - P e r f o r m ance T e s t : a) 50 y a r d r u n . 2. S i x measures o f t h e F l e i s h m a n B a s i c F i t n e s s T e s t : a) s h u t t l e r u n , b) p u l l - u p s , c) l e g l i f t s , d) c a b l e jump, e) s o f t b a l l t h r o w , f ) 600 y a r d run-walk. APPENDIX G KEY TO C.A.H.P.E.R. VARIABLES 1. One Minute Speed S i t - u p 2. S t a n d i n g Broad Jump 3. S h u t t l e Run 4. F l e x e d Arm Hang 5. 50 Yard Run 6. 300 Y a r d Run APPENDIX G THE C.A.H.P.E.R. VARIABLES T-SCORES FOR ibject 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 46•441 48.203 48.139 44.979 49.821 52.951 2 39.161 45.093 52.518 48.832 58.624 43.328 3 61.911 63.755 49.234 59.290 38.082 58.725 4 38.251 48.203 40.476 43.328 42.434 39.478 5 57.361 46.648 57.991 48.832 54.223 54.876 6 62.821 35.761 53.612 66.445 65.961 58.725 7 40.981 62.200 45.950 37.824 57.157 56.801 8 54.631 46.648 39.382 62.042 51.288 45.252 9 48.261 45.093 51.423 47.181 45.419 37.553 10 50.991 59.089 53.612 53.235 43.951 49.102 11 53.721 45.093 55.802 53.786 51.288 49.102 12 44.621 52.868 45.950 42.777 45.419 52.951 13 43.711 37.317 47.044 69.747 41.017 37.553 14 55.541 55.979 57.991 68.096 55.690 51.027 15 55.541 55.979 60.180 55.437 52.755 51.027 16 54.631 49.758 59.086 53.235 • 43.951 45.252 17 54.631 51.313 48.139 46.630 48.353 45.252 18 42.801 38.872 40.476 38.374 45.419 47.177 19 60.091 66.865 68.938 54.336 58.624 56.801 20 51.901 51.313 43.760 62.592 24.876 47.177 82 ibject 1 2 3 4 5 6 21 52.811 55.979 45.950 54.336 48.353 47.177 22 34.611 38.872 49.234 38.374 45.419 45.252 23 58.271 49.758 62.370 53.786 ^.353 52.951 24 55.541 68.420 65.654 48.281 61.559 52.951 25 61.001 68.420 54.707 46.630 58.624 54.876 26 45.531 29.541 42.666 44.979 39.550 41.403 27 56.451 60.644 73.316 71.949 63.026 64.500 28 45.531 46.648 35.003 39.475 43.951 54.876 29 67.371 59.089 64.559 59.290 57.157 64.500 30 61.001 48.203 51.423 51.034 41.017 45.252 31 40.071 49.758 53.612 46.630 55.690 52.951 32 61.001 41.982 44.855 80.205 52.755 51.027 33 64.641 51.313 65.654 53.235 73.298 64.500 34 64.641 43.537 64.559 53.235 55.690 62.575 35 57.361 57.534 61.275 67.546 52.755 56.801 36 53.721 35.761 59.086 53.786 46.886 60.650 37 68.281 54.424 67.843 59.290 67.428 70.274 38 56.451 37.317 49.234 45.529 42.484 58.725 39 45.531 51.313 45.950 51.584 43.951 45.252 40 49.171 40.427 50.328 42.777 51.288 45.252 41 61.001 73.086 66.748 65.895 54.223 54.876 42 48.261 63.755 48.139 55.437 51.288 47.177 43 41.891 57.534 31.719 38.374 45.419 49.102 44 68.281 59.089 64.559 52.134 58.624 60.650 83 ibject 1 2 3 4 5 6 45 48.261 48.203 44.855 37.273 46.886 54.376 46 50.991 40.427 52.518 55.987 61.559 58.725 47 55.541 43.537 41.571 52.685 51.288 54.876 48 56.451 51.313 44.855 48.832 43.951 49.102 49 . 39.161 48.203 44.855 47.731 45.419 47.177 50 54.631 46.648 49.234 57-088 58.624 52.951 51 48.261 38.872 47.044 54.886 38.082 39.478 52 53.721 55.979 51.423 65.344 51.288 49.102 53 49.171 46.648 44.855 43.328 48.353 54.876 54 28.241 23.320 18.583 32.870 24.876 10.607 55 51.901 52.868 48.139 52.685 42.484 41.403 56 44.621 49.758 52.518 47.181 52.755 49.102 57 43.711 54.424 53.612 42.777 58.624 54.876 58 35.521 49.758 33.908 46.630 43.951 52.951 59 52.811 54.424 40.476 56.538 57.157 52.951 60 42.801 41.982 44.855 44.979 51.288 51.027 61 41.261 55.979 52.518 38.374 51.288 54.876 62 49.171 51.313 52.518 43.878 52.755 47.177 63 25.511 59.089 36.088 35.622 41.017 31.779 64 47.351 46.648 43.760 38.374 51.288 47.177 65 41.891 40.427 41.571 44.979 38.082 41.403 66 43.711 45.093 47.044 42.777 46.886 47.177 67 18.231 35.761 32.614 32.320 29.278 26.005 68 43.711 51.313 44.855 42.227 46.886 37.553 iubject 1 2 3 5 6 69 56.451 48.203 59.086 69.747 65.961 62.575 70 53.721 51.313 52.518 37.824 52.755 49.102 71 45.531 40.427 43.760 38.374 29.278 18.306 72 39.161 29.541 51.423 61.491 67.428 62.575 73 58.271 55.979 39.382 60.941 52.755 49.102 74 32.791 48.203 51.423 42.777 51.288 47.177 75 45.531 45.093 40.476 62.042 51.288 51.027 76 54.631 66.865 50.328 48.281 52.755 66.424 77 36.431 45.093 27.340 33.971 24.876 39.478 78 46.441 48.203 55.802 41.677 63.026 64.500 79 58..271 54.424 56.896 60.391 55.690 56.801 80 40.981 46.648 40.476 43.878 52.755 49.102 81 60.091 41.982 48.139 39.475 49.821 43.328 82 65.551 41.982 49.234 55.437 36.615 49.102 83 59.181 57.534 63.464 53.189 67.428 52.951 84 50.991 62.200 67.843 58.189 61.559 64.500 85 52.811 87.082 68.938 42.777 70.363 68.349 86 50.991 55.979 47.044 41.677 46.886 47.177 87 59.181 48.203 48.139 46.080 49.821 47.177 88 55.541 60.644 55.802 40.025 61.559 39.478 89 20.051 37.317 33.908 38.374 30.746 29.354 90 47.351 46.648 45.950 42.227 38.082 51.027 Mean 34.911 63.156 11.930 32.122 8.088 66.533 S.D. . 10.989 6.430 0.914 18.168 0.682 5.196 APPENDIX H KEY TO FLEISHMAN VARIABLES 1. Extent F l e x i b i l i t y 2. Dynamic F l e x i b i l i t y 3. S h u t t l e Run 4. S o f t b a l l Throw 5. Hand G r i p 6. Pull-Ups 7. Leg L i f t s 8. Cable Jump 9. Balance - A 10. 600 Y a r d Run-Walk APPENDIX H T-SCORES FOR THE FLEISHMAN VARIABLES ib j e c t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 57.573 65.914 48.720 49.426 52.946 47.537 50.239 61.080 50.833 52.105 2 53.331 42.813 46.777 44.257 61.755 47.537 45.934 47.230 56.033 61.013 3 46.260 29.612 46.777 36.738 42.376 58.810 50.239 47.230 56.900 59.232 4 61.816 42.813 47.425 36.268 39.733 43.779 39.477 54.155 . 50.833 51.511 5 42.018 52.714 61.020 39.557 43.257 40.021 39.477 61.080 39.999 57.450 6 53.331 42.813 59.725 62.533 22.997 70.032 50.239 40.305 60.801 52.699 7 36.362 39.513 56.488 47.076 48,542 47.537 54.544 61.080 57.334 53.293 8 54.745 32.912 53.251 60.234 52.946 66.325 48.087 61.080 45.633 46.I66 9 49.089 36.212 50.014 32.039 44.137 58.810 52.392 24.155 39.132 47.948 10 44.846 56.014 51.309 39.087 44.137 47.537 56.697 54.155 45.199 51.511 11 66.058 59.314 56.488 43.787 52.946 51.294 54.544 33.381 76.835 48.542 12 42.018 49.413 46.130 45.666 66.159 47.537 48.O87 33.381 43.466 33.101 13 44.846 42.813 44.188 37.208 35.329 55.052 56.697 47.230 69.035 40.821 6 8 9 10 50.239 61.080 45.199 53.887 62.567 58.849 61.080 47.366 55.074 55.589 47.537 61.002 61.080 43.899 52.699 45.666 44.137 40.021 41.629 61.080 52.567 46.166 75.910 55.065 42.376 40.021 24.409 47.230 46.066 47.354 62.614 66.847 46.6O6 59.993 40.021 54.544 54.155 47.366 56.262 67.472 89.016 35.124 54.595 61.755 47.537 52.392 33.381 76.402 52.105 21 56.159 62.614 41.598 31.569 42.376 43.779 45.934 61.080 51.266 52.105 22 50.503 56.014 44.188 49.426 52.946 40.021 63.154 33.381 43.899 45.572 23 51.917 52.714 43.540 48.486 52.946 47.537 52.392 54.155 68.601 55.668 24 50.503 59.314 56.488 53.655 61.755 43.779 50.239 61.080 43.032 53.887 25 49.089 59.314 51.309 56.944 52.946 51.294 65.307 54.155 46.933 55.668 26 58.987 52.714 39.656 46.136 52.946 40.021 48.087 54.155 43.032 20.629 27 47.675 52.714 66.199 55.535 61.755 55.052 58.849 61.080 37.399 58.638 28 44.846 42.813 53.899 37.208 59.993 40.021 43.782 40.305 51.700 57.450 29 47.675 62.614 62.962 77.151 51.184 62.567 45.934 47.230 61.234 64.576 4 Subject 1 14 63.230 49.413 61.020 48.486 57.350 77.598 15 47.675 49.413 53.251 55.065 56.469 16 60.402 46.113 53.251 51.305 17 30.705 49.413 37.714 18 40.604 59.314 19 36.362 20 2 3 5 7 oa Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 30 53.331 42.813 48.720 55.065 52.946 40.021 41.629 31 40.604 49.413 46.130 42.847 50.303 40.021 32 39.190 36.212 49.367 44.257 46.780 33 54.745 65.914 62.962 56.944 34 46.260 65.914 61.668 35 63.230 56.014 36 39.190 37 8 9 10 61.080 56.900 49.136 45.934 40.305 34.365 49.729 51.294 50.239 47.230 44.332 52.105 48.542 70.082 58.849 61.080 73.802 62.795 61.644 40.614 51.294 63.154 47.230 46.O66 59.232 61.668 61.644 53.827 55.052 56.697 61.080 52.133 59.232 62.614 59.078 55.065 52.065 40.021 45.934 40.305 34.365 63.389 61.816 49.413 61.668 65.873 45.899 51.294 54.544 40.305 40.866 64.576 38 46.260 52.714 43.540 40.027 33.567 40.021 56.697 26.456 45.633 43.791 39 36.362 42.813 43.540 40.967 36.210 43.779 45.934 54.155 43.899 49.136 40 30.705 56.014 50.014 45.666 44.137 40.021 39.477 54.155 35.665 48.542 41 49.089 56.014 61.668 55.535 45.899 70.082 56.697 61.080 34.798 50.917 42 37.776 36.212 46.130 47.546 48.542 55.052 52.392 47.230 35.232 36.664 43 42.018 52.714 52.604 39.557 39.733 40.021 45.934 47.230 46.066 50.323 44 30.705 39.513 59.725 63.053 45.899 62.567 61.002 47.230 44.332 59.825 45 43.432 42.813 50.662 47.076 45.899 43.779 56.697 47.230 42.599 58.044 7 oa oa Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 46 39.190 59.314 47.425 52.715 45.018 55.052 52.392 47.230 47.799 51.511 47 61.816 56.014 51.957 48.956 52.946 47.537 20.104 47.230 53.867 56.262 48 50.503 36.212 44.188 47.546 35.329 43.779 58.849 47.230 59.934 52.699 49 70.300 52.714 50.662 42.847 57.350 40.021 48.087 61.080 37.399 52.105 50 61.816 49.413 52.604 57.884 57.350 43.779 45.934 61.080 41.732 56.262 51 50.503 56.014 42.. 246 35.798 36.210 55.052 63.154 54.155 74.235 44.385 52 61.816 42.813 50.014 39.557 52.946 73.840 63.154 47.230 53.867 33.101 . 53 47.675 56.014 50.014 51.305 44.137 47.537 52.392 33.381 50.400 52.699 54 30.705 39.513 20.234 37.678 22.116 40.021 39.477 26.456 48.666 13.503 55 40.604 49.413 40.303 44.726 54.708 47.537 48.087 54.155 61.234 50.323 56 61.816 49.413 53.899 42.847 44.137 47.537 54.544 61.080 56.900 48.542 57 51.917 56.014 58.431 48.486 39.733 62.567 50.239 54.155 52.567 53.293 58 44.846 52.714 42.893 50.365 52.946 51.294 61.002 47.230 44.332 53.887 59 51.917 26.312 58.431 48.486 50.303 66.325 54.544 54.155 48.233 52.105 60 64.644 42.813 46.777 40.967 52.946 43.779 48.087 54.155 50.400 46.760 61 64.644 49.413 50.014 64.463 48.542 43.779 54.544 47.230 69.901 58.638 cc Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 62 43.432 42.813 56.488 56.005 58.231 43.779 50.239 33.381 37.832 46.760 63 39.190 39.513 37*066 57.884 61.755 40.021 22.257 54.155 56.900 23.005 64 50.503 46.113 42*246 57.884 57.350 47.537 48.087 33.381 46.O66 44.385 65 64.644 59.314 39.009 55.065 45.899 40.021 45.934 47.230 50.833 43.197 66 43.432 56.014 50.662 54.595 48.542 40.021 56.697 40.305 55.167 49.729 67 32.119 46.113 26.708 45.666 44.137 40.021 15.799 26.456 48.233 24.786 68 57.573 39.513 39.009 47.076 50.303 47.537 50.239 60'. 080 43.899 47.354 69 56.159 52.714 60.373 43.787 57.350 58.810 37.324 54.155 43.032 57.450 70 54.745 56.014 53.251 52.715 61.755 ' 46.779 56.697 54.155 39.565 53.293 71 61.816 56.014 30.592 43.787 51.184 40.021 45.934 47.230 35.665 21.223 72 60.402 46.113 58.431 42.377 44.137 62.567 41.629 54.155 50.833 58.638 73 51.917 29.612 51.309 40.497 35.329 40.021 54.544 54.155 52.567 49.729 74 57.573 59.314 54.546 55.065 57.350 47.537 48.087 61.080 60.801 42.603 75 46.260 57.714 56.488 53.655 52.946 51.294 48.087 47.230 39.565 47.948 76 44.846 49.413 61.668 59.764 61.755 43.779 54.544 47.230 44.332 58.044 77 30.705 46.113 40.951 60.704 68.801 40.021 45.934 26.456 36.532 35.476 O 6 9 10 54.155 56.900 62.201 52.392 54.155 40.866 55.668 43.779 53.849 54.155 52.567 45.572 57.350 51.294 56.697 47.230 56.900 47.948 46.606 27.401 62.567 67.459 61.080 56.467 56.856 61.668 62.583 58.231 70.082 58.849 54.155 66.368 58.638 42.813 44.335 57.884 52.946 70.082 67.459 61.080 54.733 60.419 50.503 62.614 62.962 90.779 88.130 58.810 50.239 61.080 61.234 59.232 86 30.705 46.113 61.020 39.557 47.661 47.537 45.934 47.230 63.834 50,323 37 61.816 56.014 42.893 49.396 53.827 55.052 58.849 61.080 52.567 52.699 88 58.987 59.314 44.188 57.884 59.993 47.537 50.239 54.155 40.866 45.572 89 53.331 39.513 22.823 32.039 42.376 40.021 17.952 26.456 50.400 28.350 90 50.503 46.113 38.361 35.798 35.329 40.021 43.037 40.305 43.466 56.262 Mean 13.644 15.178 23.002 87.222 46.656 2.656 15.889 3.400 5.408 141.544 S.D. 7.072 3.030 1.545 21.280 11.353 2.661 4.646 1,444 2.308 I6.838 1 2 73 57.573 52.714 60.373 56.005 50.303 47.537 35.172 79 50.503 42.813 51.957 65.873 60.874 73.840 80 47.675 56.014 44.188 64.463 57.350 81 60.402 26.312 27.355 49.896 82 37.776 59.314 48.072 83 63.230 52.714 8k 56.159 85 5ubject 3 4 5 7 3
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UBC Theses and Dissertations
C.A.H.P.E.R. fitness-performance test as validated by the Fleishman basic fitness test Jordan, Charles Stonehouse 1966
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