AN ELECTRONIC DISPLAY AIRBORNE SYSTEM BY IAN B.A.Sc, STEWART U n i v e r s i t y o f W a t e r l o o , 1977 A THESIS SUBMITTED I N P A R T I A L FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF A P P L I E D SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of E l e c t r i c a l Engineering We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s a s c o n f o r m i n g to the r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d . THE U N I V E R S I T Y OF B R I T I S H COLUMBIA A p r i l , 1979 (c) Ian Stewart, 1979 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an advanced d e g r e e a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I a g r e e t h a t the L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and I f u r t h e r agree that permission f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . for extensive study. copying of this thesis be g r a n t e d by the Head o f my Department o r I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g or p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t written permission. Department nf Electrical Engineering The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia 2075 Wesbrook P l a c e V a n c o u v e r , Canada V6T 1W5 Date A p r i l 12, 1979. my ii ABSTRACT An and electronic tested. over iii) analog type proved cockpit cockpit congestion, ii) increased flexibility in decreased testing complexity and software in simulation, instrumentation. given. display The EADS d e s i g n e d current reduced airborne design, A detailed cockpit and designed advantages These pilot are: reaction i) time, instrumentation, associated reduced was several displays. with ground o v e r a l l cost description implementation (EADS) to have decreased hardware and v ) system of the testing of of iv) based cockpit hardware this EADS and is i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i i TABLE OF CONTENTS i i i L I S T OF ILLUSTRATIONS v i L I S T OF TABLES viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I. II. ix INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview of 1.2 Review of 1.3 Scope Electronic previous Airborne Displays w o r k i n EADS 9 of t h e s i s 12 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.1 Overall 2.2 Data 2.3 Central system 14 description 14 Acquisition Unit Processing 18 Unit description 22 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 CPU h a r d w a r e d e s c r i p t i o n 2.3.2.1 1 Selection of CPU 22 25 criteria 25 CPU c o n f i g u r a t i o n 27 2.3.2.2 Final 2.3.2.3 DFM i n t e r f a c e 30 2.3.2.4 Pilot Entry Device 32 description 33 2.3.3 CPU s o f t w a r e 2.3.3.1 Software development 2.3.3.2 Real-time 2.3.3.3 Command Mode 38 2.3.3.4 D i s p l a y Mode 40 executive tools 33 34 iv 2.3.3.5 2.4 Display IV. 43 Processing Unit 44 2.4.1 General 2.4.2 DPU m a c r o commands 45 2.4.3 DPU h a r d w a r e d e s c r i p t i o n 50 2.5 III. U p d a t e Mode description o f DPU 2.4.3.1 ALU format 56 2.4.3.2 Branch format 58 2.4.3.3 Common f i e l d s 59 Vector Generator 61 2.5.1 General description 2.5.2 Hardware selection of vector generator and d e s c r i p t i o n SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 3.1 Overall 3.2 Real-time 3.3 Display 3.4 Vector CONCLUSIONS 4.1 4.2 44 62 66 system performance e x e c u t i v e performance processor generator performance performance AND DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Conclusions Directions for 61 66 74 75 76 77 77 further research REFERENCES 79 80 APPENDIX A CPU F l o w c h a r t s APPENDIX B CPU Program L i s t i n g s APPENDIX C DPU Microinstruction Fields 83 90 138 V APPENDIX APPENDIX D E APPENDIX F APPENDIX G CPU B l o c k Diagrams DPU S c h e m a t i c s DPU C o n t r o l Vector 144 Store L i s t i n g s Generator 141 Schematics 157 165 L I S T OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Point plotting organization 3 Figure 2 Display organization with vector Figure 3 Display organization with display Figure 4 Block diagram System of block EADS d i s p l a y Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 iCPU Figure 8 Figure 9 Typical Figure 10 State Figure 11 Photograph Figure 12 Block Figure 13 D i a g r a m of pilot Figure 14 Diagram of RDYC Figure 15 Command handler Figure 16 Structure Figure 17 List Figure 18 Bit Figure 19 Block Figure 20 i Centralized and Block diagram of during system a refresh o f DAU display of of of organization cycle display cycle system device list 29 36 configuration tasks 41 51 o f DPU 53 fields 55 Structure of ALU s l i c e Figure 22 Structure of microsequencer Figure 23 Block Figure 24 Photograph vector take-off 38 46 21 of 24 32 display of 19 entry Figure diagram cycle 30 table Microinstruction 16 DFM i n t e r f a c e architecture diagram 6 23 DPU commands slice 5 21 complete of 4 15 distributed DAU t i m i n g diagram processor diagram vs diagram generator 56 slice 60 generator 63 format 70 Figure 25 Photograph of engine Figure 26 Photograph of landing data format format viii L I S T OF TABLES Table 1 Comparison of existing airborne display systems. 73 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank all a s s i s t e d me i n c o m p l e t i n g t h i s Special aid and to thank spent to Grateful of for t h a n k my w i f e , this Canada for work. his many Karen, for and d r a w i n g f o r t h i s acknowledgement who have thesis. throughout Dr.P.D.Lawrence i n typing Council individuals t h a n k s t o my s u p e r v i s o r D r . M . R . I t o encouragement would l i k e those is financial for his I would helpful the constant also like suggestions. t i m e and e f f o r t I she thesis. made to support S c h o l a r s h i p n o . 1560 and o p e r a t i n g g r a n t the National through no.67-9054. Research Postgraduate 1 CHAPTER I 1.1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC AIRBORNE D I S P L A Y SYSTEMS Before displays, airborne an taking let with the and safe thesis This used EADS is example, a electronic dynamic to inferior There a airspeed type an use a type the in by type display pilot this analog indicator, displays. because its it information. information For about heading. the pilot's ability analog form. display device symbology. At To criteria. cost and The this, allows present, plasma resolution to large do which o n l y d e v i c e of reasonable this however, analog him efficient i n f o r m a t i o n by d i s p l a y i n g a in analog an attitude of displays exploit must meets and in is provide handled multifunction the to (EADS) described now types electronic display plane indicator, several (CRT) i s which appear; to as analog of the airborne an aircraft and many o t h e r information display exactly display d i s p l a y may g i v e displays reliability airspeed airborne cathode ray tube begun information the an fly the attitude, the to electronic airborne of electronic displays quickly assimilate of required known Electronic part pilot indicator single plane's electronic the at what The s u c h as descent look describe The by manner. simultaneously the is. displays of in-depth first information instruments rate us display instrument an cost panel are the and has still the CRT. are t h r e e methods used to get the i n f o r m a t i o n on the 2 CRT. These and are commonly known a s raster scan. information the screen, The stroke on the the to screen, the a pair scan line The beam i s again turned refreshed. 50 at which the include the the the with screen to to display rate must prevent pilot of the the has screen of start beam o n beam been pilot, on display. the or across completely beam p a s s e s the is then continuously be high screen depends the more enough, flicker. order to a point on t h e beam is The and number rewritten on rate flicker factors. wavelength, location, order minimum before of the or is These brightness, light-to-dark ratio and g e n e r a l l y been the object[1]. recent d i s p l a y s has EADS resolution to date. and the The stroke absence of written aliasing displays[6],[3],[4]. update driving a light written better scan on age, stroke common t o r a s t e r available the flickering offers circuitry the a pair sweeping o n when t h e variation, retinal The u s e In entails t o be v i s i b l e pilot's s i z e of the display d i s p l a y from i n f o r m a t i o n needs t o be r e f r e s h e d to with of points i n f o r m a t i o n on co-ordinates until turned refresh cycles/sec, apparent rule the generates individual space written off. The of the method a l l methods, brightness co-ordinate end by l i n e , screen which i s In the of display illuminating CRT beam a c r o s s raster covered. in by p l o t t i n g , stroke plotting w r i t t e n d i s p l a y generates co-ordinates The point screen defined by moving the off. The point the these the CRT, t h e r e must be some control display. Several organizations can broken down be into are three 3 configurations. The f i r s t and b y f a r the simplest is shown i n f i g u r e 1. Y AXIS T COMPUTER E INTENSITY I E Figure In this displayed the computer screen, must the must computer The s e c o n d a vector drawn. time a of system is that refreshing useful work. This a point plotting display, since point, its refresh time for then intensifying organization has is been intensify the vector is s i m i l a r to added. the appropriate pairs shown i n t h i s of generator the first A block shown i n f i g u r e generator co-ordinate The constantly the beam. sequence pairs[2]. generator The v e c t o r end its commonly t e r m e d display architecture and deal by must problem w i t h t h i s a great specify organization computer The m a j o r generated co-ordinate plotting the limiting is of Point spend configuration are 1. image. thus Symbols X AXIS organization the ">i CRT except diagram that of this 2. figure the vector or then moves the accepts the line beam, segment start to tracing be out 4 X X.Y.Z VALUES^ COMPUTER — — VECTOR GENERATOR INTENSITY: _ „ . .__. _, ^ Y Figure the line segment computer's relieved are 2. D i s p l a y o r g a n i z a t i o n command. of to be fact With calculating are that the beam this the or off organization Both along analog These must of the the and will supply generator depending the line is now which type vector in suffers of the segment discussed still all on computer digital be This configuration computer each r e f r e s h on points available. i n CHAPTER I I . during the intensified. generators detail with with vector the more from the co-ordinates screen[2],[3]. The t h i r d and m o s t p o w e r f u l o r g a n i z a t i o n is shown i n figure 3. The reduces display the continually in the load on updating display to update the displayed image. vector processing file the the the used The when i t in generate this unit figure, (CPU) on t h e information CPU i s now o n l y wishes previous to shown processing based memory(DFM) . As i n is central screen display f i l e generator unit(DPU) to change the organization, the line some segments by stored required current type of on the 5 DISPLAY RLE GPU Figure screen. The The stroke the PROCESSOR GENERATOR display reduces increased VECTOR 3. Display organization transformations again DISPLAY the overhead written organization display memory i s screen, around first is found configuration. performing at the This expense of in conjunction with the The d i s p l a y processor in s c a n d i s p l a y may b e a s s i m p l e a s a n a d d r e s s and t u r n s through the d i s p l a y t h e beam o n when a b i t i n t h e file display set. In a d d i t i o n the of and t r a n s l a t i o n . CPU b u t a n d beam c o n t r o l w h i c h c y c l e s ( s c r e e n memory) file on t h e CRT processor capable scaling $H complexity[2],[4]. case of a r a s t e r register with display may b e s u c h as r o t a t i o n , hardware last processor BEAM to p r o c e s s i n g there the p l a n e . must This case the c e n t r a l be information some method c a n b e done processing of and d i s p l a y i n g i t o n gathering i n one o f unit data two w a y s . from In the i n the system gathers the 6 data itself. data acquisition second the In the system second unit thus case a separate p r o c e s s i n g (DAU), further is used reduces the to gather the unit, the data. The overhead on the CPU i n thesis uses DAU a p p r o a c h . this system, system. The EADS described Figure 4 gives in this a b l o c k diagram of the illustrating the l o c a t i o n o f t h e D A U , C P U , and D P U . DFM Figure 4. B l o c k diagram of The EADS s h o u l d a l l e v i a t e current analog The instruments. tends to critical is the Displaying overburden Information is often congestion instruments EADS d i s p l a y several the problem use of of all pilot redundant phase of f l i g h t [ 5 ] . O f t e n , serious GENERATOR organization problems that exist with instrumentation. most instrumentation VECTOR DPU CPU DAU problem in a limited a the and or with large current number of information, increase not all his required analog dedicated the time, reaction time. in a particular especially with m i l i t a r y aircraft, arises space in trying i n v i e w of the to fit pilot[6]. all a the 7 The their problem inflexibility. decided upon change time third the and the Once a cockpit displays organization progresses, format analog little without has can be a substantial is been done cost to and investment[7]. the pilot. shifting that problem e x i s t s With modern direction of a monitoring mode displays large is the portion analog both analog data expensive computer convertors or (D/A's) Finally, for the the an for is used. cost of steadily increasing. to the of the active the role pilot's control of role is element to current analog c o n t r o l mode p i l o t n o t displays that and by time digital changing the lack adequate status with current analog new r o l e [ 9 ] . generated and the However, exists expense instruments is cost this difficulty be of Current problem of to that of aircraft, monitor. pilot. another because day was d e s i g n e d and w a r n i n g s y s t e m s Yet from flight instrumentation the conventional design instrumentation The f o u r t h be with to some involved be tested external consuming with precise, reliable conventional s o p h i s t i c a t i o n of instruments many of problems This can an instruments now b e when the to the given evaluating cockpit. follows: for require whether analog w h i c h go i n t o 1) i n c r e a s e d p i l o t w o r k l o a d due number o f d i s c r e t e instruments. A digital-to-analog instruments We c a n s u m m a r i z e t h e s e p r o b l e m s a s 2) c o c k p i t c o n g e s t i o n reason. device. c o n s i d e r a t i o n must analog testing. will regardless computer Serious in large same 3) i n f l e x i b i l i t y changes. in 4) i n s t r u m e n t s l a c k warning i n f o r m a t i o n . 5) i n s t r u m e n t s 6) making instrumentation sufficient are d i f f i c u l t r e l i a b l e instruments are to status test. expensive. and 9 1.2 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK I N ELECTRONIC AIRBORNE D I S P L A Y S The principal displays on research airborne display indication efforts then landing (V/TOL) were displays (EADI) aimed that at displays and v e r t i c a l s h o r t with the aerodynamic the be t i m e was . the advent by with impairment qualities of reduced pilot electronic airborne it the use essential electronic in the for late vertical take-off The reasons The take-off and the of parameters of characteristics in a was h o p e d of plane that multiplexed information in of the this pilot more on which aircraft, due to the nature. With workload could displays a (V/STOL) emphasis a V/TOL o r V/STOL flight attitude and l a n d i n g for Work 1960's. in flying needed EADS, or i n c r e a s i n g number p i l o t had to d e a l w i t h along (EADS) r e a l l y began aircraft[10],[11],[12],[13] the on h a v e b e e n made b y v a r i o u s m i l i t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s . electronic EADS a t efforts providing easily the assimilated form. Displays hardwired digital The s y s t e m s generator were overloading the landing Aviation heading As for military by and the took raster display scan to the type figure memory before, the the raster led of a displays[14]. 2 with for this form to vector problems scan of computer. EADS a g a i n g o t began Facilities time similar mentioned systems [ 1 5 ] . of that configured the main The n e e d at computer replaced configuration. as developed a boost emphasis Much o f the on Landing early all-weather w o r k was Experimental All-Weather i n the Centre Systems done take-off by (NAFEC) (AWLS). seventies the National under Some and work the was 10 also of undertaken these experiments instrument flying, From steadily the by the this B o e i n g A i r p l a n e C o m p a n y . The m a i n was to reduce the l a n d i n g and t a k e - o f f point increasing. e x i s t i n g analog on, work EADS can on pilot thrust workload during conditions. the FADS provide approach several has been advantages over controls: 1) reduced pilot workload through the i n t e g r a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n a n d more f l e x i b l e displays. 2) to reduced c o c k p i t c o n g e s t i o n information integration. problems 3) flexible display systems to e f f i c i e n t instrument m o d i f i c a t i o n s . 4) sufficient abnormal f l i g h t automation situations. in due allow detecting 5) efficient system testing due to d i g i t a l n a t u r e and m o d u l a r i t y o f d e s i g n . 6) greater redundancy. One o f Digital the Avionics program has at biggest been have the undertaken Group of the Airforce Base, to to major Rockwell Digital Flight display of effort is information in System flight are handled by d u p l i c a t e d area project. Avionics Ohio[16]. a Hot explore is The the This Laboratory main thrust Bench w h i c h would all concepts of systems. International. Management system (DAIS) Airforce develop flexibility to made i n t h i s System avionics information Another due efforts at DAIS p r o g r a m was sufficient electronic recent Information Wright-Patterson behind reliability the progress This at system (DFMS)[18]. management the and Collins is In Radio called the this system, aircraft control d i g i t a l f l i g h t management computers. 11 The EADS projects have mentioned The m o s t display systems resulted previously. severe of developing such fact to that centralize in resulting the realization However, some these problems a system. The date the EADS's the functions from of deficiencies being second the the display leads the to severe EADS c a n n o t areas the processor of digital system. to handle problems take in can system, t o n a r r o w down a d e f e c t i v e of have area. a the and since a in and the to flight w i t h perhaps display again load. This cost. Also made significant become exist. attempted control developments without testing i n a complex c e n t r a l i z e d of reliability advantage technology Finally, some benefits lies m a n a g e m e n t , and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n i n t o one c o m p u t e r , a other still deficiency display, and expense i n v o l v e d i n developed of these in certain redesign significant i t becomes more of problem difficult 12 1.3 SCOPE OF THESIS The purpose which a l l e v i a t e s of this already these design is the design of a the achieved advantages in EADS. obtained The over following analog is objectives: 1) r e d u c e cockpit instrument congestion. 2) d e c r e a s e p i l o t r e a c t i o n t i m e b y : 2.1) d i s p l a y i n g only the information r e q u i r e d f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r phase of flight. 2 . 2 ) d e c r e a s i n g a n g l e o f e y e movement r e q u i r e d to scan a l l i n s t r u m e n t s . 2.3) d i s p l a y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n a form suitable for the pilot's required actions. 2.4) d i s p l a y i n g warning information an a t t e n t i o n - g e t t i n g manner. 2.5) u s i n g symbols which b e t t e r information displayed. in present 3) increase flexibility in cockpit i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n by making changes i n d i s p l a y format to be made m o r e easily than in current instrumentation. 4) d e s i g n s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s i n a d i s t r i b u t e d fashion, thus e n a b l i n g changes i n various s e c t i o n s at a l a t e r date without effecting p e r f o r m a n c e o f r e m a i n i n g s e c t i o n s and a l s o increasing reliability in duplicated systems. 5) the s y s t e m s h o u l d show a significant reduction i n instrumentation costs. 6) decrease the r e q u i r e d to d r i v e equipment. 7) new the p r e v i o u s l y mentioned problems, w h i l e at same t i m e m a i n t a i n i n g displays thesis increase ease of complexity instruments of equipment in simulation testability. a list EADS the type of 13 The d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e which deals involved gives in a the in at directions software the Chapter by for the for II. design further the and d e s i g n described description flowcharts schematics purpose EADS detailed described arrived with system i t s e l f and of Chapter and by listings, EADS d e s c r i b e d of this the IV testing research. is The found the i n Chapter various thesis. performance contains of this the firmware listings throughout these the III EADS conclusions EADS, Appendices elements Chapter of II along contain and with the circuit chapters. 14 CHAPTER I I SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2 . 1 OVERALL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION A block diagram shown i n f i g u r e As s e e n which attempts shown processing units. Acquisition Unit from include attitude data, area flight available. attached to the known a s stored this chapter is The the consists these main job the engine problems of is data, of units to plane. such stored Store an three main the Data data from is acquire These elements communications would data, and (on b o a r d n a v i g a t i o n computer) information, Data the The a d v a n t a g e s 5, of around DAU, i s of later. first director some processing in read a Memory via several dedicated (DSM) . I/O shared if ports storage The DAU s o f t w a r e is i n ROM. The DSM i n f o r m a t i o n Processing Pilot in a distributed circumvent figure (DAU) whose elements is to in The various one EADS h a s be d i s c u s s e d system, the this centralized designs. organization w i l l from EADS d e s c r i b e d 5. experienced with data the i n f i g u r e 5, architecture The of Unit Entry checking can be the data (CPU) b a s e d Device for faults interpreted has commands o u t The refreshes been to (PED). and by read on The pilot Display processed, the CRT v i a the data Processing CPU w r i t e s co-ordinate by requests the DPU commands a turn CPU p r o c e s s e s formatting the in t h e D i s p l a y F i l e Memory DPU r e a d s the is the entered the in Central via information, a manner Unit the the (DPU). which Once n e c e s s a r y DPU (DFM). stored driven in the vector DFM a n d generator. DAU PROGRAM STORE CPU PROGRAM STORE DISPLAY FILE @ t EXTERNAL CENTRAL ROCESSING UNIT DEVICES DAU RAM AREA DAIfA STORE MEMORY EXTERNAL CONTROL F i g u r e 5. S y s t e m b l o c k diagram PILOT ENTRY DEVICE DISPLAY PROCESSING "UNIT VECTOR GENERATOR 16 The CRT i s and refreshed giving continuous the at a r a t e o f 50 H z , t h u s p r e v e n t i n g moving elements on the screen a flicker look of motion. The distributed advantages over nature more of the centralized advantage can be i l l u s t r a t e d by the system display offers systems. following several The first figure. (a) Figure In can system handle properly system each will type (a), the should distributed 6. this still Distributed i f a failure occurs, load. network remains Centralized vs However, latter in (b) , function the properly functioning. remaining system processor several the will develop processor not function a fault. modules may fail as as long one In the and the module of 17 The distributed advantage of a major redesign on system centralized system. microcomputers of systems. is The individually a l l o w an e m u l a t o r cost the also enables t e c h n o l o g i c a l advances distributed tested system for system and to the remaining somewhat three units to in to this from without Finally, test than system the take the the can be system to. place. The u s e of units reduces the overall t o more c o m p l e x c e n t r a l i z e d display distributed compared modules. removed in its designer s p e c i f i c modules easier logically function these in the low cost 18 2 . 2 DATA A C Q U I S I T I O N UNIT (DAU) Little It and was f e l t that the a possible gather rate figure, as of bit 8085 Because form, the the it into the than that handle the several to sample the data read by the format analog the data of However, if we DSM. S i n c e processing look at DSM we the unit the can CPU l o a d s time, the microcomputer such task. from 16 bit The analog to around the to be in words see new conflict. not to DAU a n d a mutually is it times at solution. changes CPU d o e s Thus, a the may u s e relative we c a n a l l o w a c c e s s resource for 16 when the DSM. o n l y one therefore This this expected in The Keeping data CPU i s DAU i s sec. multiplexed this in per acquisition the period time plane. satisfactory an 8 b i t sharing the the of the d a t a on a C R T [ 1 9 ] . between inactive, routine description the times is conflict exists the a purpose 10 A potential requires is around studies, control DAU m u s t resource of less several could would converters writing the of following elements i n m i n d , we f i n d Intel digital is fairly a c h i e v e d by spending section, various d e s i g n of the DAU. the DAU. dynamic a i r b o r n e microcomputer plane. from last actual DAU w o u l d b e However, the required sampling rate the the c o u l d be i n the a result observation of configuration for data sampling as design remaining u n i t s . As m e n t i o n e d to was p l a c e d o n t h e thus g r e a t e r b e n e f i t on t h e of emphasis into require at any which When the the CPU i n exclusive one time. each the DPU DFM. D u r i n g access to the data is this the DSM; t h e DSM b y t h e DAU w i t h o u t by b u f f e r i n g unit obtained fear by 19 the DAU d u r i n g unloading DFM, the the buffer the into CPU i s the except that the CPU a n d detail the DSM memory i s D P U . The design section, of the DSM a n d CPU i s then updating the conflict. CPU a n d DAU s h a r e in a later reading DSM when t h e we c a n s u c c e s s f u l l y a v o i d t h e The d e s i g n o f the time similar the the to that memory p o r t s DFM w i l l so we n e e d n o t be dwell of t h e DFM rather than discussed on t h e in design of t h e DSM h e r e . The during DAU i s the a slave b e g i n n i n g of access to the to the the C P U . The CPU s t a r t s display refresh DAU when DSM i s available. the t i m i n g o f t h e DAU a n d CPU o p e r a t i o n s c y c l e and Figure 7 t h e DAU tells illustrates during a refresh cycle. START OF NEXT DISPLAY REFRESH CYCLE DPU FINISHES REFRESHING SCREEN AND SIGNALS CPU START OF DISPLAY REFRESH CYCLE the V DAU LOADS DSM CPU UPDATES DFM DAU BUFFERS DATA CPU READS DSM OTHER TASKS OTHER TASKS Figure The program t h e DAU f o r the 7. lead for the DAU c a n new i n s t r u m e n t s replacement should CPU a n d DAU t i m i n g d u r i n g to of the or for be savings stored new p l a n e s ROM p r o g r a m significant a refresh memory. in in cycle ROM. M o d i f y i n g will only This down-time and require flexibility upgrading 20 costs. The impedance testing state or necessary DAU e x t e r n a l for to so that the D S M . Thus c o s t l y a n a l o g during 8 may device also can be be put used systems. For simulation, instrument data in digital equipment s i m u l a t i o n i s not Figure DAU. another duplicated supply busses illustrates to drive the in high either it is form cockpit to for only the displays required. the basic elements required by the DSM BUFFER PROGRAM STORE RAM I ADDRESS BUS TO DSM He 8085 , R/W T. A8:15 ALE CONTROL FROM CPU ADO:7 DATA BUS TO DSM 1 8 IADDRESS SELECT 256 - N CHANNEL 8 A/D 8 "7 16 I/O DECODE ~~T~ 8 T N DIGITAL PORTS TRANSDUCERS DIGITAL DEVICES 256-N %— Nx8 ro F i g u r e 8. B l o c k d i a g r a m o f DAU 22 2 . 3 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) 2 . 3 . 1 GENERAL D E S C R I P T I O N OF CPU As m e n t i o n e d retrieve data commands to function on t h e (PED). a base, data that it warn the may from be Device the DSM and stored in basis of the stored pilot of be On t h e marginal description configured into four Display CPU w i l l Mode. In the DSM, m o d i f y display such as file this it, and a by commands r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e The information stored be l o a d e d i n t o the end of the the the the 50Hz time of these faulty i f CPU t i m e i s we can modes. see into also the how t h e CPU are is time termed Mode. in information copy any static file based on can The CPU DPU commands i n display CPU its it available. These read resultant CPU w i l l the of Entry checks, conditions. portion the from the data buffer. the the The display pilot. i n the display f i l e DFM when t h e display refresh. real and m i s s i o n CPU w i l l Update Mode. F i g u r e 9 i l l u s t r a t e s A s p e c i f i c plane tasks, large scales processed DSM a g a i n s t from Command M o d e , a n d C o n t r o l store The the operating mode, and buffer. labels information spend this Pilot basis or exercise the i n mind, the D i s p l a y Mode, Update Mode, The the to i n t o m e a n i n g f u l DPU CPU must check data a l s o be i n v o l v e d w i t h o t h e r this it commands r e c e i v e d f r o m for. any CPU's main f u n c t i o n i s D F M . The i n ROM, f o r i s b e i n g used the transform The CPU c a n a l s o Keeping can i n Section 2.1, clock buffer DPU r e l i n q u i s h e s This state a typical signals the is the known a s display start will of then DFM a t is the cycle. the refresh 23 START OF NEXT DISPLAY REFRESH CYCLE DPU FINISHES REFRESHING SCREEN AND SIGNALS CPU START OF DISPLAY REFRESH CYCLE v V V Y7777s DPU IS IDLE. DPU REFRESHES CRT CPU READS DSM DAU BUFFERS DATA CPU LOADS DFM T0yy\ DAU LOADS DSM OT Figure c y c l e to the should s t a r t required well reading is when it has exclusive file of buffer. The lowest lists the to the CPU t h a t the resultant i n the refreshing the display f i l e updates spent the on exiting the next refresh cycle The Update is t h e CPU the Mode, used other CPU now DFM f r o m as buffer. on The DPU s i g n a l s display. t h e DSM DPU commands time r e m a i n i n g can be processed. it has display any time to handle other tasks. priority of cycle indicates scales DFM and Again, the or yet Command Mode i s receives storing the not completed use priority and complete, remaining before low signal also labels p r i o r i t y tasks display and p r o c e s s i n g any i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m pilot any s t a t i c When t h i s low DPU. This by the as 9. T y p i c a l task commands f r o m tasks to be treated in the the as the system. CPU b a c k g r o u n d t a s k , In PED a n d q u e u e s executed. The this the position mode, requested of a task the or CPU task in in the 24 list is will be The running dependent serviced Control the Figure on before Mode its priority. those of lower encompasses t a s k s r e q u e s t e d by the 10 i l l u s t r a t e s Figure 10. S t a t e Tasks the higher of priority priority. time the CPU s p e n d s pilot. t h e s e modes diagram of diagrammatically. display cycle in 25 2.3.2 CPU HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 2 . 3 . 2 . 1 SELECTION C R I T E R I A Three main considerations selecting the the command DPU explained This in word word section width processor; The CPU h a r d w a r e width. effective consideration real-time nature section. E a r l i e r w o r k done representative as well commands, The facility 100 too slow for the the reduced the in the do 16 b i t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n and d i v i s i o n The reason for built arithmetic operations criteria in criteria limits hardware or on the priority, previous executive for produced bit this, data selection microprogrammed have in well obvious, the a w i d e DPU CPU s h o u l d is an CPU[20]. to this the have the 16 a 16 b i t that bit Considering consideration with was use 16 processor. 8085, system. to is reasons a multiple Intel due these CPU s h o u l d third DSM. T h i s the under since it of the receives chips multiply to and instructions. The p r o c e s s o r bit selecting 8086, to an 8 b i t the the throughput d e c i s i o n was made t o from 16 suited out when w i d e DPU command. described this of for on a s i m i l a r r e a l - t i m e executive several divide CPU as processor, CPU d o e s those the well handle bit usee. the of 16 b i t that to account decided, rule 8 as a into The f i r s t was use was executive task real-time to does not multiple a It particularly t h i s by i t s e l f second taken configuration. 2.4.2, is were which best microprocessor. the TI9900 over M o t o r o l a 6809, suited There the were t h e s e g o a l s was t h e three main TI9900, reasons remaining p o s s i b i l i t i e s , the Zilog-Z8000, National's PACE and for Intel IMP, and 26 GI's CP1600I21]. The main reason architecture. working registers registers context this real-time other in architecture T I 9 9 0 0 was processors, in the external switches second remaining the the the both CPU w i t h memory. for devices PACE, was for the tools. I M P , 9900 and o f t h e s e , and only the selecting a this t h i r d reason Tektronix Although has program and the three and data organization rapidly, thus development not thesis, Tektronix available. 8002 of At of CPU s e l e c t i o n , the time in development future 8002, efforts once the with full a and the only production, chassis, T I 9 9 0 0 was t h e supporting development additional the extender boards. system th i s device scale a 4 slot s e l e c t i n g the for over the TI9900 o f f e r e d available TI9900 of CP1600 w e r e for the availability b o a r d , memory e x p a n s i o n and p r o t o t y p i n g of register 9900 This efficiently very suitable reason development The the its executive[22]. The related selecting maintained residing handles making Unlike for of the EADS c o u l d b e memory for the existence the 9900. system done on 8002 for the was 27 2.3.2.2 F I N A L CPU CONFIGURATION Thus t h e computer. 4 slot for final This board, chassis card photograph the of the of the detailed of TMS4042-2 words of EPROM e x p a n d a b l e static d r i v e n by output is a of the with a (TM990/512) an power extended supply. A 11. DPU, v e c t o r to TMS9900 4K w o r d s . system shown 3MHz a RAM, expandable communications TM990/100M b o a r d being triple contains programmable asynchronous generator, board generator later. TM990/100M b o a r d TMS9901 cards vector description words a purchased prototyping DPU and a also c o m p l e t e s y s t e m i s shown i n f i g u r e and CRT w i l l b e g i v e n The T M 9 9 0 / 1 0 0 M was ( T M 9 9 0 / 2 0 1 ) , and A more a CPU was a T I 9 9 0 0 s i n g l e ( T M 9 9 0 / 5 1 0 ) , two development memory decision for giving CPU, 512 w o r d s , interface and a a TMS9902 CPU i s machine IK contains and The 256 also A b l o c k diagram Appendix D. clock, bit The b o a r d controller. in to 16 of the currently cycle time of 4K w o r d s of 333nsec. The T M 9 9 0 / 2 0 1 memory e x p a n s i o n b o a r d TMS4045 s t a t i c 2716 EPROM RAM e x p a n d a b l e expandable configurations are to 8K w o r d s 16K w o r d s . switch memory e x p a n s i o n b o a r d to selectable. The These output, vector 0.46 requirements open frame generator and 8K w o r d s RAM and A block EPROM diagram o f TMS memory of the i s g i v e n i n Appendix D. The c o m p l e t e s y s t e m p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s a m p s , +12 v o l t s a t contains amps, are supply. a r e +5 v o l t s a t and - 1 2 v o l t s a t 0.20 amps. met b y a LAMBDA L O T - W - 5 1 5 2 - A The -5V and D P U , i s r e g u l a t e d supply, 3.26 required triple by from -12V s u p p l i e d to the the DPU b o a r d . 30 2 . 3 . 2 . 3 DFM INTERFACE The CPU m u s t and the the DAU s i d e . similar communicate w i t h D F M . As m e n t i o n e d to However, that of previously, the the 12 interface. gives Appendix interface a E resources, little to DFM. T h e r e f o r e , w i l l be d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l Figure two s h a r e d the only t h e DSM w o r k was done DSM w i l l be the on very DFM i n t e r f a c e here. detailed block contains the diagram of the schematics DFM for this interface. R/W LOGIC A 1 "7 CPU ADDR DISPLAY RLE MEMORY 12 DPU ADDR V B U F F E R 16/ CPU DATA 16^ 16/ DFM DMA Figure__12. On the C P U . As enables the initial the CPU s i d e Block system seen in startup, figure CPU a d d r e s s of the d i a g r a m o f DFM i n t e r f a c e onto control of the 12, the the DFM a d d r e s s multiplexor. It DFM i s read/write also bus enables given control to logic by selecting the CPU d a t a 31 on to CPU the DFM d a t a then commands initializes into DPU o n t h e is from enabling the of the of refresh the date. data of DFM t o the fault These the the DFM a t occurs currently data disrupting completion the that allow for The the start i n the the DFM i s then have a compatible with both bits four is initial DPU g i v e n to control t h e DPU o n i t s refresh the are 12 bit currently now d i s a b l e d the the no control Intel 2114, CPU a n d time the used. is the of refresh 4 bit 450 at any D F M . On control regain returned. lk x The prevent DPU r e t u r n s display address 4K w o r d s to with automatically next the of interaction minimum a c c e s s the The e x p a n s i o n o f t h e DPU t o CPU w i l l of buffer. This transfer start refresh, DPU a n d up o f 10 DPU's C P U . The made writes cycle. buffer the RAMs times. only display the tri-state m u l t i p l e x o r now s e l e c t s DPU. Note two b i t s later CPU address the DFM, i e . , DFM. C o n t r o l start The the other of the by a c c o m p l i s h e d b y a CPU command t o cycle. a bus of control even if a The DFM i s static nsec, RAMS. which DPU i n s t r u c t i o n is cycle 32 2.3.2.4 P I L O T ENTRY The P i l o t on the RS232C PED. E n t r y D e v i c e (PED) i s CPU. C u r r e n t l y , type The terminal most light of when the likely be the previous CPU t h a t the accidental be for available been pilot for detected. to select possible system to be indicate restarts, individual keys emulate the However, of the TMS9902 in practice programmable 13. f l i g h t phase their after be is instruments. be An will end to reset system will key will errors to of signal executed. command k e y available requiring keys depressed to fatal be The execution. A hardware will and via set port keyboard to displayed. A clear reasons. an i n p u t PED c o n f i g u r a t i o n key depressed Additional used CPU a w h i c h must key h i t s . obvious of a particular present, circumvents the to full shown i n f i g u r e instruments command k e y w i l l present, that to to being consist represent depressed is with controller. 13. Diagram of Each key w i l l subset link linked keys s i m i l a r to Figure a is connected CRT t e r m i n a l communications PED w i l l function a f u l l - d u p l e x data asynchronous the DEVICE allow This also be have the 33 2 . 3 . 3 CPU SOFTWARE 2.3.3.1 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS The tools. the CPU s o f t w a r e The software AMDAHL cross 470/V. assembler assembler for was for the Assembly developed the using CPU was was the and accomplished specifically for several written for the IBM 370/VM development assembled using this 9900 was w r i t t e n u s i n g GASS w h i c h was w r i t t e n British generated a at resident C P U . The general the C o l u m b i a b y W. D e t t w i l e r [ 2 3 ] . The o b j e c t University code was i n s m a l l modules by l o a d i n g these modules i n t o resident on memory expansion board, and T M 9 9 0 / 4 0 1 - 1 TIBUG m o n i t o r t o v e r i f y the code. tested 470 and it was again ANN ARBOUR t e r m i n a l Microsystems M1000 created and a on the 1200 b a u d PROM p r o g r a m m e r where then to the then using Once t h e an of t h e RAM the c o d e was down l o a d e d link, cross assembler debugged the on via an International code was loaded i n t o EPROM. The TIBUG development by monitor allowed supplying memory, s i n g l e s t e p , set the fast, capability b r e a k p o i n t s and efficient to load search. software memory, read 34 2 . 3 . 3 . 2 REAL-TIME The multiple of EXECUTIVE CPU s o f t w a r e task type is around a multiple priority, r e a l - t i m e e x e c u t i v e . The c h o i c e o f e x e c u t i v e was b a s e d the centered on the following assumptions this made type about system: 1) m u l t i p l e number o f tasks. 2) v a r i a b l e number o f t a s k s 3) p r i o r i t y i s queued. changes per deferred priority. while the task 4) i n t e r r u p t s a r e c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y q u e u e d tasks of i d e n t i c a l p r i o r i t y l e v e l s . 5) maximum number o f t a s k s q u e u e d a t a n y one t i m e i s 1 0 . that for will be 6) h a r d w a r e i n t e r r u p t s c a n b e s i m u l t a n e o u s , but o n l y s i n g l e t a s k per p r i o r i t y . 7) o n l y 16 l e v e l s o f h a r d w a r e i n t e r r u p t s allowed. Before describing look b r i e f l y executive at the looks of the task is then pre-empted and with is the queued interrupting or tasks same priority the than chronological RDYB the are tasks ready-blocked of scheduling in are scheduler. which have Tasks are let in task, us Tasks the of the and which pre-empted been which task. or system. the to time the task priority have RDYP queued are first real-time The h i g h e s t considered pre-empting queuing of tasks tasks queued. ready state. of This a priority the detail, t a s k w h i c h was r u n n i n g a t pre-empted. by in a r e a l - t i m e e x e c u t i v e . The interrupt started and the executive o c c u r s , the interrupt associated job of after When a n i n t e r r u p t this are are been state in pre-empted have This same p r i o r i t y a a by higher implements level. 35 A task run to may a l s o completion. then schedules task i n the On occurs relinquishing, or a l l o c a t e s the c o n t r o l to the when t h e task has real-time executive next highest priority queue. The r e a l - t i m e the r e l i n q u i s h . This architecture requiring a executive for of the small this system takes advantage TI9900 to develop an e f f i c i e n t amount of storage (164 words of executive of program store). To the illustrate following Command the memory. specified of the in service linked to set up. This say the is at the highest the 14 saved program The interrupt done current status is If tasks the of the of table begins at in lower the set new t a s k , the of the priority of the then branches to the routine first the counter, linked on i t s front same queues task's and p r i o r i t y ) this the also priority register at is a the inserting dependent priority is then program illustrates list tail. by in location register and The is (ie., Figure new the the take new R 1 4 , R 1 5 , and R 1 3 vector the us value and i n the let currently the execution of routine. task. position in saved is CPU i s occurs, Once i n t o task executive the interrupt l o c a t i o n , current list. priority the the register, Program table. information register is task pre-empted status are address pre-empted interrupt task's The that status set in this pre-empting the counter, specified of interrupt respectively. location of Suppose an register registers end When program current operation example. Mode. current the run current into a list. The priority, that and the priority lowest already 36 PRIORITY RDYC 0 0 PRIORITY 0 STATUS STATUS OLD P C OLD PC OLD WP OLD WP 0 Figure exist, the new priority. task Once list removes be task also the its gets after status Note that the from the the tasks task queued to list task same queued, the the The head status e x e c u t i o n at pre-empted the same m a n n e r . at list. CPU b e g i n s is i n the task of may b e the at The of of the this specified the head of is called list. The RDYC inserted control p r o g r a m i s r e s u m e d and t h e locations. RDYC pre-empted(RDYP) now a l l o c a t e s and Diagram of will the p r e - e m p t i n g (RDYB) scheduler 14. linked list list since information about the state task on w h i c h it handles the task vector the tasks both stored RDYB in (TSV). are the queued and RDYP queue is Flowcharts tasks. often a The called describing the description all e x e c u t i v e can be found i n Appendix A . As can be interrupts, both seen hardware e x e c u t i v e when t h e y handled by the corresponding requesting from occur. TMS9901. to service. the the and software, are Simultaneous hardware This highest Once previous the chip generates priority executive queued by the interrupts are an device has interrupt currently queued this 37 interrupt s e r v i c e are the remaining lower priority t h e n queued i n a s i m i l a r manner. devices requesting 38 2 . 3 . 3 . 3 COMMAND MODE The mode, the pilot. CPU m o n i t o r s an of such the tables that stored a valid to handler generates new t a s k handler required a the and for and the a is list. real-time the such EADS. as These status work i s of end of the task required. refer a As an to f i g u r e a command, tables one 15. Command h a n d l e r and appended simply the the command or executed by t h i s of a flexibility and d e c i d e s example a command table-driven e a s i l y updated to with itself CPU t h e key together The enters upon the command. operation of 15. CHAR table NEXT TABL EOT D EOT TABLE! Figure entered command. EOC EOT latter linked queue the buffered table TYPE * s e e example in text keys this from final the t o be CHAR CON of In and this are a to gives appropriate the that use To a d d echoed tables interrupt The commands Once up a t Commands a r e i n the are compares executive this. for detected. vector software RDYC Command M o d e . depressed command w i l l command h a n d l e r TYPE key state the PED, w a i t i n g i n EPROM. task command c o d e other the in system priority No the is command h a n d l e r pointer to task the end-of-command detected, set background Command k e y s w h i c h a r e until is CPU's configuration T5V NODE 39 When the keys end-of-command key, an it E is word. the found, If assumed p o s s i b l e next end table. of If an pilot the and to be check f o r type the is is i n Appendix A . of then an If the an associated for with following search is found end-of-command TSV t o warning the the 1. I f containing the EOC s t a t u s error waits table the is an (EOC) s t a t u s t h e word repeats an by check t a b l e then then sends i t s command h a n d l e r and d i a g r a m s will found, until reached, followed an end-of-command address reached. command h a n d l e r the depressed, command h a n d l e r continues (EOT) i s EOT s t a t u s Flowcharts found will are k e y s . The c o m p u t e r This table reached the a CONTINUE(CON) E is next ED on the the or an status is executive. sent corrected to the command. Command Mode c a n be 40 2 . 3 . 3 . 4 D I S P L A Y MODE The majority Display the Mode. of In this DSM, p r o c e s s e s along with the mode, this other CPU t i m e the will likely CPU g a t h e r s i n f o r m a t i o n , and associated be in the information stores DPU commands spent in the the from information display file buffer. Each display loaded display tasks into group of this display format. task the scanning of display task counter, inverted and Pointers buffer, when updated after selection each every indicates the informs the display buffer, CPU a n d display f i l e are are requests associated the several tasks pilot with a each CPU o f how this in repetition This the is then count, method (ie., CPU figure often resulting task s h o u l d be DPU commands structured as i n f i g u r e 16. loaded 16. The logically which enables c y c l e s ) . A zero r e s u l t display starts 0003 w o u l d buffer. Display tasks has these cycle, shown cycle. 4 refresh the to w i t h each t a s k , current refresh that pilot the is of a t a i l o r e d update frequency an u p d a t e once operation with counter This associated anded the processed. beginning the repetition to be by it. A repetition information is the with these d i s p l a y t a s k s . At by requested associated a particular format from is the cause this processed into the 41 TYPE REPCOUNT POINTER TASK ADDR DATA 0 0 0 7 0 3 0 0 0 4 DATA 0 0 2 0 EOT TO OTHER DISPLAY TASKS Figure The display task type 16. field, task to Structure of display shown i n f i g u r e follow. The 16, following tasks specifies are the current 04 - causes of display FE Static o f s t a t i c DPU commands a jump t o a d i s p l a y d a t a u p d a t e 05 - g e n e r a t e s a l i s t s p e c i f i e s a n end o f DPU commands task reside in EPROM display. Dynamic data resides in from display data update routine a processes the simply a display information indicates to t a s k has been RAM a n d and s t o r e s the routine o f d y n a m i c d a t a i n RAM and n e c e s s a r y DPU commands t o d r a w l a b e l s a n d s t a t i c of type types: 03 - g e n e r a t e s a l i s t type the display reached. it is which contain the symbols on usually reads i n R A M . The task handler the updated the DSM, end-of-task that the end 42 The d i s p l a y update elements of reading the error the routines mentioned display task handler. required conditions data and from the processing before These routines DSM, c h e c k i n g the are data to the look the key after data for at the arrive r e q u i r e d DFM commands. The generated the of display by each display f i l e commands DFM t o allow handler has relinquishes task and display buffer, the itself to are into the a required the the the complete buffer. preceded by the l o c a t i o n of of DPU commands display f i l e DPU commands a r e update scanned loads task starting random low p r i o r i t y tasks Mode. handler these commands D F M . Once the display task In number in display buffer, the task it r e a l - t i m e e x e c u t i v e and any r e m a i n i n g processed before the start of the Update 43 2 . 3 . 3 . 5 UPDATE MODE The the U p d a t e Mode b e g i n s o n c e t h e DPU h a s screen generating (Figure 9). a level handler which i s at In in interrupt. display specified in file the i n the the This CPU i n s e r t s buffer locations display f i l e into the preceding buffer. CPU o f allows a higher p r i o r i t y l e v e l the Update Mode, the the stored 6 The DPU s i g n a l s finished this the to refreshing event display DFM a t set Once t h i s the of is found in listings for Appendix for the the A at CPU a r e routines the end previously of this DFM commands completed, described report. l o c a t e d i n Appendix B . stored addresses u p d a t e mode r e l i n q u i s h e s t o a n y r e m a i n i n g l o w e r p r i o r i t y Flowcharts task finish. t h e DPU commands each by The the tasks. can be program 44 2 . 4 D I S P L A Y PROCESSING UNIT (DPU) 2 . 4 . 1 GENERAL D E S C R I P T I O N As m e n t i o n e d i n Section 2.1, DPU commands s t o r e d co-ordinate rate the of i n t h e DFM a n d r e f r e s h driven vector 50Hz to prevent CPU a n d h a l t s the DPU's main task i s generator. screen itself the refreshed The DPU i s o n c e a l l commands read CRT d i s p l a y v i a a The CRT i s flicker. to i n the at started DFM h a v e a by been processed. For DPU reasons is configured microsequencer The two set. The The written make up The for this highest DPU commands lowest at around later, an the this make level is level, using firmware for instead of software since strongly linked be e a s i l y a l t e r e d the up termed the to is the the series unit architecture level architecture AMD2900 and a r i t h m e t i c and l o g i c software levels. level. to be d i s c u s s e d the can macro micro micro of i f d e s i g n changes are be separated termed level level. term instructions architecture bit-slice the at the The programs is used level are machine, but needed. macro available, firmware this into instruction instructions D P U . The the (ALU). commonly the of yet can 45 2 . 4 . 2 DPU MACRO COMMANDS The design use of set development The based the at the for DPU m a c r o w o r k done the space The 16 b i t with the CPU. Only command. A l s o , DPU vector commands moving of bit for 17, vector are a is This its time and EADS was was carried Massachusetts. of its compatibility for bit X each generation 10 DPU commands bit DPU of a display the and commands screen. the sequence i n which the control which The 17. can be are subdivided commands. related control DPU commands, The to the commands are contained in executed. DPU commands i n e a c h o f t h e s e two g r o u p s the in a DPU m a c r o work required 10 commands those on the beam o p c o d e and select and this s e l e c t i o n of word w i d t h a l l o w s the the the DFM, are The for o f t h e DPU commands i s g i v e n i n f i g u r e groups, to the chosen because set shown i n f i g u r e related tradeoffs space. A list two this reliability. CPU w o r d 16 b i t instruction co-ordinate into the of software command s e t in the a 16 b i t m a c r o w o r d w i d t h was d e c i d e d w i d t h was one design writing Charles Stark Draper Laboratory i n upon. As of and shuttle[19] . As m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , good The amount execution, c o m p l e x i t y , s i z e and l a r g e l y on t h e set of set. enables hardware/software i n c l u d e the speed design of command out tradeoffs architecture instruction involves several time, cost, microprogrammable own m a c r o D P U . These hardware a one's instruction the of a 12 b i t argument. The o p c o d e c o r r e c t m i c r o r o u t i n e needed consist enables to i n t e r p r e t the of a 4 DPU t o a particular 3 4 0 OPCODE 15 ARGUMENT NOP JUMP TO SUBROUTINE NOT DRAW SET 0 0 0 1 USED 0 0 1 0 SYMBOL 0 0 1 1 SUBROUTINE SYMBOL ROM ADDRESS BRIGHTNESS 0 1 0 0 BRIGHTNESS BRANCH 0 1 0 1 BRANCH NOT USED 0 1 1 0 HALT SHORT VECTOR X CO-ORDINATE Y CO-ORDINATE 10 0 0 V\% 1 0 0 1 V\U 010 DRAW SHORT VECTOR SYMBOL ROM RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE NOT USED NOT USED 1 1 \MU oo 1 1 0 1 -F 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 F i g u r e 17. L i s t o f DPU commands ADDRESS LEVEL ADDRESS 47 macro instruction. particular The The opcode b e i n g vector argument meaning on the and draw executed. commands c o n s i s t 1) d r a w s h o r t of vector 2) load 10 b i t X co-ordinate 3) load 10 b i t Y co-ordinate 4) draw v e c t o r 5) set beam depends brightness 6) d r a w s y m b o l The V / l bit vector to 1, will commands, the be visible on determines current will on the the [0,0] i n short beam i n t e n s i t y . screen. the the or location The relative this R/A will to the vector be the lower, the is d r a w n and is set bit to no v e c t o r drawn left the R/A b i t is be added to the current p o s i t i o n to the 1, If absolute if Otherwise a vector is set thus 0, the will be (relative/absolute) Thus, position. bit l o c a t i o n but vector is If next screen. whether location the found i n t e n s i f i e d when t h e b e moved t o visible screen. controls beam i s beam w i l l This (visible/invisible), the co-ordinates hand value relative [0,0] bit to the location. corner of the of the argument a r r i v e at the new beam will be enable the treated as absolute. The vectors short having vector a was maximum l e n g t h b o t h X and Y c o - o r d i n a t e s b e a g r e a t memory s a v e r short vectors. selected with of to 16 divisions DPU t o draw in either or one DPU command. T h i s proves to when d r a w i n g s y m b o l s w h i c h require many 48 The l o a d 10 b i t X and command, e n a b l e s the the screen. load the draw several the vector times other The how set useful one the beam to total the axis without are draw when space of move respecifying the intensified in maintaining their symbol ROM a t the in this in vector separate DPU t o command e n a b l e s useful of commands b e g i n n i n g stored draw co-ordinate Y commands enable plus from the the beam value length. DPU t o on of This the specified at this ROM h a v e t h e DPU t o The c o n t r o l g r o u p DPU t o location and to executing the next consists instruction, The short opcode to these of return brightness is also screen. the location. screen. instruction enables a different ROM w h e n command r e t u r n s subroutine command select the constant i n h i g h l i g h t i n g w a r n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on the symbol to load appears is regardless The stay X and beam-brightness instruction vectors to span the command along Y commands, axis. bright This The user 10 b i t access the execute t h e DPU vector commands enable the instructions. DPU t o The NOP command i n t h e D F M . the branch from instruction, subroutine jump instruction, and NOP i n s t r u c t i o n . The branch specified jumping instruction location over areas in the of code enables DFM. T h i s stored in the DPU to instruction the jump is DFM t h a t to useful a in c o n t a i n DPU subroutines. The jump t o jump of to the subroutine a specified next instruction also location in instruction to be the enables the DFM. However, the executed on returning DPU t o location from the 49 subroutine level of is stored in subroutining i s a in s a v i n g DPU c o d e rulers are to be drawn. the from where the in the microcode. symbol microroutine. microinstruction symbol included limited symbol This is causes can also wait when such as execution at address register. a branch to return from a be executed one extremely structures return causes It DPU command due to the usefulness types and b r a n c h could types to the used the Fetch the draw as outside include complexity circle, Although available for set considered application on compare. are were hardware included generate t i m e , DPU o p c o d e s These i n the Only of a the 3 draw routine. Other These cycle instruction i n s t r u c t i o n begins NOP i n s t r u c t i o n routine register. repetitive subroutine location previously stored Finally, address allowed. This useful The r e t u r n return scale i m p l e m e n t e d w i t h some a d d i t i o n a l and but required of other reset and airborne draw dashed not were possible beam, rotate at this instructions. which hardware[24],[25]. their graphics. line, implemented not could be 50 2 . 4 . 3 DPU HARDWARE As is alluded simple display of and based these to earlier, very o n commands as p o s s i b l e . microcomputer task indeed. general great deal system to be very of job. the future without the A the D F M . The with as 16 b i t j o b would be a power unused. hardware a of inherent adding cumbersome in other debugging s y s t e m was purpose microprocessor On t h e in a such a hand, a hardwired designed more the execution little this spent ease of the use it would facilities to the however, be met general purpose advent enables large of design yet designer and testing microprogrammable architecture yields to produce efficient enough t o accomodate flexible bit-slice the a a enough of can, in microprogrammed facilities, The change inherent specialized of i t s series, hardwired and The design AMD2900 from display refresh or go Once s u c h by changes. DPU m u s t an 8 the be inefficiencies architecture[26]. utilization The the date. microcomputer, machine refreshing a conventional, general of terms of quickly for would in flexibility without deal would inflexible The done hardware, time a later reads containing system do t h e system at be A great purpose it To t a i l o r system, c h i p and a s s o c i a t e d task specialized. commands m u s t overhead the families, to meet such this overhead a as the criteria required in a machine. bit-slice components information. that processor operate Figure 18 is on shows 4 built using bit chunks the basic a or set of LSI slices architecture of of a 51 bit-slice As processor[27] can sections. be One manipulates the microsequencer Figure 18. seen, the Bit slice architecture bit-slice processor section is built around the data. The other section is element and h a n d l e s the consists of ALU element built around two and the c o n t r o l and s e q u e n c i n g o f the m i c r o i n s t r u c t i o n s . At the available. 3000 time of These were series, Macro-logic the Advanced series, Motorola DPU was a s the 10800 DPU d e s i g n , the six bit-slice families were Memories 6701/67110, Intel Monolithic Micro Devices Texas I n s t r u m e n t ' s series. 2900 series, Fairchild's 7 4 S 4 8 1 / 8 2 and SBP0400 and The s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a used follows: 1) Availability 2) 4 b i t - s l i c e count architecture to reduce chip for the 52 3) C a p a b i l i t y f o r 200 n s e c f u t u r e speed enhancements 4) A n i n t e r n a l r e g i s t e r The Texas Fair child Instrument's internal register processor. This interfaced to available, and For and these circuit and file. This the meet the the only the a 200 n s e c diagram of the for the chip time AMD2909 an series count was cycle The lack AMD2900 low AMD2901 A L U and wide. series microsequencer, the for 2 bits Motorola leaves the b a s i c elements schematics are promised AMD2909 could as A block series time file series processor reasons, were s e l e c t e d Intel cycle when currently requirement. microsequencer i n the DPU. DPU i s shown in figure display processor can 19 be and the found in for the Appendix E . In control order store to of allow the use DPU, the the CPU c y c l e time to allow 200nsec a the or 666 of cycle nsec. cycle available t i m e was i n c r e a s e d The DPU was time EPROM should however, faster to twice designed PROMs come available. As suggested microprogrammed architecture. machine It DPU f i r m w a r e w i t h First referring from let to the us the DFM microinstruction. the 10 bit earlier, macro is best the microinstructions are strongly then to linked i n c l u d e the t h a t of the hardware trace through diagram during The in figure the address address the machine d e s c r i p t i o n of the e x e c u t i o n o f a DPU command, 19. this register. the the configuration. A DPU command execution of to of of the DPU command The upper 4 is read previous is held in bits of the MEMC CPU rL ADDR BUS 122:1 • MLPX^ 12 MACRO F 3 sJ2 CPU DATA1 <'16 DFM [BUFFER | SYMBOL ROM : 16 He "To L^: SYMBOL [ADDR REG ,'16 8 12 LRJ LONG LATCH ]fiDDR REG SHORT X LATCH CONTROL LATCH SHORT Y LATCH PNTENSITYI LATCH /12 uSEQ 10 ALU CONTROL QON' ROL STORE no 20 | PIPELINE MEMORY CONTROL ICON. 12 no 10 INTENSITY CONTROL ALU M D M D '10' C t L REGISTER LATCH CONTROL RAMP CLOCK CONTROL '10 " x b no V Y a 10 M D M t t CONTROL -C=-MEMC "lO '10 LO -LC 1-<* ICON F i g u r e 1 9 . B l o c k d i a g r a m o f DPU 54 command entry are padded address command. of with the This 4 rightmost microroutine scheme microinstructions to 16 remaining 12 b i t s of the latches. Each of entry address address microinstruction bit pipeline fetching current is of formed each loaded stores this DPU number of i n the the argument bit DPU command. latches The argument argument from the upper will four through the microsequencer of fetched register the for 8 of a later be operands. DPU command i s p a s s e d starting These realize maximum DPU command a r e latches p r o v i d i n g the to the instructions p o s s i b l e DPU command f o r m . The used limits these used as ALU s o u r c e zeros to p o i n t of the to the the appropriate microroutine. Each from control store is a (instruction next bits register) microinstruction i n s t r u c t i o n . Addressing of done b y t h e m i c r o s e q u e n c e r the under loaded which while rest into 20 enables executing the of the microroutine c o n t r o l of the NXT f i e l d in the m i c r o i n s t r u c t i o n . There are these formats make up two basic have s e v e r a l the processing corresponding fields breakdown of each f i e l d The involving first the microinstruction f i e l d s which c o n t r o l the unit. are The shown in is A L U . The e n a b l e used or formats figure for bit 20. i s used halting the to arithmetic enables which i s n o r m a l l y h e l d i n a stopped as b r a n c h i n g , two Each of devices and A that their detailed can be found i n Appendix C. format The s e c o n d f o r m a t formats. the clock operations to the ALU mode. implement program c o n t r o l processor to wait for such a vector to 55 0 X •2 3 ALS 5 6 8 9 ALD NXT INC NXT MEM 9 Figure be drawn. 20. 18 REG MEM INC SEL BRANCH ADDRESS 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 13 1 5 1 6 1011 1213 1516 Microinstruction fields E "a B .1819 56 2 . 4 . 3 . 1 A L U FORMAT Figure Three of 21 shows these the slices structure make up of the the 12 AMD2901 bit ALU s l i c e . ALU u s e d in this system. »l »l »! Figure 21. The A L U f u n c t i o n s on the are decoded and n e g a t i v e subtract i n checking for or p o s i t i v e o f f s e t s . and pass. ALU s o u r c e t o b y p a s s The pass of ALU s l i c e i n the DPU command c u r r e n t l y b e i n g microcode overhead add, Structure 2901 h a r d w a r e , executed. r e l a t i v e or This allows data t h e A L U a n d go d i r e c t l y t o reduces absolute The A L U f u n c t i o n s the vectors decoded selected the based by are the destination. 57 This the is c o n v e n i e n t when l o a d i n g t h e m a c r o a d d r e s s return-from-subroutine the b r i g h t n e s s The argument signals the h a l t the address also strobe, used to address on a upon by the is the the ( A L S ) may macro decoded symbol general register operands or register operated 16 latches, load or brightness D / A from latch. ALU s o u r c e are register register.from from address the draw a n end used symbol ALU a l o n g w i t h purpose registers selected by the in selected register. ALU s o u r c e indicate strobe, be to Two field. refresh load the the other These are cycle, and s y m b o l ROM command. These sources are the stored i n 4 of the the 2 bit of from data A L U . The register general select purpose field (REG SEL). The ALU o u t p u t general purpose control, latches the future registers macro (0-2) enhancement ( A L D ) may be u s u a b l e as A L U s o u r c e s , address of the v e c t o r Three b i t s destination register or the any of the 4 the brightness X and Y c o - o r d i n a t e generator. are left available in of micro c a p a b i l i t i e s . the ALU f o r m a t for 58 2 . 4 . 3 . 2 BRANCH FORMAT The branch format m i c r o i n s t r u c t i o n branches, The 8 bit branch address connected d i r e c t l y to specifies a branch, microsequencer executed The When this and is used and to to control specified the execute in the vector generator. the branch format 2909 m i c r o s e q u e n c e r . then this addresses address the next unconditional is If passed the is NXT f i e l d through microinstruction the to be in microstore. branch bit draw o p e r a t i o n format is set, on the also the contains vector CRT. T h i s greater d e t a i l i n section 2.5.2. the vector generator operation control executes will be a bit. vector discussed in 59 2 . 4 . 3 . 3 COMMON F I E L D S Common t o NXT, as and well a l l m i c r o i n s t r u c t i o n formats ENAB f i e l d s . as those A l l options mentioned are associated the with p r e v i o u s l y can be MEM, I N C , these found in fields Appendix C. or The MEM f i e l d symbol ROM a s is a 2 bit the field which s e l e c t s memory c o n t a i n i n g t h e either current t h e DFM DFM command instruction. The INC f i e l d register the incrementing of and s y m b o l ROM a d d r e s s The data controls ENAB f i e l d enables the register. or disables the ALU c l o c k , i s n o t d e s t r o y e d when e x e c u t i n g b r a n c h f o r m a t The NXT field microsequencer w i l l Figure 22 controls select DFM a d d r e s s from where so that instructions. and how the the next m i c r o i n s t r u c t i o n a d d r e s s . illustrates the structure of the AMD2909 four multiplexer microsequencer. The is used microsequencer to select branch address (the next source from either multiplexer the the next or microcode command l i s t used the the counter stack, as the address[28]. This f o u r b i t NXT f i e l d . initialization for microprogram subroutine that address, the microsequencer address t o b e e x e c u t e d on t h e n e x t c l o c k The a the microinstruction i s c o n t r o l l e d by the zero thus c a u s i n g the input opcode d e r i v e d e n t r y address) During a reset operation, to a the branch format, sequential of contains is routine i n control set store cycle. current c a n be found i n A p p e n d i x F . version of the DPU Figure 22. Structure of microsequencer slice 61 2 . 5 VECTOR GENERATOR 2 . 5 . 1 GENERAL The the vector DPU a n d intensity most generator on command between recently co-ordinates. end DESCRIPTION the from the new end the X and Y c o - o r d i n a t e s DPU, draw co-ordinates, The v e c t o r as accept previously supplied supplied co-ordinates accept the must generator new s t a r t co-ordinates. should The s h o u l d be r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t Either and the the points line analog circuit latter method section. then possible on the chosen by line to are illuminating the treat reasons specifed line the and end last ready to should be l o c a t i o n s , and generation. calculated these the line. vector the and the and b e along the CRT beam a l o n g for then desired approaches straight drawn moves was a start generated intensity two the of the co-ordinates s h o u l d b e g i n and end a t are line co-ordinates ie., straight, There a from digitally points, specific discussed in or an line. The the next 62 2 . 5 . 2 HARDWARE SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION The design criteria for the vector generator used in the EADS w e r e 1) s i m p l i c i t y o f 2) l o w DPU o v e r h e a d 3) limited 4) smooth l i n e s 5) capability for The digital Differential Rate hardware number o f future methods Analyzer (DDA), Multiplier(BRM) adjustments speed considered the [ 3 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 4 2 ] , [431• of co-ordinates which are required segment. were the inherent vector especially The low speed, generator, method, with Enroute A l l of Digital problems lines Binary these methods used to approximate with some DPU o v e r h e a d these required lacking these c o n s i d e r e d were and visual the methods to set up smoothness, these methods methods, This Terminal Montreal[17]. method Figure 23 integration method, was the number of The sensitive generator. t h e °^ , 1-o< m e t h o d proved System the t h e <\, l - o < m e t h o d [2] , [3] , [42] , [43] . alignments r e q u i r e d by the promising. the i n the BRM. exponential Of major and The a n a l o g m e t h o d s problem were S y m m e t r i c a l DDA, a n d t h e produce a l i s t line enhancement very seemed satisfactory (JETS) developed gives a block by in the most the Joint CAE I n d u s t r i e s diagram of the in vector generator[3]. To straight describe line: its operation consider the equation of a M D C M D A C Yb ON 64 X = X a ( l - o i ) + XboC Y = Ya(l-«<.) + Yb-rfwhere [Xa,Ya] end are the co-ordinates. trace out figure the 23, equation converters low cost (MDAC). by particularly using The r e c e n t integrator shown linear. To and co-ordinates voltageo4.is then set to beam i s o n w h i l e t h e is to be beam. CRT t i m e Similarly, past to 0 and the into 1-°^ i n the their analog devices Also the need the switch I is 1, at ramp not be starting respective similarly from 0 to to these vector, Yb a r e the to digital diagram [X,Y] Referring o f o^. a n d the the latches loaded. closed. i f the The The CRT line segment this 1. end co-ordinates some d e f l e c t i o n l a g when a c c e l e r a t i n g some o s c i l l a t i o n s occur problem the The beam overcome the Initially the Xb and ramp r i s e s a l l o w t h e beam t i m e t o load loaded there i s t h e b e a m . To a v o i d continued in pair 1. of are intensified. In p r a c t i c e , the to attractive. generate X a and Y a a r e end 0 availability quite [Xb,Yb] co-ordinate multiplying circuit co-ordinates the the and multiplication by the the of asoCmoves f r o m that obtained co-ordinates values line see makes generated The desired we is starting it was is then would alleviate the pairs and r e s e t t i n g settle with thought sweep necessity the then turned deflection lag co-ordinates and ramp i s ramp. Xb it and thet<.ramp of and give off at the 1 to off. be with down reloading b e l o w 0 and 0 to turned would Yb decelerating started on a t t h e beam that when from the beneficial the 1 two new to 0. to start This co-ordinate 65 However, one drawback with t h e c^, I-** m e t h o d is that the equation: V. + V = 1 must be kept results. It one side.of but not that the either is This the with dependent on p r o b l e m was driving over on screen. the l o w , and allows if is The to vector, beam ramp equation 1024 could g o i n g from 0 to t h e oC, l-o( m e t h o d the length the integrator. speed and thus short parts line on Therefore, for for lines of final design reduce the copy for acceptable a l w a y s b e met 1 or the long it is lines set screen is from that for 1 to 0, the line constant ramp a DPU command which for a This c o n t r o l of to the higher. then line ramp allowed intensity voltage T h i s method be b r i g h t e r schematic number of is shown DPU commands the than is also others, area. end in Appendix required to G. In draw a automatically reset co-ordinates into the new p a i r need be the start specified generation. CRT u s e d display. old so t h a t o n l y one c o - o r d i n a t e each v e c t o r usuable in t h e DPU m i c r o c o d e d d r a w r o u t i n e s and The CRT the part desired. co-ordinates for 1 overcome by a d d i n g voltage the certain that order ramp, drawback control set within both. intensity set to was f o u n d Another speed. true This to d i s p l a y these vectors CRT h a d a two phosphor was a T e k t r o n i x 602 screen of 8x10 cm 66 CHAPTER I I I SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 3 . 1 OVERALL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE The overall looking at how t h e information A system is of in five when considerably analog 11 compared instrumentation. with panel best to be earlier described designs. requirements illustrates requirements than at of currently by This 1. least conventional earlier the by e v e n when d u p l i c a t e d , area a cockpit this size conventional will require required by the instrumentation. Although p i l o t reaction has up over shown The s y s t e m , less area realized Figure can i n a comparison g i v e n i n table cockpit was instrumentation. reduction, system measures illustrated reduction factor performance been shown from previous t i m e can be d e c r e a s e d t i m e measurements were n o t made, studies that the pilot it reaction by: 1) D i s p l a y i n g o n l y t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d for that particular phase of the flight[29],[30]. 2) D e c r e a s i n g the r e q u i r e d to see a l l angle of eye movement instruments[29],[30]. 3) D i s p l a y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i n a f o r m s u i t a b l e for the p i l o t ' s r e q u i r e d a c t i o n s [ 9 ] . 4) Displaying warning information attention getting fashion[31]. 5) U s i n g s y m b o l s w h i c h b e t t e r information displayed[9]. Figures formats 24,25, possible instrumentation a set of engine and 26 g i v e e x a m p l e s with the required EADS. for parameters; Figure takeoff; and represent of the 24 could figure figure in 26 an the types of represent 25 m i g h t could display the represent represent the 67 glide slope (ILS). and Notice that capable rather than greater aircraft, display of that and is is the this be EADS. the landing that this particular information system system flight all the is phases, time to scan these considerably better than the required required degrees required illustrated in form displayed The w a r n i n g a brighter repetition beam, or in as in by the displays 90 some degrees commercial space shuttle 26 i l l u s t r a t e s could represent the glide glide path (the an ability pilot's vertical warning getting be fashion highlighted with the use by to flash of to display information i n (the bar) to the square horizontal a would to put actions. runway bar) plane figure and (bright t h e n move the This the square) the bars on its until proper course. Figure represent 24 shows the the ability to choose information displayed. could indicate the of could the v e r t i c a l speed, indicate indicate can required slope I L S . The p i l o t intersected landing attention information the the with an figures, count. for equipped in the c a n b e made suitable they illustrate currently 40 not can Figure a instrument system[32]. information the figures e y e movement This Although using an aircraft. 20 d e g r e e s . with these for displaying a l l The a n g l e or path of d i s p l a y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n for conventional is glide the altitude airspeed and the the The plane, the centre symbols which right the vertical left vertical top h o r i z o n t a l r u l e elements better could rule rule could represent 68 the plane attitude. information they These symbols d i s p l a y then the A maximum o f used. twice the space A shuttle good changes figure figure is is display deal of provided thorough the system insensitive supply system suffered analog type symbols can of symbols in system. testing no cockpit be in instrumentation A display to format was fatal generated such as implement. c o n f i g u r a t i o n worked w e l l . surrounding transients the system. this reliability to 256 d i f f e r e n t flexibility by face a l l o w a b l e number 24 r e q u i r e d o n l y 3 man d a y s The d i s t r i b u t e d no the represent simple clock display usually used. This better done, errors once and debugged, seemed electromagnetic by other fully remarkably noise equipment Although and on t h e power same test bed. The system current analog $2200, This initial ease testing the in significant data to of testing period. The price of complete individual units total in cost system equipment $500 - cost and the for a $700 over was CRT. single alone. this system Each system. was unit was i n d i v i d u a l l y d e s i g n e d the reduction acquisition the indicator design architecture a instrumentation. the compared altitude The of type excluding can be analog shows Thus verified in during the distributed and d e b u g g e d b e f o r e the the ability to final test should ease the burden of o v e r a l l each system testing. A simulate decrease a plane in complexity equipped with of this the equipment d i s p l a y was required also to realized. 69 This decrease in only took small displays six complexity 10 line shown i n f i g u r e s is indicated routines 24,25, and to 26. by the simulate fact that it data for the F i g u r e 24. Photograph of take-off format Figure 25. Photograph of engine data format Figure 26. Photograph of landing format 73 EADS Nunber o f 3 Distributed Processors Complexity o f MEDIUM Distributed Elements Ability to Display Selected Information YES R e q u i r e d Scan A n g l e (°) <20 Cockpit Area R e q u i r e d by Display(sq.in 25 R e f r e s h Rate Conventional Space Aircraft Shuttle Instrumentation Display [40] System[32] DIAS [6] ELANDIS [34] DFMS [18] >7 2 2 2 HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW YES NO YES YES NO <20 *** > 100 <40 » 54 . <20 <40 *** > 100 *** > 100 VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE 55Hz * <90 *** > 800 CONTINUOUS V o l ume R e q u i r e d by Processing Eq uipment (cu.in.) 420 ** 3400 ** ** Nunber o f Allowable Symbols 256 ** 0 ** 128 * Visible Screen Addressabilit 1024x 1024 ** 1024x 1024 ** 1024x 731 * Flexibility HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LOW Cost o f Processing and D i s p l a y Equipment($) 5000 *** *** *** *** >20000 >100000 >100000 >100000 *** 8000 *** > 10000 * Information not a p p l i c a b l e ** I n f o r m a t i o n n o t a v a i l a b l e *** E s t i m a t e d from p u b l i s h e d l i t e r a t u r e T a b l e 1. Comparison o f e x i s t i n g d i s p l a y systems. 74 3 . 2 R E A L - T I M E EXECUTIVE PERFORMANCE The and real-time about 46 w o r d s o f X 10 u s e e where to queue N is executive and the start a ELANDIS, The list. limit set that an i n t e r r u p t of one. lower than a n d DFMS the i n the was words to currently the in to memory of PROM 550 u s e e + N current the task, queue. The relinquish a task requirements are 8096 w o r d s o r m o r e r e q u i r e d b y the systems[6],[34],[18]. judged design These 164 requires 138 u s e e + N X 10 u s e e new This about and r e t u r n tasks e x e c u t i v e c a n queue RDYC requires R A M . The e x e c u t i v e number requires significantly DIAS, executive up t o 12 t a s k s , acceptable before based c r i t e r i a . However, the c a n be h a n d l e d c a n be e x t e n d e d if needed. on filling the number 10 of the task tasks 75 3 . 3 D I S P L A Y PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE The AMD2900 was w e l l was realized on one considerable reduction requirements of DPU was at was set choosen generator slower would in to in nsec alleviate allow f u l l the the DPU d e s i g n . prototyping space when twice the the that The of DPU a n d to of the design This to cycle is ELANDIS time of of having the A faster of the This a clock use of control the a the CPU b o a r d . allow speed The the necessity control store. utilization card. compared system[34] . or exclusively for the store DPU i f needed future. The DPU t o vector connections. These connectors, soft 666 to TM990/512 DEC GT40 i 2 7 0 8 EPROM a s the 52 a suited errors interface. without were These a generator connections ground generated errors vectors. These errors refreshed every 20 m s e c . an i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g interface It was because of the at not These path with made plane. occured are were requires a rate fatal errors a ground of using found noise about since c o u l d be plane. the the use wire that wrap several across one of in this 10**5 screen reduced by is using 76 3 . 4 VECTOR GENERATOR PERFORMANCE The vector some e n h a n c e m e n t generator i n the performance speed of the was adequate. However, generator would vector be desirable. The maximum ramp voltage vector vector for generator speed this speed. of takes 40 u s e e 7X10**5 speed is 8.2 This vector volts volts, speed to draw a v e c t o r per the sec. level corresponds The for to at a reference the highest a screen writing s p e e d o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10**3 m / s e c . The It characters would be desirable more c h a r a c t e r s The of appropriate The The is be acceptable allow Other quite types results. dim of during CRTs and d i s p l a y w e r e a b l e t o p r o d u c e resolved down l i m i t e d by the l i n e a r i t y of any 2cm o f upper gave appeared light. 30% t o with screen f i l t e r s would help r e s o l v e t h i s problem[32]. could output ambient usec/character. time. used screen 400 time by about one display the time of this screen at on high reduce vector generator resolution the on the displays conditions 10% f o r to T e k t r o n i x 602 However, which took an average right the the hand to part spot w i d t h of the generated screen. corner one vectors The g r e a t e s t which from t h e X and Y d r i v e r s . requires in This beam. was on error the 512. lines the average o c c u r i n g near largest voltage 77 CHAPTER I V CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 4.1 CONCLUSIONS The the electronic following airborne display system advantages over c o n v e n t i o n a l 1) C o c k p i t i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n by a f a c t o r of at l e a s t commercial systems. designed exhibited instrumentation: a r e a was 40 o v e r reduced typical 2) The electronic display system was designed to allow instrumentation to be c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o f l i g h t p h a s e s , o n l y one o f w h i c h i s d i s p l a y e d a t a n y one t i m e . T h i s categorization reduces the amount of information d i s p l a y e d to the p i l o t by a factor of about five over conventional cockpit instruments. 3) T h e a n g l e o f e y e movement r e q u i r e d to scan all instruments was reduced by 70 degrees over that of conventional analog type i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n . 4) The d i s p l a y p r o c e s s o r in the system enabled the use of symbology which r e p r e s e n t e d the i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g d i s p l a y e d t o t h e p i l o t i n a f o r m more s u i t a b l e than conventional instrumentation. 5) W a r n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e d i s p l a y e d i n a more a t t e n t i o n - g e t t i n g f a s h i o n than current a n a l o g type i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n t h r o u g h the use of blinking and increased intensity on s e l e c t i v e p a r t s of the s c r e e n . 6) Increased flexibility in cockpit instrumentation over conventional analog type instrumentation was realized by a l l o w i n g changes i n instrumentation to be made i n s o f t w a r e r a t h e r t h a n i n h a r d w a r e a s with commercial systems. 7) A r e d u c t i o n i n t h e o v e r a l l s y s t e m compared to earlier d i s p l a y systems t a b l e 1) was a l s o r e a l i z e d . 8) The d i s t r i b u t e d n a t u r e o f the e n a b l e s enhancements i n s u b s e c t i o n s s y s t e m w i t h o u t the need f o r change remaining subsections. cost (see system of the i n the 78 Only three sections implemented - the Several illustrate the of formats speed time of to number which the of a generator. characters 45 c h a r a c t e r s . final system. was which this complete was this and p r i v a t e system. Some set voiced. of developed system. situations. and actually order These were 400 can be this was shown usee. This displayed specifically reluctance to in instruments the overall accept to decreasing his a feeling n a t u r e would prove b e n e f i c i a l to workload in shown d e s i g n was that the reaction the speed to in the to be too the report, the comment pilot time from display that a to the on a system system i n reducing in the several switch single was screen low i n to the average limits on p i l o t s were g i v e n a chance analog However, It in T h i s number may p r o v e Although not mentioned commercial were performance. character about this here generator. showed some w e a k n e s s vector draw described were c a p a b i l i t i e s of s e c t i o n on s y s t e m An a r e a EADS C P U , DPU a n d v e c t o r display the the of his emergency 79 4 . 2 DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH It i s hoped at continue for on further this this system. development (1) for time that Generating the p i l o t . (2) Improving generator. The research areas and d e v e l o p m e n t showing the greatest will need are: acceptable display the of speed formats the vector (3) D e v e l o p i n g a complete s e t o f m o n i t o r i n g routines to enable the CPU t o detect p o s s i b l e emergency c o n d i t i o n s . (4) Enhancing system reliability by d e v e l o p i n g t o t a l s y s t e m i n t e g r i t y c h e c k s and self testing routines for the individual u n i t s i n the system. (5) D e v e l o p i n g a r e l i a b l e p a c k a g i n g t o meet a i r b o r n e s a f e t y c r i t e r i a . (6) R e s e a r c h i n t o best illustrate displayed. scheme the symbology r e q u i r e d to the information being ( 7 ) R e s e a r c h i n t o new d i s p l a y s o t h e r than t h e CRT t o i m p r o v e t h e r e a d a b i l i t y under v a r i o u s ambient l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s . 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Circuit 83 APPENDIX A NITIALIZATIO HALT DPU INITIALIZE SYSTEM POINTERS SET UP FREE NODES FOR RDYC L I S T COPY PROM COPY OF RAM INTO RAM I SET UP 50Hz REAL TIME CLOCK SETUP COMMAND HANDLER PRIORITY WAIT FOR A KEY TO BE ENTERED VIA PED "IS I T A CLEAR COMMAND BUFFER VALUE OF KEY HIT CLEAR BUFFER (DECQD^ 86 RESET BUFFER POINTER GET FIRST TABLE ENTRY FLAG COMMAND ERROR IS-CHAFOIN INC TO NEXT ENTRY IN TABLE < E U F F E R = THIS TABLE^ENJRY- " YES J ,IS-CHAR7""ANLOC 'YES COPY TRSV INTO NODE INSERT NODE CNTO RDYC L I S T NO —» RESET CHARACTER BUFFER (COMMAND HANDLER) 1 GET NEXT TABLE INC BUFFER POINTER 87 INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE (INTRSV) GET A FREE NODE FOR RDYC L I S T SAVE TISV IN NODE ON RDYC L I S T GET ANOTHER FREE MODE SAVE TRSV IN NODE ON RDYC L I S T GET HIGHEST PRIORITY RDYC TASK LOAD UP NEW TSV REMOVE NODE FROM RDYC L I S T INSERT NODE IN FREE L I S T ISPATCH TASK 88 DISPLAY silODE^ SET UP DISPLAY MODE PRIORITY FOR INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE ^INTERRUPT SERVICE*) ^ « R O U T I ENABLE DPU TO START REFRESH CYCLE SET POINTER TO TOP OF DISPLAY TASK BUFFER IF NOT ONE OF REMAINING TYPES DISPLAY ERROJ^- GO TO NEXT lENTRY IN BUFFER SET UP UPDATE PRIORITY FOR INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE SET POINTER TO TOP OF DISPLAY F I L E BUFFER GET DFM START ADDRESS I GET NUf4BER OF DPU COM!1ANDS TO FO .LOW COPY C DMMANDS INTO DFM 90 APPENDIX B 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 ********************************************************************** * * ELECTRONIC AIRBORNE DISPLAY VERSION SYSTEM 1.0 ********************************************************************** ) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 r *******************************A**************************************. * *; * THIS SECTION OF CODE INITIALIZES THE AIRBORNE DISPLAY SYSTEM. THIS *; * ROUTINE IS EXECUTED ON POWER DP AND RESET CONDITIONS. *; * • *; *********************************************************************** BASE ORG DECIMAL X'1000' EOL EOC CMDPKIOR DISPRIOR UPPRIOR EOT CLEAR CERROR EOJ VECTR DISUPD DYNINF DISERR EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU X'FFFF' X'ODOO' 05 03 04 X'FEOO' X'OAOO' X'0707' X'.O900" X'0300' X'0400' X'0500' X'0707' [END OF COMMAND jCOMMAND HANDLER PRIORITY JDISPLAY MODE PRIORITY ;UPDATE PRIORITY jEND OF TABLE ;CLEAR COMMAND JCOMMAND ERROR NUMBER ;END OF JOB ;VECTOR DISPLAY ;DATA UPDATE ;DYNAMIC DATA UPDATE jDISPLAY MODE ERROR NUMBER INIT LI MOV* RO,X'7000* RO.DFM [SET FIRST WORD IN DISPLAY FILE ;T0 HALT LI MOV* RO.CHRBUF RO.BUFPTR ;SET CHARACTER BUFFER POINTER ;TOP OF CHARACTER BUFFER LI MOV* RO.DISBUF RO.DSPPTR ;SET DISPLAY BUFFER POINTER ;T0 TOP OF DISPLAY BUFFER SETO* REPCNT ;SET UP DISPLAY REPETITION CNTR 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ¥VVT ODOO 0005 0003 0004 FEOO OAOO 0707 0900 0300 0400 0500 0707 1000 02007000 1004 C800FOOO 1008 0200D1FE 100C C800D1FA 1010 0200D264 1014 C800D1F6 1018 0720D1F4 101C 0200000F 1020 C800O160 1024 0200FFFF 1028 C800D1FC 102C 1030 1034 1038 103C 1040 1042 1044 1046 104A 0202000C O200D164 C800D162 0201D17C C4010000 0602 1304 05CO 0221000A 10F8 104C 0200D228 1050 C800D226 1054 1058 105C 105E 1062 0200188A 0201DA6A C090 0282FFFF 1304 » i i ! » » IHIT1 INIT2 J INIT3 LI MOV* .R0.15 RO.CPRIOR ;SET SOFTWARE PRIORITY TO LOW jVALUE LI MOV* RO,X'FFFF' RO.RDYC jSET RDYC TO J EMPTY LI LI MOV* LI MOV* DEC JEQ INCT AI JMP R2.12 RO.FRLST RO.FRLSP Rl,NODES R1,*R0 R2 INIT2 RO R1.10 INIT1 ;NUMBER OF FREE NODES ;SET FREE LIST POINTER ;T0 TOP OF LIST ;AND LOAD UP FREE LIST iWITH 12 FREE NODES i ;IF FINISHED GO TO NEXT INIT ;INC LIST POINTER ;ADD OFFSET TO NEXT FREE NODE ;ADD NEXT FREE NODE LI MOV* RO.DTBUP RO.DTBUFP ;SET DISPLAY TASK BUFFER POINTER ;T0 TOP OF DISPLAY TASK BUFFER LI LI MOV CI JEQ RO.RDATAS+2 R1, RDATA+2 *R0,R2 R2,X'FFFF' INIT4 ;INITIALIZE RAM AREA jBY COPYING PROM COPY ;INTO RAM AREA ;CHECK FOR END OF COPY ;EXIT COPY ROUTINE IF END FOUND ho 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 1064 1066 1068 106 A C442 05CO 0SC1 10F8 106C 1070 1074 1076 1078 020C0100 02010753 33C1 1E00 1003 MOV INCT INCT JMP E2,»R1 SO El INIT 3 ; STORE WORD IN RAM AREA ;INC PROM POINTER ;INC RAM POINTER ;LOOP LI LI LDCR SBZ SBO R12,X'O10O' R1,X*0753' R1.15 0 3 ;SET UP REAL TIME CLOCK ;F0R 50HZ REFRESH RATE ;L0AD CLOCK ;SET TO INT MODE ;ENABLE CLOCK LIMI 15 ;ENABLE ALL INTERRUPTS LUFI B* CMDWRK CMDHDL jLOAD UP NEW WORKSPACE POINTER ;JUMP TO COMMAND HANDLER » 107A 0300000P 107E 02E0D020 1082 0460125C INIT4 » / 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 HI ;**»»«*****»««»***»*«****»»***»*••»»«**•**»*»*«**»»*«**»»******«*»*«*** ;* *i ;* THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE TASK SCHEDULER,ALLOCATE, AND DEALLOCATE * ;* ROUTINES. SPRIOR SHOULD CONTAIN THE PRIORITY OP THE INTERRUPTED * ;* TASK. CPRIOR SHOULD CONTAIN THE PRIORITY OF THE INTERRUPTING TASK. * ;* INTRSV IS THE START OF THE INTERRUPT HANDLER• SCHEDLR IS THE START * ;* OF THE SCHEDULER ROUTINE. * ;* * *********************************************************************** 113 ; 114 ;* 115 116 117 ' ;******«»«**«*»««*«***i>*****4»***»******»»*****»**»»****«*»*«»*«****»* 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 ' ;* ROUTINE TO LOAD PRE-EMPTED TASK AND PRE-EMPTING TASK INTO RDYC ;* LIST OP TASK SCHEDULER. ;* 1086 DOOO 1088 108A 108A 06A010P6 108E 022D001B 1092 C420D1P8 1096 05C0 1098 C41D 109A 05C0 109C 064D 109E C41D 10 AO 05C0 10A2 064D 10A4 C41D 10A6 0220FPFA 10AA 06A0110E 10AE 022DFFE6 10B2 06A010F6 10B6 10BA 10BC 10BE 10C0 10C2 10C4 10C6 10CA C420D160 05C0 C40F 05C0 C40E 05C0 C40D 0220FFFA . 06A0110E : INTRSV ! J ( WORD WORD BL* SCHEDWP INTRSV+4 GTFREE AI MOV* INCT MOV INCT DECT MOV INCT DECT MOV AI BL* AI BL* R13.30 SPRIOR,*R0 RO *R13,*R0 RO R13 *R13,*R0 RO R13 *R13.*R0 R0.-6 INSERT R13.-26 GTFREE MOV* INCT MOV INCT MOV INCT MOV AI BL* CPRI0R,*R0 RO R15,*R0 RO R14,*R0 RO • R13,*R0 R0.-6 INSERT ;SET UP URKSPACE POINTER ;SET UP PC ;GET A FREE NODE ;POINTED TO BY RO ;GET PRE-EMPTED R15 ;SAVE PRE-EMPTED PRIOR ;INC NODE POINTER JSAVE PRE-EMPTED R15 ;INC NODE POINTER ;DEC WORKSPACE POINTER. ;SAVE PRE-EMPTED R14 ;INC NODE POINTER ;DEC WORKSPACE POINTER ;SAVE PRE-EMPTED R13 ;RESET RO TO TOP OP NODE ;INSERT NODE IN RDYC LIST ;RESET R13 TO ORIGINAL VALUE ;GET A FREE NODE POINTED ;T0 BY RO ;SAVE INTERRUPTING PRIORITY ;INC NODE POINTER ;SAVE PRE-EMPTING R15 JINC NODE POINTER ;SAVE PRE-EMPTING R14 JIHC NODE POINTER ;SAVE PRE-EMPTING R13 ;RESET RO TO TOP OF NODE iINSERT NODE INTO RDYC LIST jNEXT STATEMENT IS SCHEDULER ISO 1S1 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 * * THIS ROUTINE SELECTS THE HIGHEST PRIORITY TASK FROM THE RDYC LIST * AND DISPATCHS THIS TASK TO THE CPU. * 10CE 10D2 10D6 10D8 10DA 10DC I0DE 10EO 10E2 10E4 10E8 10EC 10FO 10F4 C320D1FC C81CD160 05CC C3DC 05CC C39C 05CC C35C 05CC C81CD1FC 022CFFF8 06AOU02 026FOOOF 0380 SCHEDLR MOV* MOV* INCT MOV INCT MOV INCT MOV INCT MOV* AI BL* OR I RTVP RDYC.R12 *R12,CPRIOR R12 *R12,R15 R12 *R12,R14 R12 *R12,R13 R12 *R12,RDYC R12.-8 REMOVE R15,X'000F' * * * * ;GET AODR OF HIGHEST PRIOR TASK •.RESTORE CURRENT PRIORITY ;INC NODE POINTER [RESTORE R15(ST) ;INC NODE POINTER [RESTORE R14(PC) ;INC NODE POINTER [RESTORE R13(WP) [INC NODE POINTER [SET RDYC POINTER TO NEW NODE [RESET NODE POINTER TO TOP [ADD NODE TO FREE LIST [SET STATUS TO LOW PRIORITY [DISPATCH NEW TASK 172 * 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 * * R O U T I N E TO GET A F R E E NODE FROM THE F R E E L I S T AND * NODE S T A R T I N G A D D R E S S . SET RO TO THE * 10F6 C02OD162 10FA O5E0D162 10FE C 0 1 0 1100 045B * GTFREE MOV* INCT* MOV B FRLSP,RO FRLSP *R0,RO *R11 ;R0 GETS ADDRESS OF FREE NODE 1INC FREE LIST POINTER ;GET NODE ADDRESS INTO RO JRETURN * * * * * ROUTINE TO ADD NODE REMOVED FROM RDYC LIST BACK TO FREE LIST. * 188 189 190 191 192 193 1102 0660D162 1106 C2A0D162 110A C68C H O C 0 4 5B REMOVE DECT* MOV* MOV B FRLSP FRLSP,RIO R12,*R10 *Rll [DECREMENT FREE LIST POINTER ;GET ADDR OF NEW FREE POINTER [INSERT FREE NODE ADDR INTO LIST [RETURN 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 * ROUTINE TO INSERT A NODE POINTED TO BY RO INTO THE RDYC LIST * IN ORDER OF ITS PRIORIY. HOB C050 1110 11H 1118 111A 11 IE 1120 1122 1124 C0A0D1PC 0203D1FC C142 0285FFFP 1308 C112 8101 1105 1126 1128 112C 112E 1130 1132 1136 1138 C0C2 02230008 C093 10F4 C4C0 02200008 C402 045B INSERT MOV MOV* LI INSERT 1 MOV CI JEQ MOV C JLT • MOV AI MOV JMP INSERT2 MOV AI MOV B *R0,R1 RDYC.R2 R3.RDYC R2.R5 R5.EOL INSERT2 *R2,R4 R1.R4 INSERT2 R2.R3 R3.8 *R3,R2 IHSERTl R0,*R3 R0,8 R2,*R0 *R11 CET PRIORITY OF TASK R2 IS FORWARD POINTER R3 IS BACKWARD POINTER CET NODE WORD CHECK FOR END OF LIST IF SO INSERT NODE GET PRIORITY OF CURRENT NODE CHECK WITH NODE TO BE INSERTED IF LOWER MAGNITUDE (HIGHER PRIORITY) THEN INSERT SET BACK POINTER TO THIS NODE SET UP FORWARD POINTER CHECK NXT NODE INSERT BACKWARD LINK MOVE POINTER TO FWRD LINK INSERT FRWD LINK RETURN CO 222 ,**»»«»*******«««***»***»»***»«***»»********»***»»**** 223 ;* 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 ;* THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE CODE USED TO READ THE DISPLAY TASK PILE j * AND UPDATE THE DISPLAY BUFFER BASED ON THE COMMANDS CONTAINED IN ;* THE FILE.THE DISPLAY TASK FILE IS UPDATED VIA PILOT SCREEN REQUESTS.' ;* DSPLMD IS THE START OF THE DISPLAY MODE. ;* THIS CODE STARTS EXECUTION ON AN INTERRUPT FROM THE REAL TIME ;* CLOCK, SIGNALING THE START OF THE DPU DISPLAY CYCLE. ;* 231 1 1 ;id****************************************************************'*** 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 2B4 113A 03000001 113E 020C0100 1142 1E00 1144 1D03 1146 C820D160D1F8 114C 02000003 1150 C800D160 1154 02O0D264 1158 C800D1P6 115C 04201086 1160 020C0100 1164 1E18 1166 ID 18 1168 1E00 116A 1D06 116C 0200D22S 1170 C120D226 1174 8100 1176 1311 1178 C090 117A 40A0D1F4 117E 1303 1180 05C0 1182 05C0 1184 10F7 1186 05C0 1188 C050 118A 04C2 118C D0B1 118E 0282FE0O 1192 13F7 1194 02820900 1198 1604 119A 1192 05AOD1K4 11A2 0460IOCS 11A6 02820300 11A8 1320 11 AC 02820400 11AE 1317 11B2 02820500 1307 LIMI LI SBZ SBO MOV8 LI MOV* LI MOV* BLWP* LI SBZ SBO SBZ SBO LI MOV* DSPLMD1 C JEQ MOV SZC* JEQ INCT DSFLMD2 INCT JMP DISTSK INCT MOV CLE MOVB CI JEQ CI JNE DISTSK1 INC* 8* DISCHT CI DSPLMD JEQ CI JEQ CI JEQ 1 R12,X'0100' 0 3 CPRIOR.SPRIOR RO.DISPRIOR RO.CPRIOR RO.DISBUF RO.DSPPTR INTRSV R12,X'0100' X'18' X'I8' 0 6 RO.DTBUF DTBUFP.R4 R0.R4 DISTSK1 *R0,R2 REPCNT.R2 DISTSK RO RO DSPLMD1 RO *R0,R1 R2 *R1@,R2 R2.E0T DSPLMD2 ' R2.E0J DISCHT REPCNT SCHEDLR R2.VECTR DISVEC R2.DISUPD DISUPDT R2.DYNINF DYNDAT DISABLE INTERRUPTS SET, UP CRU BIAS ENTER INT MODE CLEAR CLOCK INT SAVE PRIORITY LOAD DISPLAY PRIORITY SET UP CURRENT PRIORITY RESET DISPLAY BUFFER POINTER TO TOP OF BUFFER SCHEDULE INTERRUPTING TASK SET UP CRU BIAS START DPU RESET START BIT SET TO INT MODE ENABLE DPU INT SET DISPLAY TASK POINTER TO TOP LOAD UP TASK BUFFER POINTER CHECK FOR END OF BUFFER EXIT GET REP COUNT CHECK IP SUBTASK READY TO DISPLAY IF SO,EXECUTE DISPLAY TASK INC DISPLAY TASK POINTER TO NEXT TASK ENTRY CHECK NEXT ENTRY GET TASK BLOCK ADDRESS ,INTO R l CLEAR R2 GET BLOCK TYPE ,IT IT END OF TASK(EOT) ,IF SO,GET NEXT TASK ,IS IT END OF JOB(EOJ) ,IF NOT THEN CONTINUE ; INC REPCOUNTER •RELINQUISH .CHECK FOR DRAW VECTOR ;IF SO DO IT [CHECK FOR DATA UPDATE [IF SO DO IT [CHECK FOR DYNAMIC DATA [IF FOUND .INSERT IT INTO BUFFER * • * OTHER ROUTINES ASSOCIATED WITH DISPLAY TASK TYPES CAN BE ADDED HERE * * IN ORDER OF FREQUENCY OF USE. * 11B4 11B6 11BA 11BE 11C0 C080 02000707 06A0132E C002 10E0 ******************* ************** ************************************** MOV LI BL* MOV JMP R0.R2 RO.DISERR WRITE R2.RO DSPLMD2 [SAVE RO [IF NO TYPE FOUND THEN ERROR [DISPLAY ERROR [RESTORE RO [CONTINUE WITH NXT TASK 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 •* ;* ROUTINE TO UPDATE DISPLAY BUFFER FROM RAM ;* INPUT-R1 CONTAINS POINTER TO DISPLAY TASK •* 11C2 D0B1 11C4 06C2 11C6 C191 11C8 05C1 11CA CODI 11CC 05C1 11CE C141 11D0 C046 11D2 06A011F8 11D6 C045 11D8 0460118A * * • *<ii«>*i*it*<«*«i>llitit»*i»l>*lt**tll*<i<<i<iitttt*>lk«**««««*»t<**t««t**<ll****l>< ; DYNDAT MOVB *R1@,R2 ;GET t OF DPU COMMANDS SWPB ;INTO LOWER 8 BITS R2 MOV *R1,R6 [GET RAM ADDRESS OF DATA ;INC POINTER INCT RI MOV *R1,R3 [GET DFM ADDRESS ;INC POINTER INCT RI MOV R1.R5 [SAVE RI MOV R6.R1 ;R1 GETS RAM ADDRESS BL* INSDSP ;INSERT DATA INTO BUFFER MOV R5.R1 [RESTORE RI B* [PROCESS NEXT TASK DISTSK+4 t- c 30} 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 * * ROUTINE TO OBTAIN DATA FROM DAU AND UPDATE DISPLAY BUFFER * INPUT-R1 CONTAINS DISPLAY TASK BUFFER POINTER * 11DC 11DE 11E0 11E2 11E4 0581 C091 05C1 0692 0460U8A DISUPOT INC MOV INCT BL B* RI •R1.R2 RI *R2 DISTSK+4 jINC DISPLAY TASK POINTER ;GET ROUTINE ADDRESS ;INC POINTER [EXECUTE DISPLAY ROUTINE [PROCESS NEXT DISPLAY TASK O ro 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 * * * ROUTINE TO WRITE DISPLAY FILE ADDRESS AND CORRESPONDING DPU COMMAND * * TO GENERATE A VECTOR ON THE DISPLAY INTO THE DISPLAY BUFFER. * * INPUT* * * *********************************************************************** 11E8 11EA 11EC 11EE UFO 11F4 DOBl 06C2 C0D1 05C1 06A011F8 0460U8A DISVEC MOVB SWPB MOV INCT BL* B* *R19,R2 R2 *R1,R3 RI INSDSP DISTSK+4 ;R2 GETS NO. OF DPU COMMANDS ;SWAP BYTES JR3 GETS DFM ADDDRESS ;SET RI TO DATA ;INSERT DATA INTO DFM BUFFER ;CET NEXT TASK ENTRY ***»**••••*•*•*•****•*»*•***•* 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 t**************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO INSERT DISPLAY FILE INFORMATION INTO THE DISPLAY BUFFER. * * INPUT - RI CONTAINS THE ADDRESS OF THE CONSECUTIVE DPU COMMANDS * * R2 CONTAINS THE NUMBER OF DPU COMMANDS TO BE STORED * * - R3 CONTAINS THE CORRESPONDING DFM ADDRESS * * ******************************************************** 11F8 C220D1F6 HFC C603 U P E 05C8 1200 C602 1202 05CB 1204 C611 1206 05C1 1208 0602 120* 1301 120C 10FA 120E 05C8 1210 C808D1F6 1214 04SB INSDSP MOV* MOV INCT MOV INSDSP1 INCT MOV INCT DEC JEQ JMP INSDSPX INCT MOV* DSPPTR.R8 R3,*R8 R8 R2,*R8 R8 *R1,*R8 RI R2 INSDSPX INS0SP1 R8 R8.DSPPTR •Rll * GET CURRENT DISPLAY BUFFER PTR STORE DFM ADDRESS INC BUFFER POINTER STORE NUMBER OF COMMANDS INC BUFFER POINTER STORE DATA INTO DFM BUFFER INC COMMAND POINTER DEC DATA COUNTER IF FINISHED PROCESS NEST TASK ENTRY STORE NEXT COMMAND INC BUFFER POINTER UPDATE DFM BUFFER POINTER GET NEXT TASK ENTRY O -P- 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 ;* [* THE FOLLOWING ROUTINE UPDATES THE DISPLAY FILE ON A DPU INTERRUPT ;* 1216 12U 12U 1220 1222 122B 122C 1230 1234 1238 123C 1240 1242 1244 1246 1248 124A 124C 124E 1250 1252 1254 1256 1258 03000001 020C0100 1E00 1E06 C820D160D1F8 02000004 C800D160 04201086 0200D264 C060D1F6 02040001 8040 130A CODO 05C0 C090 05C0 C4D0 05C0 0602 13F6 05C3 10FA 046010CE ; UPDATE UPDAT1 UPDAT2 UPDATZ LIMI LI SBZ SBZ M0V9 LI MOV* BLWP* LI MOV* LI C JEQ MOV INCT MOV INCT MOV INCT DEC JEQ INCT JMP B* 1 RU.X'OIOO' 0 6 CPRIOR.SPRIOR RO.UPPRIOR RO.CPRIOR INTRSV RO.DISBUF DSPPTR.Rl R4.1 RO.Rl UPDATX *R0,R3 RO *R0,R2 RO *R0,*R3 RO R2 UPDAT1 R3 UPDAT2 .SCUEDLR *. *; DISABLE INTERRUPTS SET UP CRU BIAS ENTER INT MODE CLEAR DPU INT SAVE CURRENT PRIORITY LOAD NEW PRIORITY SET NEW PRIORITY SCHEDULE TASK GET TOP OF BUFFER Rl GETS ADDRESS OF LAST ENTRY INITIALIZE OFFSET COUNT CHECK FOR END OF DATA IF SO RELINQUISH GET STARTING ADDRESS IK DFM INC BUFFER POINTER GET NUMBER OF DPU COMMANDS INC BUFFER POINTER LOAD DFM INC BUFFER POINTER DEC DATA COUNT IP ZERO CHECK FOR END OF BUFFER INC DFM POINTER LOAD NEXT DFM COMMAND RELINQUISH o 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 ;* .* THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE CPU COMMAND HANDLER. THIS ROUTINE ACCEPTS • * COMMANDS FROM THE INPUT DEVICE, DECODING THEM AFTER RECEIVING AN • * END OF COMMAND(EOC) CHARACTER. THIS ROUTINE THEN SCHEDULES THE • * ROUTINE REQUIRED BY ENTERING THE ACCOMPANYING TASK NODE INTO THE • * APPROPRIATE SPOT IN THE RDYC LIST. THE ROUTINE THEN BRANCHES TO THE TASK SCHEDULER TO DISPATCH THE NEXT TASK. •* •********************************** *; *; *• *• *• *. ». *; I o ON \ 399 . M********************************************************************* 400 j * 401 402 403 404 ; * ROUTINE TO INPUT A COMMAND CHARACTER AND BUFFER IT IN THE CHARACTER * ; * BUFFER. THE COMMAND I S DECODED WHEN A EOC CHARACTER I S RECEIVED. * ;* * ; ************************************************************* 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 125C 1260 1264 1268 126C 1270 1274 1278 127A 127E 1280 1284 1286 128A 128E 1292 1296 03000001 02000005 C800D160 030000FF 06A0135A 06A0132E 02800DOO 1310 02800A00 1307 C060D1FA D440 05A0D1FA 04601268 0200D1FE C800D1FA 04601268 CMDHDL CMDHDL 1 CLRCMD ' LIMI LI MOV* LIMI BL* BL* CI JEQ CI JEQ MOV* MOVB INC* B* LI MOV* B* 1 RO.CMDPRIOR RO.CPRIOR r O O P F ' READ WRITE RO.EOC DECODE RO,CLEAR CLRCMD BUFPTR,RI R0,*R1 BUFPTR CMDHDL 1 RO.CHRBUF RO,BUFPTR CMDHDL 1 * SET HIGH PRIORITY LOAD CURRENT PRIORTY WITH PRIOR OF COMMAND HANDLER SET TO LOW PRIORITY GET A CHARACTER ECHO CHARACTER IS IT EOC CHARACTER I F SO,DECODE COMMAND IS IT A CLEAR COMMAND I F SO,CLEAR COMMAND GET CURRENT BUFFER POINTER BUFFER CHARACTER INC BUFFER POINTER GET NEXT CHARACTER ,GET START OF BUFFER ADDRESS RESET BUFFER POINTER GET NEXT CHARACTER o 424 . 425 426 427 428 429 430 ;* ;* ROUTINE TO DECODE A COMMAND HELD IN THE CHARACTER BUFFER. THE J * CORRESPONDING TRSV NODE IS THEN LOADED INTO THE RDYC LIST FOR ;* EXECUTION AT THE PROPER TIME. THE ROUTINES INSERT, AND GTFREE ARB ;* REQUIRED. ;* 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 ' < ' .A*********************************************** 129A 129E 12A2 12A6 12A8 0201136A 0200D1FE C800D1FA 04C2 D091 12AA O282FE00 12AE 1322 12B0 0561 12B2 9411 12B4 1304 12B6 02210003 12BA O46012A6 12BE 0601 12C0 D091 12C2 02820D00 12C6 1611 12C8 05C1 12CA C051 12CC 06A010F6 12D0 02030004 12D4 C411 12D6 05C0 12D8 05C1 12DA 060} 12DC l&FB 458 12DE 0 2 2 o r r r s 459 12E2 06A0110E 460 12E6 04601300 461 12EA 05C1 462 12EC C051 463 12EE 0580 464 12F0 046012A6 465 12F4 02000707 466 12F8 06A0132E 467 12FC 0460125C • DECODE LI LI MOV* DECODE1 CLR MOVB CI JEQ INC CB JEQ AI B* DMATCH DEC MOVB CI JNE INCT MOV DMATCH1 BL* LI DLOOP MOV INCT. INCT DEC JNE AI BL* NTABLE DERROR B* INCT MOV INC B* LI BL* B* RI,TABLE 1 RO.CHRBUF RO,BUFPTR R2 *R1,R2 R2.EOT DERROR RI *R1,*R0 DMATCH R1.3 DECODEl RI *R1,R2 R2.E0C NTABLE RI *R1,R1 GTFREE R3,4 *R1,*R0 RO RI R3 DLOOP RO.-B INSERT CMDHLOX RI *R1,R1 RO DECODEl RO,CERROR WRITE CMDHDL LOAD UP FIRST CHAR TABLE ADDRESS RESET CHARACTER POINTER CLEAR R2 GET FIRST WORD CHECK FOR END OF TABLE IF SO THEN FLAG ERROR INC TABLE POINTER CHECK FOR A HATCH IF SO CHECK FOR EOC SET POINTER TO NEW ENTRY CHECK NEXT ENTRY CHECK TYPE FOR AN EOC CHARACTER IF NO EOC,GO TO NXT TABLE INC TABLE POINTER RI GETS ADDRESS OF RDYC LIST GET A FREE NODE SET UP LOOP COUNTER MOV INFO TO TRSV NODE INC NODE POINTER ,INC INFO POINTER DEC LOOP COUNTER IF NOT FINISHED THEN LOOP (SET RO TO START OF NODB (INSERT NODE INTO RDYC H I T (RELINQUISH jGET NEXT TABLE ADDRESS [INTO RI ;GET NXT CHAR (CHECK NEXT TABLE (LOAD RI WITH ERROR CHAR (DISPLAY ERROR (GET NXT CHARACTER 4(9 * *************************************************** 470 471 472 473 ;* ;* ;* ;* 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 ' ROUTINE TO QUEUE COMMAND HANDLER BACK UNTO RDYC LIST BEFORE RELINQUISHING. 1300 1304 1308 130C 1310 1312 1314 1316 1318 131A 131E 1322 03000001 02011326 06A010F6 02030004 C411 05C0 05C1 0603 16FB 0220FFF8 06A0110E 046010CE [ CMDHLDX LIMI LI BL* LI DLOOFl MOV INCT INCT DEC JNE AI BL* B* 1326 1328 132A 132C 0005 9A0F 125C D020 CMDNODE WORD WORD WORD WORD • *; *; *; *; 1 1 Rl,CMDNODE GTFREE R3.4 *R1,*R0 RO Rl R3 DLOOPl R0.-8 INSERT SCHEDLR [DISABLE INTERRUPTS [SET UP NODE FOR CMDHDL ;GET A FREE NODE ;SET UP LOOP COUNTER [LOAD UP NODE [INC POINTER [INC POINTER [DEC LOOP COUNTER [IF NOT FINISHED THEN LOOP [SET RO TO START OF NODE [INSERT NODE INTO RDYC LIST [RELINQUISH X'0005' X'9A0F' CMDHDL CMDWRK [PRIORITY [STATUS [TASK ADDRESS [WORKSPACE o »• I I ' t THIS SECTION OF CODE CONTAINS THE DEVICE SUPPORT ROOTINES FOR THB PILOT ENTRY DEVICE(PED) *; *; *i 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 ***************************o********************o*****************^ * *; * ROUTINE TO WRITE A CHARACTER TO PED. CHARACTER IS CONTAINED IN UPPER*; * 8 BITS OF RO. A 200 HSEC WAIT IS INSERTED ON A CARRIAGE RETURN *; * INPUT-RO CONTAINS CHARACTER TO BE WRITTEN IN UPPER 8 BITS *; * 132E 1332 1336 1338 133A 133C 133E 1340 1342 1346 1348 134A 134C 134E 1350 1352 1354 1356 1358 02OAOEA6 020C0080 ID 10 1F16 16F9 3200 IE 10 0980 0280000D 1607 0A3A 1F16 16FE 1F17 16FC 060A 16FE 0A80 045B *. i **«********************«*»*»*»*«****»*****»**«*****«*******«*»******«*«. RIO,3750 PED WAIT COUNT WRITE LI R12,X'80' SET UP CRU BIAS LI 16 SET RTSON SBO IB 22 TRANSMIT BUFFER EMPTY? JNE WRITE IF NOT,THEN WAIT SEND CHAR TO PED LDCR R0,8 16 RESET RTSON SBZ GET CHAR INTO LOWER 8 BITS SRL R0.8 IS IT A CR RO.X'OOOD' CI WRITEX IF NOT EXIT JNE IF NOT WAIT FOR CR SLA RIO,3 22 IS IT FINISHED? WRITE1 TB WRITE1 IF NOT WAIT JNE IS IT FINISHED? TB 23 WRITE1 IF NOT WAIT SOME MORE JNE RIO 200 MSEC WAIT FOR CR WRITE2 DEC WRITE2 JNE WRITEX SLA R0.8 MOV CHAR TO UPPER 8 BITS *R11 B RETURN TO CALLING ROUTINE f 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 •******************************t************************************t**4 j * ROUTINE TO READ A CHARACTER FROM PED AND STORE IT IN UPPER 8 BITS •* OF RO j * OUTPUT-RO CONTAINS CHARACTER IN UPPER 8 BITS * * •* .A*********************************************** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • 135A 020C0080 135E 1P15 1360 16FC 1362 04C0 1364 3600 1366 1E12 1368 045B READ LI TB JNE CLE STCR SBZ B R12,X'80' 21 READ RO R0.8 18 *R11 [LOAD CRU BIAS [RECEIVE BUFFER FULL? ;IF NOT WAIT [CLEAR RO [GET CHAR INTO RO [ENABLE RECEIVE BUFFER [RETURN TO CALLING ROUTINE I— 1 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 !* ;* TABLES FOR PILOT COMMANDS ENTERED V I A FED. •* ******************************************************* 136A 0 0 4 3 136C 1384 TABLE 1 WORD WORD X'0043' TABLE2C FIRST LETTER ' C NXT TABLE ADDRESS 136E 0044 1370 138E WORD WORD X'0044' TABLE2D FIRST LETTER 'D' NXT TABLE ADDRESS 1372 0054 1374 1394 WORD WORD X'0054' TABLE2T FIRST LETTER 'T* NXT TABLE ADDRESS 1376 004C 1378 139A WORD WORD X'004C TABLE2L NXT TABLE ADDRESS- 137A 0053 137C 13AA WORD WORD X'0053' TABLE2S NXT TABLE ADDRESS 137E 0045 1380 13A4 WORD WORD X'0045' TABLE2E FIRST LETTER ' E ' NXT TABLE ADDRESS 1382 FE00 WORD X'FEOO' END OF FIRST TABLE FIRST LETTER ' L ' FIRST LETTER 'S' * : 572 573 574 575 576 3// 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 0D4C 13B0 0D53 13B8 FEOO TABLE2C WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'OD4C CTP.CL X'0D53' CTP.CS X'FEOO' ;CL, COMMAND ;TASK POINTER ADDRESS jCS COMMAND [TASK POINTER ADDRESS ;END OF TABLE 2C 138E 0D54 1390 13C0 1392 FEOO TABLE2D WORD WORD WORD X'0D54' CTP.DT X'FEOO' ;DT COMMAND ;TASK POINTER ADDRESS jEND OF TABLE 2D WORD WORD WORD X'0D4F' CTP.TO X'FEOO' ;T0 COMMAND jTASK POINTER ADDRESS ;END OF TABLE 2T WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'0D46' CTP.LF X'0050' CTP.LP X'FEOO* ;LF COMMAND ;TASK POINTER ADDRESS ;LP COMMAND iTASK POINTER ADDRESS ;END OF TABLE 2L WORD WORD WORD X'0D44' CTP.ED X'FEOO' jED COMMAND jTASK POINTER ADDRESS ;END OF TABLE 2E WORD WORD WORD X'0D52' CTP.SR X'FEOO' ;SR COMMAND ;TASK POINTER ADDRESS jEND OF TABLE 2S 1384 1386 1388 138A 138C 1394 0D4P 1396 13C8 1398 FEOO 139A 139C 139E 13A0 13A2 0D46 13D0 0050 13D8 FEOO 13A4 0D44 13A6 13E0 I3A8 FEOO i TABLE2T TABLE2L i TABLE2E t 13AA 0D52 13AC 13E8 13AE FEOO TABLE2S 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 6(19 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 * COMMAND TASK BLOCKS FOR COMMANDS ENTERED VIA FED * it********************************************************************* CTWP.Cl. JPRIORITY •.STATUS ;TASK ADDRESS [TASK WORKSPACE WORD WORD WORD WORD X'9A0F' CT.CS CTWP.CS [PRIORITY [STATUS [TASK ADDRESS [TASK WORKSPACE CTP.DT WORD WORD WORD WORD 4 X'9A0F' CT.DT CTWP.DT [PRIORITY [STATUS [TASK ADDRESS [TASK WORKSPACE 0004 9A0F 1418 DOAO CTP.TO WORD WORD WORD WORD 4 X'9A0F' CT.TO CTWP.TO [PRIORITY [STATUS [TASK ADDRESS [TASK WORKSPACE 13D0 13D2 13D4 13D6 0004 9A0F 1434 DOCO CTP.LF WORD WORD WORD WORD 4 X'9A0F' CT.LF CTWP.LF [PRIORITY [STATUS [TASK ADDRESS [TASK WORKSPACE 13D8 13DA 13DC 13DE 0004 9A0F 1440 DOEO CTP.LP WORD WORD WORD WORD 4 X'9A0F' CT.LP CTWP.LP [PRIORITY iSTATUS [TASK ADDRESS [TASK WORKSPACE 13E0 13E2 13E4 13E6 0004 9AOF 144C D100 CTP.ED WORD WORD WORD WORD 4 X'9A0F' CT.ED CTWP.ED [PRIORITY .•STATUS [TASK ADDRESS [TASK WORKSPACE 13E8 13EA 13EC 13EE 0001 9A0F 1460 D120 CTP.SR WORD WORD WORD WORD 1 X'9A0F' CT.SR CTWP.SR [PRIORITY [STATUS [TASK ADDRESS [WORKSPACE 13BO 13B2 13B4 131)6 0004 9A0F 13F0 D040 CTP.CL 13B8 13BA 13BC 13BE 0001 9A0F 13FC D060 CTP.CS 13C0 13C2 13C4 13C6 0004 9A0F 1404 D080 13C8 13CA 13CC 13CE WORD WORD WORD WORD 4 X'9A0F' CT.CL 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 * * M * * M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * T M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ROUTINES ACCESSED VIA COMMAND TASK POINTERS * 13F0 0200147C 13F4 06AO1468 13F8 046010CE CT.CL LI BL* B* RO.DTP.CL DTINSERT SCHEDLR ;GET DISPLAY TASK POINTER ADDRESS jINSERT IT INTO DISPLAY TASK BLOCK RELINQUISH 13FC 03000000 1400 04600080 CT.CS LIMI B* 0 X'0080' ;SET PRIOR TO HIGH ;BRANCH TO MONITOR 1404 1408 140C 1410 1414 0200AOOO 02029000 0200DA64 06A01468 046010CE CT.DT LI LI LI BL* B* RO.X'AOOO' R2,X'9000' RO.DTP.DT DTINSERT SCHEDLR jY CO-ORD MASK jX CO-ORD MASK ;GET DISPLAY TASK POINTER ADDRESS -.INSERT IT INTO DISPLAY TASK BLOCK RELINQUISH 1418 141C 1420 1424 142B 142C 1430 02001480 06A01468 02001484 06A01468 02001488 06A01468 046010CE CT.TO LI BL* LI BL* LI BL* B* RO.DTP.TO DTINSERT RO.DTP.TOl DTINSERT R0.DTP.TO2 DTINSERT SCHEDLR jGET DISPLAY TASK POINTER ADDRESS •.INSERT IT INTO DISPLAY TASK BLOCK ;GET NEXT TASK POINTER ;INSERT IT ;GET NEXT TASK POINTER ; INSERT IT RELINQUISH 1434 O2O0148C 1438 06A01468 143C 046010CE CT.LP LI BL* B* RO.DTP.LF ' DTINSERT SCHEDLR ;GET DISPLAY TASK POINTER ADDRESS [INSERT IT INTO DISPLAY TASK BLOCK [RELINQUISH 1440 0 2 0 0 1 4 9 0 CT.LP LI BL* B* RO.DTP.LP DTINSERT SCHEDLR (GET DISPLAY TASK POINTER ADDRESS [INSERT IT INTO DISPLAY TASK BLOCK (RELINQUISH LI BL* LI BL* B* RO.DTP.EO DTINSERT RO,DTP.EDI DTINSERT SCHEDLR [GET DISPLAY TASK POINTER ADDRESS [INSERT IT INTO DISPLAY TASK BLOCK [GET NEXT TASK POINTER [INSERT IT INTO DISPLAY TASK BUFFER [RELINQUISH LIMI B* 1 INIT [SET TO HIGH PRIORITY [INITIALIZE SYSTEM 1444 06A01468 1446 046010CB 144C 1450 1454 1458 145C 02001494 06A01468 02001498 06A01468 046010CE 1460 03000001 1464 04601000 I CT.ED CT.SR 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 ' ' 1468 146C 146E 1470 1472 1474 1476 147A C060D226 C450 05CO 05C1 C450 05C1 C801D226 045B ROUTINE TO INSERT A DISPLAY TASK POINTER INTO DTBUP INPUT-RO CONTAINS ADDRESS OF DISPLAY TASK POINTER MOV* MOV INCT INCT MOV INCT MOV* B DTBUFP.Rl *R0,*R1 RO RI *R0,*R1 RI Rl.DTBUFP *R11 ' ' GET FREE BUFFER SPACE INSERT REP COUNT INC DISPLAY TASK POINTER ADDRESS INC DISPLAY BUFFER POINTER INSERT DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS INC DISPLAY BUFFER POINTER RESTORE DISPLAY TASK BUFFER POINTER RETURN 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 7H 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 * * * DISPLAY TASK POINTERS * *************************************************************** 147C 0000 147E 149C DTP.CL WORD WORD X'0000' DT.CL REPEAT EVERY REFRESH DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 1480 0007 1482 14BE DTP.TO WORD WORD X'0007' DT.TO REPEAT EVERY 7 REFRESHES DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 1484 0007 1486 159C DTP.TOl WORD WORD X'0007' DT.TOl REPEAT EVERY 7 REFRESHES DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 1488 OOOO 148A 15BC DTP.TO2 WORD WORD X'0000' DT.T02 REPEAT EVERY REFRESH DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 148C 0008 148E 15E6 DTP.LP WORD WORD X'0008' DT.LF FLASH ON AND OFF EVERY 8 REFRESHES DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 1490 OOOO 1492 15FA DTP.LP WORD WORD X'0000' DT.LP REPEAT EVERY REFRESH DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 1494 0007 1496 1694 DTP. ED WORD WORD X'0007* DT.ED REPEAT EVERY 7 REFRESHES DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 1498 OOOO 149A 1796 DTP.EDI WORD WORD X'0000' DT. EDI REPEAT EVERY REFRESH DISPLAY TASK ADDRESS 00 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 **»»»*««*»********«**»»«*«»«»»»»»*««««»*»*»««*«*«*»*»«^ •* * 149C 030E 149E F00O 14A0 AOOP 14A2 900F 14A4 BOOO 14A6 3000 14A8 3007 14AA 300B 14AC 3014 14AE 301C 14B0 3022 14B2 302A 14B4 3033 14B6 3038 14B8 3042 14BA 7000 14BC FEOO DT.CL 14BE 032D 14C0 FOOO 14C2 5013 14C4 8FE0 14C6 84DF 14C8 8C80 14CA 845F 14CC 8EE0 14CE 84SF 14D0 8C80 14D2 84DF 14D4 D400 14D6 8C1F 14D8 87E6 14DA 8C04 ' UDC VH 14DE 8C17 14E0 87E2 14E2 8C04 14E4 87E6 14E6 D400 14E8 40FF 14EA 9244 14EC A180 14EE BOOO 14F0 1001 14F2 1001 14F4 1001 14F6 1001 14F8 8FE0 UFA 91C0 UFC A1C4 U F E BOOO 1500 100A 1502 100A DT.TO > *j *; *; DISPLAY TASKS WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'030E' X'FOOO' X'AOOF' X'900F' X'BOOO' X'3000' X'3007' X'300B' X'3014' X'301C X'3022' X'302A' X*3033' X'3038' X'3042' X'7000' X'FEOO' WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'032D' X'FOOO' X'5013' X'8FE0' X'84DF' X'BCBO' X'B45F' X'8EE0' X'845F' X'8C80' X'84DF' X'D400' X'BCIF' X'87E6' X'8C04' X'87E2' X'8C17' X'87E2' X'8C04' X'87E6' X'D400' X'40FF' X'9244' X'A180' X'BOOO' x'ioor' X'lOOl' X'lOOl' X'lOOl' X'SFEO' X'91C0' X'A1C4' X'BOOO' X'lOOA' X'lOOA' i 13 VECTOR COMMANDS jSTARTING ADDRESS IN DFM ; j jMOVE BEAM WRITE 0 WRITE 1 WRITE 2 WRITE 3 WRITE 4 WRITE 5 WRITE 6. WRITE 7 WRITE 8 WRITE 9 RESET END OF TASK 3 RULES DFM ADDRESS BRANCH OVER SUBROUTINES START OF VERTICAL RULE SUBROUTINE RETURN START OF HORIZONTAL RULE SUBROUTINE 1 t I 1 [RETURN ;SET BRIGHTNESS [DRAW ALTITUDE RULE [DRAW AIRSPEED RULE 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 80S 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 B42 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 1504 100A 1506 100A 1508 8C1F 150A 9044 150C A180 150E BOOO 1510 1001 1512 1001 1514 1001 1516 1001 1518 8FE0 151A 7000 151C 033D 151E F058 1520 A078 1522 9254 1524 BOOO 1526 3000 1528 A0B8 152A 9254 152C BOOO 152E 300B 1530 A0F8 1532 9254 1534 BOOO 1536 301C 1538 A138 153A 9254 153C BOOO 153E 302A 1540 A178 1542 9254 1544 BOOO 1546 3038 1548 9014 1S4A A078 154C BOOO 1S4E 300B 1550 A0B8 1552 9014 1554 BOOO 1556 3007 1S58 A0F8 155A 9014 155C BOOO 155E 3000 1560 A138 1562 9014 1564 BOOO 1566 3007 1568 A178 156A 9014 156C BOOO 156E 300B 1S70 A1D4 1572 90B8 1574 BOOO 1576 301C 1578 A1D4 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'lOOA' X'lOOA' X'BCIF' X'9044' X'A180' X'BOOO' X'1001' X'lOOl' X'1001' X'1001' X'BFEO' X'7000' X'033D' X'F058' X'A078' X'9254' X'BOOO' X'3000' X'A0B8' X'9254' X'BOOO' X'300B' X'A0F8' X'9254' X'BOOO' X'301C X'A138' X'9254' X'BOOO' X'302A' X'A178' X'9254' X'BOOO' X'3038' X'9014' X'A078' X'BOOO' X'300B' X'AOBS' X'9014' X'BOOO' X'3007' X'A0F8' X'9014' X'BOOO' X'3000' X'A138' X'9014' X'BOOO' X'3007' X'A178' X'9014' X'BOOO' X'300B' X'A1D4' X*90B8' X'BOOO' X'301C X'A1D4' DRAW VERTICAL SPEED RULE SCALE LABELS DFM ADDRESS 834 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 665 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 157A 90F8 157C BOOO 157E 3014 1580 A1D4 1582 9138 1584 BOOO 1586 300B 1588 A1D4 158A 9178 158C BOOO 158E 3007 1590 A1D4 1592 91B8 1594 BOOO 1596 3000 1598 7000 159A FEOO 159C 159E 15A0 15A2 15A4 15A6 15A8 1SAA 15AC 15AE 15B0 15B2 15B4 15B6 15B8 15BA 030D FODO A0F8 90CO BOOO 401F 91C0 B800 40FF A120 9148 BOOO 1001 8FE0 7000 FEOO 15BC 0400 15BE 17B2 15C0 0507 13C2 DA6A 15C4 FOES 15C6 0400 15C8 17CE 15CA 0507 15CC DA78 15CE F0F4 15D0 0400 15D2 17EA 15D4 0512 15D6 DA86 15D8 FlOO 15DA 0400 15DC 1806 15DE 0507 15E0 OAAA 15E2 F122 15E4 FEOO 15E6 0307 15E8 F12E 15EA A080 ; DT.T01 5 DT.T02 DT.LF WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'90F8' i X'3014' X'A1D4' X'9138' X'BOOO' X'300B' X'A1D4' X'9178' X'BOOO' X'3007' X'A1D4' X'91B8' X'BOOO' X'3000' X*7000' X'FEOO' i i i i WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'030D' X'FODO' X'A0F8' X'90C0' X'BOOO' X'401F' X'91C0' X'B800' X'40FP' X'A120' X'9148' X'BOOO' X'lOOl' X'8FE0' X'7O0O' X'FEOO' ATTITUDE SCALES WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'040O' DR.ALTD X'O507' RD.ALTD X'FOES' X'0400' DR.VRSP X'0507' RD.VRSP X'F0F4' X'0400' DR.HZST X'0512' RD.HZST X'FIOO' X'0400' DR.ARSP X'0507' RD.ARSP X'F122' X'FEOO' X'0307' X'F12E' X'AOBO' SCALE POINTERS ALTITUDE POINTER (RAM DATA X'BOOO' j DFM LOCATION VERTICAL SPEED RAM DATA DFM LOCATION HORIZONTAL SITUATION RAM DATA DFM LOCATION AIR SPEED POINTER .DATA PROCESS ROUTINE RAM DATA .END OF TASK ;7 DPU COMMANDS (DISPLAY FILE ADDRESS 913 9U 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 15EC 1SEE 15F0 15P2 15F4 15F6 15F8 9128 BOOO 300B 3007 3000 7000 FEOO 15FA 0400 15FC 1822 15FE 0321 1600 FOOO 1602 5015 1604 8FE0 1606 8FE0 1608 8FE0 160A 8FE0 160C D400 160E 8DE0 1610 8DE0 1612 8DE0 1614 8DE0 1616 D400 1618 8C1F 161A 8C1F 161C 8C1F 161E 8C1F 1620 D400 1622 8C0F 1624 8C0F 1626 8C0F 1628 8C0F 162A D400 162C A110 162E 9130 1630 BOOO 1632 40IF 1634 8C1E 1636 8DE0 1638 8C0F 163A 8FC0 163C 8DFE 163E 840F 1640 8FDE 1642 7000 1644 0505 1646 DABS 1648 F040 164A 030C 164C F048 164E 1006 1650 1006 1652 1006 1654 1006 1656 8DE0 1658 8C1E 165A 1001 165C 1001 165E 1001 S DT.LP WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'9128' X'BOOO' X'300B' X'3007' X'3000' X'7000' X'FEOO' DISPLAY COURSE ERROR WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'0400' DR.GLSP X'D321' X'FOOO' X'5015' X'8FE0' X'8FE0' X'8FE0' X'8FE0' X'D400' X'SDEO' X'8DE0' X'8DE0' X'SDEO' X'D400' X'BCIF' X'8C1F' X'8C1F' X'SCIF' X'D400' X'8C0F' X'8C0F' X'8C0F' X'8CDF' 'X'D400' X'AllO' X'9130' X'BOOO' X'401F' X'8C1E' X'SDEO' X'8C0F' X'SFCO' X'8DFE' X'840F' X'SFDE' X'7OO0' X'0505' RD.GLSP X'F040' X'030C' X'F048' X'1006' X'1006' X'1006* X'1006' X'8DE0' X'BClE' X'1001' X'1001' X'1001' GLIDE SLOPE AND PATH UPDATE ROUTINE RESET END OF TASK DYNAMIC LOCATION OF GLIDE SLOPE RELATIVE PARTS OF GLIDE SLOPE 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 .026 .027 028 029 030 1660 1001 1662 8C0F 1664 7000 1666 0505 1668 DAC2 166A F05E 166C 030C 166E F064 1670 1010 1672 1010 1674 1010 1676 1010 1678 8C0F 167A 8DE0 167C 100B 167E 100B 1680 100B 1682 100B 1684 8FC0 1686 7000 1688 0400 16SA 1886 168C 050D 168E DACA 1690 F07A 1692 FEOO 1694 1696 1698 169A 169C 169E 16A0 16A2 16A4 16A6 16A8 16AA 16AC 16AE 16B0 16B2 16B4 16B6 16B8 16BA 16BC 16BE 16C0 16C2 16C4 16C6 16C8 16CA 16CC 16CE 16D0 16D2 032B FOOO 500A 8FE0 84DF 8C80 845F 8EE0 845F 8C80 84DF D400 A180 9088 BOOO 1001 1001 1001 1001 8FE0 A180 9108 BOOO 1001 1001 1001 1001 8FE0 A180 9188 BOOO 1001 i DT.ED WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'1001' X'SCOF' X'7O0O' X'0505' RD.GLPT X'F05E' X'030C X'F064' X'1010' X'1010' X'1010' X'1010' X'8C0F' X'8DE0' X'lOOB' X'lOOB' X'lOOB' X'lOOB' X'8FC0' X'7000' X'0400' DR.HDNG X'050D' RD.HDNG X'F07A' X'FEOO' WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'032B' X'FOOO' X'SOOA' X'8FE0' X'84DF' X'8C80' X'845F' X'8EE0' X'845F' X'8C80' X'84DF' X'D400' X'AIBO' X'9088' X'BOOO' X'1001' X'1001' X'1001' X'1001' X'8FE0' X'A180' X'9108' X'BOOO' X'1001* X'1001' X'1001' X'1001' X'8FE0' X'A180' X'9188' X'BOOO' X'1001' DYNAMIC PART OF GLIDE PATH RELATIVE PART OF GLIDE PATH HEADING ROUTINE DISPLAY ENGINE DATA DFM ADDRESS JMP PAST SUBROUTINES START OF RULE SUBROUTINE START OF MAIN ROUTINE START OF FIRST RULE START OF SECOND RULE START OF THIRD RULE 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 16D4 16D6 1608 16DA 16DC 16DE 16E0 16E2 16E4 16E6 16E8 16EA 16EC 16EE 16F0 16F2 16F4 16F6 16F8 16FA 16FC 16FE 1700 1702 1704 1706 1708 170A 170C WOE 1710 1712 1714 1716 1718 171A 171C 171B 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1722 1724 1726 1728 172A 172C 172E 1730 1732 1734 1736 1738 173A 173C 173E 1740 1742 1744 1746 1748 loot i no 1001 1001 1001 8FE0 A180 9208 BOOO 1001 1001 1001 1001 8FE0 7000 0351 F054 A178 9098 BOOO 3038 A138 9098 BOOO 302A A0F8 9098 BOOO 301C A0B8 9098 BOOO 300B A078 9098 BOOO 3000 9118 A178 BOOO WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD IOIO wimu 9118 A138 BOOO 3014 9118 A0F8 BOOO 300B 9118 A0B8 BOOO 3007 9118 A078 BOOO 3000 9198 A178 BOOO 3038 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD ' WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD 1*1001' X'lOOl* X'lOOl' X'8FE0' X'A180' X'9208' X'BOOO' X'lOOl' X'lOOl' X'lOOl' X'lOOl' X'8FE0' X'700O' X*0351' X'F054' X'A178' X'9098' X'BOOO' X'3038' X'A138' X'9098' X'BOOO' X'302A' X'A0F8' X'9098' X'BOOO' X'301C X'A0B8' X'9098' X'BOOO' , X'300B' X'A078' X'9098' X'BOOO' X'3000' X'9118' X'A178' X'BOOO' %• j o t c ' X'91l«' X'A138' X'BOOO' X'3014' X'9118' X'AOFS' X'BOOO' X'300B' X'9U8' X'A0B8' X'BOOO' X'3007' X'9118' X'A078' X'BOOO' X'3000' X'9198' X'A178' X'BOOO' X'3038' START OF LABELS START OF 8 6 [4 2 ,0 START OF 1 4 3 2 1 'o , START OF 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 till 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 174A 9198 174C A138 174E BOOO 1750 302A 1752 9198 1754 A0F8 1756 BOOO 1758 301C 175A 9198 175C A0B8 175E BOOO 1760 300B 1762 9198 1764 A078 1766 BOOO 1768 3000 176A 9218 176C A178 176E BOOO 1770 301C 1772 A138 1774 9218 1776 BOOO 1778 3014 177A A0F8 177C 9218 177E BOOO 1780 300B 1782 AOBB 1784 9218 1786 BOOO 1788 3007 17BA A078 178C 9218 178E BOOO 1790 3000 1792 7000 1794 FEOO 1796 1798 179A 179C 179E 17A0 17A2 17A4 17A6 17A8 17AA 17AC 17AE 17B0 0400 184B 0306 F0F4 5080 8FC7 85F6 8FD6 8C0P D400 0511 DAE4 F100 FEOO 1 DT.ED1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'9198' X'A138* X'BOOO' X*302A' X'9198' X'A0F8' X'BOOO' X'301C* X'9198* X'AOBS' X'BOOO' X'300B' X'9198' X'A078' X'BOOO' X'3000' X'9218* X'A178' X'BOOO' X'301C X*A138' X'9218' X'BOOO' X'3014' X'A0F8* X'9218' X'BOOO' X'300B' X*AOB8' X'9218' X'BOOO' X'3007' X'A078' X'9218' X'BOOO' X'3000' X'7000' X'FEOO' WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'0400' DR.ENQ X'0306' X'F0F4' X'5O80' X'8FC7' X'85F6' X'8FD6' X'8C0F' X'D400' X'0511' RD.ENG1 X'FIOO' X'FEOO* START OF LABELS FOR FOURTH RULE I t I BHD Of TASK COLLECT ENCINE DATA ROUTINE ADDRESS POINTER SUBROUTINE DFM ADDRESS END OF SUBROUTINE DYNAMIC DATA 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1* ;* (* DISPLAY ROUTINES • 17B2 C160D1F4 17B6 0A65 17B8 0245FFOO 17BC 06C5 17BE 02250080 17C2 0206A000 17C6 E185 17C8 C806DA6C 17CC 04 5B DR.ALTD MOV* SLA AND I SWPB AI LI SOC MOV* B REPCNT.R5 R5.6 R5,X'FF00' R5 R5,X'0O8O' R6,X'A000' R5.R6 R6.RD.ALTD1 *RII ;GET AIRSPEED ;PROCESS IT jGET MS 8 BITS ;GET B BITS INTO LS BYTE ; ;R6 GETS Y MASK ORI WITH R5 LOAD IT RET 17CE C160D1F4 17D2 0A55 17D4 0245FF00 17D8 06C5 17DA 02250080 17DE 0206A000 17E2 E185 17E4 C806DA7A 17E8 045B DR.VRSP HOV* SLA ANDI SWPB AI LI SOC MOV* B REPCNT.R5 R5.5 R5,X'FF00' R5 R5,X'0080' R6,X'AO0O' R5.R6 R6.RD.VRSP1 *R11 GET VERTICAL SPEED PROCESS IT GET MS 8 BITS GET 8 BITS INTO LS BYTE 17EA C160D1F4 17EE 0A65 17F0 02453F00 17F4 06C5 17F6 022500D8 17FA 0206A000 17FE E185 1800 C806DA88 1804 045B DR.H2ST MOV* SLA ANDI SWPB AI LI SOC MOV* B REPCNT.R5 R5,X'0006' R5,X'3F00' R5 R5,X'00D8' R6,X'A0O0' R5.R6 R6.RD.HZST1 *R11 GET PITCH 1806 C160D1F4 180A 0A4S 180C O245FF0O 1810 06CS 1812 O225O0CO 1816 02069000 181A E185 181C C806DAAC 1820 045B DR.ARSP MOV* SLA ANDI SWPB AI LI SOC MOV* B REPCNT,R5 R5.4 R5,X'FF00* R5 R5,X'00C0' R6,X'9000' R5.R6 R6.RD.ARSP1 *R11 •GET X MASK OR INTO X MASK .UPDATE SPEED ;RET 1822 C160DIF4 1826 0A45 1828 0245FF00 1B2C 06C5 182E C1C5 1830 02250080 1834 0206A000 1838 E185 183A C806DABA 183E O22700C0 1842 02069000 1846 E187 1848 C806DAC2 DR.GLSP MOV* SLA ANDI SWPB MOV AI LI SOC MOV* AI LI SOC MOV* REPCNT,R5 . R5.4 R5,X'FF00' R5 R5.R7 R5,X'O080' R6,X'A000' R5.R6 R6 RD.GLSP+2 R7,X'00C0' R6,X'9000' R7.R6 R6.RD.GLPT ,GET REPCNT ;PROCESS IT jCET MS SIG BITS ;INTO LS BYTE ;SAVE DATA ,ADD OFFSET ;GET Y MASK JOR DATA INTO Y MASK ;UPDATE DATA [PROCESS NEW DATA ;GET X MASK ;OR DATA INTO X MASK [UPDATE DATA f R6 GETS Y MASK ORI WITH R5 LOAD IT RET PROCESS IT UPDATE IT RETURN GET REPCNT PROCESS IT GET MS SIG BITS INTO LS BYTE * * * 1203 184C 04 5B 1204 120S 184E C160D1F4 1206 1852 C1C5 1207 1854 0A65 1208 1856 0245FFOO 1209 185A 06C5 1210 185C 02250080 1211 1860 0206A000 1212 1864 E146 1213 1866 C805DAE4 1214 186 A C805DAF4 1215 186E 0A57 1216 1870 0247FF00 1217 1874 06C7 1218 1876 02270080 1219 187A E1C6 1220 187C C805OAEC 1221 1880 C805DAFC 1222 1884 045B 1223 1224 1886 045B • DR. EMC ft DR.HDHG B *R11 MOV* MOV SLA ANDI SWPB AI LI SOC MOV* MOV* SLA ANDI SUPB AI SOC MOV* MOV* B REPCNT,R5 R5.R7 R5,6 R5,X'PF0O* R5 R5,X'0080' R6,X'A000' R6.R5 R5.RD.ENC1 R5.RD.ENG3 R7.5 R7,X'FF00' R7 R7,X'0080' R6.R7 R5.RD.ENG2 R5.RD.ENG4 *RU B *R11 ; RETURN GET SIMULATED DATA SAVE IT PROCESS DATA GET VECTOR DATA INTO 7 MASK 1 STORE DATA ; PROCESS DATA [GET VECTOR DATA INTO Y MASK 1 STORE DATA I STORE DATA ;RETURN ;TO BE ADDED 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 • ************************** ;* • START OF PROM COPT >* ;* • ************************** 1888 0000 RDATAS 188A 188C 188E 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 189A 189C 189E 18A0 18A2 18A4 18A6 18A8 18AA 18AC 18AE 18B0 18B2 18B4 18B6 18B8 18BA 18BC 18BE 18C0 9234 A09B BOOO 8FC7 8C1D 8DE7 7000 9044 AO 80 BOOO 8DE7 8C1D 8FC7 7000 91 AO AOEB BOOO 8FE0 8FE0 8FE0 8FE0 8FE0 8C17 87EO 87EO 8C08 8FE0 8FE0 1261 16C2 8FE0 RS.ALTD WORD RS.ALTD1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.VRSP WORD RS.VRSF1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.HZST WORD RS.H2ST1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD 1262 126} 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 18C4 ISC6 18CB 18CA 18CC 18CE 18D0 18D2 18D4 18D6 18D8 180 A 18DC 16DE 18E0 18E2 18E4 18E6 18E8 18EA 18EC 18EE 18F0 SFEO 8FE0 7000 A1B4 9100 BOOO 8EDE 8DC0 8ECF 7000 40FF A100 90C0 BOOO 7000 9100 A080 BOOO 7000 A190 90C0 BOOO 300B WORD WORD WORD RS.ARSP WORD RS.ARSP1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.GLSP WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.ta.PT WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.HDNG WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD ! X'OOOO' X'9234' X'A09B' X'BOOO' X'8FC7' X'8C1D' X'8DE7' X'700O' X'9044' X'A08D' X'BOOO' X'8DE7' X'SCID' X'8FC7' X'7000' X'91A0' X'AOEB' X'BOOO' X'BFEO' X'SFEO' X'8FE0' X'8FE0' X'8FE0' X'8C17' X*87E0' X'87EO* X'8C08* X'8FE0' X'8FE0' X'BFEO' X'SFEO' X'8FE0' X'7000' X'A1B4' X'9100' X'BOOO' X'8EDE' X'8DC0' X'8ECF' X'7000' X'40FF' X'AIOO' X'90C0' X'BOOO' X'7000' X'9100' X'AOBO' X'BOOO' X'7000' X'A190' X'90C0* X'BOOO' X'300B' -.START OF PROM COPT ALTITUDE DATA 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 18F2 18F4 18F6 18F8 18FA 18FC 18FE 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 190A 190C 190E 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 191A 191C 191E 1920 1922 1924 1926 3007 3000 A190 9180 BOOO 301C 3038 3033 7000 AOOO 9078 BOOO 107B AOOO 90F8 BOOO 107B AOOO 9178 BOOO 107B AOOO 91F8 BOOO 107B 7000 FFFF WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.ENG1 WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.ENG2 WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.ENG3 WORD WORD WORD WORD RS.ENG4 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'3007' X'3000' X'A190' X'9180' X'BOOO' X'301C' X'3038' X'3033' X'7000' X'AOOO' X'9078' X'BOOO' X'107B' X'AOOO' X'90F8' X'BOOO' X'107B' X'AOOO' X'9178' X'BOOO' X'107B' X'AOOO' X'91F8' X'BOOO' X'107B' X'7000' X'FFFF' ENGINE POINTER DATA END OF PROM COPT 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1332 1353 1354 DOOO DOOO D020 D040 D060 D080 DO AO DOCO DOEO D100 D120 DUO DUO D162 D164 D166 D168 D16A D16C DUE D170 D172 D174 D176 D178 D17A D17C D1F4 D1F6 D1F8 D1FA D1PC DIFE D226 D228 D264 DA64 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 OOOO D164 D17C D186 D190 D19A D1A4 DUE D1B8 D1C2 D1CC D1D6 D1E0 D1EA 00 3C FFFF D264 OOOO DIFE mr 0014 D228 001E 0400 0002 • ************************************************************** •* *• •* RAM STORAGE AREA *; ;* *• ************************************************************************. ORG X'DOOO' SCHEDWF BLOCK 16 [SCHEDULER WORKSPACE CMDWRJC BLOCK 16 [COMMAND HANDLER WORKSPACE 16 [CL WORKSPACE CTWP.CL BLOCK 16 [CS WORKSPACE CTWP.CS BLOCK 16 [DT WORKSPACE CTWP.DT BLOCK CTWP.TO BLOCK 16 [TO WORKSPACE 16 CTWP.LF BLOCK [LF WORKSPACE 16 CTWP.LP BLOCK [LP WORKSPACE 16 CTWP.ED BLOCK [ED WORKSPACE CTUP.SR BLOCK 16 [SR WORKSPACE 16 [WORKSPACE FOR UPDATE ROUTINE UPDATWS BLOCK CPRIOR WORD 0 [CURRENT PRIORITY FRLSP WORD [FREE LIST POINTER FRLST FRLST WORD NODES WORD NODES+10 WORD NODES+20 WORD NODES+30 WORD N0DES+40 WORD NODES+50 WORD NODES+60 NODES+70 WORD WORD NODES+80 WORD NODES+90 WORD NODES+100 NODES+110 WORD 60 [FREE NODE AREA NODES BLOCK ' X'FFFF' [REPCOUNTER RE PC NT WORD [DISPLAY BUFFER POINTER DSPPTR WORD DISBUF 00 SPRIOR WORD [PRIORITY SAVE CHRBUF BUFPTR WORD [BUFFER POINTER [RDYC LIST RDYC WORD X'FFFF' [CHARACTER BUFFER 20 BLOCK CHRBUF DTBUFP [DISPLAY TASK BUFFER POINTER WORD DTBUF 30 DTBUF BLOCK (DISPLAY TASK BUFFER BLOCK 1024 (DISPLAY BUFFER DISBUF BLOCK 2 [AREA FOR DISPLAY TESTS DTP.DT 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 DA68 OOOO DA6A 9234 DA6C A09B DA6E BOOO DA 70 8FC7 DA72 8C1D DA74 8DE7 DA76 7000 DA78 9044 DA7A A08D DA7C BOOO DA7E 8DE7 DA80 8C1D DA82 8FC7 DA84 7000 DA86 91A0 DA88 AOEB DA8A BOOO DA8C 8FE0 DA8E BFEO DA90 8FE0 DA92 8FE0 DA94 8FE0 DA96 8C17 0A98 87EO DA9A 87EO DA9C 8C08 DA9E 8FE0 DAAO 8FE0 DAA2 8FE0 DAA4 8FE0 DAA6 8FE0 DAA8 7000 OAAA A1S4 DAAC 9100 DAAE BOOO DABO 8EDE DAB 2 8DC0 DAB 4 8ECP DAB 6 7000 DABB 40FF DABA A100 DABC 90C0 DABE BOOO DACO 7000 DAC2 9100 DAC4 A080 DAC6 BOOO DAC8 7000 DACA A190 DACC 90C0 DACE BOOO DADO 300B • ************************* i* RAM DATA ;* ;* • ************************* RDATA X'0000' WORD \ RD.ALTD WORD RD.ALTD1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RD.VRSP WORD RD.VRSP1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD BD.BZST WORD RD.HZST1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RD.ASSP WORD RD.ARSP1 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RD.CLSP WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD RD.G1.PT WORD WORD WORD WORD RD.HDNG WORD WORD WORD WORD X'9234' X'A09B' X'BOOO' X'8FC7' X'8C1D' X'8DE7' X'7000' X'9044' X'A08D' X'BOOO' X'8DE7' X'8C1D' X'8FC7' X'7000' X'91A0' X'AOEB' X'BOOO' X'8FE0' X'SFEO' X'8FE0* X'SFEO' X'8FE0* X'8C17' X'87E0* X'87EO' X'8C08' ' X'8FE0' X'SFEO' X'8FE0' X'8FE0' X'SFEO' X'7000' X'A1B4' X'9100' X'BOOO' X'8EDE' X'8DC0' X'8ECF' X'7000' X'40FF' X'AIOO' X'90C0' X'BOOO' X'7000' X'9100' X'A080' X'BOOO' X'7000' X'A190' X'90C0' X'BOOO' X'300B' [START OF RAM COPT ALTITUDE DATA 1415 DAD 2 3007 1416 DAD4 3000 1417 DAD6 A190 1418 DAD 8 9180 1419 DADA BOOO 1420 DADC 301C 1421 DADE 3038' 1422 DAEO 3033 1423 DAE2 7000 1424 DAE4 AOOO 1425 DAE6 9078 1426 DAE8 BOOO 1427 DAEA 107B 1428 DAEC AOOO 1429 DAEE 90F8 1430 DAFO BOOO 1431 DAF2 107B 1432 DAF4 AOOO 1433 DAF6 9178 1434 DAF8 BOOO 1435 DAFA 107B 1436 DAFC AOOO 1437 DAFE 91F8 1438 DBOO BOOO 1439 DB02 107B 1440 DB04 7000 1441 DB06 FFFF ED.ENG1 RD.ENG2 RD.ENG3 BD.ENG4 WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD WORD X'3007' X'3000' X'A190' X'9180' X'BOOO* X'301C X'3038' X'3033' X'7000' X'AOOO' X'9078' X'BOOO' X*107B' X'AOOO' X'90F8' X'BOOO' X'107B' X'AOOO' X'9178' X'BOOO' X'107B' X'AOOO' X'91F8' X'BOOO* X*107B' X'7000' X'FFFF' ENGINS POINTER DATA END OF RAM COPY 1443 1444 1445 FOOO FOOO 0800 DFM END ORG BLOCK X'FOOO' 2048 [DISPLAY FILE ORIGIN ;DFM DEFINED 1348 42 13S0 41 420 406 409 476 489 36 1320 1330 652 656 659 681 673 677 687 665 606 611 616 636 626 631 641 621 1321 1322 1323 1327 1325 1326 1328 1324 433 436 465 1444 1353 268 47 37 258 266 45 312 326 453 480 445 451 1150 1180 1205 VALUE A 7 E 0 E C 8 0 6 5 0 0 0 C 4 C 4 0 0 8 0 8 0 0 0 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 6 4 0 4 2 7 3 6 A 0 C 8 4 0 E C 2 6 E NAME BUFPTR CERROR CHRBUF CLEAR CLRCMD CMDHDL CMDHDL1 CMDHLDX CMDNODE CMDPRIOR CMDWRK CPRIOR CT.CL CT.CS CT.DT CT.ED CT.LF CT.LP CT.SR CT.TO CTP.CL CTP.CS CTP.DT CTP.ED CTP.LF CTP.LP CTP.SR CTP.TO CTWP.CL CTWP.CS CTWP.DT CTWP.ED CTWP.LF CTWP.LP CTWP.SR CTWP.TP DECODE DECODEl DERROR DFM DISBUF DISCNT DISERR DISPRIOR DISTSK DISTSK1 DISUPD DISUPDT DISVEC DLOOP DLOOP1 DMATCH DMATCH1 DR.ALTD DR.ARSP DR.ENG REFERENCES 54 465 53 414 415 100 419 460 477 407 99 62 608 613 618 638 628 633 643 623 573 575 579 593 587 589 597 583 609 614 619 639 629 634 644 416 418 421 420 434 1348 467 422 492 139 491 158 237 240 370 1346 303 316 331 624 413 444 439 51 56 265 281 238 254 251 270 271 269 457 484 442 890 905 1130 435 464 239 1190 1224 1170 1160 233 250 256 1346 742 999 1129 910 921 760 872 889 1352 1351 697 2 6 A E A 4 2 6 C 4 6 6 A E C C 8 6 8 712 1354 730 733 724 727 715 718 721 293 46 35 43 34 39 1331 C 1332 4 6 0 179 SO 71 78 83 91 342 352 346 202 205 216 120 1344 461 .363 364 395 396 424 428 4 4 8 C 0 0 4 8 2 0 0 0 F 0 2 C C C C 8 E 2 E 8 0 6 C A A C A C 4 C DR.GLSP DR.HDNG DR.HZST DR.VRSP DSPLMD DSPLMD1 DSFLMD2 DSPPTR DT.CL DT.ED DT.ED1 DT.LF DT.LP DT.TO DT.T01 DT.T02 DTBUP DTBUFP DTINSERT DTP.CL DTP.DT DTP.ED DTP.EDI DTP.LF DTP.LP DTP.TO DTP.TOl DTP.T02 DYNDAT DYNINF EOC EOJ EOL EOT FRLSP FRLST GTFREE INIT INIT1 INIT2 INIT3 INIT4 INSDSP INSDSPX INSDSP1 INSERT INSERT1 INSERT2 INTRSV NODES NT ABLE RD.ALTD RD.ALTD1 RD.ARSP RD.ARSP1 RD.ENG1 RD.ENG2 922 993 900 895 257 263 57 713 731 734 725 728 716 719 722 78 79 653 684 652 661 681 683 673 677 665 667 669 273 272 412 264 206 262 69 68 122 688 76 73 89 85 301 350 351 135 215 207 121 70 1339 448 892 1157 907 1187 1140 1220 2B4 241 342 353 371 248 249 662 1351 697 666 703 668 670 180 190 191 451 478 147 459 486 210 242 1332 1340 369 1333 1341 1334 1342 674 678 682 1336 1337 1338 447 438 179 1331 137 330 1213 1335 1343 1432 1436 1407 1402 1411 1377 1378 1370 1371 1361 1231 1349 538 190 1345 BD.ENG3 RD.ENG4 RD.CLPT 1233 1234 1265 1266 1294 1298 1302 1306 1277 1272 1281 1247 1248 1240 1241 32 RS.ALTD RS.ALTD1 RS.ARSP RS.ARSP1 RS.ENG1 RS.ENG2 RS.ENG3 RS.ENG4 RS.GLPT RS.GLSP RS.HDMG RS.HZST RS.HZST1 RS.VRSP RS.VRSP1 RO RD.Gl.SP RD.HDNG RD.HZST RD.HZST1 RD.VRSP RD.VRSP1 RDATA RDATAS RDYC READ REMOVE REPCNT 13 RI 42 43 RIO RU 44 R12 45 R13 1214 1221 976 959 995 902 1177 897 1167 82 81 65 410 168 59 1205 50 64 81 131 144 217 252 36J 379 421 465 541 673 70 202 298 328 433 450 480 191 182 1168 91 164 511 124 164 1202 1198 157 540 166 203 204 253 266 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 51 65 83 133 145 218 255 368 380 434 480 542 677 71 209 299 329 437 450 482 192 193 1178 157 165 538 127 53 68 87 134 146 238 256 370 407 435 481 652 681 75 259 300 347 440 453 697 510 219 1188 158 166 54 69 125 139 179 239 258 373 408 441 485 659 683 82 261 302 348 441 455 698 520 354 1203 159 167 56 71 126 140 181 240 259 375 412 453 515 661 698 86 293 312 371 443 461 700 525 528 1222 160 192 57 74 127 141 181 241 280 376 414 454 517 665 699 88 295 313 373 445 462 701 61 78 128 142 202 248 281 377 417 458 518 667 701 92 296 314 416 446 462 702 62 79 130 143 216 250 283 378 420 463 527 669 544 1224 161 234 704 1158 162 243 163 363 129 130 132 133 136 145 93 297 326 417 449 477 703 46 47 34 E P 2 R14 R15 R2 35 3 R3 36 37 4 5 R4 R5 38 6 R6 39 7 R7 40 41 157 8 9 R8 R9 SCHEDLR 319 347 552 372 578 592 586 596 582 362 329 38) 373 379 38 44 510 527 521 525 0 E 8 A 4 E 4 A A 4 6 0 e 0 c 4 0 E 6 A 2 SCHEDWP SPRIOR TABLE 1 TABLE2C • TABLE2D TABLE2E TABLE2L TABLE2S TABLE2T UPDATE UPOATWS UPDATX UPDAT1 UPDAT2 UPPRIOR VECTR WRITE WRITEX WRITE1 WRITE2 143 141 67 212 264 313 436 204 375 208 205 1154 1170 1182 1194 1210 295 1175 1198 1194 1219 342 162 160 72 214 268 315 437 212 379 209 206 1156 1171 1183 1195 1212 300 1176 1200 1199 169 83 218 270 326 438 213 383 249 299 1160 1172 1184 1197 1213 1155 1177 1201 1201 84 . 252 272 327 446 214 452 250 302 1161 1173 1186 1205 1214 1156 1185 1202 1206 86 253 280 345 447 216 456 372 1150 1162 1174 1190 1206 1220 1157 1186 1211 1215 203 260 283 349 660 297 479 205 261 293 377 208 262 294 381 328 483 343 1151 1163 1176 1191 1207 1221 1165 1187 1212 1216 1152 1164 1180 1192 1208 1153 1166 1181 1193 1209 1166 1196 1219 1217 1167 1197 343 344 345 346 347 352 353 267 685 120 125 433 553 556 568 562 565 559 385 487 654 663 671 675 679 237 366 411 466 374 382 384 367 268 282 519 522 526 NO ERRORS POUND IN ABOVE ASSEMBLY 524 514 1218 138 APPENDIX C 139 X ALD ALS REG MEM INC SEL p BRANCH ADDRESS 0 'A J± MEM INC 9 1011 1213 £ NXT "A B NXT . 1819 1516 BRANCH FORMAT FIELDS BRANCH ADDRESS - 10 b i t m i c r o i n s t r u c t i o n b r a n c h address - b i t 9 i s MS DRAW - 0 NOP - 1 s t a r t ramp f o r v e c t o r g e n e r a t o r i n 1/2 clock cycle ALU FORMAT FIELDS ALU S o u r c e ( A L S ) - 000 NOP ALU D e s t i n a t i o n - 000 NOP - 001 x S h o r t - 001 X - 010 y S h o r t - 010 Y - O i l Long - O i l PC - 100 Macro a d d r e s s register(PC) - 100 _ - 101 H a l t s t r o b e - n o N o t used - 110 Load s y m b o l * address - I l l N o t used - i l l Not used R e g i s t e r S e l e c t - 00,Dummy (REG S E L ) _ Q 1 x - 10 Y 11 S u b r o u t i n e r e t u r n address r e g i s t e r m Intensity N o t u s e d 140 COMMON FIELDS Memory S e l e c t ( M E M ) - 00 - 01 - 10 Symbol - 11 None Next A d d r e s s C o n t r o l ( N X T ) - 0010 ALU Enable(ENAB) * Increment C o n t r o l ( I N C ) - 00 - 01 None DFM - 0011 - 0100 - 1111 ROM None DFM A d d r e s s - 10 Symbol A d d r e s s - 11 None Load s t a r t i n g a d d r e s s Fetch next i n s t r u c t i o n Jump t o s t a r t i n g a d d r e s s Branch - 0 ALU c l o c k n o t e n a b l e d - 1 ALU c l o c k e n a b l e d These s i g n a l s a l t h o u g h n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y ALU s o u r c e s have been p u t h e r e f o r hardware r e d u c t i o n w i t h t h i s a p p r o a c h ** A l t h o u g h o n l y 2 b i t s would n o r m a l l y be r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s f i e l d 4 were used w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f e n a b l i n g f u t u r e enhancements t o the microsequencer 141 APPENDIX D TMS 9901 ' • TIM 9904 48 MHz RESET i RAM .4 . . • r EPROM 1 RAM EPROM u I 1 i: j TMS 9902 TMS 9901 RS 232 INTERFACE BUFFERS TTY INTERFACE IF I/O CONNECTOR TERMINAL CONN. BUS CONNECTOR B l oGk:-:diagram-:6f - :TM9 9 0 / IPOM ; -p- EPROM STATIC 'MEMORY RAM MEMORY h ADDRESS DECODE &TIMING LOGIC —I X BUFFERS BUS CONNECTOR Block diagram o f TM990/201 144 APPENDIX E S3 i f zs • z 3/> 33 i .? 3 : 4* - T ,4 IS Jl Jl 2s/sr? *Y 12 S7>/ 3Y 38 4* a. 4 ^ 14 tY IS 2* tSISJ ZY zs 2Y JlL 3B JL 44 4Y DFM ADDRESS " DECODING ~ r it 7 SZ I 1— 1 1FT Sf 2P& 2o A* 3t D-^ i /*V Zl/4 3» 7415*4/ I* i3 4 It 3*? Q-^}-^ /7 47 4S 78 0 4t> ADZ n 3>3 Z/J/ IL 7? 44 5 '8 b 4i 1— U7~ w 10 /O 4tser-L>o • o I 14 JLl. J 4 s i 2//*. 3?* I : r<La- 0< ? ys- Dl 73 it 7>3 CS /h /Ii 14 it At 3, 43 Z//4 13 13 7)7 44 4S ?t 4* . *, if 47 7>3 /t. 43 »? <5 8 9 7o 42_ /A. 74*514/ ;//. /Z. /3 \ /A. 7S /4 /S /4<{j£ 79 —0" 3>/>/V» 0-VS~+ Si S6 59F 43. St . DISPLAY FILE MEMORY: ' ON O— 3W. Sneer 2 ps? /Z/ Pi /A* Sn^tr, /?/>4/L /z/7f. SB Sf CioCKI* V 13 7^/ Co S7 04 MACRO ADDRESS REGISTER ej>j> JO SP t - er Co 2 3.9 ^/ \z> \/4 J3_ ^ 74/t,/ >mflt>DX o: ?/ Co IS , Sneer 3 op IZ Ms : r. /?P/M M/71 NEXT ADDRESS SELECTION I fit/ $ra*t#r /lrtn- • t Sfm/IO t><T+ Cc S7 3>PlL S«eer S ar fZ S8 O 3-—D xi/«vy SS O O DWO:tl+ 58 2>fU. ! &4 Ao 1 is/38 Ai 3 -tit 1 /If. JM-4 ^eys- M -qtf —D £Pcs - sfe * BOS -W -ah : 5* 94 9s /9 £o-4 REGISTER SID -O XASt' -oXtw^'" Ai Si -Hi «. g, $3 T /f3 _ t-siaXy- f4lU as- S3 • • • /6 EP sr 6 ... fitter-Z>i> /Vg^Q ALU SYMBOL A D D R E S S - Co lS~ ep er <fA (PA 8 f 74 lb I $j> S3 OPERAND DECODING /2> <pj> 1L. = 0 Z>YmAi>6:7f Co Jt.0 I—O -D iW7» — r-v7 s? S7.» .£> CLOCK- S? /oesr88 ZyVZ LJS3.79 1IM^ I I 1* 3> ' <&ssr- ^ uJ3 Ml.*- cut CiA •e^ T. -OyccZeXo • 4 ! DPU CLOCK CONTROL H- 77/* S~77eer 9 /£ 1 BtWf- 57 'o—. V If Cue /<r 1> 3t 3Q 4J> 7.S274 4* Sf 5? CP XV4 ft 1* 7t gp &7 &> Y Bi O8 -£37 -a* INTENSITY CONTROL LATCH -or • • • -a «• 1 -O 3 -ai X CO-ORDINATE LATCHES ; ' ! •; U l ~1>PCC' • S//£tST 7/ Of /Z. se 6s.vo o://+Cc S/b S * 4° IJ> la I w isi 74 *•<> 3D 3Q- ID ,i 4T> — 49IS 12L- 4 /+ hi, L^LL. 5 ID 32> 4J> JL 14 7± lb 13174*4 3d 10 40 It St! 7 Y CO-ORDINATE LATCHES V - I* /q II 13 4P m M- *- cm 19 X2> LSI7S A? rtfis-V 3? CU; 1 4^ 1% It II ML 33> ftl V s cut i i ,. 49 r Slb •sso vciK4y£>- J P4 -a 3/ -a 32- -ai?. -a 34 -Q3S -a 34 -a a -a * -a -a JL4 -a *s z _ • ^ 6 - 0 *- 7 -n 38 -a if 4o -a -a So In 157 APPENDIX F 158 ********************************************** * * * * * * THE FOLLOWING I S THE CONTENTS OF THE CONTROL STORE REQUIRED BY THE DPU I N THE E A D S . . * * *********************************************************************** ADDR MICROCODE COMMENTS *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO FETCH A DPU COMMAND FROM THE DFM * * * *********************************************************************** 0000 0001 0002 FFFC84 FFFC86 FFFC28 GET DFM COMMAND LATCH THE DFM DATA LOAD STARTING ADDRESS AND JUMP *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO EXECUTE A JUMP TO SUBROUTINE * * * *********************************************************************** 0010 0011 0012 FF0607 FED807 F0009E STORE OLD PC LOAD UP NEW PC BRANCH TO FETCH ROUTINE *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO EXECUTE A DRAW CHARACTER * * * *********************************************************************** 0030 0031 0032 0033 FFFD04 FFFD06 FFFD04 FFFD48 NOP ENABLE SYMBOL ROM NOP LOAD STARTING ADDRESS AND BRANCH *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO SET I N T E N S I T Y L E V E L * * * *********************************************************************** 0040 0041 FEE007 F0009E LOAD BRIGHTNESS VALUE RETURN TO FETCH ROUTINE *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO EXECUTE A BRANCH * * * *********************************************************************** 0050 FED807 LOAD NEW PC 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 0051 F0001E BRANCH TO FETCH ROUTINE ********************************************************* * * ROUTINE TO HALT DPU 159 * * * * *********************************************************************** 0070 0071 FF4007 F0001E SET HALT FLAG BRANCH TO FETCH ROUTINE *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO DRAW SHORT VECTOR * * * *********************************************************************** 0080 0081 0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0089 FE4A07 FE9407 FFFE06 FFFC06 FE0A07 FE1407 F00206 FFFC06 FFFC06 FFFC06 F0019E LOAD SHORT X LOAD SHORT Y DRAW VECTOR NOP LOAD NEW SHORT X LOAD NEW SHORT Y RESET BEAM NOP NOP NOP BRANCH TO FETCH I *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO LOAD LONG VECTOR Y * * * *********************************************************************** 0090 0091 FECA07 F0009E LOAD LONG Y BRANCH TO FETCH ROUTINE *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO LOAD LONG VECTOR X * * * *********************************************************************** 00A0 00A1 FED407 F0009E LOAD LONG X BRANCH TO FETCH ROUTINE *********************************************************************** * * * ROUTINE TO DRAW VECTOR * * * *********************************************************************** 00B0 00B1 00B2 00B3 00B4 FFFE06 FFFC06 FE0A07 FE1407 F0029E START RAMP NOP LOAD NEW X LOAD NEW Y BRANCH TO FETCH ROUTINE AND RESET BEAM 160 117 • *************************************** 118 •* *• 119 ROUTINE TO DRAW SHORT VECTOR I N SYMBOL ROM *; •* 120 *; »* 121 • ************************************************************************ 122 OOCO FE4B07 123 LOAD SHORT X 00C1 FE9507 124 LOAD SHORT Y FFFF06 125 00C2 DRAW VECTOR 126 FFFD06 00C3 NOP FE0B07 127 00C4 LOAD NEW SHORT X 00C5 128 FE1507 LOAD NEW SHORT Y 00C6 F00306 129 RESET BEAM FFFF06 00C7 130 NOP FFFF06 00C8 131 NOP 132 FFFF06 00C9 NOP F0C11E 133 OOCA BRANCH BACK TO DRAW CHARACTER ROUTINE 134 135 • ***********************************************************************• 136 •* *• 137 ROUTINE TO EXECUTE A RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE *; •* 138 •* *• . ************************************************************************ 139 140 FE5E07 LOAD UP OLD PC 141 OODO F000A6 142 00D1 INC PC ADDRESS 00D2 F0009E BRANCH TO FETCH ROUTINE 143 END OF F I L E 161 j ******************************+**************************************** ;* * ;* DPU COMMANDS USED I N SYMBOL ROM TO GENERATE DPU SYMBOLS * ;* * 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 ; ;* 0 * 0000 C480 0 0 0 1 CCOF 0002 CD80 0003 CC1E 0004 CF60 0005 C5E0 0006 0000 ;* 1 * 0007 C500 0008 CCOF 0009 C51E OOOA OOOO * 2 * OOOB C480 OOOC CC08 OOOD CD80 OOOE CC07 OOOF CF60 0010 C41E 0 0 1 1 CD80 0 0 1 2 C480 0 0 1 3 OOOO ;* 3 * 0 0 1 4 C480 0 0 1 5 CD80 0 0 1 6 CCOF 0 0 1 7 CF60 0 0 1 8 C596 0 0 1 9 CF60 001A C5F7 001B OOOO ;* 4 * 001C C580 001D CCOF 0 0 1 E CEF9 001F CD80 0020 C494 0 0 2 1 OOOO ;* 5 * 0022 C480 0023 CD80 0024 CC08 0025 CF60 0026 CC07 0027 CD80 0028 C49E 0029 OOOO ;* 6 * 002A C480 002B CD80 ; 58 002C CC08 59 002D CF60 60 61 002E 002F 0030 0031 0032 C417 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 ;* 7 0033 0034 0035 0036 0037 ;* 8 0038 CCOF CD 80 C49E OOOO * C480 CD8F CF60 C5FE OOOO * C480 0039 CD80 003A C408 003B CF60 003C C417 00 3D C C O F 0 0 3 E CD 80 003F CC1E 0040 C480 0041 OOOO ;* 9 * 0042 C5E0 0 0 0 0 0 0 043 044 045 046 047 048 CCOF CF60 CC16 CD80 C497 OOOO ;* A * 0049 C4 00 4A CD 004B CD 004C C7 004D CC 004E 004F 80 OF IE 67 EO C516 OOOO ;* B * 0050 C480 0051 CCOF 0052 CDOO 0053 CC92 0054 0055 0056 CE73 CEEO C500 106 107 108 0057 0058 109 110 111 112 113 CC9 CE7 CEE C4A 005A 005B C580 0 0 5 C OOOO ;* C * 005D C480 114 115 005E 005F CCOF CD 80 116 0060 C77E 104 105 0059 3 3 O 0 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 0061 0062 0063 ;* D 0064 0065 0066 0067 0068 0069 006A 006B 006C 00 6D ;* E 006E 006F 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 ;* F 0077 0078 0079 007A 007B 007C 007D ;* M 007E 007F 0080 0081 0082 0083 0084 ;* 0 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 008A 008B 008C 008D ;* P 008E 008F 0090 0091 0092 0093 0094 0095 CD80 C4A0 0000 C480 CCOF CDOO CC93 CC17 CE73 CEEO C480 C580 OOOO * C480 CCOF CD 80 C776 CDOO C6F7 CD 80 C480 OOOO * C480 CCOF CD80 C776 CDOO C517 OOOO * C480 CCOF CD I E CD OF CC1E C480 OOOO * C580 CEE5 CC05 CD05 CD 14 CC14 CEF4 C580 OOOO * C480 CCOF CDOO CC92 CE73 CEEO C5D7 OOOO ;* T 176 0096 177 0097 178 0098 179 0099 180 009A 181 009B 182 •* 183 > OF F I L E * C580 CCOF C6C0 CDCO C49E OOOO k 165 APPENDIX G < ; z, J l* . D- D, 7 ' so- * 1 ' iQ\ 7Q- 7 At7Slo . yes- \ BO- /oa- /.SB .v£c o - i i: ft; n Oi / J D/ f O! / f Di /* O/7D,/t O: /o Sf/eer Z or 3 ; Suaer <3 or 3
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UBC Theses and Dissertations
An electronic airborne display system Stewart, Ian 1979
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