III. INNOVATIVE PRACTICES Don't Class Me in Antiquities! Giving Voice to Native American Materials Kelly Webster and Ann Doyle Introduction Kelly Webster, Monographs Cataloger at the 0 'Neill Library at Boston College, and Ann Doyle, Branch Librarian for Xwi7~wa Library at the University of British Columbia's First Nations House of Learning, share a conversation about some of the issues related to the cata-loging and classification of American Indian materials, and give an overview of some alter-native practices. KW: Have you ever noticed how American Indians are treated in Library of Con-gress cataloging? In both obvious and subtle ways, American Indians are treated as a rem-nant of the past. Although there have been some positive changes recently, such as the efforts being made to work with tribes to establish the preferred form of tribal names, there is still bias and problematic treatment of Native topics in the Library of Congress classification schedules and subject headings. The E schedules in LC classification are a dumping ground for all things Indian. Medicine, education, psychology? You won't find material on those topics in the R, L or BF schedules if it involves Native Americans, because historic practice segregated us into a historic people. We are still here, though, and people working in library services to Native peoples are finding established practice a barrier to information access and promoting use of the library. AD: We face similar issues here in Canada. Cataloging practices not only fail to pro-vide access for Aboriginal students and others using the academic libraries, they obscure an increasingly rich interdisciplinary literature and constitute a significant barrier to use of the public libraries. Years ago, as a library school student in 1980, I did a collection analysis of three special collections of Aboriginal materials. It turned out that although the local public library was comparatively well-stocked, the Aboriginal staff at the neigh-borhood Native Resource Center still felt that it was a poor collection. At the time, the bricks and mortar of this barrier to the public library collection were not clear to me. In retrospect, I see that the lack of appropriate description and classification were significant blocks to access for Aboriginal people. The student paper concluded with the Guidelines 189 1 9 0 III. I N N O VA T IV E P R A C T I CE S f o r the E v a l u a t i o n a n d Selection o f I n d i a n M a t e r i a l s f o r A d u l t s f r o m t h e A L A A d u l t S e r v i c e s D i v i s i o n S u b c o m m i t t e e o n I n d i a n M a t e r i a l s . 1 T h o s e c r i t e r i a w r i t t e n i n 19 7 1 s t i l l h o l d t r u e t o d a y ! T h e g u i d e l i n e s i n c l u d e d q u e s t i o n s s u c h as, "Are t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f A m e r i c a n I n d i a n c u l t u r e t o W e s t e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n g i v e n r i g h t f u l a n d a c c u r a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ? Is A m e r i c a n I n d i a n c u l t u r e e v a l u a t e d i n t e r m s o f i t s o w n v a l u e s a n d a t t i t u d e s r a t h e r t h a n i n t e r m s o f t h o s e o f a n o t h e r c u l t u r e ? " A n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n m e n t i o n e d was t h e e f f e c t o f t h e m a t e r i a l o n a N a t i v e p e r s o n ' s s e l f - i m a g e . A l o n g w i t h s e l e c t i o n g u i d e l i n e s w e c a n u s e a c a t a l o g i n g p e r s p e c t i v e t o a s k o u r s e l v e s , " H o w d o e s t h e l a n g u a g e o f c a t a l o g i n g c o n t r i b u t e ( o r n o t ) t o t h e m e e t i n g t h e s e e v a l u a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s ? " K W : I n l i b r a r y s c h o o l we d i d n ' t t o u c h o n a n y i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o t h i s , b u t r i g h t b e f o r e I g r a d u a t e d , I c a m e u p o n t h e w o r k o f S a n d y B e r m a n a n d g o t m y eyes o p e n e d . H i s w r i t i n g a b o u t r a c i s m a n d e t h n o c e n t r i s m i n L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s g o t m e t h i n k i n g a b o u t h o w N a t i v e t o p i c s a r e r e f l e c t e d i n L C S H . T h e n I s t a r t e d m y f i r s t p r o f e s s i o n a l j o b a n d c a t a l o g e d m y first b o o k a b o u t A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s . I t u r n e d t o t h e E s c h e d u l e a n d saw, " P r e - C o l u m b i a n A m e r i c a . T h e I n d i a n s . " I t h o u g h t a t first t h a t w a s w h e r e all b o o k s o n I n d i a n s w e n t : i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l s e c t i o n . I r e m e m b e r m y c h e e k s a c t u a l l y b u r n e d as I t h o u g h t a b o u t h a v i n g t o f o l l o w t h a t p r a c t i c e . I w a s u s e d t o t h a t k i n d o f i g n o r a n c e o u t i n t h e w o r l d , b u t t h e t h o u g Q t o f h a v i n g t o p e r p e t u a t e i t i n m y j o b as a c a t a l o g e r f e l t t e r r i b l e . E v e n t u a l l y I f o u n d t h a t m y b o o k w o u l d g o i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t a b l e , I n d i a n s o f N o r t h A m e r i c a , b u t t h a t d r e w m y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s u b t l e i m p l i c a t i o n s ) n L C c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d i t s t r e a t m e n t o f I n d i a n s . W h a t is s i g n i f i e d b y t h e p l a c e m e n t o f V I n d i a n s o f N o r t h A m e r i c a a f t e r P r e - C o l u m b i a n A m e r i c a n a n d b e f o r e D i s c o v e r Y-_ o f A m e r ica? T h e u s e o f t h a t p r o b l e m a t i c l a s t p h r a s e i m p l i e s t h e I n d i a n s w e r e e i t h e r g o n e b y t h e s t a r t o f A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y , o r j u s t d i d n ' t m a t t e r e n o u g h t o b e c o u n t e d as p a r t o f i t . S h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d , I a t t e n d e d m y first A m e r i c a n I n d i a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n m e e t i n g . O n e o f t h e a g e n d a t o p i c s w a s a d i s c u s s i o n o f a m e m o S a n d y B e r m a n h a d s e n t t o A I L A , r e g a r d i n g s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e c h a n g e s t o L C S H . 2 T h e s u g g e s t i o n s i n c l u d e d c h a n g e s t o t h e u m b r e l l a h e a d i n g I n d i a n s o f N o r t h A m e r i c a , c o r r e c t i n g s p e c i f i c t r i b a l n a m e s , a n d t h e p r o p o s a l o f a s u b j e c t h e a d i n g t h e n u s e d a t H e n n e p i n C o u n t y L i b r a r y : NA T I VE AM E RI C A N H O L O C A U S T ( 1 4 9 2 - 1 9 0 0 ) . , T h e i d e a s w e r e w e l l r e c e i v e d , b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y n e v e r a c t e d o n u n t i l n o w . S i n c e t h e n , I ' v e t r i e d t o l e a r n all I c a n a b o u t t h e i s s u e s a n d w h a t c a n b e d o n e t o r e m e d y s o m e o f t h e p r o b l e m s . S o m e E x a m p l e s o f H o w S t a n d a r d P r a c t i c e I s P r o b l e m a t i c A D : T h e r e is a g r o w i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d y o f w o r k b y LIS s c h o l a r s a n d p r a c t i t i o n ers t h a t t a l k s a b o u t t h a t f e e l i n g y o u h a d o f y o u r c h e e k s b u r n i n g . L i b r a r y a n d A r c h i v e s C a n a d a c o m p l e t e d a n A b o r i g i n a l c o m m u n i t y c o n s u l t a t i o n p r o c e s s i n 2 0 0 3 . I t s r e p o r t r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t d e f i c i e n c i e s i n s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s a n d c a t a l o g i n g p r a c t i c e s b e g i v e n p r i o r i t y c i t i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t i o n a l e : " T h e r e is a n e e d t o r e - t e a c h t h e ' e x p e r t s , ' s u c h as c a t a l o g u e r s , a b o u t t h e t e r m s u s e d t o d e s c r i b e A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e s . I s s u e s o f r a c i s m a n d i g n o r a n c e a r e r a i s e d b y p r e s e n t c a t a l o g u i n g s t a n d a r d s a n d t e r m i n o l o g y . " 3 D o n ' t Class M e i n A n t i q u i t i e s ! ( W e b s t e r a n d D o y l e ) 191 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m s c a r r y s y s t e m i c b i a s e s ; t h e y r e f l e c t t h e v a l u e s a n d p e r s p e c t i v e s o f t h e i r m a k e r s . I n t h e case o f N a t i v e A m e r i c a n / A b o r i g i n a l t o p i c s , t h e LIS l i t e r a t u r e c i t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g i s s u e s as p r o b l e m a t i c i n m a i n s t r e a m l i b r a r y c a t a l o g i n g p r a c t i c e s : m a r g i n a l i z a t i o n ; h i s t o r i c i z a t i o n ; o m i s s i o n ; l a c k o f s p e c i f i c i t y ; f a i l u r e t o o r g a n i z e m a t e r i a l s i n e f f e c t i v e w a y s ; l a c k o f r e l e v a n c e ; a n d l a c k o f r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f A m e r i c a n I n d i a n n a t i o n s . I n a c c u r a t e a n d i n a p p r o p r i a t e s u b j e c t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a l s o a f f e c t s r e f e r e n c e s e r v i c e s b e c a u s e i t l i m i t s b o t h t h e e f f i c i e n c y a n d a c c u r a c y o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e t r i e v a l , a n d t h e r e b y e r o d e s t h e q u a l i t y o f s e r v i c e s t o p a t r o n s . 4 T h e t r e a t m e n t o f A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e i n L C c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is a g r e a t b a r r i e r t o e f f e c t i v e access. H o p e O l s o n ' s The Power to N a m e c i t e s G i l l i a n R o s e ' s s p a t i a l m e t a p h o r s o f t h e g h e t t o a n d t h e d i a s p o r a t o d e s c r i b e a f u n d a m e n t a l d y n a m i c o f m a r g i n a l i z e d g r o u p s a n d t o p i c s . T h e g h e t t o i s o l a t e s b y c o n c e n t r a t i n g i n a s i n g l e a r e a a n d t h e d i a s p o r a s c a t t e r s w i t h i n a h o m o g e n e o u s m a s s so t h e r e is n o i d e n t i f i a b l e e x i s t e n c e . L i b r a r y c a t a l o g s r e p l i c a t e t h i s d y n a m i c b y g h e t t o i z i n g I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s i n N o r t h A m e r i c a i n a s i n g l e a r e a o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e d u l e , r e g a r d l e s s o f d i s c i p l i n e . S u b j e c t h e a d i n g s t h a t a r e e i t h e r t o o g e n e r a l o r n o n e x i s t e n t d i a s p o r i z e I n d i g e n o u s t o p i c s t h r o u g h o u t a W e s t e r n k n o w l e d g e t a x o n o m y . O v e r t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s a g o , T h o m a s Y e n - R a n Yeh's c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s o f t h e L C c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i d e n t i f i e d m a n y o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s . F o r e x a m p l e , h e c i t e s t h e s e g r e g a t i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n f r o m t h e class f o r t h e H i s t o r y o f A m e r i c a , a n d t h e c o m p l e t e e x c l u s i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n f r o m t h e l o c a l h i s t o r y s c h e d u l e [ F l - 9 7 5 ] . H e n o t e s t h a t t h e l a s t d a t e i n t h e s c h e d u l e f o r A m e r i c a n I n d i a n h i s t o r y is £ 8 3 . 8 9 5 , " C h i p p e w a W a r , 1 8 9 8 , " w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h a t A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s d o n o t live i n t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y , b u t as K e l l y says, i n A n t i q u i t i e s . Yeh's s u g g e s t e d c o r r e c t i o n s e l i c i t e d a d i s m i s s i v e r e s p o n s e f r o m t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s : " I t is q u i t e c l e a r f r o m t h e t a b l e s t h e m s e l v e s t h a t t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e c r e a t o r s o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n was t o t r e a t t h e m o d e r n I n d i a n s as r e m n a n t s o f a v a s t g r o u p o f p e o p l e s w h o o n c e p o p u l a t e d t h e e n t i r e N e w W o r l d l o n g b e f o r e t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e E u r o p e a n s . T h i s c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e I n d i a n s is s t i l l v a l i d t o d a y , i t s e e m s t o us. " 5 T h i s e x a m p l e o f t h o s e i n p o w e r d e f i n i n g h o w k n o w l e d g e o f d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s is m a d e a c c e s s i b l e m i g h t b e d i s m i s s e d as a p r o d u c t o f t h a t t i m e , b u t t h e p r o b l e m a t i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n Yeh h i g h l i g h t e d h a s y e t t o b e c h a n g e d . K W : T h e p r a c t i c e o f c l a s s i f y i n g all t h i n g s N a t i v e A m e r i c a n i n t h e E s c h e d u l e is p r o b l e m a t i c n o m a t t e r w h a t k i n d o f c o l l e c t i n g is b e i n g o r g a n i z e d , f o r t h e r e a s o n s A n n d e s c r i b e s . I t s l i m i t a t i o n s a r e e s p e c i a l l y o b v i o u s w h e n w o r k i n g w i t h a c o l l e c t i o n t h a t is h e a v y o n m a t e r i a l s a b o u t N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s , w h e t h e r i t is a t r i b a l l i b r a r y o r a s p e c i a l c o l l e c t i o n i n a n o t h e r t y p e o f l i b r a r y . O n c e I d i d s o m e c a t a l o g i n g a t L i t t l e B i g H o r n C o l l e g e o n t h e C r o w r e s e r v a t i o n , a n d o f c o u r s e t h e r e w a s a l o t o f m a t e r i a l s h e l v e d a t E 9 9 . C 9 2 . I f t h e b o o k w e r e a b o u t C r o w m e d i c i n e , y o u ' d f i n d i t t h e r e s q u e e z e d i n w i t h C r o w h i s t o r y a n d C r o w a r t a n d C r o w p h i l o s o p h y , i n s t e a d o f i n t h e R s c h e d u l e . T h o s e s h e l v e s w e r e so c r o w d e d t h a t i t w a s d i f f i c u l t t o l o c a t e a n y t h i n g . A f t e r I ' d c o m p l e t e d m y w o r k t h e r e , I f o u n d t h a t s o m e o n e h a d d r a w n u p a n a l t e r n a t e s c h e m e s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h a t l i b r a r y t h a t w o u l d a l l o w f o r t h e d i s p e r s a l o f C r o w m a t e r i a l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e r a n g e o f L C class n u m b e r s ; f o r e x a m p l e , C r o w e d u c a t i o n w o u l d b e c l a s s e d w i t h o t h e r w o r k s a b o u t e d u c a t i o n a n d C r o w a r t w i t h w o r k s a b o u t a r t , a n d so f o r t h . I w i s h I h a d s e e n t h a t w h e n I s t a r t e d , 192 I l l . INNOVATIV E PRACTI CES b u t i t d i d m a k e i t c l e a r t o m e t h a t l i b r a r i e s n e e d m o r e t h a n j u s t a n a l t e r n a t e s c h e m e t o i m p r o v e a c c e s s t h r o u g h c l a s s i f i c a t i o n - t h e y a l s o n e e d s t a f f t r a i n e d t o u s e i t a n d k e e p i t V u p d a t e d , a n d t h e s t a f f t i m e t o a d a p t a l m o s t a l l t h e r e c o r d s r e c e i v e d t h r o u g h c o p y c a t a l o g i n g . B o t h o f t h i n g s a r e l u x u r i e s t h a t e v e n l a r g e l i b r a r i e s d o n ' t o f t e n h a v e . A D : T h e f a i l u r e o f m a i n s t r e a m s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s t o d e s c r i b e e v e n s u c h b a s i c s as A b o r i g i n a l N a t i o n s c o m e s u p r e g u l a r l y a t t h e X w i 7 x w a L i b r a r y . T h e u n i v e r s i t y w h e r e I w o r k is l o c a t e d o n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l , u n c e d e d l a n d s o f t h e M u s q u e a m N a t i o n . M u s q u e a m e l d e r s a r e a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y ; t h e y p r o v i d e s u p p o r t f o r s t u d e n t a n d s t a f f s e r v i c e s , c o n s u l t o n p r o t o c o l , s e r v e as l a n g u a g e i n s t r u c t o r s , a n d f r e q u e n t l y o p e n c a m p u s e v e n t s a n d c e r e m o n i e s . M u s q u e a m l e a d e r s s e r v e o n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o d i e s , s u c h as t h e u n i v e r s i t y s e n a t e . W h e n t h e M u s q u e a m p e o p l e c o m e to t h e l i b r a r y a n d a s k , " W h e r e a r e t h e l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s o n M u s q u e a m ? W h e r e a r e a l l t h e m a t e r i a l s w r i t t e n b y t h e a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s , a n d t h e l i n g u i s t s , a n d t h e h i s t o r i a n s o n o u r p e o p l e ? " I h a v e t o r e p l y , " T h e r e is n o w o r d f o r M u s q u e a m i n t h e l i b r a r y w o r l d , t h e r e is n o s e c t i o n o n t h e u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r y s h e l v e s f o r M u s q u e a m . " M u s q u e a m is s u b s u m e d a n d e r a s e d u n d e r C O A S T SALISH I N D I A N S , a g e n e r i c h e a d i n g t h a t a l s o s w a l l o w s o t h e r F i r s t N a t i o n s i n t h e a r e a . T h e s e e x a m p l e s a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e m a i n s t r e a m c a t a l o g i n g t r e a t m e n t o f F i r s t N a t i o n s p e o p l e a n d t o p i c s i n t h e l o w e r m a i n l a n d o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a w h e r e I l i v e , a n d f o r m a n y o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h e X w i 7 x w a L i b r a r y c a t a l o g i n g p r a c t i c e , h o w e v e r , is a n e x c e p t i o n i n t h a t i t a i m s t o a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t n a m e s o f F i r s t N a t i o n s , A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e , p l a c e s , a n d c o n c e p t s . A t X w i 7 x w a , M u s q u e a m is n a m e d a n d d o e s h a v e a p l a c e o n t h e s h e l v e s . T h e l i b r a r y u s e s t h e s t a n d a r d M A R C r e c o r d f i e l d s t o c a r r y v a r i a n t p e r s o n a l n a m e s : f o r e x a m p l e , u s i n g b o t h D e g o n w a d o n t i a n d B e t h B r a n t f o r t h e T y e n d i n a g a M o h a w k w r i t e r . T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a h a s p r o v i d e d c o r e f u n d i n g f o r t h e l i b r a r y ' s c o n t i n u e d w o r k i n t h i s a r e a , a n d s u p p o r t s a n A b o r i g i n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e . T h e r e is a b u r g e o n i n g i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y l i t e r a t u r e p r o d u c e d b y F i r s t N a t i o n s / A b o r i g i n a l s c h o l a r s w h o a r e d e s i g n i n g a n d c o n d u c t i n g r e s e a r c h , as w e l l as p u b l i s h i n g . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , g o v e r n m e n t s a t all l e v e l s a r e f u n d i n g r e s e a r c h t h a t s e e k s t o a d d r e s s s o c i o e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s o f A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e , w h i c h p r o d u c e s a n o t h e r b o d y o f i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y l i t e r a t u r e r a n g i n g f r o m h e a l t h t o e d u c a t i o n t o r e s o u r c e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c o m m e r c e . T h e o n g o i n g t r e a t y n e g o t i a t i o n s a n d c l a i m s p r o c e s s e s a l s o p r o d u c e a b o d y o f a s s o c i a t e d l i t e r a t u r e s . O f c o u r s e , m a n y s e c t o r s a r e a l s o i n t e r e s t e d i n h o w A b o r i g i n a l k n o w l e d g e s o f l o c a l e n v i r o n m e n t s a n d A b o r i g i n a l v i e w s o f t h e w o r l d c a n e n r i c h t h e i r e n d e a v o r s . T h e r e is a k n o w l e d g e s e c t o r d e d i c a t e d t o m i n i n g A b o r i g i n a l k n o w l e d g e s , s u c h as t r a d i t i o n a l u s e a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l k n o w l e d g e . F r o m A b o r i g i n a l p e r s p e c t i v e s , t h e r e is a s t r o n g r e p a t r i a t i o n i m p e t u s t h a t s e e k s to r e c l a i m A b o r i g i n a l p r o p e r t y i n a l l f o r m s , i n c l u d i n g i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y a n d c u l t u r a l p r o p e r t y , a n d t o a c c e s s k n o w l e d g e p r o d u c e d b y A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e a n d r e l e v a n t t o A b o r i g i n a l i n t e r e s t s t h a t is h e l d i n p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d r e p o s i t o r i e s . T h e r e is a p r e s s i n g n e e d f o r d e s i g n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t o o l s , i n c l u d i n g a c c u r a t e , r e l e v a n t s u b j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n , t h a t g i v e v o i c e t o t h i s r a p i d l y e x p a n d i n g u n i v e r s e o f A b o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l s . K W : A n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f h o w i n a p p r o p r i a t e t e r m i n o l o g y a f f e c t s a c c e s s t h a t c o m e s i m m e d i a t e l y t o m i n d is t h e L C s u b j e c t h e a d i n g I N D I A N S O F N O R T H AMERI C A - R E L O C A T I O N , w h i c h w a s c h a n g e d f r o m t h e e a r l i e r h e a d i n g , I N D I A N S O F N O R T H A M E R I C A -D o n ' t Class M e i n A n t i q u i t i e s ! ( W e b s t e r a n d D o y l e ) 193 R E M O V A L . I s u p p o s e t h e c h a n g e was m a d e t o b r i n g t h e h e a d i n g i n t o l i n e w i t h p a t t e r n s f o r o t h e r g r o u p s , b u t i t feels l i k e a s l a p i n t h e face, f r a n k l y . A l l t h e p a i n a n d b e t r a y a l a n d d e a t h t h a t w e n t a l o n g w i t h t h e f o r c e d r e m o v a l o f t r i b e s is j u s t n o t r e f l e c t e d i n t h e t e r m " r e l o c a t i o n . " T h i s i m p e d e s access b e c a u s e a p a t r o n d o i n g r e s e a r c h i n t h i s a r e a , e s p e c i a l l y a N a t i v e p a t r o n , m i g h t n o t t h i n k t o a s s o c i a t e t h i s t e r m w i t h t h e a c t u a l e v e n t s . I t ' s o n e o f t h e m a n y ways t h a t t h e l i b r a r y c a n c o m e a c r o s s as a w h i t e i n s t i t u t i o n , a d d i n g a n o t h e r b a r r i e r t o p r o m o t i n g i t s use i n N a t i v e c o m m u n i t i e s . T h e n t h e r e a r e g l a r i n g o m i s s i o n s f r o m L C S H o f t e r m s a n d c o n c e p t s s u c h as F i r s t N a t i o n s , U r b a n I n d i a n s , a n d F e d e r a l I n d i a n Law. A C h a n g e Is G o i n g t o C o m e . . . S o m e E x a m p l e s o f A l t e r n a t i v e P r a c t i c e F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e a r e m a n y o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e w o r l d w o r k i n g t o d e v e l o p a n d p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e a l t e r n a t i v e ways o f o r g a n i z i n g a n d p r o v i d i n g access t o I n d i g e n o u s w o r k s i n t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n s , s o m e o f w h i c h we w i l l d e s c r i b e b e l o w . T h e r e a r e also e f f o r t s t o h e l p i m p r o v e s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n r e c e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d a S u b j e c t Access a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n C o m m i t t e e w h i c h p l a n s t o s u b m i t p r o p o s a l s f o r n e w L C S H t e r m s t h r o u g h t h e S u b j e c t A u t h o r i t y C o o p e r a t i v e P r o g r a m ( S A C O ) , w h i c h allows l i b r a r i e s t o s u b m i t s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n n u m b e r s t o t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s . W e a r e g r a t e f u l f o r t h e m a n y t h e s a u r u s p r o j e c t s u n d e r w a y t h a t c a n g u i d e us i n t h i s w o r k . 6 A u s t r a l i a A b o r i g i n a l Thesaurus: T h e N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o f A u s t r a l i a is d _ e v e l o p i n g t h i s t o o l t o i m p r o v e access t o A b o r i g i n a l a n d T o r r e s S t r a i t I s l a n d e r w o r k s . As H e a t h e r M o o r c r o f t , o n e o f t h e c o m p i l e r s , s t a t e s o n t h e p r o j e c t w e b s i t e , " I t is i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e I n d i g e n o u s v o i c e s o f A u s t r a l i a a r e h e a r d a n d felt t h r o u g h p r o p e r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n c a t a l o g u e s . I t is ve r y i m p o r t a n t t h a t we as t h e s a u r u s m a k e r s a r e i m a g i n a t i v e a n d c r e a t i v e a n d d o n o t r e l y w h o l l y o n t h e l i t e r a t u r e i t s e l f b e c a u s e so m u c h has b e e n w r i t t e n A B O U T A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e , a n d n o t so m u c h BY A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e , b u t t h i s is c h a n g i n g . T h i s m e a n s t h a t we n e e d t o f i n d t h e ' r i g h t ' w o r d s i n o t h e r w a y s . " 7 N e w Z e a l a n d M a o r i S u b j e c t H e a d i n g s : T h e M a o r i S u b j e c t H e a d i n g s g r e w o u t a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t o n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d s o f M a o r i p e o p l e w h i c h f o u n d t h a t s u b j e c t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f M a o r i t o p i c s was i n a p p r o p r i a t e a n d l i b r a r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d a r r a n g e m e n t w e r e n o t u n d e r s t o o d . T h e M a o r i s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s a i m t o p r o v i d e i m p r o v e d access t o t h e M a o r i b o d y o f k n o w l e d g e h e l d i n p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r M a o r i p e o p l e . Canada B r i a n D e e r Classification Scheme: < h t t p : / / w w w . l i b r a r y . u b c . c a / x w i 7 x w a / d e e r . p d f > T h e B r i a n D e e r s y s t e m o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n was d e v e l o p e d b y a K a h n a w a k e L i b r a r i a n f o r t h e 194 I l l . I N N O V A T I V E P R A C T I C ES N a t i o n a l I n d i a n B r o t h e r h o o d / A s s e m b l y o f F i r s t N a t i o n s . G e n e J o s e p h , G i t x s a n D a k e l h , t h e f o u n d i n g l i b r a r i a n ( 1 9 9 3 ) o f t h e X w i 7 x w a L i b r a r y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , s e l e c t e d t h i s I n d i g e n o u s s c h e m e f o r t h e c o l l e c t i o n , r e c o g n i z i n g t h a t t h e f u t u r e o f a n e w l i b r a r y , i n c l u d i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f i t s c o l l e c t i o n s a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f i t s s e r v i c e s , d e p e n d s o n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e k n o w l e d g e a n d t h e w a y s i n w h i c h i t is n a m e d . A t t h e X w i 7 x w a L i b r a r y , t h e k n o w l e d g e o r g a n i z a t i o n a i m s t o b e c o n g r u e n t w i t h a n d t o r e i n f o r c e I n d i g e n o u s w o r l d v i e w s a n d e x p e r i e n c e i n s u p p o r t o f a m a n d a t e t o m a k e t h e u n i v e r s i t y ' s v a s t r e s o u r c e s m o r e a c c e s s i b l e t o A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e s . B r i a n D e e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h a s b e e n u s e d b y s e v e r a l A b o r i g i n a l l i b r a r i e s i n B . C . , i n c l u d i n g t h e U n i o n o f B C I n d i a n C h i e f s a n d t h e E n ' o w k i n C e n t e r . B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a First N a t i o n s Names: < h t t p : / / w w w . l i b r a r y . u b c . c a / x w i 7 x w a / b c f n . p d f > T h e X w i 7 x w a L i b r a r y m a i n t a i n s a n d c o n t i n u e s t o d e v e l o p a n a u t h o r i t y l i s t o f F i r s t N a t i o n s i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f B . C . T h e a u t h o r i t y l i s t is u s e d i n c a t a l o g i n g m a t e r i a l s h e l d b y t h e l i b r a r y , as w e l l as i n p r o v i d i n g t r a i n i n g i n I n d i g e n o u s i n f o r m a t i o n l i t e r a c y s k i l l s f o r s t u d e n t s a n d l i b r a r y s t a f f . T h e l i b r a r y s t r i v e s t o r e f l e c t c u r r e n t F i r s t N a t i o n s ' u s e o f n a m e s a n d s p e l l i n g . L i b r a r y a n d A r c h i v e s Canada ( L A C ) : F o l l o w i n g a c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e A b o r i g i n a l c o m m u n i t y , L A C n o t e d c o n c e r n s r a i s e d a b o u t c a t a l o g i n g p r a c t i c e s a n d p r o p o s e d a p h a s e d r e v i e w o f i t s C a n a d i a n S u b j e c t H e a d i n g s i d e n t i f y i n g A b o r i g i n a l p e o p l e s a n d t h e i r c u l t u r e s . As a f i r s t s t e p , t h e y a r e c u r r e n t l y c o n s i d e r i n g r e v i s i n g h e a d i n g s c o n t a i n i n g t h e t e r m " I n d i a n s " t o p r e f e r t h e m o r e s p e c i f i c n a m e s o f A b o r i g i n a l g r o u p s o r n a t i o n s . First N a t i o n s House o f L e a r n i n g Thesaurus: T h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s h a s a u t h o r i z e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e F i r s t N a t i o n s H o u s e o f L e a r n i n g T h e s a u r u s . T h e t h e s a u r u s o f F i r s t N a t i o n s / A b o r i g i n a l s u b j e c t v o c a b u l a r y w i l l e x p a n d o n t h e e x i s t i n g 5 , 5 0 0 F i r s t N a t i o n s / A b o r i g i n a l s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s i n u s e a t X w i 7 x w a L i b r a r y u s i n g c u l t u r a l w a r r a n t i n a d d i t i o n t o l i t e r a r y w a r r a n t a n d c o n s u l t a t i o n as s o u r c e s f o r v o c a b u l a r y . U n i t e d States D e w e y Classification a t the A m e r i c a n I n d i a n Resource Center ( A I R C ) , C i t y o f H u n t i n g t o n P a r k i n Los A n g e l e s C o u n t y , C a l i f o r n i a : T h i s c o l l e c t i o n m a k e s u s e o f D e w e y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t h a t h a s b e e n a d a p t e d t o m o r e a d e q u a t e l y o r g a n i z e m a t e r i a l s a b o u t A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s . M a n y m a t e r i a l s h a v e b e e n r e c l a s s i f i e d t o f a v o r t h e s u b j e c t a r e a o v e r t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n a s p e c t , so t h a t m a t e r i a l s c o u l d b e s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o l l e c t i o n a n d n o t c r o w d e d i n t o t h e 9 7 0 r a n g e . Luiseno C u l t u r e B a n k : T h i s d a t a b a s e , w h i c h c o l l e c t s L u i s e n o a r t i f a c t s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r e d f r o m m u s e u m s , l i b r a r i e s , a n d p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n s , uses a h y b r i d s c h e m e t h a t a p p l i e s c a t e g o r i e s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e e l d e r s t o a u g m e n t L C S H . M a s h a n t u c k e t Pequot Thesaurus Project: C h e r y l M e t o y e r , c u r r e n t l y a p r o f e s s o r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n I n f o r m a t i o n S c h o o l a n d C h i e f A c a d e m i c A f f a i r s O f f i c e r f o r t h e M a s h a n t u c k e t P e q u o t T r i b a l N a t i o n , h a s w o r k e d w i t h m a n y t r i b e s t o h e l p d e v e l o p t h e i r l i b r a r i e s a n d a r c h i v e s . S h e is l e a d i n g a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t t o d e v e l o p t h i s t h e s a u r u s f o r i m p r o v e d a c c e s s t o c o l l e c t i o n s a t t h e t r i b e ' s r e s e a r c h l i b r a r y a n d a r c h i v e s . D o n ' t Class M e i n A n t i q u i t i e s ! ( W e b s t e r a n d D o y l e ) 195 N a t i o n a l I n d i a n L a w L i b r a r y ( N I L L ) Thesaurus: N I L L uses a l o c a l l y d e v e l o p e d t h e s a u r u s i n a d d i t i o n t o L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s S u b j e c t H e a d i n g s f o r i t s c o l l e c t i o n o f f e d e r a l I n d i a n l a w a n d t r i b a l l a w m a t e r i a l s . I t is a p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l - d e v e l o p e d t o o l , w i t h s c o p e n o t e s , d e t a i l e d g u i d e l i n e s , a n d s u b d i v i s i o n s . N a t i o n a l N a t i v e A m e r i c a n Thesaurus: University o f C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley: J o h n D . Berry, t h e N a t i v e A m e r i c a n S t u d i e s L i b r a r i a n , h a s b e e n d e v e l o p i n g t h i s t h e s a u r u s f o r u s e w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l N a t i v e A m e r i c a n B i b l i o g r a p h i c D a t a b a s e . T h e t h e s a u r u s p r o j e c t f o l l o w s i n t h e f o o t s t e p s o f t h e w e l l - d e v e l o p e d C h i c a n o T h e s a u r u s , t h e first e d i t i o n o f w h i c h w a s p r o d u c e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a i n 1 9 7 9 . N a t i v e A m e r i c a n E d u c a t i o n a l Services ( N A E S ) P u b l i c Policy a n d T r i b a l Research C e n ter a n d A r c h i v e s S u b j e c t Index: N A E S , l o c a t e d i n C h i c a g o , h a s a n o n - c i r c u l a t i n g c o l l e c t i o n o f o v e r 1 0 , 0 0 0 m a t e r i a l s i n a v a r i e t y o f f o r m a t s f o c u s i n g o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f N a t i v e A m e r i c a n c o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y . I t s c o l l e c t i o n is b e i n g r e c a t a l o g e d u s i n g t h i s h o m e g r o w n , t r i b a l l y c e n t e r e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m d e v e l o p e d b y i t s f a c u l t y a n d d r i v e n b y t h e a w a r e n e s s t h a t a s y s t e m r e f l e c t i n g a N a t i v e p e r s p e c t i v e w a s r e q u i r e d t o m e e t p a t r o n n e e d s . C o n c l u s i o n A c c u r a t e a n d c u l t u r a l l y a p p r o p r i a t e c a t a l o g i n g o f N a t i v e A m e r i c a n / I n d i g e n o u s m a t e r i a l s is n o t j u s t a N a t i v e A m e r i c a n i s s u e , b u t a n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s s u e . It is c r i t ical f o r t h e s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n e f f o r t s o f I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e t o h a v e i n t e l l e c t u a l access t o c o l l e c t i o n s o f m a t e r i a l s d o c u m e n t i n g t h e i r / o u r h i s t o r i e s , c u l t u r e s , a n d l a n g u a g e s h e l d i n l i b r a r i e s . T h i s d o c u m e n t a r y h e r i t a g e m a y b e s e e n as t h e c u l t u r a l a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y o f N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s b a r r i c a d e d b e h i n d c u r r e n t c a t a l o g i n g p r a c t i c e . I t is a l s o c r i t i c a l i n t e r m s o f access t o n e w k n o w l e d g e , e m e r g e n t s c h o l a r s h i p , a n d c o n t e m p o r a r y w o r k s . T h e l a c k o f a c c u r a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d a c c e s s a f f e c t s n o t o n l y t h e e d u c a t i o n o f N a t i v e A m e r i c a n c h i l d r e n b u t t h e e d u c a t i o n o f all c h i l d r e n a n d c i t i z e n s . T h e s p r e a d o f p r o b l e m a t i c c a t a l o g i n g r e c o r d s p e r p e t u a t e s s t e r e o t y p e s a n d i n a c c u r a c i e s . M o r e o v e r , t h e u b i q u i t o u s b i b l i o g r a p h i c u t i l i t i e s a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u s e o f L C a n d D D C t r a n s m i t t h e s e r e c o r d s w o r l d w i d e . T h e s e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t c o n c e r n s f o r c a t a l o g e r s , l i b r a r i a n s , a n d e d u c a t o r s , a n d t h e y w a r r a n t o u r v i g i l a n t a t t e n t i o n . N o t e s 1. A S D N e w s l e t t e r , vol. 8, n o . 3 , S p r i n g 19 7 1. T h e A d u l t Services D i v i s i o n (ASD) s u b s e q u e n t l y d e v e l o p e d i n t o t h e ALA R e f e r e n c e a n d U s e r Services A s s o c i a t i o n . 2. S a n f o r d B e r m a n , " W h e n t h e s u b j e c t is I n d i a n ." A m e r i c a n I n d i a n L i b r a r i e s N e w s l e t t e r 18, n o . 2 ( W i n t e r 1 9 9 5 ) . A v a i l a b l e : < h t t p : / / w w w . n a t i v e c u l r u r e l i n k s . c o m / a i l a n e w s W 9 5 _ L C i n d i a n s . h t m l > . 3. L i b r a r y a n d A r c h i v e s C a n a d a . R e p o r t a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f t h e C o n s u l t a t i o n on A b o r i g i n a l Resources a n d Services. O t t a w a : M i n i s t e r o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d G o v e r n m e n t S e r v i c e s C a n a d a , 2 0 0 4 , 2 3 . 4. See: B e r m a n , C a l l i o u , C a r t e r , L a w s o n , Lee , L i n c o l n , M a r t e n s , M o o r c r o f t , T o m r e n , Szekely, Yeh, a n d Young. 196 I l l . I N N O V A T I V E P R A C T I C E S 5. T h o m a s Y e n - R a n Yeh , " T h e T r e a t m e n t o f t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n in t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s E - F S c h e d ule. " L i b r a r y Resources & T e c h n i c a l Services 15 , n o . 2 ( S p r i n g 1971): 129. 6 . T h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n ' s S u b j e c t Access a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n C o m m i t t e e is c o m p i l i n g a m o r e c o m p l e t e l i s t o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s . Please c o n t a c t Kelly W e b s t e r t h r o u g h AILA i f y o u k n o w o f e x a m ples t o a d d . 7. N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o f A u s t r a l i a . T h e A b o r i g i n a l Thesaurus. F i r s t R o u n d t a b l e o n L i b r a r y a n d A r c h i v e s C o l l e c t i o n s a n d S e r v i c e s o f R e l e v a n c e t o A b o r i g i n a l a n d T o r r e s S t r a i t I s l a n d e r P e o p l e . S t a t e L i b r a r y o f S o u t h A u s t r a l i a , A d e l a i d e , 4 M a y 1995. A v a i l a b l e : < h t t p : / / w w w . n l a . g o v . a u / n i a c ! l i b s / t h e s a u r u s . h t m b (accessed 0 8 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6 ) . S e l e c t e d F u r t h e r R e a d i n g L i s t e d b e l o w a r e r e s o u r c e s t h a t i n c l u d e d i s c u s s i o n o f c a t a l o g i n g I n d i g e n o u s m a t e r i als, a n d t h e w o r k s c i t e d i n t h i s a r t i c l e . F o r m o r e g e n e r a l r e s o u r c e s see t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y L i b r a r y Services to I n d i g e n o u s Populations: V i e w p o i n t s & Resources ( C h i c a g o : O f f i c e f o r L i t e r a c y a n d O u t r e a c h S e r v i c e s , A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n , 2 0 0 5 ) . B y r n e , Alex, A l a n a G a r w o o d , H e a t h e r M o o r c r o f t a n d A l a n B a r n e s , c a m p s . (1995). A b o r i g i n a l a n d Torres S t r a i t I s l a n d e r Protocols f o r L i b r a r i e s , A r c h i v e s a n d I n f o r m a t i o n Services. D e a k i n , A . C . T . A u s t r a l i a n L i b r a r y a n d I n f o r m a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n . A v a i l a b l e : < h t t p : / / w w w . n t u . e d u . a u ! l i b r a r y / p r o t o c o l . h t m b (accessed 0 8 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6 ) . C a l l i o u , S h a r i l y n . (1992) . " S u n r i s e : a c t i v i s m a n d s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n in first n a t i o n s e d u c a t i o n 1972 - 1 9 9 8 . " I n A b o r i g i n a l S e l f - G o v e r n m e n t i n C a n a d a : C u r r e n t Trends a n d Issues. 2 n d ed. S a s k a t o o n : P u r i c h . C a r t e r , N a n c y C a r o l . ( W i n t e r 2 0 0 2 ) . " A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s a n d l a w l i b r a r i e s : a c k n o w l e d g i n g t h e t h i r d s o v e r e i g n . " L a w L i b r a r y j o u r n a l ? : 7 - 2 6 . D o y l e , A n n . ( 2 0 0 6 ) . N a m i n g a n d R e c l a i m i n g I n d i g e n o u s Knowledge: Intersections o f L a n d s c a p e a n d Experience. P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e N i n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i e t y o f K n o w l e d g e O r g a n i z a t i o n , V i e n n a . W u r z b u r g : E r g o n Verlag. F r o s i o , E u g e n e T. ( S p r i n g 1971) . C o m m e n t s o n t h e T h o m a s Y e n - R a n Yeh p r o p o s a l s . L i b r a r y Resource s a n d T e c h n i c a l Services 15, 2: 128 - 131. H e rlihy, C a t h e r i n e S., a n d F r a s e r C o c k s . (1995) . " T h e L u i s e n o C u l t u r e B a n k : e x p a n d i n g t h e c a n o n . " C a t a l o g i n g a n d Classification Q u a r t e r l y 2 0 , 1: 61 - 81. L a w s o n , K i m b e r l e y L. ( 2 0 0 4 ) . Precious Fragments: First N a t i o n s M a t e r i a l s i n A r c h i v e s , L i b r a r i e s a n d M u s e u m s . U n p u b l i s h e d M U S T h e s i s . V a n c o u v e r : U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . Lee, D e b o r a h E. (2001) . " A b o r i g i n a l s t u d e n t s i n C a n a d a : a case s t u d y o f t h e i r a c a d e m i c i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d s a n d l i b r a r y use. " J o u r n a l o f L i b r a r y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 3 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 2 5 9 - 9 2 . L i b r a r y a n d A r c h i v e s C a n a d a . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . R e p o r t a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f t h e C o n s u l t a t i o n on A b o r i g i n a l Re s ource s a n d Services. O t t a w a : M i n i s t e r o f P u b l i c W o r k s a n d G o v e r n m e n t S e r v i c e s C a n a d a . L i n c o l n , T a m a r a . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . " C u l t u r a l r e a s s e r t i o n o f Alaska N a t i v e l a n g u a g e s a n d c u l t u r e s : l i b r a r i e s ' r e s p o n s e s . " C a t a l o g i n g & Classification Q u a r t e r l y 3 5 ( 3 - 4): 2 6 5 - 9 0 . L i n c o l n , T a m a r a . ( S p r i n g 1 9 8 7 ) . " E t h n o - l i n g u i s t i c m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e A l a s k a n N a t i v e l a n g u a g e s as m i r r o r e d i n t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s s y s t e m o f c a t a l o g i n g a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . " C a t a l o g i n g & Classification Q u a r t e r l y 7 ( 3 ) : 6 9 - 8 9 . M a c D o n e l l , Paul, R e i k o T a g a m i , a n d Paul W a s h i n g t o n . B r i a n D e e r Classification System. S t u d e n t p a p e r . Availa b l e : < h t t p : / / w w w . s l a i s . u b c . c a / p e o p l e / s t u d e n r s / s t u d e n t - r o j e c t s / R _ T a g a m i / 5 1 7 / i n d e x . h t m > (accessed 0 8 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6 ) . M a o r i S u b j e c t H e a d i n g s N g a D p o k o T u k u t u k u . A v a i l a b l e : < h t t p : / / w w w . n a t l i b . g o v t . n z / e n / w h a t s n e w / 4 m s h u p o k o . h t m b (accessed 0 6 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6 ) . M a r t e n s , M o n i c a . ( S p r i n g 2 0 0 6 ) . " C r e a t i n g a s u p p l e m e n t a l t h e s a u r u s t o t h e L C S H for a s p e c i a l i z e d c o l l e c -t i o n : t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e N a t i o n a l I n d i a n Law L i b r a r y . " L a w L i b r a r y j o u r n a l 9 8 ( 2 ) . M o o r c r o f t , H e a t h e r . ( F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 3 ) . " T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s i l e n c e . " A u s t r a l i a n L i b r a r y j o u r n a l 4 2 (1): 2 7 - 3 2 . M o o r c r o f t , H e a t h e r . ( F e b r u a r y 1992). " E t h n o c e n t r i s m in s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s . " A u s t r a l i a n L i b r a r y j o u r n a l , 4 0 - 4 5 . N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o f A u s t r a l i a . T h e A b o r i g i n a l T h e s a u r u s . F i r s t R o u n d t a b l e o n L i b r a r y a n d A r c h i v e s C o l l e c -t i o n s a n d S e r v i c e s o f R e l e v a n c e t o A b o r i g i n a l a n d T o r r e s S t r a i t I s l a n d e r P e o p l e . S t a t e L i b r a r y o f S o u t h A u s t r a l i a , A d e l a i d e , 4 M a y 1995 . Available: < h t t p : / / w w w . n l a . gov . a u / n i a c ! l i b s ! t h e s a u r u s . h t m b (accessed 08 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6 ) . D o n ' t Class M e i n A n t i q u i t i e s ! ( W e b s t e r a n d D o y l e ) 1 9 7 N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o f A u s t r a l i a . L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s S u b j e c t H e a d i n g s ( L C S H ) for A b o r i g i n a l a n d T o r r e s S t r a j t I s l a n d e r P e o p l e . F i r s t R o u n d t a b l e o n L i b r a r y a n d A r c h i v e s C o l l e c t i o n s a n d Services o f R e l e v a n c e t o A b o r i g i n a l a n d T o r r e s S t r a i t I s l a n d e r P e o p l e . A v a i l a b l e : < h t t p : / / w w w . n l a . g o v . a u / n i a c / l i b s / m a r t i n . h t m l > (accessed 0 8 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6 ) . N u c k o l l s , K a r e n A. (1994). S u b j e c t access t o d i v e r s i t y m a t e r i a l s : t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s S u b j e c t H e a d i n g s h o r t f a l l . I n R a c i a l a n d E t h n i c D i v e r s i t y i n A c a d e m i c Libraries: M u l t i c u l t u r a l Issues, eds. D e b o r a h A. C u r r y , S u s a n G r i s w o l d Blandy, a n d Lynne M . M a r r i n , 241 - 51. N e w York: H a w o r t h Press. O l s o n , H o p e A. ( F a l l l 9 9 8 ) . M a p p i n g b e y o n d D e w e y ' s b o u n d a r i e s : c o n s t r u c t i n g c l a s s i f i c a t o r y s p a c e for m a r g i n a l i z e d k n o w l e d g e d o m a i n s . L i b r a r y Trends 4 7 (2): 2 3 3 - 55. O l s o n , H o p e . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . The Power to N a m e : L o c a t i n g the L i m i t s o f S u b j e c t Representation i n Libraries . D o r d r e c h t , N e t h e r l a n d s : K l u w e r A c a d e m i c . T o m r e n , H o l l y . ( 2 0 0 3 ) . Classification, Bias a n d A m e r i c a n I n d i a n M a t e r i a l s . U n p u b l i s h e d p a p e r . San J o s e : San J o s e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . Szekely, C h r i s . ( 1 9 9 7 ) . Te A r a T i k a = G u i d i n g Voices: M _ o r i O p i n i o n on L i b r a r i e s a n d I n f o r m a t i o n Needs. W e l l i n g t o n : N e w Z e a l a n d L i b r a r y a n d I n f o r m a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n a n d Te R o p u W h a k a h a u . Yeh, T h o m a s Y e n - R a n . ( S p r i n g 1971). " T h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n i n t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s E F S c h e d u l e . " L i b r a r y Resources & Technical Services 15 (2): 122 - 2 9 . Y o u n g , M a r y L. , a n d D a r a L. D o o l i t t l e . (1994). " T h e h a l t o f s t e r e o t y p i n g : w h e n d o e s t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n e n t e r t h e m a i n s t r e a m ? " Reference L i b r a r i a n 47: 109 - 19.
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Don't class me in antiquities! : giving voice to Native American materials Webster, Kelly; Doyle, Ann M. 2008
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Title | Don't class me in antiquities! : giving voice to Native American materials |
Creator |
Webster, Kelly Doyle, Ann M. |
Publisher | McFarland |
Date Issued | 2008 |
Description | Kelly Webster, Monographs Cataloger at the O'Neill Library at Boston College, and Ann Doyle, Branch Librarian for Xwi7xwa Library at the University of British Columbia's First Nations House of Learning, share a conversation about some of the issues related to the cataloging and classification of American Indian materials, and give an overview of some alternative practices. |
Subject |
Indigenous Librarianship Indigenous Knowledge Organization |
Genre |
Article |
Type |
Text |
Language | eng |
Date Available | 2015-04-14 |
Provider | Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library |
Rights | Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 Canada |
DOI | 10.14288/1.0077956 |
URI | http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52721 |
Affiliation |
Library, UBC Non UBC |
Citation | Webster, Kelly and Ann Doyle (2008). "Don't Class me in Antiquities! Giving voice to Native American materials." in K.R. Roberto ed. Radical Cataloging: Essays at the Front. 189-197. Jefferson, NC: Greenwood. |
Peer Review Status | Reviewed |
Scholarly Level | Faculty Other |
Rights URI | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ca/ |
AggregatedSourceRepository | DSpace |
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