Open Collections

Abstract

The rapid growth of the ocean economy—including oil and gas extraction, fishing, aquaculture, tourism, and shipping—places increasing pressure on marine ecosystems and coastal communities. These industries often threaten biodiversity and violate fundamental human rights such as food, health, and livelihoods. In response, ocean defenders have mobilized worldwide to protect both people and the sea, often facing exclusion, intimidation, and violence. This report compiles research and case studies from the Ocean Defenders Project, exploring threats, the lack of data on violence, and the role of allies in providing protection to strengthen justice for marine communities.